ABSTRACT
Vaccination is a strategy to the prevention and control of reproductive diseases caused by bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) and bovine herpesvirus type 1 (BoHV-1), however the various compositions of commercial vaccines should be evaluated for their ability to induce protection mediated by antibodies. The objective of this research was to evaluate the production of specific neutralizing Abs against BVDV-1 and 2, and BoHV-1 induced by commercial vaccines composed by different adjuvants. Holstein heifers were vaccinated and distributed in three experimental groups: Group I (G1) was vaccinated with a commercial vaccine containing inactivated BVDV-1, BVDV-2 and BoHV-1 diluted in alum hydroxide as adjuvant (n=9); Group II (G2) was vaccinated with an product containing inactivated strains of BVDV-1, BVDV-2, BoHV-1 and BoHV-5 diluted in oil emulsion as adjuvant (n=10); Group III (G3) was vaccinated with a commercial vaccine containing inactivated BVDV-1 and BVDV-2, besides live modified thermosensitive BoHV-1, diluted in Quil A, amphigen and cholesterol (n=10); A control, non-vaccinated group (n=6) was mock vaccinated with saline. Heifers received two subcutaneous doses of 5mL of each commercial vaccine on the right side of the neck, with 21 days interval. Humoral immune response was assessed by the virus neutralization test (VN) against BVDV-1 (NADL and Singer strains), BVDV-2 (SV253 strain) and BoHV-1 (Los Angeles strain) in serum samples collected on vaccination days zero (D0), 21 (D21) and 42 (D42; 21 days after boosting). Neutralizing Abs against BVDV-1 NADL was detected only in D42, regardless of the vaccine used. Similar geometric mean titers (GMT) for BVDV-1 NADL were observed between G1 (log2=5.1) and G3 (log2=5.1). The seroconversion rate (%) was higher in G1 (78%) when compared to G2 (10%) and G3 (40%)...
A vacinação é utilizada como estratégia para a prevenção e controle das doenças reprodutivas, causadas pelos vírus da diarreia viral bovina (BVDV) e herpesvírus bovino tipo 1 (BoHV-1), entretanto, as diversas composições de vacinas comerciais devem ser avaliadas quanto a sua eficiência protetiva mediada por anticorpos (Acs). O objetivo desta pesquisa foi avaliar a produção Acs neutralizantes específicos para cepas de BVDV-1 e 2, e BoHV-1 induzida por vacinas comerciais contendo diferentes tipos de adjuvantes. Para tal, novilhas Holandesas foram vacinadas e distribuídas em três grupos experimentais: Grupo I (G1) foi vacinado com uma vacina comercial composta por cepas inativadas de BVDV-1, BVDV-2 e BoHV-1 diluídas em hidróxido de alumínio como adjuvante (n=9); Grupo II (G2) foi vacinado com produto contendo as cepas inativadas de BVDV-1, BVDV-2, BoHV-1 e BoHV-5 em uma emulsão oleosa como adjuvante (n=10); O Grupo III (G3) foi vacinado com uma vacina comercial contendo BVDV-1 e BVDV-2 inativado, além do BoHV-1 vivo modificado e termosensivel, diluídos em adjuvante contendo Quil A, Amphigem e colesterol (n=10); O Grupo Controle não vacinado (n=6) foi inoculado com solução salina. As novilhas receberam duas doses das respectivas vacinas ou solução salina (5mL), com intervalo de 21 dias, por via subcutânea, na tábua do pescoço do lado direito. A resposta imune humoral foi avaliada pelo teste de vírus neutralização (VN) contra o BVDV-1 (cepas NADL e Singer), BVDV-2 (cepa SV253) e BoHV-1 (cepa Los Angeles) em amostras de soro coletadas nos dias (D) de vacinação zero (D0), 21 dias após 1ª dose (D21)e 42 (D42; 21 dias após A 2ª dose). Os anticorpos neutralizantes contra o BVDV-1 NADL foram detectados apenas em D42, independentemente da vacina utilizada. Os títulos médios geométricos (GMT) de anticorpos foram semelhantes entre G1 (log2=5,1) e G3 (log2=5,1). A taxa de soroconversão foi maior no G1 (78%) quando comparado ao G2 (10%) e G3 (40%)...(AU)
Subject(s)
Animals , Cattle , Vaccines/adverse effects , Vaccines/immunology , Herpesvirus 1, Bovine/immunology , Diarrhea Virus 1, Bovine Viral/immunologyABSTRACT
Vaccination is a strategy to the prevention and control of reproductive diseases caused by bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) and bovine herpesvirus type 1 (BoHV-1), however the various compositions of commercial vaccines should be evaluated for their ability to induce protection mediated by antibodies. The objective of this research was to evaluate the production of specific neutralizing Abs against BVDV-1 and 2, and BoHV-1 induced by commercial vaccines composed by different adjuvants. Holstein heifers were vaccinated and distributed in three experimental groups: Group I (G1) was vaccinated with a commercial vaccine containing inactivated BVDV-1, BVDV-2 and BoHV-1 diluted in alum hydroxide as adjuvant (n=9); Group II (G2) was vaccinated with an product containing inactivated strains of BVDV-1, BVDV-2, BoHV-1 and BoHV-5 diluted in oil emulsion as adjuvant (n=10); Group III (G3) was vaccinated with a commercial vaccine containing inactivated BVDV-1 and BVDV-2, besides live modified thermosensitive BoHV-1, diluted in Quil A, amphigen and cholesterol (n=10); A control, non-vaccinated group (n=6) was mock vaccinated with saline. Heifers received two subcutaneous doses of 5mL of each commercial vaccine on the right side of the neck, with 21 days interval. Humoral immune response was assessed by the virus neutralization test (VN) against BVDV-1 (NADL and Singer strains), BVDV-2 (SV253 strain) and BoHV-1 (Los Angeles strain) in serum samples collected on vaccination days zero (D0), 21 (D21) and 42 (D42; 21 days after boosting). Neutralizing Abs against BVDV-1 NADL was detected only in D42, regardless of the vaccine used. Similar geometric mean titers (GMT) for BVDV-1 NADL were observed between G1 (log2=5.1) and G3 (log2=5.1). The seroconversion rate (%) was higher in G1 (78%) when compared to G2 (10%) and G3 (40%). For BVDV-1 Singer, it was also possible to detect Abs production in G1 (log2=5.8, 100% seroconversion rate) and G3 (log2=3.5, seroconversion rate = 60%), only after the booster dose (D42). Neutralizing Abs to BVDV-2 (SV253) were detected only in G3, observing 90% seroconversion associated with high titers of Abs (log2=6.7) after the 2nd dose of vaccine (D42). Heifers from G1 and G3 responded to BoHV-1 after the first dose (D21): G1 (log2=2.5, seroconversion rate = 67%) and G3 (log2=0.7, seroconversion rate = 80%). In D42, a higher magnitude response was observed in the heifers from G3 (log2=6.1, 100%) compared with G1 (log2=4.3, 100%) and G2 (log2=2.7, 60%). Based on the data obtained, it can be concluded that the commercial vaccine contained aluminum hydroxide (G1) was most effective in the induction of antibodies against BVDV-1. On the other hand, this vaccine did not induce the production of neutralizing Abs against BVDV-2. Only the heifers from G3 (Quil A, amphigen and cholesterol) generated neutralizing Abs against BVDV-2. The animals that received commercial vaccine containing oil emulsion as adjuvant (G2) had a weak/undetectable response against BVDV-1 and BVDV-2. The best protective response against BoHV-1 was observed in heifers vaccinated with the live modified thermosensitive virus.(AU)
A vacinação é utilizada como estratégia para a prevenção e controle das doenças reprodutivas, causadas pelos vírus da diarreia viral bovina (BVDV) e herpesvírus bovino tipo 1 (BoHV-1), entretanto, as diversas composições de vacinas comerciais devem ser avaliadas quanto a sua eficiência protetiva mediada por anticorpos (Acs). O objetivo desta pesquisa foi avaliar a produção Acs neutralizantes específicos para cepas de BVDV-1 e 2, e BoHV-1 induzida por vacinas comerciais contendo diferentes tipos de adjuvantes. Para tal, novilhas Holandesas foram vacinadas e distribuídas em três grupos experimentais: Grupo I (G1) foi vacinado com uma vacina comercial composta por cepas inativadas de BVDV-1, BVDV-2 e BoHV-1 diluídas em hidróxido de alumínio como adjuvante (n=9); Grupo II (G2) foi vacinado com produto contendo as cepas inativadas de BVDV-1, BVDV-2, BoHV-1 e BoHV-5 em uma emulsão oleosa como adjuvante (n=10); O Grupo III (G3) foi vacinado com uma vacina comercial contendo BVDV-1 e BVDV-2 inativado, além do BoHV-1 vivo modificado e termosensivel, diluídos em adjuvante contendo Quil A, Amphigem e colesterol (n=10); O Grupo Controle não vacinado (n=6) foi inoculado com solução salina. As novilhas receberam duas doses das respectivas vacinas ou solução salina (5mL), com intervalo de 21 dias, por via subcutânea, na tábua do pescoço do lado direito. A resposta imune humoral foi avaliada pelo teste de vírus neutralização (VN) contra o BVDV-1 (cepas NADL e Singer), BVDV-2 (cepa SV253) e BoHV-1 (cepa Los Angeles) em amostras de soro coletadas nos dias (D) de vacinação zero (D0), 21 dias após 1ª dose (D21)e 42 (D42; 21 dias após A 2ª dose). Os anticorpos neutralizantes contra o BVDV-1 NADL foram detectados apenas em D42, independentemente da vacina utilizada. Os títulos médios geométricos (GMT) de anticorpos foram semelhantes entre G1 (log2=5,1) e G3 (log2=5,1). A taxa de soroconversão foi maior no G1 (78%) quando comparado ao G2 (10%) e G3 (40%). Para o BVDV-1 Singer, somente após D42 foi observada a produção de Acs no G1 (log2=5,8; taxa de soroconversão de 100%) e G3 (log2=3,5; taxa de soroconversão = 60%). Os anticorpos contra BVDV-2 (SV253) foram detectados apenas nas novilhas do G3, observando-se taxa de soroconversão de 90% com altos títulos de anticorpos neutralizantes (log2=6,7) em D42. Novilhas G1 e G3 responderam ao BoHV-1 após a primeira dose (D21): G1 (log2=2,5; taxa de seroconversão = 67%) e G3 (log2=0,7; taxa de seroconversão = 80%). Em contrapartida, foi observada uma maior magnitude de resposta para as novilhas G3 (log2=6,1; 100%) em D42, em relação aos animais G1 (log2=4,3; 100%) e G2 (log2=2,7; 60%). Com base nos dados obtidos, foi possível concluir que a vacina composta por hidróxido de alumínio (G1) foi mais eficaz na produção de anticorpos contra o BVDV-1, em contrapartida esse produto não induziu anticorpos contra o BVDV-2. Apenas as novilhas do G3 (Quil A, amphigen e colesterol) geraram Acs neutralizantes contra o BVDV-2. Os animais que receberam a vacina em emulsão oleosa (G2) como adjuvante apresentaram uma resposta fraca/indetectável contra o BVDV-1 e BVDV-2. A melhor resposta protetiva contra o BoHV-1 foi observada nas novilhas vacinadas com a vacina viva modificada termosensível.(AU)
Subject(s)
Animals , Cattle , Vaccines/adverse effects , Vaccines/immunology , Herpesvirus 1, Bovine/immunology , Diarrhea Virus 1, Bovine Viral/immunologyABSTRACT
ABSTRACT: Vaccination is a strategy to the prevention and control of reproductive diseases caused by bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) and bovine herpesvirus type 1 (BoHV-1), however the various compositions of commercial vaccines should be evaluated for their ability to induce protection mediated by antibodies. The objective of this research was to evaluate the production of specific neutralizing Abs against BVDV-1 and 2, and BoHV-1 induced by commercial vaccines composed by different adjuvants. Holstein heifers were vaccinated and distributed in three experimental groups: Group I (G1) was vaccinated with a commercial vaccine containing inactivated BVDV-1, BVDV-2 and BoHV-1 diluted in alum hydroxide as adjuvant (n=9); Group II (G2) was vaccinated with an product containing inactivated strains of BVDV-1, BVDV-2, BoHV-1 and BoHV-5 diluted in oil emulsion as adjuvant (n=10); Group III (G3) was vaccinated with a commercial vaccine containing inactivated BVDV-1 and BVDV-2, besides live modified thermosensitive BoHV-1, diluted in Quil A, amphigen and cholesterol (n=10); A control, non-vaccinated group (n=6) was mock vaccinated with saline. Heifers received two subcutaneous doses of 5mL of each commercial vaccine on the right side of the neck, with 21 days interval. Humoral immune response was assessed by the virus neutralization test (VN) against BVDV-1 (NADL and Singer strains), BVDV-2 (SV253 strain) and BoHV-1 (Los Angeles strain) in serum samples collected on vaccination days zero (D0), 21 (D21) and 42 (D42; 21 days after boosting). Neutralizing Abs against BVDV-1 NADL was detected only in D42, regardless of the vaccine used. Similar geometric mean titers (GMT) for BVDV-1 NADL were observed between G1 (log2=5.1) and G3 (log2=5.1). The seroconversion rate (%) was higher in G1 (78%) when compared to G2 (10%) and G3 (40%). For BVDV-1 Singer, it was also possible to detect Abs production in G1 (log2=5.8, 100% seroconversion rate) and G3 (log2=3.5, seroconversion rate = 60%), only after the booster dose (D42). Neutralizing Abs to BVDV-2 (SV253) were detected only in G3, observing 90% seroconversion associated with high titers of Abs (log2=6.7) after the 2nd dose of vaccine (D42). Heifers from G1 and G3 responded to BoHV-1 after the first dose (D21): G1 (log2=2.5, seroconversion rate = 67%) and G3 (log2=0.7, seroconversion rate = 80%). In D42, a higher magnitude response was observed in the heifers from G3 (log2=6.1, 100%) compared with G1 (log2=4.3, 100%) and G2 (log2=2.7, 60%). Based on the data obtained, it can be concluded that the commercial vaccine contained aluminum hydroxide (G1) was most effective in the induction of antibodies against BVDV-1. On the other hand, this vaccine did not induce the production of neutralizing Abs against BVDV-2. Only the heifers from G3 (Quil A, amphigen and cholesterol) generated neutralizing Abs against BVDV-2. The animals that received commercial vaccine containing oil emulsion as adjuvant (G2) had a weak/undetectable response against BVDV-1 and BVDV-2. The best protective response against BoHV-1 was observed in heifers vaccinated with the live modified thermosensitive virus.
RESUMO: A vacinação é utilizada como estratégia para a prevenção e controle das doenças reprodutivas, causadas pelos vírus da diarreia viral bovina (BVDV) e herpesvírus bovino tipo 1 (BoHV-1), entretanto, as diversas composições de vacinas comerciais devem ser avaliadas quanto a sua eficiência protetiva mediada por anticorpos (Acs). O objetivo desta pesquisa foi avaliar a produção Acs neutralizantes específicos para cepas de BVDV-1 e 2, e BoHV-1 induzida por vacinas comerciais contendo diferentes tipos de adjuvantes. Para tal, novilhas Holandesas foram vacinadas e distribuídas em três grupos experimentais: Grupo I (G1) foi vacinado com uma vacina comercial composta por cepas inativadas de BVDV-1, BVDV-2 e BoHV-1 diluídas em hidróxido de alumínio como adjuvante (n=9); Grupo II (G2) foi vacinado com produto contendo as cepas inativadas de BVDV-1, BVDV-2, BoHV-1 e BoHV-5 em uma emulsão oleosa como adjuvante (n=10); O Grupo III (G3) foi vacinado com uma vacina comercial contendo BVDV-1 e BVDV-2 inativado, além do BoHV-1 vivo modificado e termosensivel, diluídos em adjuvante contendo Quil A, Amphigem e colesterol (n=10); O Grupo Controle não vacinado (n=6) foi inoculado com solução salina. As novilhas receberam duas doses das respectivas vacinas ou solução salina (5mL), com intervalo de 21 dias, por via subcutânea, na tábua do pescoço do lado direito. A resposta imune humoral foi avaliada pelo teste de vírus neutralização (VN) contra o BVDV-1 (cepas NADL e Singer), BVDV-2 (cepa SV253) e BoHV-1 (cepa Los Angeles) em amostras de soro coletadas nos dias (D) de vacinação zero (D0), 21 dias após 1ª dose (D21)e 42 (D42; 21 dias após A 2ª dose). Os anticorpos neutralizantes contra o BVDV-1 NADL foram detectados apenas em D42, independentemente da vacina utilizada. Os títulos médios geométricos (GMT) de anticorpos foram semelhantes entre G1 (log2=5,1) e G3 (log2=5,1). A taxa de soroconversão foi maior no G1 (78%) quando comparado ao G2 (10%) e G3 (40%). Para o BVDV-1 Singer, somente após D42 foi observada a produção de Acs no G1 (log2=5,8; taxa de soroconversão de 100%) e G3 (log2=3,5; taxa de soroconversão = 60%). Os anticorpos contra BVDV-2 (SV253) foram detectados apenas nas novilhas do G3, observando-se taxa de soroconversão de 90% com altos títulos de anticorpos neutralizantes (log2=6,7) em D42. Novilhas G1 e G3 responderam ao BoHV-1 após a primeira dose (D21): G1 (log2=2,5; taxa de seroconversão = 67%) e G3 (log2=0,7; taxa de seroconversão = 80%). Em contrapartida, foi observada uma maior magnitude de resposta para as novilhas G3 (log2=6,1; 100%) em D42, em relação aos animais G1 (log2=4,3; 100%) e G2 (log2=2,7; 60%). Com base nos dados obtidos, foi possível concluir que a vacina composta por hidróxido de alumínio (G1) foi mais eficaz na produção de anticorpos contra o BVDV-1, em contrapartida esse produto não induziu anticorpos contra o BVDV-2. Apenas as novilhas do G3 (Quil A, amphigen e colesterol) geraram Acs neutralizantes contra o BVDV-2. Os animais que receberam a vacina em emulsão oleosa (G2) como adjuvante apresentaram uma resposta fraca/indetectável contra o BVDV-1 e BVDV-2. A melhor resposta protetiva contra o BoHV-1 foi observada nas novilhas vacinadas com a vacina viva modificada termosensível.
ABSTRACT
A busca por alternativa aos fármacos sintéticos têm revelado descobertas no campo da farmacologia e, nesse sentido, melitina e apamina, dois constituintes do veneno de abelhas, foram descritas com várias ações farmacológicas. Este estudo objetivou avaliar in vitro as capacidades antiviral e virucida destes componentes. Para tanto, células MDBK (Madin Darby Bovine Kidney), após verificação das respectivas doses tóxicas por ensaio MTT ((3-(4,5 dimetiltiazol-2yl)-2-5-difenil-2H tetrazolato de bromo), foram cultivadas em microplacas e tratadas com diferentes concentrações de apamina, melitina e sua associação. Esse tratamento ocorreu antes e após a infecção com 0,1 MOI (multiplicidade de infecção) de cepas citopatogênicas de herpesvírus bovino tipo 1 (BoHV-1) cepa Los Angeles e vírus da diarreia viral bovina (BVDV) cepa NADL. Após incubação por 72 horas, 37oC, as células foram submetidas ao ensaio MTT para estimativa da viabilidade celular. Em experimento paralelo, placas que foram submetidas ao mesmo procedimento sofreram ciclo de congelamento e descongelamento das células, para rompimento das mesmas e mensuração dos títulos virais. O ensaio virucida foi realizado incubando-se suspensões de BoHV-1 e BVDV com as soluções de apamina, melitina e associação por 24 horas a 37oC e 22oC. O título viral foi avaliado às 0 horas, 1, 2, 4, 8 e 24 horas de incubação. A concentração citotóxica para 50% das células (CC50) de melitina foi 2,32 μg/ml e apamina não demonstrou toxicidade à maior concentração testada (100μg/ml). Houve efeito antiviral da melitina sobre BoHV-1, especialmente na concentração de 2μg/ml, onde observou-se 85,96% de viabilidade celular quando o tratamento foi realizado antes da infecção e 86,78% de viabilidade quando o tratamento foi realizado após a infecção. Houve ainda redução de 90% das partículas virais de BoHV-1. Em menores concentrações (1 e 1,5μg/ml) de melitina não houve atividade antiviral, pois a viabilidade celular foi baixa, demonstrando...(AU)
The search for an alternative to synthetic drugs have revealed discoveries in the field of pharmacology and, according to melittin and apamin, two components of bee venom which have been described were with various pharmacological actions.This study aimed to evaluate the in vitro antiviral and virucidal capabilities of these components. Therefore, after verification of their toxic doses by MTT (3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide) assay, MDBK cells (Madin Darby Bovine Kidney) have been cultivated in microplates and treated with different concentrations of apamin, melittin and its association. This treatment occurred before and after infection with MOI (multiplicity of infection) 0.1 of cytopathogenic strains of bovine herpesvirus type 1 (BoHV-1) strain Los Angeles and bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) strain NADL. After incubation for 72 hours, 37°C, the cells were submitted to MTT assay to estimate cell viability. In parallel experiments, plates were subjected to the same procedure suffered freezing and thawing cycle the cells to rupture the same and measurement of viral titers. The virucidal assay was performed by incubating suspension of bovine herpesvirus type-1 and BVDV with apamin solutions, melittin and association for 24 hours at 37°C and 22°C. The viral titer was evaluated at 0 hours, 1, 2, 4, 8 and 24 hours of incubation. The cytotoxic concentration to 50% of the cells (CC50) of melittin was 2.32g/mL and apamin did not show toxicity at the greater concentration tested (100μg/mL). There was antiviral effect of melittin on bovine herpesvirus type-1, especially at a concentration of 2μg/mL, where was observed 85.96% cell viability when treatment was performed before the infection and 86.78% viability when the treatment was carried out after infection. There was also a 90% reduction of viral particles of...(AU)
Subject(s)
Animals , Cattle , Apamin/administration & dosage , Cattle/abnormalities , Cattle/virology , Herpesvirus 1, Bovine/immunology , Melitten/administration & dosageABSTRACT
A busca por alternativa aos fármacos sintéticos têm revelado descobertas no campo da farmacologia e, nesse sentido, melitina e apamina, dois constituintes do veneno de abelhas, foram descritas com várias ações farmacológicas. Este estudo objetivou avaliar in vitro as capacidades antiviral e virucida destes componentes. Para tanto, células MDBK (Madin Darby Bovine Kidney), após verificação das respectivas doses tóxicas por ensaio MTT ((3-(4,5 dimetiltiazol-2yl)-2-5-difenil-2H tetrazolato de bromo), foram cultivadas em microplacas e tratadas com diferentes concentrações de apamina, melitina e sua associação. Esse tratamento ocorreu antes e após a infecção com 0,1 MOI (multiplicidade de infecção) de cepas citopatogênicas de herpesvírus bovino tipo 1 (BoHV-1) cepa Los Angeles e vírus da diarreia viral bovina (BVDV) cepa NADL. Após incubação por 72 horas, 37oC, as células foram submetidas ao ensaio MTT para estimativa da viabilidade celular. Em experimento paralelo, placas que foram submetidas ao mesmo procedimento sofreram ciclo de congelamento e descongelamento das células, para rompimento das mesmas e mensuração dos títulos virais. O ensaio virucida foi realizado incubando-se suspensões de BoHV-1 e BVDV com as soluções de apamina, melitina e associação por 24 horas a 37oC e 22oC. O título viral foi avaliado às 0 horas, 1, 2, 4, 8 e 24 horas de incubação. A concentração citotóxica para 50% das células (CC50) de melitina foi 2,32 μg/ml e apamina não demonstrou toxicidade à maior concentração testada (100μg/ml). Houve efeito antiviral da melitina sobre BoHV-1, especialmente na concentração de 2μg/ml, onde observou-se 85,96% de viabilidade celular quando o tratamento foi realizado antes da infecção e 86,78% de viabilidade quando o tratamento foi realizado após a infecção. Houve ainda redução de 90% das partículas virais de BoHV-1. Em menores concentrações (1 e 1,5μg/ml) de melitina não houve atividade antiviral, pois a viabilidade celular foi baixa, demonstrando efeito citopático do vírus. Na associação das duas substâncias houve queda no título de BVDV e observou-se maior viabilidade celular quando comparados à ação isolada dos composto sobre este vírus. Isso se confirma na atividade virucida, uma vez que houve decréscimo de 90% das partículas virais de BVDV com a associação dos dois compostos do veneno de abelhas. Atuando individualmente, melitina apresentou efeito antiviral e virucida frente ao BoHV-1, zerando seu título em apenas 2 horas a 37oC. Conclui-se que melitina tem ação antiviral e virucida frente ao BoHV-1 e sua associação com apamina potencializou seus efeitos frente ao BVDV.(AU)
The search for an alternative to synthetic drugs have revealed discoveries in the field of pharmacology and, according to melittin and apamin, two components of bee venom which have been described were with various pharmacological actions.This study aimed to evaluate the in vitro antiviral and virucidal capabilities of these components. Therefore, after verification of their toxic doses by MTT (3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide) assay, MDBK cells (Madin Darby Bovine Kidney) have been cultivated in microplates and treated with different concentrations of apamin, melittin and its association. This treatment occurred before and after infection with MOI (multiplicity of infection) 0.1 of cytopathogenic strains of bovine herpesvirus type 1 (BoHV-1) strain Los Angeles and bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) strain NADL. After incubation for 72 hours, 37°C, the cells were submitted to MTT assay to estimate cell viability. In parallel experiments, plates were subjected to the same procedure suffered freezing and thawing cycle the cells to rupture the same and measurement of viral titers. The virucidal assay was performed by incubating suspension of bovine herpesvirus type-1 and BVDV with apamin solutions, melittin and association for 24 hours at 37°C and 22°C. The viral titer was evaluated at 0 hours, 1, 2, 4, 8 and 24 hours of incubation. The cytotoxic concentration to 50% of the cells (CC50) of melittin was 2.32g/mL and apamin did not show toxicity at the greater concentration tested (100μg/mL). There was antiviral effect of melittin on bovine herpesvirus type-1, especially at a concentration of 2μg/mL, where was observed 85.96% cell viability when treatment was performed before the infection and 86.78% viability when the treatment was carried out after infection. There was also a 90% reduction of viral particles of bovine herpesvirus type-1. In lower concentrations (1 and 1.5μg/mL) melittin no antiviral activity because cell viability was low, showing cytopathic effect of the virus. At the association two substances there were a decrease in the title of BVDV and there was higher cell viability when compared to the isolated action of the compounds of this virus. This is confirmed in the virucidal activity, since there was a decrease of 90% of the viral particles of BVDV with the combination of the two compounds of bee venom. Acting individually, melittin showed antiviral effect and virucidal against for BoHV-1, zeroing its title in just 2 hours at 37°C. It is concluded that melittin has antiviral and virucidal action against the BoHV-1 and its association with apamin potentiate its effects against BVDV.(AU)
Subject(s)
Apamin/administration & dosage , Cattle/abnormalities , Cattle/virology , Herpesvirus 1, Bovine/immunology , Melitten/administration & dosageABSTRACT
Esta pesquisa avaliou a TIP e a dinâmica de anticorpos (ACs) específicos em bezerros naturalmente expostos aos agentes causadores da doença respiratória bovina (DRB). Foram selecionados 19 bezerros Holandeses alimentados com colostro proveniente de doadoras vacinadas para DRB. Amostras de soro foram obtidas antes e após a ingestão do colostro (48h) para a soroneutralização (SN). Os valores médios (log2) detectados após colostragem foram de 11,5±1,6 (BVDV), 8,8±1,3 (BoHV-1), 5,5±1,6 (BRSV) e 8,4±1,5 (BPIV-3). Cinco bezerros foram criados do nascimento aos 240 dias de vida, observando-se decréscimo nos títulos de ACs para BVDV, BoHV-1 e BPIV-3 ao longo do tempo (P≤0,001). As taxas de infecções detectadas entre o D14 e o D240 foram de 40% (2/5), 20% (1/5), 80% (4/5), e 60% (3/5), respectivamente, para BVDV, BoHV-1, BRSV e BPIV-3. A maioria dos bezerros manifestou broncopneumonia após as infecções virais. Os bezerros apresentaram ACs para todas as viroses às 48 horas de vida, porém os títulos adquiridos para o BRSV foram baixos. A susceptibilidade para as infecções variou de acordo com os níveis e a duração dos títulos de ACs maternos.(AU)
This research evaluated the PIT and the dynamics of specific antibody (Ab) for calves naturally exposed to the viral agents involved in Bovine Respiratory Disease (BRD). Nineteen Holstein calves fed colostrum from vaccinated donors for DRB. Serum samples were obtained before and after colostrum intake (48h) for serum neutralization (SN). Mean values (log2) detected after colostrum feeding were 11.5±1.6 (BVDV), 8.8 ±1.3 (BoHV-1) 5.5±1.6 (BRSV) and 8.4±1.5 (BPIV-3). Five calves were raised from birth to 240 days of life and presented a decrease in Ab titers for BVDV, BoHV-1 and BPIV-3 over time (P≤ 0.001). Infection rates from D14 to D240 were of 40% (2/5), 20% (1/5), 80% (4/5) and 60% (3/5), respectively for BVDV, BoHV-1, BRSV and BPIV-3. Most of the calves presented bronchopneumonia after seroconversion to the virus. Calves presented Ab for all viruses at 48 hours of life, however BRSV Ab titer were low. Levels and persistence of maternal antibody titers determined the susceptibility to viral infections.(AU)
Subject(s)
Animals , Cattle , Cattle/immunology , Immunization, Passive/veterinary , Virus Diseases/immunology , Herpesvirus 1, BovineABSTRACT
ABSTRACT: The search for an alternative to synthetic drugs have revealed discoveries in the field of pharmacology and, according to melittin and apamin, two components of bee venom which have been described were with various pharmacological actions.This study aimed to evaluate the in vitro antiviral and virucidal capabilities of these components. Therefore, after verification of their toxic doses by MTT (3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide) assay, MDBK cells (Madin Darby Bovine Kidney) have been cultivated in microplates and treated with different concentrations of apamin, melittin and its association. This treatment occurred before and after infection with MOI (multiplicity of infection) 0.1 of cytopathogenic strains of bovine herpesvirus type 1 (BoHV-1) strain Los Angeles and bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) strain NADL. After incubation for 72 hours, 37°C, the cells were submitted to MTT assay to estimate cell viability. In parallel experiments, plates were subjected to the same procedure suffered freezing and thawing cycle the cells to rupture the same and measurement of viral titers. The virucidal assay was performed by incubating suspension of bovine herpesvirus type-1 and BVDV with apamin solutions, melittin and association for 24 hours at 37°C and 22°C. The viral titer was evaluated at 0 hours, 1, 2, 4, 8 and 24 hours of incubation. The cytotoxic concentration to 50% of the cells (CC50) of melittin was 2.32g/mL and apamin did not show toxicity at the greater concentration tested (100g/mL). There was antiviral effect of melittin on bovine herpesvirus type-1, especially at a concentration of 2g/mL, where was observed 85.96% cell viability when treatment was performed before the infection and 86.78% viability when the treatment was carried out after infection. There was also a 90% reduction of viral particles of bovine herpesvirus type-1. In lower concentrations (1 and 1.5g/mL) melittin no antiviral activity because cell viability was low, showing cytopathic effect of the virus. At the association two substances there were a decrease in the title of BVDV and there was higher cell viability when compared to the isolated action of the compounds of this virus. This is confirmed in the virucidal activity, since there was a decrease of 90% of the viral particles of BVDV with the combination of the two compounds of bee venom. Acting individually, melittin showed antiviral effect and virucidal against for BoHV-1, zeroing its title in just 2 hours at 37°C. It is concluded that melittin has antiviral and virucidal action against the BoHV-1 and its association with apamin potentiate its effects against BVDV.
RESUMO: A busca por alternativa aos fármacos sintéticos têm revelado descobertas no campo da farmacologia e, nesse sentido, melitina e apamina, dois constituintes do veneno de abelhas, foram descritas com várias ações farmacológicas. Este estudo objetivou avaliar in vitro as capacidades antiviral e virucida destes componentes. Para tanto, células MDBK (Madin Darby Bovine Kidney), após verificação das respectivas doses tóxicas por ensaio MTT ((3-(4,5 dimetiltiazol-2yl)-2-5-difenil-2H tetrazolato de bromo), foram cultivadas em microplacas e tratadas com diferentes concentrações de apamina, melitina e sua associação. Esse tratamento ocorreu antes e após a infecção com 0,1 MOI (multiplicidade de infecção) de cepas citopatogênicas de herpesvírus bovino tipo 1 (BoHV-1) cepa Los Angeles e vírus da diarreia viral bovina (BVDV) cepa NADL. Após incubação por 72 horas, 37oC, as células foram submetidas ao ensaio MTT para estimativa da viabilidade celular. Em experimento paralelo, placas que foram submetidas ao mesmo procedimento sofreram ciclo de congelamento e descongelamento das células, para rompimento das mesmas e mensuração dos títulos virais. O ensaio virucida foi realizado incubando-se suspensões de BoHV-1 e BVDV com as soluções de apamina, melitina e associação por 24 horas a 37oC e 22oC. O título viral foi avaliado às 0 horas, 1, 2, 4, 8 e 24 horas de incubação. A concentração citotóxica para 50% das células (CC50) de melitina foi 2,32 g/ml e apamina não demonstrou toxicidade à maior concentração testada (100g/ml). Houve efeito antiviral da melitina sobre BoHV-1, especialmente na concentração de 2g/ml, onde observou-se 85,96% de viabilidade celular quando o tratamento foi realizado antes da infecção e 86,78% de viabilidade quando o tratamento foi realizado após a infecção. Houve ainda redução de 90% das partículas virais de BoHV-1. Em menores concentrações (1 e 1,5g/ml) de melitina não houve atividade antiviral, pois a viabilidade celular foi baixa, demonstrando efeito citopático do vírus. Na associação das duas substâncias houve queda no título de BVDV e observou-se maior viabilidade celular quando comparados à ação isolada dos composto sobre este vírus. Isso se confirma na atividade virucida, uma vez que houve decréscimo de 90% das partículas virais de BVDV com a associação dos dois compostos do veneno de abelhas. Atuando individualmente, melitina apresentou efeito antiviral e virucida frente ao BoHV-1, zerando seu título em apenas 2 horas a 37oC. Conclui-se que melitina tem ação antiviral e virucida frente ao BoHV-1 e sua associação com apamina potencializou seus efeitos frente ao BVDV.
ABSTRACT
Esta pesquisa avaliou a TIP e a dinâmica de anticorpos (ACs) específicos em bezerros naturalmente expostos aos agentes causadores da doença respiratória bovina (DRB). Foram selecionados 19 bezerros Holandeses alimentados com colostro proveniente de doadoras vacinadas para DRB. Amostras de soro foram obtidas antes e após a ingestão do colostro (48h) para a soroneutralização (SN). Os valores médios (log2) detectados após colostragem foram de 11,5±1,6 (BVDV), 8,8±1,3 (BoHV-1), 5,5±1,6 (BRSV) e 8,4±1,5 (BPIV-3). Cinco bezerros foram criados do nascimento aos 240 dias de vida, observando-se decréscimo nos títulos de ACs para BVDV, BoHV-1 e BPIV-3 ao longo do tempo (P≤0,001). As taxas de infecções detectadas entre o D14 e o D240 foram de 40% (2/5), 20% (1/5), 80% (4/5), e 60% (3/5), respectivamente, para BVDV, BoHV-1, BRSV e BPIV-3. A maioria dos bezerros manifestou broncopneumonia após as infecções virais. Os bezerros apresentaram ACs para todas as viroses às 48 horas de vida, porém os títulos adquiridos para o BRSV foram baixos. A susceptibilidade para as infecções variou de acordo com os níveis e a duração dos títulos de ACs maternos.(AU)
This research evaluated the PIT and the dynamics of specific antibody (Ab) for calves naturally exposed to the viral agents involved in Bovine Respiratory Disease (BRD). Nineteen Holstein calves fed colostrum from vaccinated donors for DRB. Serum samples were obtained before and after colostrum intake (48h) for serum neutralization (SN). Mean values (log2) detected after colostrum feeding were 11.5±1.6 (BVDV), 8.8 ±1.3 (BoHV-1) 5.5±1.6 (BRSV) and 8.4±1.5 (BPIV-3). Five calves were raised from birth to 240 days of life and presented a decrease in Ab titers for BVDV, BoHV-1 and BPIV-3 over time (P≤ 0.001). Infection rates from D14 to D240 were of 40% (2/5), 20% (1/5), 80% (4/5) and 60% (3/5), respectively for BVDV, BoHV-1, BRSV and BPIV-3. Most of the calves presented bronchopneumonia after seroconversion to the virus. Calves presented Ab for all viruses at 48 hours of life, however BRSV Ab titer were low. Levels and persistence of maternal antibody titers determined the susceptibility to viral infections.(AU)
Subject(s)
Animals , Cattle , Cattle/immunology , Immunization, Passive/veterinary , Virus Diseases/immunology , Herpesvirus 1, BovineABSTRACT
The aims of this study were to assess in vitro if bovine oocytes and oviductal epithelial cells from slaughterhouses for in vitro fertilization use may be infected with bovine herpesvirus 1; to analyze whether the treatment with trypsin according to the International Embryo Transfer Society guideline is efficient to inactivate the bovine herpesvirus 1; to morphologically study the virus-oocyte interaction through optical microscopy. In this study, Madin Darby Bovine Kidney (MDBK) cells that were co-cultured with oocytes matured in vitro and exposed to bovine herpesvirus 1 showed a cytopathic effect. The nested polymerase chain reaction for the supernatant was positive for the bovine herpesvirus 1, thus suggesting that the cytopathic effect observed in the MDBK monolayer was seen due to virus replication and not because of any culture toxicity. It was also observed cytopathic effect and positive nested polymerase chain reaction in MDBK cells co-cultured with in vitro maturated oocytes free of virus, but that were co-cultured in uterine epithelial cells pre-infected with bovine herpesvirus 1 and washed or not with trypsin, demonstrating an oocyte contamination by the virus. When trypsin-washing efficacy was evaluated, we could observe that the trypsin treatment was not able to eliminate the bovine herpesvirus 1 of the oocytes, and it was not observed any morphological difference in the infected oocytes.(AU)
Os objetivos do presente estudo foram avaliar in vitro se oócitos bovinos e células epiteliais de oviduto provenientes de abatedouros para uso em fertilização in vitro podem ser infectados com o herpesvírus bovino tipo 1; analisar se o tratamento com tripsina padronizado pelo International Embryo Transfer Society é eficiente para inativar o herpesvírus bovino tipo 1; estudar morfologicamente a interação vírus e oócito pela microscopia óptica. Neste estudo, as células Madin Darby Bovine Kidney (MDBK), que foram cocultivadas com oócitos maturados in vitro e expostos ao herpesvírus bovino tipo 1, apresentaram efeito citopático. A reação em cadeia da polimerase aninhada ao sobrenadante foi positiva para o herpesvírus bovino tipo 1, sugerindo que o efeito citopático observado na monocamada MDBK foi em função da replicação do vírus, mas não devido a qualquer toxicidade da cultura. Também foram mostrados efeito citopático e reação em cadeia da polimerase aninhada positivos em células MDBK cocultivadas com oócitos maturados in vitro isentos de vírus, porém que foram cocultivados em células epiteliais uterinas previamente infectadas com herpesvírus bovino tipo 1, que se lavou ou não com tripsina, demonstrando uma contaminação pelo vírus do oócito. Quando foi avaliada a eficácia de lavagem com a tripsina, foi possível notar que este tratamento não foi capaz de eliminar o herpesvírus bovino tipo 1 dos oócitos, e não foi observada qualquer diferença morfológica nos oócitos infectados.(AU)
Subject(s)
Animals , Cattle , Oocytes , Epithelial Cells , Fertilization in Vitro , Herpesvirus 1, Bovine , Trypsin/therapeutic use , Polymerase Chain ReactionABSTRACT
The aims of this study were to assess in vitro if bovine oocytes and oviductal epithelial cells from slaughterhouses for in vitro fertilization use may be infected with bovine herpesvirus 1; to analyze whether the treatment with trypsin according to the International Embryo Transfer Society guideline is efficient to inactivate the bovine herpesvirus 1; to morphologically study the virus-oocyte interaction through optical microscopy. In this study, Madin Darby Bovine Kidney (MDBK) cells that were co-cultured with oocytes matured in vitro and exposed to bovine herpesvirus 1 showed a cytopathic effect. The nested polymerase chain reaction for the supernatant was positive for the bovine herpesvirus 1, thus suggesting that the cytopathic effect observed in the MDBK monolayer was seen due to virus replication and not because of any culture toxicity. It was also observed cytopathic effect and positive nested polymerase chain reaction in MDBK cells co-cultured with in vitro maturated oocytes free of virus, but that were co-cultured in uterine epithelial cells pre-infected with bovine herpesvirus 1 and washed or not with trypsin, demonstrating an oocyte contamination by the virus. When trypsin-washing efficacy was evaluated, we could observe that the trypsin treatment was not able to eliminate the bovine herpesvirus 1 of the oocytes, and it was not observed any morphological difference in the infected oocytes.
RESUMO Os objetivos do presente estudo foram avaliar in vitro se oócitos bovinos e células epiteliais de oviduto provenientes de abatedouros para uso em fertilização in vitro podem ser infectados com o herpesvírus bovino tipo 1; analisar se o tratamento com tripsina padronizado pelo International Embryo Transfer Society é eficiente para inativar o herpesvírus bovino tipo 1; estudar morfologicamente a interação vírus e oócito pela microscopia óptica. Neste estudo, as células Madin Darby Bovine Kidney (MDBK), que foram cocultivadas com oócitos maturados in vitro e expostos ao herpesvírus bovino tipo 1, apresentaram efeito citopático. A reação em cadeia da polimerase aninhada ao sobrenadante foi positiva para o herpesvírus bovino tipo 1, sugerindo que o efeito citopático observado na monocamada MDBK foi em função da replicação do vírus, mas não devido a qualquer toxicidade da cultura. Também foram mostrados efeito citopático e reação em cadeia da polimerase aninhada positivos em células MDBK cocultivadas com oócitos maturados in vitro isentos de vírus, porém que foram cocultivados em células epiteliais uterinas previamente infectadas com herpesvírus bovino tipo 1, que se lavou ou não com tripsina, demonstrando uma contaminação pelo vírus do oócito. Quando foi avaliada a eficácia de lavagem com a tripsina, foi possível notar que este tratamento não foi capaz de eliminar o herpesvírus bovino tipo 1 dos oócitos, e não foi observada qualquer diferença morfológica nos oócitos infectados.
ABSTRACT
The aims of this study were to assess in vitro if bovine oocytes and oviductal epithelial cells from slaughterhouses for in vitro fertilization use may be infected with bovine herpesvirus 1; to analyze whether the treatment with trypsin according to the International Embryo Transfer Society guideline is efficient to inactivate the bovine herpesvirus 1; to morphologically study the virus-oocyte interaction through optical microscopy. In this study, Madin Darby Bovine Kidney (MDBK) cells that were co-cultured with oocytes matured in vitro and exposed to bovine herpesvirus 1 showed a cytopathic effect. The nested polymerase chain reaction for the supernatant was positive for the bovine herpesvirus 1, thus suggesting that the cytopathic effect observed in the MDBK monolayer was seen due to virus replication and not because of any culture toxicity. It was also observed cytopathic effect and positive nested polymerase chain reaction in MDBK cells co-cultured with in vitro maturated oocytes free of virus, but that were co-cultured in uterine epithelial cells pre-infected with bovine herpesvirus 1 and washed or not with trypsin, demonstrating an oocyte contamination by the virus. When trypsin-washing efficacy was evaluated, we could observe that the trypsin treatment was not able to eliminate the bovine herpesvirus 1 of the oocytes, and it was not observed any morphological difference in the infected oocytes.(AU)
Os objetivos do presente estudo foram avaliar in vitro se oócitos bovinos e células epiteliais de oviduto provenientes de abatedouros para uso em fertilização in vitro podem ser infectados com o herpesvírus bovino tipo 1; analisar se o tratamento com tripsina padronizado pelo International Embryo Transfer Society é eficiente para inativar o herpesvírus bovino tipo 1; estudar morfologicamente a interação vírus e oócito pela microscopia óptica. Neste estudo, as células Madin Darby Bovine Kidney (MDBK), que foram cocultivadas com oócitos maturados in vitro e expostos ao herpesvírus bovino tipo 1, apresentaram efeito citopático. A reação em cadeia da polimerase aninhada ao sobrenadante foi positiva para o herpesvírus bovino tipo 1, sugerindo que o efeito citopático observado na monocamada MDBK foi em função da replicação do vírus, mas não devido a qualquer toxicidade da cultura. Também foram mostrados efeito citopático e reação em cadeia da polimerase aninhada positivos em células MDBK cocultivadas com oócitos maturados in vitro isentos de vírus, porém que foram cocultivados em células epiteliais uterinas previamente infectadas com herpesvírus bovino tipo 1, que se lavou ou não com tripsina, demonstrando uma contaminação pelo vírus do oócito. Quando foi avaliada a eficácia de lavagem com a tripsina, foi possível notar que este tratamento não foi capaz de eliminar o herpesvírus bovino tipo 1 dos oócitos, e não foi observada qualquer diferença morfológica nos oócitos infectados.(AU)
Subject(s)
Animals , Cattle , Oocytes , Trypsin/therapeutic use , Fertilization in Vitro , Herpesvirus 1, Bovine , Epithelial Cells , Polymerase Chain Reaction/veterinaryABSTRACT
The aims of this study were to assess in vitro if bovine oocytes and oviductal epithelial cells from slaughterhouses for in vitro fertilization use may be infected with bovine herpesvirus 1; to analyze whether the treatment with trypsin according to the International Embryo Transfer Society guideline is efficient to inactivate the bovine herpesvirus 1; to morphologically study the virus-oocyte interaction through optical microscopy. In this study, Madin Darby Bovine Kidney (MDBK) cells that were co-cultured with oocytes matured in vitro and exposed to bovine herpesvirus 1 showed a cytopathic effect. The nested polymerase chain reaction for the supernatant was positive for the bovine herpesvirus 1, thus suggesting that the cytopathic effect observed in the MDBK monolayer was seen due to virus replication and not because of any culture toxicity. It was also observed cytopathic effect and positive nested polymerase chain reaction in MDBK cells co-cultured with in vitro maturated oocytes free of virus, but that were co-cultured in uterine epithelial cells pre-infected with bovine herpesvirus 1 and washed or not with trypsin, demonstrating an oocyte contamination by the virus. When trypsin-washing efficacy was evaluated, we could observe that the trypsin treatment was not able to eliminate the bovine herpesvirus 1 of the oocytes, and it was not observed any morphological difference in the infected oocytes.
Os objetivos do presente estudo foram avaliar in vitro se oócitos bovinos e células epiteliais de oviduto provenientes de abatedouros para uso em fertilização in vitro podem ser infectados com o herpesvírus bovino tipo 1; analisar se o tratamento com tripsina padronizado pelo International Embryo Transfer Society é eficiente para inativar o herpesvírus bovino tipo 1; estudar morfologicamente a interação vírus e oócito pela microscopia óptica. Neste estudo, as células Madin Darby Bovine Kidney (MDBK), que foram cocultivadas com oócitos maturados in vitro e expostos ao herpesvírus bovino tipo 1, apresentaram efeito citopático. A reação em cadeia da polimerase aninhada ao sobrenadante foi positiva para o herpesvírus bovino tipo 1, sugerindo que o efeito citopático observado na monocamada MDBK foi em função da replicação do vírus, mas não devido a qualquer toxicidade da cultura. Também foram mostrados efeito citopático e reação em cadeia da polimerase aninhada positivos em células MDBK cocultivadas com oócitos maturados in vitro isentos de vírus, porém que foram cocultivados em células epiteliais uterinas previamente infectadas com herpesvírus bovino tipo 1, que se lavou ou não com tripsina, demonstrando uma contaminação pelo vírus do oócito. Quando foi avaliada a eficácia de lavagem com a tripsina, foi possível notar que este tratamento não foi capaz de eliminar o herpesvírus bovino tipo 1 dos oócitos, e não foi observada qualquer diferença morfológica nos oócitos infectados.
Subject(s)
Animals , Cattle , Epithelial Cells , Fertilization in Vitro , Herpesvirus 1, Bovine , Oocytes , Trypsin/therapeutic use , Polymerase Chain ReactionABSTRACT
The aims of this study were to assess in vitro if bovine oocytes and oviductal epithelial cells from slaughterhouses for in vitro fertilization use may be infected with bovine herpesvirus 1; to analyze whether the treatment with trypsin according to the International Embryo Transfer Society guideline is efficient to inactivate the bovine herpesvirus 1; to morphologically study the virus-oocyte interaction through optical microscopy. In this study, Madin Darby Bovine Kidney (MDBK) cells that were co-cultured with oocytes matured in vitro and exposed to bovine herpesvirus 1 showed a cytopathic effect. The nested polymerase chain reaction for the supernatant was positive for the bovine herpesvirus 1, thus suggesting that the cytopathic effect observed in the MDBK monolayer was seen due to virus replication and not because of any culture toxicity. It was also observed cytopathic effect and positive nested polymerase chain reaction in MDBK cells co-cultured with in vitro maturated oocytes free of virus, but that were co-cultured in uterine epithelial cells pre-infected with bovine herpesvirus 1 and washed or not with trypsin, demonstrating an oocyte contamination by the virus. When trypsin-washing efficacy was evaluated, we could observe that the trypsin treatment was not able to eliminate the bovine herpesvirus 1 of the oocytes, and it was not observed any morphological difference in the infected oocytes.
RESUMO Os objetivos do presente estudo foram avaliar in vitro se oócitos bovinos e células epiteliais de oviduto provenientes de abatedouros para uso em fertilização in vitro podem ser infectados com o herpesvírus bovino tipo 1; analisar se o tratamento com tripsina padronizado pelo International Embryo Transfer Society é eficiente para inativar o herpesvírus bovino tipo 1; estudar morfologicamente a interação vírus e oócito pela microscopia óptica. Neste estudo, as células Madin Darby Bovine Kidney (MDBK), que foram cocultivadas com oócitos maturados in vitro e expostos ao herpesvírus bovino tipo 1, apresentaram efeito citopático. A reação em cadeia da polimerase aninhada ao sobrenadante foi positiva para o herpesvírus bovino tipo 1, sugerindo que o efeito citopático observado na monocamada MDBK foi em função da replicação do vírus, mas não devido a qualquer toxicidade da cultura. Também foram mostrados efeito citopático e reação em cadeia da polimerase aninhada positivos em células MDBK cocultivadas com oócitos maturados in vitro isentos de vírus, porém que foram cocultivados em células epiteliais uterinas previamente infectadas com herpesvírus bovino tipo 1, que se lavou ou não com tripsina, demonstrando uma contaminação pelo vírus do oócito. Quando foi avaliada a eficácia de lavagem com a tripsina, foi possível notar que este tratamento não foi capaz de eliminar o herpesvírus bovino tipo 1 dos oócitos, e não foi observada qualquer diferença morfológica nos oócitos infectados.
ABSTRACT
Background: The number of antiviral studies using plant extracts has increased in the last decades, and the results have shown that plants are potential sources of compounds that are able to inhibit and/or decrease viral infections. The selection of these plants by ethnopharmacological criteria increases the probability of fi nding new substances with significant pharmacological and biological activities. Hence, Brazil has an advantage in this area due to its extensive biodiversity and ethnological diversity. Guettarda angelica is a plant from the Brazilian Caatinga region the roots of which are popularly used for various therapeutic purposes, including veterinary use. The aim of this work was to investigate the in vitro antiviral activity of extracts of plant parts from G. angelica against three animal herpesviruses: bovine (BoHV-1), suid (SuHV-1) and equine (EHV-1) herpesviruses type 1. Materials, Methods & Results: The extracts of roots, leaves and seeds of G. angelica were initially screened for in vitro antiviral activity against these herpesviruses using the virus yield reduction assay. The MDBK cells were used in assays with BoHV-1 and SuHV-1, and the Vero cells with EHV-1. For these assays, the cells previously treated with the extracts in non-cytotoxic concentrations were inoculated with logarithmic dilutions of each virus. The viral inhibitory activity of extracts was calculated by difference of virus titer between treated infected cells and non-treated infected cells. Only the aqueous extract from seeds (AEs) showed a significant antiviral activity (P < 0.01, ANOVA followed by Tukey test) against all herpesviruses leading continuous studies. Thus, the selectivity index (SI) of this extract was determined by MTT [3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide] colorimetric assay by calculating the ratio CC50 over IC50. The 50% cytotoxic concentration (CC50) was defined as the extract concentration that reduced the cell viability by 50% when compared to untreated controls; the 50% inhibitory concentration (IC50) was defined as the concentration of the extract that inhibited 50% of viral replication when compared to the virus control. The CC50 and IC50 were obtained from nonlinear regression analysis of concentration-effect curves by the GraphPad Prism 5 Demo program and represented the means ± standard deviation of three independent experiments. The CC50 for Vero cells was 400.60 ± 0.20 µg/mL, while the CC50 for MDBK cells was 920.50 ± 0.19 µg/mL. The IC50 values of the AEs on the BoHV-1, SuHV-1 and EHV-1 were 22.79 µg/mL, 91.30 µg/mL and 19.95 µg/mL, respectively. The SI values of this extract for each virus obtained from these data were 40.39, 10.08 and 20.08 for BoHV-1, SuHV-1, and EHV-1, respectively. Discussion: To ensure the antiviral activity of a plant extract and consequently its future use as antiviral agent is crucial the obtainment of its selectivity index or safety index. It is guarantee of a true antiviral effect and not the result of cytotoxicity of the extract on cells, and that could be confused with an antiviral activity. Other important point are the extract IC50 values less than 100 µg/mL. The results of the AEs of G. angelica are in accordance with these considerations indicating that the G. angelica seeds may be a potential source of antiviral compounds insurance and encouraging further investigation of them.
Subject(s)
Antiviral Agents/therapeutic use , Herpesvirus 1, Equid/drug effects , Herpesvirus 1, Bovine/drug effects , Herpesvirus 1, Suid/drug effects , Rubiaceae , Phytotherapeutic Drugs , In Vitro TechniquesABSTRACT
Background: The number of antiviral studies using plant extracts has increased in the last decades, and the results have shown that plants are potential sources of compounds that are able to inhibit and/or decrease viral infections. The selection of these plants by ethnopharmacological criteria increases the probability of fi nding new substances with signifi cant pharmacological and biological activities. Hence, Brazil has an advantage in this area due to its extensive biodiversity and ethnological diversity. Guettarda angelica is a plant from the Brazilian Caatinga region the roots of which are popularly used for various therapeutic purposes, including veterinary use. The aim of this work was to investigate the in vitro antiviral activity of extracts of plant parts from G. angelica against three animal herpesviruses: bovine (BoHV-1), suid (SuHV-1) and equine (EHV-1) herpesviruses type 1.Materials, Methods & Results: The extracts of roots, leaves and seeds of G. angelica were initially screened for in vitro antiviral activity against these herpesviruses using the virus yield reduction assay. The MDBK cells were used in assays with BoHV-1 and SuHV-1, and the Vero cells with EHV-1. For these assays, the cells previously treated with the extracts in non-cytotoxic concentrations were inoculated with logarithmic dilutions of each virus. The viral inhibitory activity of extracts
Background: The number of antiviral studies using plant extracts has increased in the last decades, and the results have shown that plants are potential sources of compounds that are able to inhibit and/or decrease viral infections. The selection of these plants by ethnopharmacological criteria increases the probability of fi nding new substances with signifi cant pharmacological and biological activities. Hence, Brazil has an advantage in this area due to its extensive biodiversity and ethnological diversity. Guettarda angelica is a plant from the Brazilian Caatinga region the roots of which are popularly used for various therapeutic purposes, including veterinary use. The aim of this work was to investigate the in vitro antiviral activity of extracts of plant parts from G. angelica against three animal herpesviruses: bovine (BoHV-1), suid (SuHV-1) and equine (EHV-1) herpesviruses type 1.Materials, Methods & Results: The extracts of roots, leaves and seeds of G. angelica were initially screened for in vitro antiviral activity against these herpesviruses using the virus yield reduction assay. The MDBK cells were used in assays with BoHV-1 and SuHV-1, and the Vero cells with EHV-1. For these assays, the cells previously treated with the extracts in non-cytotoxic concentrations were inoculated with logarithmic dilutions of each virus. The viral inhibitory activity of extracts
ABSTRACT
Background: The number of antiviral studies using plant extracts has increased in the last decades, and the results have shown that plants are potential sources of compounds that are able to inhibit and/or decrease viral infections. The selection of these plants by ethnopharmacological criteria increases the probability of fi nding new substances with signifi cant pharmacological and biological activities. Hence, Brazil has an advantage in this area due to its extensive biodiversity and ethnological diversity. Guettarda angelica is a plant from the Brazilian Caatinga region the roots of which are popularly used for various therapeutic purposes, including veterinary use. The aim of this work was to investigate the in vitro antiviral activity of extracts of plant parts from G. angelica against three animal herpesviruses: bovine (BoHV-1), suid (SuHV-1) and equine (EHV-1) herpesviruses type 1.Materials, Methods & Results: The extracts of roots, leaves and seeds of G. angelica were initially screened for in vitro antiviral activity against these herpesviruses using the virus yield reduction assay. The MDBK cells were used in assays with BoHV-1 and SuHV-1, and the Vero cells with EHV-1. For these assays, the cells previously treated with the extracts in non-cytotoxic concentrations were inoculated with logarithmic dilutions of each virus. The viral inhibitory activity of extracts
Background: The number of antiviral studies using plant extracts has increased in the last decades, and the results have shown that plants are potential sources of compounds that are able to inhibit and/or decrease viral infections. The selection of these plants by ethnopharmacological criteria increases the probability of fi nding new substances with signifi cant pharmacological and biological activities. Hence, Brazil has an advantage in this area due to its extensive biodiversity and ethnological diversity. Guettarda angelica is a plant from the Brazilian Caatinga region the roots of which are popularly used for various therapeutic purposes, including veterinary use. The aim of this work was to investigate the in vitro antiviral activity of extracts of plant parts from G. angelica against three animal herpesviruses: bovine (BoHV-1), suid (SuHV-1) and equine (EHV-1) herpesviruses type 1.Materials, Methods & Results: The extracts of roots, leaves and seeds of G. angelica were initially screened for in vitro antiviral activity against these herpesviruses using the virus yield reduction assay. The MDBK cells were used in assays with BoHV-1 and SuHV-1, and the Vero cells with EHV-1. For these assays, the cells previously treated with the extracts in non-cytotoxic concentrations were inoculated with logarithmic dilutions of each virus. The viral inhibitory activity of extracts
ABSTRACT
Bovine Viral Diarrhoea Virus, Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis and Bovine Herpesvirus Type 4 infections are widelyknown viral infections as the reproductive system pathogen in cattle. The purpose of this study was to investigate thepresence and prevalence of these infections in Repeat Breeding diagnosed cows. A total of 139 blood samples werecollected from nine different dairy herds in Western Turkey. All sampled animals were clinically healthy but not becomepregnant even though they were three to eleven times artificially inseminated. The samples were controlled serologicallyfor BHV1 and BHV4 using ELISA test, 2% and 3.9% proportions were detected, respectively. These values were foundto be very low in comparison to other studies in Turkey. Out of 139, 81 (58.2%) cows were found to be seropositive forBVDV, and the percentage was above the 70% in six herds. BVD antigen was detected in two animals in a herd with71.4% antibody rates. Antigen positive animals were sampled and tested again four weeks later and persistent viremiawere confirmed. In conclusion, BVDV infection may be responsible for repeat breeding in studied herds.(AU)
Infecções por Vírus da Diarréia Viral Bovina (BVDV), Vírus da Rinotraqueíte Infecciosa Bovina (BHV-1) e HerpesvírusTipo 4 (BHV-4) são amplamente reconhecidas como infecções do trato reprodutivo em bovinos. O objetivo desteestudo foi investigar a presença e a prevalência destas infecções em fêmeas bovinas repetidoras de cio. Um total de 139amostras de sangue foi colhido de nove diferentes propriedades leiteiras na região Oeste da Turquia. Todos os animaisamostrados estavam clinicamente saudáveis, embora não tenham sido enxertados por inseminação artificial após trêsa onze tentativas. As amostras de soro foram testadas por método ELISA para detecção de anticorpos anti-BHV-1 eBHV-4, e 2,0 e 3,9% das amostras, respectivamente, foram consideradas positivas. Estes valores foram consideradosbaixos quando comparados com os de outros estudos na Turquia. De 139 amostras, 81 (58,2%) foram positivas para apresença de anticorpos anti-BVDV e mais de 70% das propriedades foram reveladas positivas. O antígeno de BVDVfoi detectado em dois animais em uma propriedade em que 71,4% dos animais eram soropositivos. Animais positivospara a presença de antígenos foram amostrados e testados novamente quatro semanas depois e viremia persistente foidetectada. Concluindo, infecção por BVDV pode ser responsável pelas perdas reprodutivas nas propriedades estudadas.(AU)
Subject(s)
Animals , Cattle , Diarrhea Viruses, Bovine Viral/pathogenicity , Herpesvirus 1, Bovine , Infertility/etiology , CattleABSTRACT
Bovine Viral Diarrhoea Virus, Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis and Bovine Herpesvirus Type 4 infections are widelyknown viral infections as the reproductive system pathogen in cattle. The purpose of this study was to investigate thepresence and prevalence of these infections in Repeat Breeding diagnosed cows. A total of 139 blood samples werecollected from nine different dairy herds in Western Turkey. All sampled animals were clinically healthy but not becomepregnant even though they were three to eleven times artificially inseminated. The samples were controlled serologicallyfor BHV1 and BHV4 using ELISA test, 2% and 3.9% proportions were detected, respectively. These values were foundto be very low in comparison to other studies in Turkey. Out of 139, 81 (58.2%) cows were found to be seropositive forBVDV, and the percentage was above the 70% in six herds. BVD antigen was detected in two animals in a herd with71.4% antibody rates. Antigen positive animals were sampled and tested again four weeks later and persistent viremiawere confirmed. In conclusion, BVDV infection may be responsible for repeat breeding in studied herds
Infecções por Vírus da Diarréia Viral Bovina (BVDV), Vírus da Rinotraqueíte Infecciosa Bovina (BHV-1) e HerpesvírusTipo 4 (BHV-4) são amplamente reconhecidas como infecções do trato reprodutivo em bovinos. O objetivo desteestudo foi investigar a presença e a prevalência destas infecções em fêmeas bovinas repetidoras de cio. Um total de 139amostras de sangue foi colhido de nove diferentes propriedades leiteiras na região Oeste da Turquia. Todos os animaisamostrados estavam clinicamente saudáveis, embora não tenham sido enxertados por inseminação artificial após trêsa onze tentativas. As amostras de soro foram testadas por método ELISA para detecção de anticorpos anti-BHV-1 eBHV-4, e 2,0 e 3,9% das amostras, respectivamente, foram consideradas positivas. Estes valores foram consideradosbaixos quando comparados com os de outros estudos na Turquia. De 139 amostras, 81 (58,2%) foram positivas para apresença de anticorpos anti-BVDV e mais de 70% das propriedades foram reveladas positivas. O antígeno de BVDVfoi detectado em dois animais em uma propriedade em que 71,4% dos animais eram soropositivos. Animais positivospara a presença de antígenos foram amostrados e testados novamente quatro semanas depois e viremia persistente foidetectada. Concluindo, infecção por BVDV pode ser responsável pelas perdas reprodutivas nas propriedades estudadas
Subject(s)
Animals , Cattle , Herpesvirus 1, Bovine , Infertility/etiology , Diarrhea Viruses, Bovine Viral/pathogenicity , CattleABSTRACT
Amostras de soro de três fazendas leiteiras do Estado de São Paulo, classificadas como de alta (1, 78,6%), média (2, 40,0%) e baixa (3, 1,6%) prevalência de herpesvirus bovino tipo 1 (BoHV-1) foram coletadas para analisar a prevalência do vírus respiratório sincicial bovino (BRSV) pelo teste de virusneutralização. As prevalências de BRSV observadas nas fazendas 1, 2 e 3 foram 45,61%, 84,42% e 54,09%, respectivamente. A fazenda 2 apresentou maior prevalência de BRSV (P 0,0001) do que fazendas 1 e 3, que foram equivalentes (P = 0,2291). Dois fatores de risco, tamanho do rebanho e condições climáticas, foram associados ao BRSV. A prevalência de BRSV na fazenda 1 foi estatisticamente inferior à prevalência de BoHV-1 (P 0 ,0001). Por outro lado, as fazendas 2 e 3 possuíram prevalências de BRSV superiores às de BoHV-1 (P 0,0001 em ambas as comparações). Podemos concluir, pelo menos para as fazendas estudadas, que o BRSV e BoHV-1 não interagiram, e que as diferenças observadas entre as prevalências de BRSV e BoHV-1 em cada rebanho não tiveram importância epidemiológica.
Serum samples from three dairy farms classified as high (1, 78.6%), medium (2, 40.0%) and low (3, 1.6%) prevalence for bovine herpesvirus type 1 (BoHV-1) from São Paulo State, were collected to analyze the prevalence to the bovine respiratory syncytial virus (BRSV) by virus neutralization test. The BRSV observed prevalences for farms 1, 2, and 3 were 45.61%, 84.42%, and 54.09%, respectively. Farm 2 showed higher prevalence to BRSV (P 0.0001) than farms 1 and 3, which were equivalent (P = 0.2291). Two risk factors, herd size and milder climate conditions, were associated to BRSV. The prevalence of BRSV in farm 1 was statistically lower than BoHV-1 prevalence (P 0.0001). On the other side, farms 2 and 3 have prevalences of BRSV higher than of BoHV-1 (P 0.0001 in both comparisons). We may conclude, at least for the studied farms, that BRSV and BoHV-1 did not interact and the differences observed between BRSV and BoHV-1 prevalences into each herd did not have epidemiological importance.
Subject(s)
Animals , Cattle , Cattle Diseases , Respiratory Syncytial Virus, Bovine , Herpesvirus 1, BovineABSTRACT
Amostras de soro de três fazendas leiteiras do Estado de São Paulo, classificadas como de alta (1, 78,6%), média (2, 40,0%) e baixa (3, 1,6%) prevalência de herpesvirus bovino tipo 1 (BoHV-1) foram coletadas para analisar a prevalência do vírus respiratório sincicial bovino (BRSV) pelo teste de virusneutralização. As prevalências de BRSV observadas nas fazendas 1, 2 e 3 foram 45,61%, 84,42% e 54,09%, respectivamente. A fazenda 2 apresentou maior prevalência de BRSV (P 0,0001) do que fazendas 1 e 3, que foram equivalentes (P = 0,2291). Dois fatores de risco, tamanho do rebanho e condições climáticas, foram associados ao BRSV. A prevalência de BRSV na fazenda 1 foi estatisticamente inferior à prevalência de BoHV-1 (P 0 ,0001). Por outro lado, as fazendas 2 e 3 possuíram prevalências de BRSV superiores às de BoHV-1 (P 0,0001 em ambas as comparações). Podemos concluir, pelo menos para as fazendas estudadas, que o BRSV e BoHV-1 não interagiram, e que as diferenças observadas entre as prevalências de BRSV e BoHV-1 em cada rebanho não tiveram importância epidemiológica.
Serum samples from three dairy farms classified as high (1, 78.6%), medium (2, 40.0%) and low (3, 1.6%) prevalence for bovine herpesvirus type 1 (BoHV-1) from São Paulo State, were collected to analyze the prevalence to the bovine respiratory syncytial virus (BRSV) by virus neutralization test. The BRSV observed prevalences for farms 1, 2, and 3 were 45.61%, 84.42%, and 54.09%, respectively. Farm 2 showed higher prevalence to BRSV (P 0.0001) than farms 1 and 3, which were equivalent (P = 0.2291). Two risk factors, herd size and milder climate conditions, were associated to BRSV. The prevalence of BRSV in farm 1 was statistically lower than BoHV-1 prevalence (P 0.0001). On the other side, farms 2 and 3 have prevalences of BRSV higher than of BoHV-1 (P 0.0001 in both comparisons). We may conclude, at least for the studied farms, that BRSV and BoHV-1 did not interact and the differences observed between BRSV and BoHV-1 prevalences into each herd did not have epidemiological importance.