New reference nomograms for the study of ventricular size in preterm infants.

INTRODUCTION: Transfontanellar brain ultrasound is an essential tool for monitoring the size of the ventricles in preterm neonates and has many advantages over other alternative diagnostic techniques, including its accessibility and non-use of ionizing radiation. When considering the normal ventricular size, it is essential to have reference measurements based on age-matched populations. The objective of this article is to present our reference measures, based on a sample of preterm infants that we have studied. METHODS: A retrospective observational study was conducted. Measurements of the Levene index, frontal horn thickness, and Evans index were obtained in preterm neonates from 25 to 45 weeks, over a period of 5 years, between January 2016 and December 2020. After applying the exclusion criteria, a sample of 199 patients and 350 ultrasound scans were obtained. The independent samples t-test and the Mann-Whitney test were used for the comparison of samples. RESULTS: The distribution of the right and left Levene indices was normal (Shapiro-Wilk test with p = 0.16 and 0.05, respectively), unlike the thickness distribution of the frontal horns (p < 0.05 on both sides). No significant differences were detected between the sexes (p = 0.08). A linear correlation was found between the biparietal diameter and the Levene index. CONCLUSION: From the results obtained in our study, we present reference tables for ventricular size, with the 3rd, 25th, 50th, 75th, and 97th, being the first ones made in our country.

Anestesia neuroaxial en pacientes portadores de dispositivos de derivación de líquido cefalorraquídeo: revisión descriptiva / Neuraxial anaesthesia in patients with cerebrospinal fluid shunts: A descriptive review

La anestesia neuroaxial en pacientes portadores de dispositivos de derivación de líquido cefalorraquídeo (LCR) se ha asociado clásicamente a un alto riesgo de complicaciones. Con el fin de recabar toda la evidencia disponible, se realizó una búsqueda estructurada de los trabajos publicados en usuarios portadores de estos dispositivos, sometidos a algún tipo de técnica neuroaxial para procedimientos obstétricos o quirúrgicos no relacionados con el mismo, valorando la eficacia de la técnica y las complicaciones perioperatorias. Solo se encontraron series de casos y casos clínicos (n = 72). Se identificó uno de insuficiente cobertura anestésica, que precisó una modificación de la técnica, así como una complicación intraoperatoria con compromiso de seguridad para el sujeto. No se describió ningún caso de infección ni disfunciones posoperatorias del dispositivo relacionadas con el método anestésico. La evidencia hallada es escasa y de baja calidad, lo que no permite establecer conclusiones significativas, aunque los pacientes podrían beneficiarse de una valoración individualizada. (AU)

Neuraxial anesthesia in patients with cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) shunt devices has traditionally been associated with a high risk of complications. In order to gather all available evidence, a structured search was conducted to include published studies involving users of these devices, undergoing any form of neuraxial technique for obstetric or surgical procedures unrelated to them. Effectiveness of the technique and perioperative complications were assessed. Only case series and case reports (n = 72) were identified. One patient was found to have insufficient anesthetic coverage, necessitating a modification of the technique, and another one had an intraoperative complication which compromised the subject's safety. No infection events or postoperative device dysfunction related to the anesthetic method were described. The evidence found is scarce and of low quality, preventing the establishment of significant conclusions. Nevertheless, patients may obtain benefit from an individualized evaluation. (AU)

Risk factors for shunt-dependent hydrocephalus after spontaneous subarachnoid hemorrhage.

INTRODUCTION: Subarachnoid haemorrhage (SAH) is one of the most frequent neurosurgical emergencies, most of them due to intracranial aneurysm rupture. Hydrocephalus is a prevalent complication with a high rate of complications. The aims of this study are to identify predictors of shunt-dependent hydrocephalus following aneurysmal SAH and to quantify the complications arising from ventriculoperitoneal shunts. METHODS: This study is about an observational retrospective analytic study of the patients with spontaneous SAH admitted to Miguel Servet Universitary Hospital between 2017 and 2022. Patients' clinical and radiological characteristics, type of treatment, diagnoses and treatment of hydrocephalus, complications of ventriculoperitoneal shunts and mortality are some of the data achieved in this study. A descriptive study of these variables has been done and, subsequently, the most relevant variables have been statistically analysed to identify patients with increasing risk of shunting for hydrocephalus. This study was authorized by the Ethics Committee prior to its elaboration. RESULTS: A total of 359 patients with spontaneous SAH were admitted to Miguel Servet Universitary Hospital between 2017 and 2022, with an intrahospitalary death rate of 25.3%. 66.3% of the total of patients with SAH were due to intracranial aneurysm rupture (n = 238). 45.3% of the patients with aneurysmal SAH required an external ventricular drain (EVD) to treat acute hydrocephalus. 11.7% (n = 28) developed a shunt-dependent hydrocephalus. Statistical significance was found between shunt-dependent hydrocephalus and the following: high score in modified Fisher scale and placement of EVD. The mean interval from EVD to ventriculoperitoneal shunt placement was 26.1 days. The mean rate of reoperation of patients after shunt was 17.7%, mostly due to infection. CONCLUSIONS: The most significant risk factor for shunt-dependent hydrocephalus after aneurysmal SAH was high Fisher grade and previous need of EVD. Shunt infections is the main cause of shunt reoperation. Early shunt placement in selected patients might reduce the rate of infectious complications.

Neuraxial anaesthesia in patients with cerebrospinal fluid shunts: A descriptive review.

Neuraxial anesthesia in patients with cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) shunt devices has traditionally been associated with a high risk of complications. In order to gather all available evidence, a structured search was conducted to include published studies involving users of these devices, undergoing any form of neuraxial technique for obstetric or surgical procedures unrelated to them. Effectiveness of the technique and perioperative complications were assessed. Only case series and case reports (n = 72) were identified. One patient was found to have insufficient anesthetic coverage, necessitating a modification of the technique, and another one had an intraoperative complication which compromised the subject's safety. No infection events or postoperative device dysfunction related to the anesthetic method were described. The evidence found is scarce and of low quality, preventing the establishment of significant conclusions. Nevertheless, patients may obtain benefit from an individualized evaluation.

Meningitis criptocócica asociada a hidrocefalia en un paciente inmunocompetente / Cryptococcal meningitis associated with hydrocephalus in an immunocompetent patient

La meningitis criptocócica es una infección infrecuente y con alta morbimortalidad, cuya presentación en pacientes inmunocompetentes es excepcional. Presentamos el caso de un varón de 67 años que ingresó por un cuadro subagudo de alteración de la marcha e incontinencia urinaria. El examen neurológico reveló incapacidad para mantenerse en pie y deterioro de la memoria. Las pruebas de imagen craneales mostraron hidrocefalia tetraventricular obstructiva con áreas de gliosis en los pedúnculos cerebelosos. Se realizó tratamiento endoscópico de la hidrocefalia, con toma de muestras de líquido cefalorraquídeo en las que se observó crecimiento de Cryptococcus neoformans. El paciente mejoró con el tratamiento endoscópico y tras completar la terapia antifúngica intravenosa con anfotericina B liposomal y fluconazol durante diez semanas. La meningitis criptocócica en pacientes inmunocompetentes se trata con antifúngicos. En raras ocasiones se presenta con hidrocefalia, situación que requiere tratamiento quirúrgico mediante derivaciones del líquido cefalorraquídeo o técnicas endoscópicas. (AU)

Cryptococcal meningitis is an infrequent infection with high morbidity and mortality. Its presentation in immuno-competent patients is rare.We present the case of a 67-year-old male who was admitted for subacute symptoms of gait disturbance and urinary incontinence. Neurological examination revealed inability to stand and memory impairment. Cranial im-aging showed obstructive tetraventricular hydrocephalus with areas of gliosis in the cerebellar peduncles. Endo-scopic treatment of hydrocephalus was performed and cerebrospinal fluid samples taken revealing the growth of Cryptococcus neoformans. The patient improved with the endoscopic treatment and after completing intravenous antifungal therapy with liposomal amphotericin B and flu-conazole for ten weeks.Antifungals are used to treat cryptococcal meningitis in immunocompetent patients. On rare occasions, it presents with hydrocephalus, a situation that requires surgical treat-ment using cerebrospinal fluid diversions or endoscopic techniques. (AU)

Type I atlanto-occipital dislocation complicated by non-communicating hydrocephalus – A case report

Hydrocephalus, an extremely rare complication of craniocervical junction injuries, is postulated to result from compression of the fourth ventricular cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) outlets by fractured and displaced bone fragments, a swollen upper spinal cord or adhesions formed after a traumatic subarachnoid haemorrhage. We present the case of a 21-year-old woman for whom an injury to the cervical spine complicated by a type I atlanto-occipital dislocation contributed to the development of non-communicating hydrocephalus. The hydrocephalus was probably a consequence of impaired CSF circulation at the fourth ventricular outlets (the foramina of Luschka and Magendie), caused by post-haemorrhagic adhesions formed after severe injury to the craniocervical junction. (AU)

La hidrocefalia, una complicación extremadamente rara de las lesiones de la unión craneocervical se considera resultado del bloqueo de las salidas del líquido cefalorraquídeo (LCR) del cuarto ventrículo por los fragmentos óseos fracturados y desplazados, la inflamación de la médula espinal superior o las adherencias formadas después de una hemorragia subaracnoidea traumática. Se reporta caso clínico de una mujer de 21 años en el que la lesión de la columna cervical complicada por una luxación atlanto-occipital de tipo I contribuyó al desarrollo de una hidrocefalia no comunicante. La hidrocefalia probablemente fue consecuencia de una obstrucción del flujo del LCR fuera del cuarto ventrículo (agujeros de Luschka y Magendie), debida a las adherencias post-hemorrágicas formadas después de la grave lesión de la unión craneocervical. (AU)

Usefulness of third ventricle volumetry in patients with normal pressure hydrocephalus.

OBJECTIVE: To use third ventricle morphometric variables as a tool for the selection of patients with idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus (iNPH) who are candidates for ventriculoperitoneal shunts (VPS). MATERIAL AND METHODS: Retrospective study enrolling patients with iNPH. Katzman infusion test was performed and a Rout > 12 mmHg/mL/min was considered a positive result. The transverse diameter and the volume of the third ventricle were measured in the preoperative MRI. Postoperative improvement was assessed with the NPH score. The results were analysed with SPSS software. RESULTS: 52 patients with a mean age of 76 years were analysed. There was no difference in the diameter of the third ventricle among patients with a positive result and those with a negative result in the infusion test (12.28 vs 11.68 mm; p = 0.14). Neither were difference detected in the ventricle volume of both groups (3.6 vs 3.5cc; p = 0.66). Those patients who improved after VPS had a smaller third ventricle compared to those who did not respond after surgery (11.85 mm vs. 12.96 mm; p = 0.009). Diameter and volume of third ventricle present a significant strong correlation (Pearson correlation coefficient = 0.72; p < 0.0001). CONCLUSION: Morphometric variables of third ventricle may be useful in predicting a good response to VPS in patients with idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus.

Type I atlanto-occipital dislocation complicated by non-communicating hydrocephalus - A case report.

Hydrocephalus, an extremely rare complication of craniocervical junction injuries, is postulated to result from compression of the fourth ventricular cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) outlets by fractured and displaced bone fragments, a swollen upper spinal cord or adhesions formed after a traumatic subarachnoid haemorrhage. We present the case of a 21-year-old woman for whom an injury to the cervical spine complicated by a type I atlanto-occipital dislocation contributed to the development of non-communicating hydrocephalus. The hydrocephalus was probably a consequence of impaired CSF circulation at the fourth ventricular outlets (the foramina of Luschka and Magendie), caused by post-haemorrhagic adhesions formed after severe injury to the craniocervical junction.

Ventriculoperitoneal shunt migration into the pulmonary artery: Case report and literature review / Catéter de derivación ventrículo-peritoneal migrado a la arteria pulmonar: revisión de la literatura a propósito de un caso

Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) shunt placement is a commonly performed procedure for patients with hydrocephalus of various etiologies. We present the case of a 68-year-old male patient treated with a ventriculoperitoneal shunt for obstructive hydrocephalus management. Eight years later, a computed tomography (CT) scan detected migration of distal catheter into the pulmonary artery. We conducted a systematic review in Medline database using PubMed search engine to identify previous cases and their management. Our literature review identified eighteen single case reports describing this complication and different strategies to attempt catheter retrieval. To the best authors’ knowledge, this is the first case where conservative management was chosen (AU)

Las derivaciones del líquido cefalorraquídeo son un procedimiento quirúrgico frecuente en el manejo de pacientes con hidrocefalia de diversas etiologías. Presentamos el caso de un paciente varón de 68 años portador de una derivación ventrículo-peritoneal por hidrocefalia obstructiva. Ocho años más tarde se detectó la migración del catéter distal de la derivación hacia la arteria pulmonar en una tomografía computarizada (TC) de tórax. Se ha realizado una revisión sistemática de la literatura en la base de datos MEDLINE utilizando el buscador PubMed para identificar casos descritos de esta complicación y su manejo. Se encontraron 18 casos clínicos que describían esta complicación y diferentes estrategias para intentar recuperar el catéter migrado. Con base en nuestra revisión, el caso descrito es, hasta la fecha, el único en el que se decidió no intentar recuperar el catéter migrado (AU)

Factores de riesgo asociados a la persistencia de hidrocefalia posterior a la resección de tumores de fosa posterior / Risk factors associated with hydrocephalus persistence after posterior fossa tumors resection

Introducción. Las neoplasias de fosa posterior son los tumores de sistema nervioso central más frecuentes en la población pediátrica y una causa frecuente de hidrocefalia. El objetivo del presente trabajo es analizar los factores de riesgo asociados a hidrocefalia luego de las cirugías de resección de tumores de fosa posterior en una población pediátrica. Material y métodos. Se realizó un estudio observacional retrospectivo de pacientes pediátricos operados de tumores de fosa posterior en un único hospital. Se analizaron potenciales factores de riesgo pre y post quirúrgicos. Se consideró como variable respuesta la necesidad de derivación definitiva para tratar la hidrocefalia a los 6 meses de la resección tumoral. Resultados. En el análisis univariado se detectaron múltiples factores de riesgo significativos. Sin embargo, solamente 3 se mantuvieron en el modelo multivariado: grado de resección (Subtotal: OR 7.86; Parcial: OR 20.42), infección postoperatoria (OR 17.31) y ausencia de flujo de salida postoperatorio en IV ventrículo (OR 4.29). Éste modelo presentó una buena capacidad predictiva (AUC: 0.80, Sensibilidad 80.5%, Especificidad 76.3%). Conclusión. La realización de tercer ventriculostomía endoscópica preoperatoria no redujo la incidencia de hidrocefalia postoperatoria. El grado de resección tumoral, la presencia de infección postoperatoria y la obstrucción de salida del IV ventrículo fueron los factores de riesgo más importantes para el requerimiento de sistema derivativo definitivo luego de la resección de un tumor de fosa posterior. Ésto podría influir en la toma de decisiones respecto al tratamiento en este grupo de pacientes pediátricos

Background. Posterior fossa tumors are the most frequent central nervous system neoplasms in the pediatric population and a frequent cause of hydrocephalus. The objective of this study is to analyze the risk factors associated with hydrocephalus after posterior fossa tumors resection in a pediatric population. Methods. A retrospective observational study was conducted on pediatric patients who underwent posterior fossa tumor resection in a single hospital. Potential pre- and post-operative risk factors were analyzed. The need for definitive shunt placement to treat hydrocephalus at 6 months after tumor resection was considered as the outcome variable. Results. Univariate analysis identified multiple significant risk factors. However, only 3 factors remained in the multivariate model: extent of resection (subtotal: OR 7.86; partial: OR 20.42), postoperative infection (OR 17.31), and absence of postoperative outflow of the fourth ventricle (OR 4.29). This model showed good predictive capacity (AUC: 0.80, Sensitivity 80.5%, Specificity 76.3%). Conclusion. Preoperative endoscopic third ventriculostomy did not reduce the incidence of postoperative hydrocephalus. The extent of tumor resection, presence of postoperative infection, and obstruction of fourth ventricle outflow were the most important risk factors for the requirement of a definitive shunt system after posterior fossa tumor resection. This could influence treatment decisions in this group of pediatric patients

¿Cuál es la presión de drenaje óptima en hidrocefalias tumorales obstructivas? Análisis de factores subyacentes al sobredrenado valvular, revisión de casos y desarrollo de protocolo quirúrgico / What is the optimal drainage pressure in obstructive tumors hydrocephalus? Analysis of factors underlying valve overdrainage, case review and development of surgical protocol

Introducción: La hidrocefalia es una complicación frecuente dentro de la patología tumoral del SNC. La colocación de válvulas de derivación ventrículo-peritoneal (VDVP) en estos casos es, al día de la fecha, la práctica estándar para tratar esta patología y prevenir las complicaciones y comorbilidades que esta conlleva. Al momento, no existe un protocolo ni una presión valvular inicial establecida para estos pacientes, en los cuales hemos observado una tendencia al sobredrenado de líquido cefalorraquídeo (LCR). El objetivo de este trabajo es analizar nuestra experiencia en el tratamiento de hidrocefalias obstructivas secundarias a patología tumoral, determinar factores relacionados al advenimiento de sobredrenado, el manejo terapéutico del mismo y subsiguientemente protocolizar de manera sencilla y económica la colocación de este tipo de prótesis así como identificar una presión terapéutica que reduzca el riesgo de sobredrenado. Materiales y métodos: Estudio monocéntrico, analítico, retrospectivo de una cohorte de pacientes operados en nuestra institución por hidrocefalia obstructiva secundaria a patología tumoral entre los años 2013-2022.Se analizaron historias clínicas, imágenes y protocolos quirúrgicos. Se identificaron aquellos pacientes que desarrollaron sobredrenado. Subsiguientemente se analizaron mediante un modelo estadístico explicativo multivariado aquellas variables demográficas, clínicas y terapéuticas implicadas en el mismo.En una segunda etapa se propone un protocolo rápido, sencillo y económico a fin de determinar la presión óptima dentro de cada caso en particular. Resultados: Dentro de los 56 pacientes incluidos, 32 pacientes (57%) presentaron sobredrenado; 10 pacientes (18%) presentaron higromas en imágenes postoperatorias, y de estos, 3 pacientes (5.4%) requirieron intervenciones quirúrgicas. El 94% de los sobredrenados ocurrieron a presiones menores o igual a 160 mmH20. Así mismo, 8 de los 11 pacientes con VDVP de presión fija media (100-110 mmH20) no regulable presentaron sobredrenado.En un 27% de los pacientes debió aumentarse la presión valvular como consecuencia de hallazgos clínicos o radiológicos de sobredrenado. Conclusión: Las hidrocefalias secundarias a patología tumoral presentan un comportamiento distinto al de las normotensivas. La tasa de sobredrenado en estos pacientes es superior y por consiguiente debe ser tenida en cuenta como una posible complicación relevante. Dada la heterogeneidad de tumores, cada paciente presenta presiones de LCR distintas y por ende debe individualizarse el tratamiento. Proponemos el uso del protocolo de medición intraquirúrgica de presión a fin de colocar la VDVP a la presión óptima para cada paciente, y evitar de esta manera el sobredrenado de LCR

Background: Hydrocephalus is a common complication in CNS tumors pathology. The placement of ventriculoperitoneal shunt in these cases is, to date, the standard practice to treat this pathology and prevent the complications and comorbidities that it entails. At present, there is no protocol or initial valve pressure established for these patients, in whom we have observed a tendency toward overdrainage of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF).The objective of this work is to analyze our experience in the treatment of obstructive hydrocephalus secondary to tumor pathology, determine factors related to the occurrence of overdrainage, its therapeutic management and subsequently protocolize in a simple and economical way the placement of this type of prosthesis as well as identify a therapeutic pressure that reduces the risk of overdrainage. Methods: Monocentric, analytical, retrospective study of a cohort of patients operated on at our institution for obstructive hydrocephalus secondary to tumors, between the years 2013-2022.Medical records, images and surgical protocols were analyzed. Those patients who developed overdrainage were identified. Subsequently, the demographic, clinical and therapeutic variables involved in it were analyzed using a multivariate explanatory statistical model.In a second stage, a quick, simple, and economical protocol is proposed to determine the optimal pressure within each case. Results: Among the 56 patients included, 32 patients (57%) presented overdrainage; 10 patients (18%) presented hygromas on postoperative images, and of these, 3 patients (5.4%) required surgical interventions. 94% of overdrains occurred at pressures less than or equal to 160 mmH20. Likewise, 8 of the 11 patients with non-adjustable medium fixed pressure shunt (100-110 mmH20) presented overdrainage.In 27% of patients, valve pressure had to be increased because of clinical or radiological findings of overdrainage. Conclusion: Hydrocephalus secondary to tumors presents a different behavior than normotensive ones. The rate of overdrainage in these patients is higher and therefore must be considered as a possible relevant complication. Given the heterogeneity of tumors, each patient has different CSF pressures and therefore treatment must be individualized. We propose the use of the intrasurgical pressure measurement protocol to place the shunt at the optimal pressure for each patient, and thus avoid CSF overdrainage

Tercerventriculostomía endoscópica del paciente adulto. Resultados tras la aplicación de nuestro protocolo / Endoscopic third ventriculostomy of the adult patient. Results from the application of our protocol

Introducción: La tercerventriculostomía endoscópica (TVE) es una técnica quirúrgica ampliamente reconocida para el tratamiento de la hidrocefalia obstructiva. Al igual que otras técnicas para el manejo de la hidrocefalia, la protocolización del manejo intra y peri-operatorio deviene en mejores resultados. Sin embargo, no existe en la literatura en castellano alguna publicación que exponga en detalle un protocolo de trabajo de TVE. El objetivo de este estudio es presentar los resultados tras la aplicación de nuestro protocolo. Materiales y Métodos: Se realizó una descripción del protocolo para TVE prequirúrgico, intraoperatorio y post-operatorio. Se realizó un análisis prospectivo de una serie de casos. Resultados: Un detallado protocolo fue presentado. Un total de 70 pacientes fueron incluidos para su análisis. La tasa de éxito del procedimiento fue del 82.43%. Hubo una mejoría en la escala de Karnofsky tras la TVE [media de 26.22 puntos (IC 95% 13,77 -36,92)]; siendo esta estadísticamente significativa (p=<0,001). Conclusión: La TVE demostró ser un procedimiento seguro y efectivo para el tratamiento de la hidrocefalia obstructiva. El protocolizar el procedimiento quirúrgico demostró una alta tasa de éxito en nuestra cohorte de pacientes, comparando con los resultados de la literatura internacional

Background. Endoscopic third ventriculostomy (ETV) is a worldwide accepted technique to treat obstructive hydrocephalus. As per many other techniques to treat hydrocephalus, protocols had improved the overall results and reduced the complications rate. However, there are no protocols written in Spanish literature, that illustrate in detailed a step by step on how to perform and follow up patients with ETV.The aim of this study is to present the results after the application of our protocol. Methods. A protocol with surgical technique, management and follow up for ETV in adults was written and a retrospective analysis of several cases was presented. Results. A detailed protocol was presented. Forty-three patients included in the protocol were analysed after ETV. The success rate of the procedure was 82.43%. There was a statistically significant improvement of a mean 26.22 points (IC 95% 13.77 -36.92) in the Karnofsky scale after the ETV (p=<0.001). Conclusion: ETV has shown to be a safe and effective procedure to treat obstructive hydrocephalus. The protocolization of the procedure proved a high success rate in our cohort of patients, comparable with the international literature results

Endoscopic third ventriculostomy in hydrocephalus secondary to vestibular schwannomas / Tercer ventriculostomía endoscópica en la hidrocefalia secundaria a schwanomas vestibulares

Introduction: Treatment options for hydrocephalus related to posterior fossa tumors have been extensively studied in the pediatric population, but the value of endoscopic third ventriculostomy in hydrocephalus secondary to vestibular schwannoma in adults, is controversial. A systematic search of the medical literature was carried out in Pubmed/Medline and SciElo for the identification and inclusion of articles, in addition to the preprint servers bioRxiv and medRxiv. The following descriptors were used: hydrocephalus and vestibular schwannomas or acoustic neuromas or acoustic neurinomas and endoscopic third ventriculostomy. The initial search found 195 articles. After selection, 5 articles were chosen for the study. Objective: To specify the role of the endoscopic third ventriculostomy in hydrocephalus secondary to vestibular schwannomas. Development: The articles included a total of 82 patients, in which an improvement of the symptoms was achieved in 86.6 percent of the cases. The decrease in ventricular diameter was reported in 82.9 percent of the cases and was only found explicit in 3 articles. Although the failure criteria used were varied, 2 of them predominated: the persistence of progressive symptomatic hydrocephalus and/or the need for shunt placement. Endoscopic third ventriculostomy failure only represented 14.6 percent. Conclusions: Third ventriculostomy is an acceptable technique with relative success for the treatment of symptomatic obstructive hydrocephalus secondary to vestibular schwannomas(AU)

Introducción: Las opciones de tratamiento para la hidrocefalia relacionada con tumores de fosa posterior han sido ampliamente estudiadas en la población pediátrica, pero es controvertido el valor de la tercer ventriculostomía endoscópica, en la hidrocefalia secundaria a schwanoma vestibular en adultos, previo a la resección del tumor. Se realizó una búsqueda sistemática de la literatura médica en Pubmed/Medline y SciElo para la identificación e inclusión de artículos, además de los servidores de preprint bioRxiv y medRxiv. Se utilizaron los siguientes descriptores: hydrocephalus y vestibular schwannomas o acoustic neuromas o acoustic neurinomas y endoscopic third ventriculostomy. La búsqueda inicial encontró 195 artículos. Después de la selección, se eligieron 5 artículos para el estudio. Objetivo: Especificar el papel de la tercer ventriculostomía endoscópica en la hidrocefalia secundaria a schwanomas vestibulares. Desarrollo: Los artículos incluyeron un total de 82 pacientes, en los que se logró una mejoría de los síntomas en el 86,6 por ciento de los casos. La disminución del diámetro ventricular se reportó en el 82,9 por ciento de los casos y solo se encontró explícita en 3 artículos. Aunque los criterios de fracaso utilizados fueron variados, predominaron dos de ellos: la persistencia de hidrocefalia sintomática progresiva o la necesidad de colocación de derivación. La falla de la tercer ventriculostomía endoscópica solo representó el 14,6 por ciento. Conclusiones: La tercera ventriculostomía endoscópica es una técnica aceptable y con relativo éxito para el tratamiento de la hidrocefalia obstructiva sintomática secundaria a schwanomas vestibulares(AU)

Inusual caso de Linfoma B Difuso de Células Grandes (NOS) Primario Cerebral asociado a hidrocefalia y manejo neuroquirúrgico / Unusual case of diffuse B lymphoma of large cells (NOS) primary cerebral associated with hydrocephaly and neurosurgical management

RESUMEN El linfoma cerebral primario es una variedad de linfoma no Hodgkin agresivo que se origina en el sistema nervioso central y se diagnostica cuando no hay evidencia de linfoma en ninguna otra parte del cuerpo. Aunque los linfomas sistémicos son más conocidos y estudiados, el linfoma cerebral primario ha sido menos comprendido debido a su baja frecuencia hasta hace algunas décadas. El tratamiento de esta enfermedad sigue siendo objeto de debate. En esta oportunidad se reporta el inusual caso de linfoma B de células grandes (NOS, del inglés Not Other form Specified); asociada a hidrocefalia y su manejo.

ABSTRACT Primary brain lymphoma is a type of aggressive non-Hodgkin lymphoma that originates in the central nervous system and is diagnosed when there is no evidence of lymphoma anywhere else in the body. Although systemic lymphomas are better known and studied, primary brain lymphoma has been less understood due to its low frequency until a few decades ago. The treatment of this disease continues to be debated. On this occasion, the unusual case of large B cell lymphoma NOS associated with hydrocephalus and its management is reported.

Migración de catéter de derivación ventrículo-peritoneal distal a arteria pulmonar: una complicación poco común / Distal ventriculoperitoneal shunt catheter migration into the pulmonary artery: a rare complication

La derivación ventrículoperitoneal es un procedimiento quirúrgico habitual para eliminar el exceso de líquido cefalorraquídeo (hidrocefalia), asociado a distintas complicaciones. Se presenta el caso de un varón de 60 años con hidrocefalia postraumática al que se le implantó una derivación ventrículoperitoneal. Tras la mejoría clínica inicial, trece meses después desarrolló empeoramiento de la marcha y problemas cognitivos. Las radiografías y tomografía computarizada de tórax mostraron que el catéter distal de la derivación había migrado a la arteria pulmonar. Se extrajo quirúrgicamente el catéter mediante reapertura de la incisión retroauricular previa y tracción manual, sin incidencias. Se implantó un nuevo catéter peritoneal con mejoría clínica inmediata. Dos años después, el paciente permanece asintomático. Este caso ilustra una complicación infrecuente de un procedimiento neuroquirúrgico habitual que puede ser detectada por diferentes profesionales sanitarios; revisamos sus diferentes formas de presentación y estrategias de manejo multidisciplinar a partir de diecinueve casos similares publicados.(AU)

Ventriculoperitoneal shunt placement is a common treatment for hydrocephalus, although not devoid of complications. We report a case of a 60-year-old male who underwent ventriculoperitoneal shunt implantation for the treatment of posttraumatic hydrocephalus. Thirteen months post surgery, after an initial clinical improvement, the patient manifested gait and cognitive disorders. Chest X-rays and computed tomography revealed that the distal shunt catheter had migrated into the pulmonary artery. The catheter was removed by reopening the previous retroauricular incision followed by manual traction, without incidents. A new peritoneal catheter was implanted with immediate clinical improvement and no further complications two years after the second surgery. We communicate a rare complication of a standard neurosurgical procedure that can be detected by different healthcare professionals, and review its various forms of presentation and multidisciplinary management strategies from 19 similar clinical cases found in the literature.(AU)

Preterm-related posthemorrhagic hydrocephalus: Review of our institutional series with a long-term follow-up / Hidrocefalia poshemorrágica del prematuro: revisión de nuestra serie a largo plazo

Introduction Preterm-related posthemorrhagic hydrocephalus is a major cause of neurological impairment and a common indication for a ventriculoperitoneal shunt in infants that are prone to diverse complications. Protocols of diagnosis and treatment are in continuous evolution and require evaluation of their results. Objective To review the clinical characteristics and results of a series of preterm-related posthemorrhagic hydrocephalus needing a definitive shunt from 1982 to 2020 in our institution. As a secondary objective we evaluated the safety of the changes in our protocol of treatment from 2015. Methods Retrospective review, clinical investigation. Results 133 patients were implanted a shunt in the study period. Shunt infection was diagnosed in 15 patients. Proximal shunt obstruction as the first complication was diagnosed in 30% of cases at one year, 37% at two years and 46% at five years. 61 patients developed very small or collapsed ventricles at last follow-up. Two thirds of our patients achieved normal neurological development or mild impairment. Changes in protocol did not significantly modify clinical results although improvement in most outcomes was observed. Mean follow-up was over nine years. Conclusions Clinical outcomes are comparable to previous reported data. Changes in protocol proved to be safe and improved our results. Programmable shunts can be used safely in preterm patients although they may not prevent tendency towards ventricular collapse, which is very common after long follow-up (AU)

Antecedentes La hidrocefalia poshemorrágica del prematuro continúa siendo una causa importante de lesión cerebral perinatal y una indicación frecuente de cirugía derivativa valvular en un grupo de pacientes particularmente vulnerable y expuesto a complicaciones. Los protocolos de diagnóstico y tratamiento están en continua evolución y requieren un análisis de los resultados asociados a ellos. Objetivo Revisar las características clínicas y los resultados de tratamiento en una serie de prematuros con hidrocefalia poshemorrágica en los que se implantó una derivación ventriculoperitoneal permanente en nuestro hospital entre 1982 y 2000. Como objetivo secundario evaluamos la seguridad de los cambios introducidos en nuestro protocolo desde 2015. Material y método Estudio clínico retrospectivo, serie de casos. Resultados 133 prematuros requirieron una derivación ventriculoperitoneal permanente en el tiempo de estudio. En 15 de ellos se diagnosticó una infección del sistema de derivación. La obstrucción proximal de la derivación como primera complicación posquirúrgica ocurrió en un 30% de los pacientes al primer año, en el 37% de los pacientes a los dos años y en el 46% de los casos a los 5 años de seguimiento. 61 pacientes desarrollaron un colapso ventricular clínico o radiológico. Dos tercios de los pacientes presentaron un desarrollo psicomotor normal o un retraso de carácter leve. Los cambios incorporados en nuestro protocolo de tratamiento no modificaron la evolución clínica significativamente, aunque se asociaron a una evolución globalmente más favorable. La media de seguimiento fue superior a los 9 años. Conclusiones Los resultados clínicos presentados se encuentran en línea con las series publicadas, Los cambios incorporados en nuestro protocolo actualizado demostraron ser seguros y pueden asociarse a una evolución más favorable (AU)

Cirugía neuroendoscópica intraventricular en pacientes adultos con hidrocefalia obstructiva. Serie corta de casos

Introducción: la hidrocefalia es una patología neuroquirúrgica que presenta varias alternativas de tratamiento. A pesar de esto, el índice de disfunción y reintervención de los pacientes es considerablemente elevado. Objetivo: describir los resultados de la cirugía neuroendoscópica intraventricular en pacientes operados de hidrocefalia obstructiva. Materiales y métodos: se trata de un estudio observacional, descriptivo, transversal, de serie de casos, en el que se describen variables clínicas, de imagen y quirúrgicas de pacientes operados mediante neuroendoscopia intraventricular. Después de aplicar criterios de inclusión y exclusión, la muestra quedó conformada por cinco pacientes. Resultados: la escala de coma de Glasgow de los pacientes al momento de la cirugía, fue mayor de 12 puntos en todos los casos. El 60 % de los casos presentó un grado 4 en la escala de Frisen para evaluar la gravedad del papiledema. El promedio del índice de Evans medido por tomografía fue de 0,39; el del tercer ventrículo fue de 14,75 mm, mientras que el promedio de los cuernos temporales fue de 4,1 mm. En tres casos se presentaron variedades anatómicas dilatadas de los forámenes de Monro, mientras que en dos presentaban diámetros medianos. El tiempo quirúrgico promedio fue de 45 minutos. Entre las complicaciones posoperatorias estuvo la disfunción del estoma quirúrgico en un paciente con tercer ventriculostomía. Conclusiones: la cirugía neuroendoscópica intraventricular es un método efectivo para tratar pacientes con hidrocefalia obstructiva en pacientes seleccionados.

Introduction: hydrocephalus is a neurosurgical pathology that presents several treatment alternatives. Despite this, the rate of dysfunctions and re-interventions of the patients is considered high. Objective: to describe the results of intraventricular neuro-endoscopic surgery in patients operated on for obstructive hydrocephalus. Materials and methods: this is an observational, descriptive, cross-sectional study, of case series, where clinical, imaging and surgical variables of patients operated by intraventricular neurosurgery are described. After applying inclusion and exclusion criteria, the sample was made up of five patients. Results: the Glasgow coma scale of the patients at the moment of surgery was greater than 12 points in all cases. 60% of the cases presented a grade 4 on Frisen scale to assess the severity of papilledema. The average Evans index, measured by tomography was 0.39; that of the third ventricle was 14.75 mm, while the average of the temporal horns was 4.1 mm. In three cases there were dilated anatomical variants of the foramens of Monro f, while in two they presented medium diameters. The average surgical time was 45 minutes. Surgical stoma dysfunction in one patient with a third ventriculostomy was among the postoperative complications. Conclusions: intraventricular neuro-endoscopic surgery is an effective method for treating patients with obstructive hydrocephalus in selected patients.

Preterm-related posthemorrhagic hydrocephalus: Review of our institutional series with a long-term follow-up.

INTRODUCTION: Preterm-related posthemorrhagic hydrocephalus is a major cause of neurological impairment and a common indication for a ventriculoperitoneal shunt in infants that are prone to diverse complications. Protocols of diagnosis and treatment are in continuous evolution and require evaluation of their results. OBJECTIVE: To review the clinical characteristics and results of a series of preterm-related posthemorrhagic hydrocephalus needing a definitive shunt from 1982 to 2020 in our institution. As a secondary objective we evaluated the safety of the changes in our protocol of treatment from 2015. METHODS: Retrospective review, clinical investigation. RESULTS: 133 patients were implanted a shunt in the study period. Shunt infection was diagnosed in 15 patients. Proximal shunt obstruction as the first complication was diagnosed in 30% of cases at one year, 37% at two years and 46% at five years. 61 patients developed very small or collapsed ventricles at last follow-up. Two thirds of our patients achieved normal neurological development or mild impairment. Changes in protocol did not significantly modify clinical results although improvement in most outcomes was observed. Mean follow-up was over nine years. CONCLUSIONS: Clinical outcomes are comparable to previous reported data. Changes in protocol proved to be safe and improved our results. Programmable shunts can be used safely in preterm patients although they may not prevent tendency towards ventricular collapse, which is very common after long follow-up.

Ventriculoperitoneal shunt migration into the pulmonary artery: Case report and literature review.

Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) shunt placement is a commonly performed procedure for patients with hydrocephalus of various etiologies. We present the case of a 68-year-old male patient treated with a ventriculoperitoneal shunt for obstructive hydrocephalus management. Eight years later, a computed tomography (CT) scan detected migration of distal catheter into the pulmonary artery. We conducted a systematic review in Medline database using PubMed search engine to identify previous cases and their management. Our literature review identified eighteen single case reports describing this complication and different strategies to attempt catheter retrieval. To the best authors' knowledge, this is the first case where conservative management was chosen.

Doble derivación ventrículo y cisto biliar en el tratamiento de quiste aracnoideo gigante supraselar con hidrocefalia secundaria / Double ventriculo-gallbladder shunt in the treatment of giant suprasellar arachnoid cyst with secondary hydrocephalus

La derivación ventrículo biliar se describe como un procedimiento alternativo eficaz en el tratamiento de la hidrocefalia. Presentamos el caso de un paciente de 19 años de edad diagnosticado de quiste aracnoideo supraselar e hidrocefalia, portador de doble sistema valvular de derivación ventrículo peritoneal y cisto peritoneal desde la infancia. Tras varios recambios por fallo peritoneal, fue sometido a derivación ventriculoauricular, con complicaciones asociadas y posterior recolocación a peritoneo. Tras nueva disfunción valvular por complicaciones peritoneales, se planteó la derivación ventriculobiliar como tratamiento alternativo para este paciente, que resultó segura y eficaz en la resolución de la clínica del paciente, siendo dado de alta, manteniendo estabilidad clínica durante más de 2 años de seguimiento. (AU)

Ventriculo-gallbladder shunt is described as an effective alternative procedure in the treatment of hydrocephalus. We present the case of a 19-year-old patient diagnosed with suprasellar arachnoid cyst since his childhood and hydrocephalus, with a double shunt; ventriculoperitoneal and peritoneal cyst shunt. After several replacements due to peritoneal failure, he underwent ventriculoatrial shunt, with associated complications and subsequent repositioning to the peritoneum. After new valve dysfunction due to peritoneal complications, ventriculo-gallbladder shunt was proposed as an alternative treatment for this patient, which was safe and effective in resolving the patient's symptoms, and the patient was discharged, maintaining clinical stability in the follow-up more than 2 years later. (AU)