Impaired hypoglycaemia awareness in early pregnancy increases risk of severe hypoglycaemia in the mid-long term postpartum irrespective of breastfeeding status in women with type 1 diabetes.

INTRODUCTION: Information regarding the postpartum period in women with type 1 diabetes (T1D) is scarce. We aim to evaluate the relation of impaired hypoglycaemia awareness (IAH) in early pregnancy and breastfeeding status (its presence and duration) with severe postpartum hypoglycaemia (SH). MATERIALS AND METHODS: Retrospective cohort study of women with T1D followed during pregnancy between 2012 and 2019. Data on SH were recorded before and during pregnancy. IAH was evaluated at the first antenatal visit. Data on breastfeeding and the long-term postpartum period were collected by questionnaire and from medical records. RESULTS: A total of 89 women with T1D were included with a median follow-up after pregnancy of 19.2 [8.7-30.5] months. Twenty-eight (32%) women had IAH at the first antenatal visit. At discharge, 74 (83%) started breastfeeding during a median of 8 [4.4-15] months. A total of 18 (22%) women experienced ≥1 SH during postpartum. The incidence of SH significantly increased from pregestational to the gestational and post-partum period (0.09, 0.15 and 0.25 episodes/patient-year, respectively). Postpartum SH rates were comparable in breastfeeding and non-breastfeeding women (21.4% vs. 25%, respectively, p>0.05). Clarke test score at the first antenatal visit was associated with postpartum SH (for each 1-point increase: OR 1.53; 95% CI, 1.06-2.21) adjusted for confounders. No other diabetes and pregnancy-related variables were identified as predictors of SH in this period. CONCLUSIONS: SH are common in the long-term postpartum period independently of breastfeeding. Assessing IAH in early pregnancy could identify those at an increased risk of SH in the postpartum period.

Effectiveness of a flash glucose monitoring systems implementation program through a group and telematic educational intervention in adults with type 1 diabetes.

OBJECTIVES: Verifying the clinical effectiveness and the impact on quality-of-life parameters, fear of hypoglycaemia and satisfaction with the treatment obtained with a flash glucose monitoring (MFG) devices implantation program that includes a telematic and group educational intervention in adults with type 1 diabetes. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Prospective quasi-experimental study, carried out during the COVID-19 pandemic period with a 9-month follow-up at the Virgen Macarena University Hospital, Sevilla. RESULTS: Eighty-eight participants were included (men: 46.6%; mean age (years) 38.08, SD: 9.38); years of DM1 evolution: 18.4 (SD: 10.49); treatment with multiple doses insulin (MDI) 70.5% vs 29.5% subcutaneous insulin infusion therapy (CSII)). Baseline HbA1c was 7.74% (1.08). After the intervention, the global decrease in HbA1c was -0.45% (95% CI [-0.6, -0.25], P < 0.01), increasing to -1.08% in the group that started with HbA1c ≥ 8% (P < 0.01). A mean decrease in the Fear of Hypoglycemia 15 (FH15) test score of -6.5 points was observed (P < 0.01). In the global score of the Spanish version of Diabetes Quality Of Life (DQOL-s) test, the decrease was -8.44 points (P < 0.01). In Diabetes Treatment Satisfaction Questionnaire test (DTQ-s), global score increased in + 4 points (P < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: The incorporation of an educational program in group and telematic format within the development of MFG devices implantation strategies is an effective option, with associated benefits in quality of life and fear of hypoglycemia in adult patients with DM1. This option can be implemented in usual clinical practice.

Recommendations for the diagnosis and treatment of hypoglycaemia after bariatric surgery.

Postprandial hyperinsulinaemic hypoglycaemia is a common complication of bariatric surgery. Although in general its evolution is mild and self-limited, it can lead to neuroglycopaenia and compromise the patient's safety and quality of life. The aim of this document is to offer some recommendations to facilitate the clinical care of these complex patients, reviewing the aetiopathogenesis, its diagnosis and treatment that, sequentially, will include dietary and pharmacological measures and surgery in refractory cases. In the absence of high-quality studies, the diagnostic and therapeutic approach proposed is based on the consensus of experts of the Grupo de Obesidad de la Sociedad Española de Endocrinología y Nutrición [Obesity Group of the Spanish Society of Endocrinology and Nutrition], GOSEEN. Those undergoing bariatric surgery should be informed of the possibility of developing this complication.

Hypoglycaemia unawareness in young people with type 1 diabetes transferred to an adult center. / Hipoglucemia desapercibida en jóvenes con diabetes tipo 1 trasladados a un centro de adultos.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate frequency of hypoglycaemia unawareness (HU) in patients with type 1 diabetes (T1D) transferred from Paediatrics following a specific therapeutic education programme (TEP) in an adult hospital. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Young patients transferred from 2009-2011 were evaluated. The TEP included a coordinated transfer process, individual appointments and a group course. At baseline and at 12 months we evaluated glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c) frequency of severe (SH) hypoglycaemia/patient/year and non severe hypoglycaemia (NSH). The patients were classified into two groups and compared: hypoglycaemia awareness (HA) and HU according to the Clarke Test <3R or>3R respectively. RESULTS: Fifty-six patients (age 18.1±0.3 years, 46% females, HbA1c 8.0±1.2%) underwent the TEP. In the baseline evaluation 16% presented HU. The number of SH was higher in the HU Group (0.33±0.50 vs. 0.09±0.28 P<.05). The percentage of patients with>2 NSH/week was higher, albeit not significantly, in the HU group (66% vs. 34%, p=0.06). At 12 months 11% of the patients continued to present HU. The number of SH remained higher in the HU group (0.38±1.06 vs. 0.02±0.15 P=.04). CONCLUSIONS: The percentage of young people with T1D with HU is quite high at transfer. Although the TEP improves hypoglycaemia awareness it does not solve this important problem. Patients with HU more frequently present SH. It is necessary to identify HU in order to reduce SH which continues to be a problem in people with T1D.

Use of healthcare resources and costs associated to the start of treatment with injectable drugs in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. / Consumo de recursos sanitarios y costes asociados al inicio del tratamiento con fármacos inyectables en pacientes con diabetes mellitus tipo 2.

OBJECTIVES: The main objective was to assess resource use and costs of starting treatment with insulin or injectable GLP-1 receptor analogues (GLP-1 RAs) in a Spanish population of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Treatment adherence and persistence were also determined for both treatment groups. PATIENTS AND METHODS: A retrospective, non-interventional, observational study was conducted. Patients aged ≥20 years who started treatment with insulin or GLP-1 RAs in the 2010-2012 period were recruited. Use of healthcare resources was estimated to evaluate healthcare costs in these two groups of patients (medical visits, hospital stay, emergency visits, diagnostic or treatment requests, medication). Clinical information including body mass index (BMI, kg/m2), metabolic control (HbA1c), adherence, persistence, and complications (hypoglycemia, and cardiovascular events (CVE) was collected. The follow-up period was 12 months. Only direct healthcare costs were considered. RESULTS: A total of 1301 patients with a mean age of 67.6 years (51.6% males) were recruited. Of these, 71.9% and 28.1% were on treatment with insulin and GLP-1 RA respectively. After one year of follow-up, patients treated with GLP-1 RAs were found less visits to primary care (8 vs. 11; P<.001) and specialized care (1.0 vs. 1.8; P<.001), hospital stays (0.3 vs. 0.7; P=.030) and less visits to the emergency room (0.8 vs. 1.6; P<.001). Patients treated with GLP-1 showed greater adherence (88.1% vs. 82.7%; P<.001) and persistence (62.0% vs. 55.9%; P=.046), and had less hypoglycemia episodes (13.4% vs. 18.7%; P=.022), with similar metabolic control (HbA1c: 7.2% vs. 7.4%; P=.049), BMI (29.1 vs. 30.9kg/m2), and CVE rate (9.1% vs. 11.5%; P=.330) respectively. The mean corrected direct healthcare cost per patient was €1787 vs. €2005 (P=.046.) CONCLUSIONS: Patients treated with GLP-1 RAs caused lower direct healthcare costs for the National Health System than patients treated with insulin. The results may be explained by greater treatment adherence and lower hypoglycemia rates in patients treated with GLP-1 RAs. Additional studies are needed to confirm these possibilities.

Comportamiento de hemoglobina glicosilada y frecuencia de hipoglicemias en diabéticos tipo 2 tratados con insulina glargina o NPH / Glycosylated hemoglobin behavior and frequency of hypoglycemia in type 2 diabetics treated with insulin glargine or NPH

Objetivo: Evaluar comportamiento de hemoglobina glicosilada (HbA1c) y frecuencia de hipoglicemias sintomáticas con esquema basal con insulina NPH comparado con insulina glargina en diabéticos tipo 2 (DM2), atendidos en un programa de riesgo cardiovascular. Materiales y métodos: Estudio observacional de cohorte retrospectivo. Se revisaron 613 historias clínicas de pacientes con DM2 manejados con esquema basal con insulina NPH o glargina, de los cuales 76 cumplieron los criterios de inclusión. Se revisó historia clínica al momento de inclusión (consulta No. 1), a los seis (consulta No. 2) y a los doce meses (consulta No. 3). Resultados: Se analizaron 13 pacientes del grupo glargina y 63 del grupo NPH (edad 64,9 [± 10,9 años], 54 porciento mujeres). En la consulta No. 1 el promedio de HbA1c fue 7.8 porciento en grupo con NPH y 7.5 porciento en grupo glargina. Al final del seguimiento los niveles de HbA1c fueron 7.5 porciento en grupo NPH y 7.9 porciento en grupo glargina (p= 0.4). Los eventos de hipoglucemia fueron 3 en la primera consulta y 4 en la tercera, todos recibían NPH. En la segunda consulta se presentaron 5 eventos en pacientes con NPH y 1 caso con glargina (p=0.9). Las variables más fuertemente asociadas con niveles bajos de HbA1c fueron enfermedad renal crónica y sexo femenino. Conclusiones: Los pacientes con DM2 de este estudio no presentaron diferencia estadísticamente significativa en valores de HbA1c de acuerdo al tipo de insulina recibida.Se observó menor frecuencia de hipoglucemias en pacientes que utilizaban insulina glargina sin encontrarse diferencia estadísticamente significativa.

To evaluate performance of glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) and frequencyof symptomatic hypoglycemia scheme with basal insulin glargine compared toNPH insulin in type 2 diabetics (DM2), served in a program of cardiovascularrisk. Materials and methods: Observational retrospective cohort. 613 medicalrecords of patients with DM2 managed scheme with basal insulin NPHor glargine, of which 76 met the inclusion criteria were reviewed. medicalrecords were reviewed at the time of inclusion (see No. 1), six (see No. 2)and twelve months (see No. 3). Results: 13 patients in the glargine group and63 in the NPH group (age 64.9 [± 10.9 years], 54% female) were analyzed.The consultation No. 1 mean HbA1c was 7.8% with NPH group and 7.5% inglargine group. At follow-up HbA1c levels were 7.5% in NPH group and 7.9%in glargine group (p = 0.4). Hypoglycemic events were 3 in the first visit and 4in the third, all received NPH. In the second consultation five events occurredin patients with NPH and 1 case with glargine (p = 0.9). The variables moststrongly associated with low levels of HbA1c were chronic kidney disease andwomen. Conclusions: Patients with DM2 of this study showed no statisticallysignificant difference in HbA1c values according to the type of insulinreceived. Lower frequency of hypoglycemia in patients using insulin glargineno statistically significant difference was observed.

[Nesidioblastosis in the adult: a case report]. / Nesidioblastosis en el adulto: reporte de un caso.

BACKGROUND: Nesidioblastosis is a rare cause of endocrine disease which represents between 0.5% - 5% of cases. This has been associated with other conditions, such as in patients previously treated with insulin or sulfonylurea, in anti-tumour activity in pancreatic tissue of patients with insulinoma, and in patients with other tumours of the Langerhans islet cells. In adults it is presented as a diffuse dysfunction of ß cells of unknown cause. CLINICAL CASE: The case concerns 46 year-old female, with a history of Sheehan syndrome of fifteen years of onset, and with repeated events characterized with hypoglycaemia in the last three years. Body scan was performed with octreotide, revealing an insulinoma in the pancreatic region. A distal pancreatectomy was performed on the patient. The study reported a pancreatic fragment 8.5 × 3 × 1.5 cm with abnormal proliferation of pancreatic islets in groups of varying size, some of them in relation to the ductal epithelium. Histopathology study was showed positive for chromogranin, confirmed by positive synaptophysin, insulin and glucagon, revealing islet hyperplasia with diffuse nesidioblastosis with negative malignancy. The patient is currently under metabolic control and with no remission of hypoglycaemic events. CONCLUSIONS: Nesidioblastosis is a disease of difficult diagnosis should be considered in all cases of failure to locate an insulinoma, as this may be presented in up to 4% of persistent hyperinsulinaemic hypoglycaemia.

Evaluación del tratamiento intensificado con conteo de hidratos de carbono en un grupo de niños con diabetes tipo 1 / Evaluation of treatment intensified with carbohydrate counting in a group of children with diabetes type 1

Introducción. Los resultados del Diabetes Control and Complications Trial (DCCT) demostraron que con la terapéutica intensificada, se logra mejorar el control glucémico, retrasando la aparición de complicaciones crónicas de la diabetes. Objetivo. Comparar el control metabólico en un grupo de niños con diabetes tipo 1 (DM1) seguidos en el Hospital Sor María Ludovica según el esquema utilizado: Tratamiento Convencional (TC) versus Tratamiento Intensificado (TI) con educación en Conteo de Hidratos de Carbono (CHC).Materiales y método. Estudio clínico comparativo, prospectivo, descriptivo y analítico en dos grupos: TI y TC. Se evaluó la edad cronológica al debut (EC), talla (T), Índice de Masa Corporal (IMC) según curvas OMS, tiempo de evolución de la diabetes e insulinas utilizadas. Se analizaron las insulinas utilizadas en cada grupo y las modificaciones en el IMC, Hemoglobina Glicosilada (HbA1C), y la presencia de hipoglucemias severas a los 6 meses del CHC.Resultados. La media de HbA1C al inicio fue de 10.11 ± 2.51% y a los 6 meses 8.10 ± 1.77% en TI, disminuyó 2.01% (p<0.0001). En TC la HbA1C al inicio fue de 8.86 ±1.87% y a los 6 meses de 9.78 ± 2.18%, aumentó un 0.92% (p=0.0002).Discusión. Los resultados muestran que el TI en niños puede llevarse a cabo logrando una reducción de la HbA1C sin aumentar las hipoglucemias y otros efectos adversos.

Evaluación del tratamiento intensificado con conteo de hidratos de carbono en un grupo de niños con diabetes tipo 1 / Evaluation of treatment intensified with carbohydrate counting in a group of children with diabetes type 1

Introducción. Los resultados del Diabetes Control and Complications Trial (DCCT) demostraron que con la terapéutica intensificada, se logra mejorar el control glucémico, retrasando la aparición de complicaciones crónicas de la diabetes. Objetivo. Comparar el control metabólico en un grupo de niños con diabetes tipo 1 (DM1) seguidos en el Hospital Sor María Ludovica según el esquema utilizado: Tratamiento Convencional (TC) versus Tratamiento Intensificado (TI) con educación en Conteo de Hidratos de Carbono (CHC).Materiales y método. Estudio clínico comparativo, prospectivo, descriptivo y analítico en dos grupos: TI y TC. Se evaluó la edad cronológica al debut (EC), talla (T), Indice de Masa Corporal (IMC) según curvas OMS, tiempo de evolución de la diabetes e insulinas utilizadas. Se analizaron las insulinas utilizadas en cada grupo y las modificaciones en el IMC, Hemoglobina Glicosilada (HbA1C), y la presencia de hipoglucemias severas a los 6 meses del CHC.Resultados. La media de HbA1C al inicio fue de 10.11 ± 2.51% y a los 6 meses 8.10 ± 1.77% en TI, disminuyó 2.01% (p<0.0001). En TC la HbA1C al inicio fue de 8.86 ±1.87% y a los 6 meses de 9.78 ± 2.18%, aumentó un 0.92% (p=0.0002).Discusión. Los resultados muestran que el TI en niños puede llevarse a cabo logrando una reducción de la HbA1C sin aumentar las hipoglucemias y otros efectos adversos.(AU)

Quality of life and fear for hypoglycaemia in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. / Calidad de vida y grado de preocupación por las hipoglucemias en pacientes con diabetes mellitus tipo 2.

OBJECTIVES: Hypoglycaemia can negatively impact many aspects of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) management. The aim was to determine the impact of hypoglycaemia and the fear for hypoglycemic episodes on HRQoL in T2DM patients in Spain, as well as healthcare professionals' attitudes and knowledge of these issues. PATIENTS AND METHODS: An observational, cross-sectional study, with consecutive recruitment of T2DM patients in 661 healthcare centers, between September 2010 and May 2011. Sociodemographic and clinical variables were recorded. HRQoL (ADDQoL questionnaire) and fear for hypoglycaemia (HFS-II) were evaluated. Two groups were compared: with and without reported hypoglycaemia in the previous 6 months. Physicians responded 4 questions (visual analogue scales). RESULTS: 4.054 patients participated, of which 3,812 were selected [mean age (SD)=64 (11) years; male=54%; 10 (7) years for diagnostic of T2DM]. Patients with hypoglycaemia (45%) expressed higher fear for hypoglycemia [31.32 (15.71) vs. 18.85 (16.03); p<0.0001] and the overall impact of T2DM on their HRQoL was more negative [-2.48 (1.61) vs. -1.64 (1.36); p<0.001]. Respondent physicians occasionally used HRQoL questionnaires, knew about hypoglycaemia risk, explored fear for hypoglycaemia and modified treatments accordingly. CONCLUSIONS: T2DM patients with hypoglycaemia show an increase of fear for them, negatively affecting T2DM patients HRQoL. However physicians know the risk of hypoglycaemia, they explore the fear for hypoglycemic episodes occasionally.

[Effects of GLP-1 receptor agonists on carbohydrate metabolism control]. / Efectos de los agonistas del receptor de GLP-1 sobre el control del metabolismo hidrocarbonado.

Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonists are a new group of drugs for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM2). In the present article, we review the available evidence on the efficacy of GLP-1 receptor agonists as glucose-lowering agents, their place in therapeutic algorithms, and the clinical factors associated with a favorable treatment response. Finally, we describe the clinical characteristics of patients who may benefit from these drugs.

[Effects of GLP-1 receptor agonists on carbohydrate metabolism control]. / Efectos de los agonistas del receptor de GLP-1 sobre el control del metabolismo hidrocarbonado.

Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonists are a new group of drugs for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM2). In the present article, we review the available evidence on the efficacy of GLP-1 receptor agonists as glucose-lowering agents, their place in therapeutic algorithms, and the clinical factors associated with a favorable treatment response. Finally, we describe the clinical characteristics of patients who may benefit from these drugs.

Clinical and economic characteristics associated with type 2 diabetes.

OBJECTIVES: Type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM2) is usually accompanied by various comorbidities that can increase the cost of treatment. We are not aware of studies that have determined the costs associated with treating DM2 patients with co-morbidities such as overweight (OW), obesity (OBE) or arterial hypertension (AHT). The aim of the study was to examine the health-related costs and the incidence of cardiovascular disease (CVD) in these patients. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Multicenter, observational retrospective design. We included patients 40-99 years of age who requested medical attention in 2010 in Badalona (Barcelona, Spain). There were two study groups: those with DM2 and without DM2 (reference group/control), and six subgroups: DM2-only, DM2-AHT, DM2-OW, DM2-OBE; DM2-AHT-OW and DM2-AHT-OBE. The main outcome measures were: co-morbidity, metabolic syndrome (MS), complications (hypoglycemia, CVD) and costs (health and non-health). Follow-up was carried out for two years. RESULTS: A total of 26,845 patients were recruited. The prevalence of DM2 was 14.0%. Subjects with DM2 were older (67.8 vs. 59.7 years) and more were men (51.3 vs. 43.0%), P<.001. DM2 status was associated primarily with OBE (OR=2.8, CI=2.4-3.1), AHT (OR=2.4, CI=2.2-2.6) and OW (OR=1.9, CI=1.7-2.2). The distribution by subgroups was: 6.7% of patients had only DM2, 26.1% had DM2, AHT and OW, and 34.1% had DM2, AHT, and OBE. Some 75.4% had MS and 37.5% reported an episode of hypoglycemia. The total cost/patient with DM2 was €4,458. By subgroups the costs were as follows: DM2: €3,431; DM2-AHT: €4,075; DM2-OW: €4,057; DM2-OBE: €4,915; DM2-AHT-OW: €4,203 and DM2-AHT-OBE: €5,021, P<.001. The CVD rate among patients with DM2 was 4.7 vs. 1.7% in those without DM2 P<.001. CONCLUSIONS: Obesity is a comorbidity associated with DM2 that leads to greater healthcare costs than AHT. The presence of these comorbidities causes increased rates of CVD.

[Characterization of and costs associated to the profile of patients with type 2 diabetes treated with metformin who are added a second oral antidiabetic drug: a population study]. / Caracterización y costes asociados al perfil del paciente con diabetes tipo 2 en tratamiento con metformina al que se le añade un segundo fármaco antidiabético oral: estudio de base poblacional.

OBJECTIVES: To determine compliance, metabolic control, complications and healthcare costs of patients treated with metformin started a second antidiabetic drug in patients with type 2 diabetes (T2DM). PATIENTS AND METHODS: Design multicenter observational retrospective. Patients were evaluated ≥30 years (age), treated with metformin and started a second antidiabetic treatment during 2008-2009. There were 4 patient groups (metformin and another antidiabetic): a) dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors (IDPP4), b) sulfonylureas, c) glitazones and d) insulin. MAIN MEASURES: comorbidity, metabolic control, compliance and complications. Patients were followed for 2 years. The cost model differed direct health costs (primary care / specialist) and indirect (labor productivity). STATISTICAL ANALYSIS: logistic regression models and ANCOVA, p<0.05. RESULTS: 2067 patients were included (mean age: 66.6 years male: 53.1%). 25.1% started a second treatment with IDPP4; 42.9% sulfonylureas, 14.0% glitazones and 18.0% insulin. At 2 years follow-up, patients treated with IDPP4 showed greater adherence vs. 70.3%. 59.9%, 60.3% and 58.4; better control of 64.3% vs. DM2. 62.6%, 62.8% and 50.5% and a decrease of 13.9% compared to hypoglycaemia 40.4%, 37.6% and 58.9% respectively (p<0.001). The average / unit total costs was €2,321 vs. €2,475, €2,724 and €3,164, respectively, p<0.001. Rates of cardiovascular events and renal failure were 3.7%, 6.4%, 7.6% and 10.2% respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Sulfonylureas were the most commonly used drugs. Patients treated with IDPP4 had higher compliance and control of diabetes, with lower rates of hypoglycaemia and healthcare costs.

Clinical and economical consequences of the combination of metformin with dipeptidyl peptidase inhibitors in type 2 diabetes patients.

BACKGROUNDS AND OBJECTIVE: There are different second line glucose lowering drugs whose efficacy, safety and economic profile have not been established in our setting. We have analyzed the clinical (diabetic treatment adherence, metabolic control, hypoglycemia and macrovascular complications) and economic (resource use and costs) consequences of the combination of metformin with dipeptidyl peptidase inhibitors (DPPIV) in patients with type 2 diabetes. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We conducted a multicenter, observational and retrospective study. Patients ≥30 years treated with metformin who initiated a second antidiabetic treatment during 2008-2009 were enrolled in the study. Two groups of patients were established: a) metformin with DPPIV and metformin with other diabetic drugs. The main measurements were comorbidity, compliance/persistence, metabolic control (glycosylated hemoglobin <7%), complications (hypoglycemia, macrovascular) and total costs. Patients were followed-up for 2 years. RESULTS: A total of 2,067 patients were enrolled (mean age: 66.6 years, 53.1% male). Of these, 519 patients (25.1%) were analyzed in the metformin+DPPIV group and 1,548 patients (74.9%) in the group metformin+other antidiabetic drug. The DPPIV group patients showed better compliance (70.3 vs. 59.6%), persistence (63.4 vs. 51.0%) and metabolic control (64.3 vs. 59.6%), respectively (P<.001) compared to the other group. They also showed a lower proportion of hypoglycemia (13.9 vs. 44.3%), cardiovascular events (3.7 vs. 7.6%) and total costs (2,347 vs. € 2,682), P<.05. CONCLUSIONS: Despite the limitations of the study, patients treated with metformin associated to DPPIV were more likely to show increased adherence, metabolic control and lower rates of hypoglycemia than those treated with metformin associated to other antidiabetics.

Tratamiento con múltiples dosis de insulina y conteo de hidratos de carbono: su relación con el aumento de peso, frecuencia de hipoglucemia y control glucémico en una población de adultos con diabetes tipo 1 / Effect of multiple-dose insulin therapy and carbohydrate counting on weight gain, frequency of hypoglycemia and glycemic control in an adult population with type 1 diabetes / Tratamento com múltiplas doses deinsulina e contagem de carboidratos: Sua relação com o aumento de peso,frequência de hipoglicemia e controle glicêmico em uma populaçãode adultos com diabetes tipo 1

La insulinoterapia intensificada con conteo de hidratos de carbono es actualmente considerada la mejor herramienta terapéutica disponible para los diabéticos tipo 1. Sin embargo, con su empleo aún es difícil alcanzar las metas de control glucémico propuestas en los consensos y se le atribuye promover tanto el aumento del peso como la prevalencia de hipoglucemias. Objetivo: Describir una población de pacientes diabéticos tipo 1 con insulinoterapia intensificada. Material y métodos: Estudio descriptivo, de corte transversal, con pacientes diabéticos tipo 1 con insulinoterapia intensificada y diferentes niveles de aplicación del conteo de hidratos de carbono, que se atienden en la Sección Diabetes Tipo 1 de la División Nutrición del Hospital de Clínicas “José de San Martín”, que hayan concurrido a la consulta por lo menos 1 vez en el período comprendido entre julio de 2011 a julio 2012 y que los datosa registrar pudieran rescatarse de la historia clínica. De la HC se obtuvieron los siguientes: sexo; edad; peso; talla; índice de masa corporal (IMC); tipo de tratamiento para la diabetes; nivel de entrenamiento en el conteo de hidratos de carbono; frecuencia de hipoglucemias; valor de hemoglobina glicosilada (HbA1c), antigüedad de la enfermedad, años de seguimiento. En el análisis estadístico se obtuvo la media y el desvío estándar (DS) utilizando la versión 17.0 del programa estadístico SPSS. También se obtuvieron los porcentajes de presentación de cada variable. Resultados: Se obtuvieron datos de 34 pacientes: 7 hombres y 27 mujeres. La media de IMC de la población fuede 24.28 kg/m2. El 97,28% de las pacientes...

Intensive insulin therapy, together with carbohydrate counting, is currently considered the best therapeutic strategy for the management of type 1 diabetes mellitus (DM1). However, goals of glycemic control proposed by consensus are still difficult to achieve with this therapy,which has also been associated with weight gain and increased hypoglycemia. Objective: To describe a population of patients with DM1, who were treated with intensive insulin therapy. Material and methods: This descriptive, cross-sectional study included type 1 diabetics who underwent intensive insulin therapy and used different levels of the carbohydrate counting method. All these patients were attending the Type 1 Diabetes Section of the Nutrition Division at the“José de San Martín” Clinical Hospital and they made at least one follow-up visit between July 2011 and July 2012. Only those with complete medical records were included in the study. The following information wastaken from their medical records: sex, age, weight, height, body mass index (BMI), treatment for diabetes, training level in the carbohydrate counting method, frequency of hypoglycemia, glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) value, duration of the disease, number of follow-up years. The statistical analysis was performed using SPSS 17.0 software, mean and standard deviation (SD) values were calculated. Also the percentages of each variablewere calculated...

A insulinoterapia intensificada com contagem de carboidratos é atualmente considerada a melhor ferramenta terapêutica disponível para os diabéticos tipo 1. No entanto, com seu emprego ainda é difícil alcançar as metas de controle glicêmico propostas nosconsensos e atribui-se a tal terapia promover tanto o aumento do peso quanto a prevalência de hipoglicemias. Objetivo: Descrever uma população de pacientes diabéticostipo 1 com insulinoterapia intensificada. Material e métodos: Estudo descritivo, de corte transversal, com pacientes diabéticos tipo 1 com insulinoterapia intensificada e diferentes níveis de aplicação de contagem de carboidratos, que são mencionados na Seção Diabetes Tipo 1 da Divisão de Nutrição do Hospital de Clínicas /"José de San Martín/", que tenham ido à consulta pelo menos 1 vez no período compreendido entre julhode 2011 a julho 2012 e que os dados a registrar pudessem ser resgatados da história clínica. Da HC foram obtidos o seguinte: sexo; idade; peso; altura; índice de massacorpórea (IMC); tipo de tratamento para diabetes; nível de treinamento na contagem de carboidratos; frequência de hipoglicemias; valor de hemoglobina glicosilada (HbA1c), antiguidade da doença, anos de seguimento. Na análise estatística obteve-se a média e o desvio padrão (DS) utilizando a versão 17.0 do programa estatístico SPSS. Também foram obtidas as porcentagens de apresentação de cada variável. Resultados: Foram obtidos dados de 34 paciente ...