Avaliação e elucidação do mecanismo de ação de polímeros naturais modificados utilizados na agricultura / Evaluation and mode of action elucidation for modified natural polymers used in agriculture

Atualmente a agricultura ocupa um papel de extrema importância na conjuntura global e nacional e está inserida em um contexto de enormes desafios devido ao aumento da população mundial e maior demanda por alimentos. Ao mesmo tempo, é o setor mais afetado pelos impactos negativos das mudanças climáticas, que têm espalhado suas consequências de maneira cada vez mais frequente e intensa. Um dos principais efeitos é a alteração do regime de chuvas ao redor do globo, ocasionando estiagens intensas e duradouras, capazes de reduzir a produtividade de safras e comprometer a produção alimentícia. As abordagens atualmente existentes no mercado para mitigar as consequências negativas da escassez hídrica demandam alto investimento de implementação e manutenção, ou possuem um perfil ecotoxicológico insatisfatório. Polímeros de origem natural modificados quimicamente foram avaliados em termos de desempenho e capacidade de prover às plantas uma maior disponibilidade de água através de retenção hídrica. Os resultados alcançados demonstraram que os polímeros modificados com grupos iônicos foram capazes de promover um melhor gerenciamento hídrico no microambiente ao redor de sementes e entregar ganhos de produtividade a lavouras de soja. O mecanismo de ação da tecnologia estudada foi elucidado através de ensaios de determinação de capacidade de campo, análise de elipsometria, microscopia de força atômica, ensaios de germinação de soja sob estresse hídrico e implementação de áreas de soja a céu aberto a partir da aplicação em tratamento de sementes e sulco de plantio. As interações intra e intermoleculares entre as partículas de solo, moléculas de polímero e de água se mostraram ponto chave para a mudança de patamar de desempenho de polímeros naturais modificados utilizados na agricultura, quando comparados com os grupos controle. A tecnologia aqui estudada é, portanto, recomendada para utilização na agricultura, com capacidade de potencializar o efeito de tecnologias dependentes de água, resultando em maior produtividade na colheita

Nowadays agriculture occupies an extremely important role both in the global and national scenarios. Its included in a very challenging context due to the forecast of increased world population and consequent higher demand for food. At the same time, it is the most affected economic sector by the climate change effects, which have been causing frequent and harsh impacts. One of the main effects is the change in the rainfall pattern worldwide, which causes severe and long-lasting droughts, responsible for causing crops to fail and therefore putting food production at risk. The current available mitigation measures to address hydric scarcity require a huge investment for implementation and maintenance or do not present a satisfactory and safe ecotoxicological profile. Chemically modified natural polymers have been evaluated in terms of performance and ability to provide the plants with higher water availability through hydric retention. The results obtained show that such ionic group modified polymers are able to promote better water management in a given microenvironment surrounding the seeds and ultimately delivery a higher yield to soy crops. The technology's mode of action has been elucidated through field capacity determination trials, ellipsometry, atomic force microscopy, soy germination trials under hydric stress and, finally, implementation of soy areas under actual field conditions by applying the polymers via seed treatment and in-furrow methods. Both intra- and intermolecular interaction between soil particles, polymer and water molecules have been proven as key to understanding the agricultural performance improvement of the modified polymers when compared to the control. The technology is recommended for agricultural applications due to its ability to boost the effect of water-dependent technologies, promoting higher yields

Species alliances and hidden niche dimensions drive species clustering along a hydric gradient in a semiarid grassland.

Clustering of species with similar niches or traits occurs in communities, but the mechanisms behind this pattern are still unclear. In the emergent neutrality model, species with similar niches and competitive ability self-organise into clusters. In the hidden-niche model, unaccounted-for niche differences stabilise coexistence within clusters. Finally, clustering may occur through alliances of species that facilitate each other. We tested these hypotheses using population-growth models that consider interspecific interactions parameterised for 35 species using field data. We simulated the expected community dynamics under different species-interaction scenarios. Interspecific competition was weaker within rather than between clusters, suggesting that differences in unmeasured niche axes stabilise coexistence within clusters. Direct facilitation did not drive clustering. In contrast, indirect facilitation seemingly promoted species alliances in clusters whose members suppressed common competitors in other clusters. Such alliances have been overlooked in the literature on clustering, but may arise easily when within cluster competition is weak.

Cotton plant (Gossypium spp) development and yield are influenced by soil compaction: a review / O desenvolvimento e a produtividade do algodoeiro (Gossypium spp) são influenciados pela compactação do solo: uma revisão

Intensive exploitation of soils has resulted in physical, chemical, and biological degradation as the demand for agricultural commodities, including cotton, has grown. Physical characteristics of the soil are those that are directly linked to the supply of water, nutrients, and air, as well as the establishment of roots for good agricultural crop development and yield. In this context, soil compaction is one of the most serious environmental issues caused by conventional agriculture. Cotton plant, which is highly sensitive to water stress and lack of soil aeration, is directly impacted by this type of degradation, which results in reduced root system development, affecting water and nutrient absorption, and causing damage to overall plant and crop yield. Soil compaction has been shown to reduce cotton yield in several studies; for example, the majority of the southeastern cotton-growing regions in the United States, which make up the majority of the U.S. Cotton Belt, have compacted soils and 66%of cotton farmers in Australia were affected by soil compaction, while other research shows a 27% yield loss for the crop in these conditions. On the other hand, most studies carried out in systems that aim to reduce soil compaction, have shown that improvements in soil physical properties related to decompaction result in an increase in cotton plant yield.

A exploração intensiva dos solos resultou em sua degradação física, química e biológica à medida que a demanda por commodities agrícolas, incluindo o algodão, cresceu. As características físicas do solo são aquelas que estão diretamente ligadas ao fornecimento de água, nutrientes e ar, bem como ao estabelecimento de raízes para o bom desenvolvimento e rendimento das culturas agrícolas. Nesse contexto, a compactação do solo é um dos mais graves problemas ambientais causados pela agricultura convencional. O algodoeiro, altamente sensível ao estresse hídrico e à falta de aeração do solo, é diretamente impactado por esse tipo de degradação, que resulta na redução do desenvolvimento do sistema radicular, afetando a absorção de água e nutrientes e causando danos ao rendimento geral da planta e da lavoura. A compactação do solo demonstrou reduzir o rendimento do algodão em vários estudos; por exemplo, a maioria das regiões produtoras de algodão do sudeste dos Estados Unidos, que compõem a maior parte do Cinturão do Algodão do país, têm solos compactados e 66% dos cotonicultores na Austrália foram afetados pela compactação do solo, enquanto outras pesquisas mostra uma perda de rendimento de 27% para a cultura nestas condições. Por outro lado, a maioria dos estudos realizados em sistemas que visam reduzir a compactação do solo, tem mostrado que melhorias nas propriedades físicas do solo relacionadas à descompactação resultam em aumento da produtividade do algodoeiro.

Effect of hydric stress-related acoustic emission on transcriptional and biochemical changes associated with a water deficit in Capsicum annuum L.

At specific vibration frequencies like ones generated by insects such as caterpillar chewing and bee's buzz-pollination turn on the plants secondary metabolism and their respective pathways gets activated. Thus, studies report that vibrations and sound waves applied to plants improves their fitness performance. Commonly, acoustic treatments for plants have used arbitrarily random frequencies. In this work, a group of signals obtained from hydric-stressed plants was recorded as vibrational patterns using a laser vibrometer. These vibration-signals were classified as representative of each condition and then externally applied as Acoustic Emission Patterns (AEP). The present research hypothesized that specific vibration frequencies could "emulate" a plant signal through mechanical energy based on tplant's ability to recognize vibration pattern similarity to a hydric status. This investigation aimed to apply the AEP's as characteristic vibrations classified as Low hydric stress (LHS), medium hydric stress (MHS), and high hydric stress (HHS) to evaluate their effect on healthy-well watered plants at two developmental stages. In the vegetative stage, the gene expression related to antioxidant and hydric stress responses was assessed. The LHS, MHS, and HHS acoustic treatments up-regulated the peroxidase (Pod) (~2.8, 1.9, and 3.6-fold change, respectively). The superoxide dismutase (Mn-sod) and phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (Pal) genes were up-regulated by HHS (~0.23 and ~0.55-fold change, respectively) and, the chalcone synthase (Chs) gene was induced by MHS (~0.63-fold-change). At the fructification stage, the MHS treatment induced a significant increase in Capsaicin content (5.88-fold change), probably through the at3and kas gene activation. Findings are correlated for a better understanding of plant responses to different multi frequency-signals tones from vibrations with potential for agricultural applications.

Growth and production of 'Prata Anã Gorutuba' banana under different planting densities

Increased planting density, different types of thinning management, and the use of beneficial microorganisms have been adopted as strategic tools in the effort to increase crop yields in a sustainable manner. This investigation evaluated the growth and production of ‘Prata Anã Gorutuba’ banana ( Musa spp., AAB) under different plant densities during two production cycles in the semiarid region of Minas Gerais, Brazil. Micropropagated plantlets were also inoculated with endophytic bacteria and cultivated as part of two mat management strategies. Planting density varied between 1,680 and 3,920 plant ha–1. During the experiment, water was less than optimal because of rationing due to drought in the region. Under field conditions, there was no difference between bacterially inoculated and non-inoculated plants. The dense planting system increased the crop cycle. The highest-density planting treatment (3,920 plant ha–1) resulted in the highest yield in the first cycle, but no net income was observed. However, the high-density planting treatments resulted in the highest yields and gross incomes in the second production cycle. Management with thinning of plants up to 10-months-old and thinning up to harvest associated with high planting density increased the length of the production cycles. Although the water restriction experienced in the first and second crop cycles, the vegetative and productive traits of ‘Prata Anã Gorutuba’ banana did not compromise the objectives of this study.

Growth and production of 'Prata Anã Gorutuba' banana under different planting densities

Increased planting density, different types of thinning management, and the use of beneficial microorganisms have been adopted as strategic tools in the effort to increase crop yields in a sustainable manner. This investigation evaluated the growth and production of ‘Prata Anã Gorutuba banana ( Musa spp., AAB) under different plant densities during two production cycles in the semiarid region of Minas Gerais, Brazil. Micropropagated plantlets were also inoculated with endophytic bacteria and cultivated as part of two mat management strategies. Planting density varied between 1,680 and 3,920 plant ha–1. During the experiment, water was less than optimal because of rationing due to drought in the region. Under field conditions, there was no difference between bacterially inoculated and non-inoculated plants. The dense planting system increased the crop cycle. The highest-density planting treatment (3,920 plant ha–1) resulted in the highest yield in the first cycle, but no net income was observed. However, the high-density planting treatments resulted in the highest yields and gross incomes in the second production cycle. Management with thinning of plants up to 10-months-old and thinning up to harvest associated with high planting density increased the length of the production cycles. Although the water restriction experienced in the first and second crop cycles, the vegetative and productive traits of ‘Prata Anã Gorutuba banana did not compromise the objectives of this study.(AU)

Effects of hydric stress on vibrational frequency patterns of Capsicum annuum plants.

Plants that experience a lack of sufficient irrigation undergo hydric stress, which causes the modification of their mechanical properties. These changes include a complex network of chemical and physical signals that interact between plant-plant and plant-environment systems in a mechanism that is still not well understood, and that differs among species. This mechanical response implies different levels of vibration when the plant experiences structural modifications from self-hydraulic adjustments of flux exchange at specific frequencies, with these carrying behavioral information. To measure these signals, highly sensitive instrumentation that allows the decoding of displacement velocity and displacement of plants, which is possible through calibrated equipment such as 3D scanning laser vibrometers, is necessary. Laser vibrometry technology allows for noninvasive measurements in real-time. Physiological changes could reasonably affect the biomechanical condition of plants in terms of the frequency (hertz) and intensity of the plant's vibration. In this research, it is proposed that the frequency changes of a plant's vibration are related to the plant's hydric condition and that these frequency vibrations have the ecological potential to communicate water changes and levels of hydric stress. The peak of the velocity of plant displacements was found to vary from 0.079 to 1.74 mm/s, and natural frequencies (hertz) range is between 1.8 and 2.6 Hz for plants with low hydric stress (LHS), between 1.3 and 1.6 Hz for plants with medium hydric stress (MHS), and between 6.7 and 7.8 Hz for plants with high hydric stress. These values could act as preliminary references for water management using noninvasive techniques and, knowledge of the range of natural frequencies of hydric stress risk in chili pepper crops can be applied in precision agriculture practices.

Morphoanatomy of Myracrodruon urundeuva Fr. All. seedlings submitted to different levels of water in the soil / Morfoanatomia de plântulas de Myracrodruon urundeuva Fr. All. submetidas a diferentes níveis de água

Myracrodruon urundeuva Fr. All. is a medicinal plant of the Caatinga biome, in brazilian northeast. This region is characterized by prolonged dry periods but little is known about the plants mechanisms to tolerate low water availability during their initial phase of growth and establishment seedling. The objective of this project was to evaluate morphological and anatomic characteristics of M. urundeuva seedlings submitted to different water levels in the soil. In a first experiment, the diaspores were sown in trays containing soil taken from the place of occurrence of the species. The substratum was moistened with water to reach 10 to 60% of the soil water retention capacity, with 5% intervals. In a second experiment, the diaspores were sown in the substratum kept at 60% of its water retention capacity for 15 days for the total seedling emergence since this is the most favorable condition for the species as identified during the first phase of this experiment. After that period, plant watering was suspended and the seedling kept in substrata at 60, 30, 25, 20, 15, and 10% of their water holding capacity for an additional period of 10 days, both experiments performed in protected environment. The increasing reduction in water availability led to a reduction in the number of leaves, the leaf area and leaflet thickness, the number of stomata in the leaf and in the cotyledon, the root length and the diameter of the central root. Characteristics such as the stem length, length, width and thickness of the cotyledon were not modified by the hydric stress.

Myracrodruon urundeuva Fr. All. é uma espécie medicinal da Caatinga. Este bioma apresenta períodos de grande seca, mas pouco se sabe sobre os mecanismos de tolerância destas plantas à falta de água no início do seu desenvolvimento e estabelecimento da plântula. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar as características morfoanatômicas de plântulas M. urundeuva submetidas a diferentes níveis de água no solo. Em um primeiro experimento, os diásporos foram semeados em terra coletada no local de ocorrência da espécie, em bandejas. O substrato foi umedecido com água em condições de 10 a 60% da capacidade de retenção, com intervalos de 5%. Num segundo experimento, os diásporos foram semeados no substrato mantido umedecido a 60% da capacidade de retenção de água por 15 dias, para a total emergência das plântulas, por ser esta a condição mais favorável à espécie identificada na primeira etapa do trabalho. Após este período, as regas foram interrompidas e as mudas foram mantidas em substrato umedecido com 60; 30; 25; 20; 15 e 10% de capacidade de retenção por mais 10 dias, ambos experimentos realizados em ambiente protegidos. Concluiu-se que redução progressiva da água disponível no solo fez diminuir o número de folhas; área foliar e espessura do folíolo; o número de estômatos da folha e no cotilédone, o comprimento da raiz e o diâmetro do cilindro central da raiz de M. urundeuva. Características como comprimento de caule, comprimento, largura e espessura do cotilédone não foram modificadas pela condição de estresse hídrico do ambiente.

Avaliações morfofisiológicas do feijão pérola irrigado / Morphophisiological irrigated pearl bean reviews

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar as características morfofisiológicas do feijão Pérola submetido a diferentes lâminas de irrigação na região do Oeste Paulista. O experimento foi conduzido na cidade de Pirapozinho, São Paulo, utilizando vasos de 25 x 32 cm, em condições de campo, no período de março a maio. O delineamento experimental foi em blocos ao acaso, com seis lâminas de irrigação: 25%, 50%, 75%, 100%, 125% e 150% evapotranspiração da cultura (ETc) e 5 repetições. Os parâmetros avaliados foram altura das plantas, massa seca de parte aérea, massa seca de raiz, número vagens por planta, peso de vagens, número de sementes por vagem, germinação das sementes e determinação da prolina. Os dados foram submetidos ao teste F e posteriormente ao teste Tukey para comparação de médias ao nível de probabilidade de 5%. Observou-se que os resultados foram significativos para o peso de vagens, o número de grãos por vagem e a concentração da prolina. Conclui-se que a lâmina de irrigação de 75% ETc resultou na maior produção de sementes. A lâmina de irrigação de 25% ETc promoveu déficit hídrico, indicado pela maior concentração de prolina nas folhas frescas.(AU)

The aimed of this study was to evaluate the physical and physiological characteristics of the Pearl beans under different irrigation levels in Oeste Paulista region. The experiment was conducted in the city of Pirapozinho, Sao Paulo, using pots of 25 x 32 cm, under field conditions, from March to May. The experimental design was a randomized block with six depths of irrigation: 25%, 50 %, 75 %, 100 % , 125 % and 150 % crop evapotranspiration ( ETc ) and 5 replication. The parameters evaluated were plant height, shoot dry weight , root dry weight, number of pods per plant, pod weight, number of seeds per pod, seed germination and foliar proline. The data were analyzed using the F test and then the Tukey test for comparison of the probability level of 5 %. It was observed that the results were significant for the weight of the strings, the number of seeds per pod and the concentration of proline. It was concluded that the depth of irrigation of 75 % ETc resulted in higher seed production. The irrigation of 25 % ETc promoted water deficit, indicated by the higher concentration of proline in fresh leaves.(AU)

Avaliações morfofisiológicas do feijão pérola irrigado / Morphophisiological irrigated pearl bean reviews

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar as características morfofisiológicas do feijão Pérola submetido a diferentes lâminas de irrigação na região do Oeste Paulista. O experimento foi conduzido na cidade de Pirapozinho, São Paulo, utilizando vasos de 25 x 32 cm, em condições de campo, no período de março a maio. O delineamento experimental foi em blocos ao acaso, com seis lâminas de irrigação: 25%, 50%, 75%, 100%, 125% e 150% evapotranspiração da cultura (ETc) e 5 repetições. Os parâmetros avaliados foram altura das plantas, massa seca de parte aérea, massa seca de raiz, número vagens por planta, peso de vagens, número de sementes por vagem, germinação das sementes e determinação da prolina. Os dados foram submetidos ao teste F e posteriormente ao teste Tukey para comparação de médias ao nível de probabilidade de 5%. Observou-se que os resultados foram significativos para o peso de vagens, o número de grãos por vagem e a concentração da prolina. Conclui-se que a lâmina de irrigação de 75% ETc resultou na maior produção de sementes. A lâmina de irrigação de 25% ETc promoveu déficit hídrico, indicado pela maior concentração de prolina nas folhas frescas.

The aimed of this study was to evaluate the physical and physiological characteristics of the Pearl beans under different irrigation levels in Oeste Paulista region. The experiment was conducted in the city of Pirapozinho, Sao Paulo, using pots of 25 x 32 cm, under field conditions, from March to May. The experimental design was a randomized block with six depths of irrigation: 25%, 50 %, 75 %, 100 % , 125 % and 150 % crop evapotranspiration ( ETc ) and 5 replication. The parameters evaluated were plant height, shoot dry weight , root dry weight, number of pods per plant, pod weight, number of seeds per pod, seed germination and foliar proline. The data were analyzed using the F test and then the Tukey test for comparison of the probability level of 5 %. It was observed that the results were significant for the weight of the strings, the number of seeds per pod and the concentration of proline. It was concluded that the depth of irrigation of 75 % ETc resulted in higher seed production. The irrigation of 25 % ETc promoted water deficit, indicated by the higher concentration of proline in fresh leaves.

Mycorrhization stimulant based in formononetin associated to fungicide and doses of phosphorus in soybean in the cerrado / Estimulante de micorrização a base de formononetina associado à fungicida e doses de fósforo em soja no cerrado

Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) are obligatory biotrophics, which complicates the feasibility of producing inoculants. Thus, the discovery of substances capable of stimulating mycorrhizal colonization, like the isoflavone formononetin emerges as a promising alternative to explore the benefits of AMF native soil in extensive crops system. The aim of this study was evaluate the application of the isoflavone formononetin (7-hydroxy-4'-methoxy isoflavone) andfungicide via seed in Cerrado soil in no-tillage system and fertilization with two doses of phosphorus in soybean under field and controlled conditions. In the field experiment the treatments were three levels of formononetin (0, 0.5 and 1.0 mg Formononetin seed-1) in the absence and presence of fungicide (Carbendazim + Thiram commercial mix) applied to seeds with two doses of phosphorus (100 % and 33% of the recommended fertilization). The study was conducted until the maturation of soybeans. The greenhouse conditions experiment was implemented with the same treatments used in the field research and the flowering stage of the soybean plant was simulated water stress during 10 days, returning to normal irrigation until to harvest the soybean grain. Applying of formononetin stimulated the increased of mycorrhizal colonization, number of nodules, vegetative growth and soybean production in the greenhouse. In the field research the treatments contributed to attenuate the negative effect of the fungicide Carbendazim + Thiram in soybean reflecting increased soybean production and adequate supply of soil phosphorus besides high density of propagules of natives AMF that contributed to reduce the benefits of stimulating mycorrhizal (formononetin) in this research.

Os fungos micorrízicos arbusculares (FMAs) são biotróficos obrigatórios, o que dificulta a viabilidade da produção de inoculantes. Com a descoberta de substâncias capazes de estimular a colonização micorrízica, o isoflavonóide formononetina surge como uma alternativa promissora para explorar os benefícios dos FMAs nativos do solo em cultivos extensivos. O objetivo do presente estudo foi de avaliar os efeitos das aplicações do isoflavonóide formononetina (7-hydroxy-4'-methoxy isoflavone) e de fungicida nas sementes em solo do Cerrado no sistema de plantio direto com duas doses de fósforo na cultura da soja em campo e em casa de vegetação. No experimento de campo os tratamentos foram três doses de formononetina (0, 0,5 e 1,0 mg de Formononetina semente-1); na ausência e presença de fungicida (Mistura comercial Carbendazim + Thiram) aplicado via semente e duas doses de fósforo (100 % e 33 % da adubação recomendada). O experimento de casa de vegetação foi implantado com os mesmos tratamentos utilizado no estudo em campo e na fase de florescimento das plantas de soja foi simulado um estresse hídrico, por 10 dias, retornando a irrigação normal até a colheita dos grãos. A aplicação de formononetina estimulou aumento da colonização micorrízica, número de nódulos, crescimento vegetativo e a produção de grãos soja em condições de déficit hídrico simulado em casa de vegetação e no no estudo de campo contribui para amenizar o efeito negativo dos fungicidas nas plantas de soja refletindo em aumento da produção da soja.

Bioactive amines in sorghum: method optimisation and influence of line, tannin and hydric stress.

The profile and levels of bioactive amines in different sorghum lines were reported for the first time. The amines were quantified by ion-pair HPLC, post-column derivatisation with o-phthalaldehyde and fluorimetric detection. The extraction procedure was optimised: 420 µm particle size, extraction with 5% trichloroacetic acid and three extractions. The screening of 22 sorghum lines showed that four of the ten amines investigated were detected. Spermine and spermidine were the prevalent amines (100%), followed by putrescine (77%) and cadaverine (14%). Total amines ranged from 5.8 to 41.4 mg/100 g, and the polyamines represented 60-100% of the total. Sorghum without tannin had higher amines levels compared to sorghum with tannin and cadaverine was specific to samples without tannin. Hydric stress caused accumulation of spermidine in the grains and affected the levels of other amines at rates depending on the presence or not of tannin. Sorghum is a significant source of polyamines.

Avaliações morfofisiológicas na fase vegetativa de milho irrigado / Reviews morphophisiological in vegetative phase of irrigated corn

O milho é uma cultura de grande importância econômica na agricultura brasileira e mundial. O suprimento de água é importante para seu crescimento e desenvolvimento desde que adotado na quantidade adequada para atender as necessidades hídricas da planta. O presente trabalho objetivou avaliar a resposta fisiológica e bioquímica de um cultivar de milho transgênico e um híbrido submetidos a diferentes lâminas de irrigação. O trabalho foi conduzido em ambiente protegido, no campus II da Unoeste, Presidente Prudente – SP. O delineamento experimental foi em blocos ao acaso em esquema fatorial duplo, com cinco lâminas de irrigação (150, 100, 75, 50 e 25% evapotranspiração da cultura (ETc)), 2 cultivares (transgênico (Agroceres 8088) e PEN 22 robusto (Selegrãos)) e 4 blocos. As lâminas de irrigação foram determinadas em função de leituras diárias do evaporímetro de Pichê ajustadas pelo coeficiente de cultura (kc) de 1,2 para a cultura do milho. Os parâmetros avaliados foram altura de plantas (quinzenalmente), comprimento e volume de raiz, massa seca de parte aérea e raiz, relação raiz/parte aérea e concentração de prolina nas folhas frescas. Os dados foram submetidos à ANOVA e posteriormente ao teste de Tukey para comparação entre as médias ao nível de probabilidade de 0,05. Para as condições do Oeste Paulista, é mais viável o plantio do cultivar da PEN 22 Robusta com irrigação de 25% da evapotranspiração da cultura (ETc) por garantir acúmulo de biomassa na fase de desenvolvimento vegetativo.

Corn is a crop of great economic importance in the Brazilian and world agriculture. The watersupply is important for their growth and development from that adopted in the proper amount tomeet the water needs of the plant. This study aimed to evaluate the physiological and biochemicalresponse of a cultivar of transgenic corn and a hybrid subjected to different irrigation. The workwas conducted in greenhouse on campus Unoeste II, Presidente Prudente - SP. The experimentaldesign was in randomized blocks in a double factorial design with five depth of irrigation (150, 100,75, 50 and 25% crop evapotranspiration (ETc)), two cultivars (transgenic Agroceres 8088 androbust 22 PEN (Selegrãos)) and 4 blocks. The depths of irrigation were determined according tothe daily readings evaporimeter tar adjusted by the crop coefficient (kc) of 1.2 for the corn crop.The parameters evaluated were plant height, length and root volume, dry weight of shoot androot, root / shoot ratio and shoot proline concentration in fresh leaves. Data were submitted toANOVA and then Tukey test to compare means between the probability level of 0.05. For theconditions of Oeste Paulista, is more feasible planting cultivar of PEN 22 Robust irrigation with25% of crop evapotranspiration (ETc) for ensuring biomass accumulation in the vegetative stage.

Avaliações morfofisiológicas na fase vegetativa de milho irrigado / Reviews morphophisiological in vegetative phase of irrigated corn

O milho é uma cultura de grande importância econômica na agricultura brasileira e mundial. O suprimento de água é importante para seu crescimento e desenvolvimento desde que adotado na quantidade adequada para atender as necessidades hídricas da planta. O presente trabalho objetivou avaliar a resposta fisiológica e bioquímica de um cultivar de milho transgênico e um híbrido submetidos a diferentes lâminas de irrigação. O trabalho foi conduzido em ambiente protegido, no campus II da Unoeste, Presidente Prudente SP. O delineamento experimental foi em blocos ao acaso em esquema fatorial duplo, com cinco lâminas de irrigação (150, 100, 75, 50 e 25% evapotranspiração da cultura (ETc)), 2 cultivares (transgênico (Agroceres 8088) e PEN 22 robusto (Selegrãos)) e 4 blocos. As lâminas de irrigação foram determinadas em função de leituras diárias do evaporímetro de Pichê ajustadas pelo coeficiente de cultura (kc) de 1,2 para a cultura do milho. Os parâmetros avaliados foram altura de plantas (quinzenalmente), comprimento e volume de raiz, massa seca de parte aérea e raiz, relação raiz/parte aérea e concentração de prolina nas folhas frescas. Os dados foram submetidos à ANOVA e posteriormente ao teste de Tukey para comparação entre as médias ao nível de probabilidade de 0,05. Para as condições do Oeste Paulista, é mais viável o plantio do cultivar da PEN 22 Robusta com irrigação de 25% da evapotranspiração da cultura (ETc) por garantir acúmulo de biomassa na fase de desenvolvimento vegetativo.(AU)

Corn is a crop of great economic importance in the Brazilian and world agriculture. The watersupply is important for their growth and development from that adopted in the proper amount tomeet the water needs of the plant. This study aimed to evaluate the physiological and biochemicalresponse of a cultivar of transgenic corn and a hybrid subjected to different irrigation. The workwas conducted in greenhouse on campus Unoeste II, Presidente Prudente - SP. The experimentaldesign was in randomized blocks in a double factorial design with five depth of irrigation (150, 100,75, 50 and 25% crop evapotranspiration (ETc)), two cultivars (transgenic Agroceres 8088 androbust 22 PEN (Selegrãos)) and 4 blocks. The depths of irrigation were determined according tothe daily readings evaporimeter tar adjusted by the crop coefficient (kc) of 1.2 for the corn crop.The parameters evaluated were plant height, length and root volume, dry weight of shoot androot, root / shoot ratio and shoot proline concentration in fresh leaves. Data were submitted toANOVA and then Tukey test to compare means between the probability level of 0.05. For theconditions of Oeste Paulista, is more feasible planting cultivar of PEN 22 Robust irrigation with25% of crop evapotranspiration (ETc) for ensuring biomass accumulation in the vegetative stage.(AU)

Vegetative growth of Coffea arabica L. as affected by irrigation and climatic conditions of the Cerrado of Goiás State / Crescimento vegetativo de Coffea arabica L. influenciado por irrigação e fatores climáticos no Cerrado Goiano

The aim of this work was to evaluate the vegetative growth rate of the coffee plants (Coffea Arabica L.) and its relation with climate variables on the Cerrado of Goiás State, Brazil, based on the seasonal growth of orthotropic and plagiotropic branches with different ages in coffee trees under irrigation, water deficit and without irrigation. The experiment was carried out in a completely randomized block design with four replications and 12 plants per plot. The experimental area was divided in three treatments: plants with drip irrigation and without irrigation and submitted to water deficit for 30 days during the dry season. The plants were with seven years old, and under growth conditions of full sun, 2 m spaced between rows and 0.90 m between plants within row. The climate variables (air temperature, precipitation and relative humidity) affected on a seasonal way the vegetative growth rate of orthotropic and the group of 1º plagiotropic branches of C arabica. All evaluated branches showed similar seasonal growth, and the 1º plagiotropic branches showed different growth rates in the same period of the year. Growth rate of C arabica branches were reduced by minimal air temperature bellow 17 ºC and water deficit. Thirty days of water deficit did not affect significantly the growth of C. arabica branches; however, in non-irrigated plants significant differences on the branches

Objetivou-se avaliar a taxa de crescimento vegetativo de plantas de Coffea arabica sob diferentes regimes hídricos, bem como relacioná-la com os fatores climáticos, tendo como base o crescimento sazonal de grupos de ramos ortotrópicos e plagiotrópicos de diferentes idades, na região do Cerrado Goiano. O experimento foi instalado em delineamento de blocos casualizados, com quatro repetições e 12 plantas por parcela. A área de estudo foi dividida em três tratamentos: plantas irrigadas por gotejamento, plantas com deficiência hídrica por 30 dias na época seca e plantas não irrigadas o ano todo. Foram utilizadas plantas com sete anos de idade, cultivadas a pleno sol, no espaçamento de 2 m entre fileiras e 0,9 m entre plantas. As condições climáticas (temperatura do ar, precipitação e umidade relativa do ar) influenciaram a taxa de crescimento dos ramos ortotrópicos e plagiotrópicos da espécie C. arabica. Todos os ramos avaliados apresentaram crescimento sazonal semelhante, de modo que os ramos plagiotrópicos apresentaram taxas de crescimento diferenciada no mesmo período do ano. Sob temperaturas mínimas do ar abaixo de 17 ºC e deficiência hídrica, a taxa de crescimento dos ramos de C. arabica foi reduzida. Deficiência hídrica de 30 dias não prejudicou de forma significativa o crescimento de ramos no cafeeiro arábica; contudo, em plantas não irrigadas observou-se redução do crescime

Vegetative growth of Coffea arabica L. as affected by irrigation and climatic conditions of the Cerrado of Goiás State / Crescimento vegetativo de Coffea arabica L. influenciado por irrigação e fatores climáticos no Cerrado Goiano

The aim of this work was to evaluate the vegetative growth rate of the coffee plants (Coffea Arabica L.) and its relation with climate variables on the Cerrado of Goiás State, Brazil, based on the seasonal growth of orthotropic and plagiotropic branches with different ages in coffee trees under irrigation, water deficit and without irrigation. The experiment was carried out in a completely randomized block design with four replications and 12 plants per plot. The experimental area was divided in three treatments: plants with drip irrigation and without irrigation and submitted to water deficit for 30 days during the dry season. The plants were with seven years old, and under growth conditions of full sun, 2 m spaced between rows and 0.90 m between plants within row. The climate variables (air temperature, precipitation and relative humidity) affected on a seasonal way the vegetative growth rate of orthotropic and the group of 1º plagiotropic branches of C arabica. All evaluated branches showed similar seasonal growth, and the 1º plagiotropic branches showed different growth rates in the same period of the year. Growth rate of C arabica branches were reduced by minimal air temperature bellow 17 ºC and water deficit. Thirty days of water deficit did not affect significantly the growth of C. arabica branches; however, in non-irrigated plants significant differences on the branches

Objetivou-se avaliar a taxa de crescimento vegetativo de plantas de Coffea arabica sob diferentes regimes hídricos, bem como relacioná-la com os fatores climáticos, tendo como base o crescimento sazonal de grupos de ramos ortotrópicos e plagiotrópicos de diferentes idades, na região do Cerrado Goiano. O experimento foi instalado em delineamento de blocos casualizados, com quatro repetições e 12 plantas por parcela. A área de estudo foi dividida em três tratamentos: plantas irrigadas por gotejamento, plantas com deficiência hídrica por 30 dias na época seca e plantas não irrigadas o ano todo. Foram utilizadas plantas com sete anos de idade, cultivadas a pleno sol, no espaçamento de 2 m entre fileiras e 0,9 m entre plantas. As condições climáticas (temperatura do ar, precipitação e umidade relativa do ar) influenciaram a taxa de crescimento dos ramos ortotrópicos e plagiotrópicos da espécie C. arabica. Todos os ramos avaliados apresentaram crescimento sazonal semelhante, de modo que os ramos plagiotrópicos apresentaram taxas de crescimento diferenciada no mesmo período do ano. Sob temperaturas mínimas do ar abaixo de 17 ºC e deficiência hídrica, a taxa de crescimento dos ramos de C. arabica foi reduzida. Deficiência hídrica de 30 dias não prejudicou de forma significativa o crescimento de ramos no cafeeiro arábica; contudo, em plantas não irrigadas observou-se redução do crescime

Detecção e influência de Fusarium spp. na qualidade fisiológica de sementes de pepino / Detection and influence of Fusarium spp. in physiological quality of cucumber seeds

Este trabalho teve por objetivo isolar, identificar e selecionar isolado(s) de Fusarium spp. em sementes de pepino e verificar a sua influência na qualidade fisiológica. Foram utilizados três sublotes e os tratamentos consistiram em: testemunha absoluta; BDA + manitol - 0,8Mpa; BDA; BDA + manitol - 0,8Mpa + fungo; e BDA + fungo. A qualidade fisiológica foi avaliada através de testes em laboratório e casa de vegetação. Cinco isolados de Fusarium verticillioides foram identificados e a sua transmissão através das sementes para plantas não foi possível afirmar. A técnica da restrição hídrica foi eficiente para proporcionar infecção das sementes, sabendo que e o fungo influencia negativamente na qualidade fisiológica das sementes de pepino da cultivar Caipira.

This research had the objective of isolate, identifying and select isolates (s) of Fusarium spp. in cucumber seeds and checking the influence of this (these) isolate(s) on the physiological quality. Three batches were used and treatments utilized consisted in: absolute witness; PDA + mannitol - 0.8Mpa; PDA pure; PDA + mannitol - 0.8Mpa + fungi; and PDA + fungi. The physiological quality was assessed by tests carried out in laboratory and greenhouse. Five isolates off Fusarium verticillioides were isolated and it was not possible to affirm its transmission through seed. The hydric restriction technique was efficient to provide the infection of cucumber seeds, since this fungus affected the physiological quality of cucumber seeds of this cultivar.

Detecção e influência de Fusarium spp. na qualidade fisiológica de sementes de pepino

This research had the objective of isolate, identifying and select isolates (s) of Fusarium spp. in cucumber seeds and checking the influence of this (these) isolate(s) on the physiological quality. Three batches were used and treatments utilized consisted in: absolute witness; PDA + mannitol - 0.8Mpa; PDA pure; PDA + mannitol - 0.8Mpa + fungi; and PDA + fungi. The physiological quality was assessed by tests carried out in laboratory and greenhouse. Five isolates off Fusarium verticillioides were isolated and it was not possible to affirm its transmission through seed. The hydric restriction technique was efficient to provide the infection of cucumber seeds, since this fungus affected the physiological quality of cucumber seeds of this cultivar.

Este trabalho teve por objetivo isolar, identificar e selecionar isolado(s) de Fusarium spp. em sementes de pepino e verificar a sua influência na qualidade fisiológica. Foram utilizados três sublotes e os tratamentos consistiram em: testemunha absoluta; BDA + manitol - 0,8Mpa; BDA; BDA + manitol - 0,8Mpa + fungo; e BDA + fungo. A qualidade fisiológica foi avaliada através de testes em laboratório e casa de vegetação. Cinco isolados de Fusarium verticillioides foram identificados e a sua transmissão através das sementes para plantas não foi possível afirmar. A técnica da restrição hídrica foi eficiente para proporcionar infecção das sementes, sabendo que e o fungo influencia negativamente na qualidade fisiológica das sementes de pepino da cultivar Caipira.

Detecção e influência de Fusarium spp. na qualidade fisiológica de sementes de pepino

This research had the objective of isolate, identifying and select isolates (s) of Fusarium spp. in cucumber seeds and checking the influence of this (these) isolate(s) on the physiological quality. Three batches were used and treatments utilized consisted in: absolute witness; PDA + mannitol - 0.8Mpa; PDA pure; PDA + mannitol - 0.8Mpa + fungi; and PDA + fungi. The physiological quality was assessed by tests carried out in laboratory and greenhouse. Five isolates off Fusarium verticillioides were isolated and it was not possible to affirm its transmission through seed. The hydric restriction technique was efficient to provide the infection of cucumber seeds, since this fungus affected the physiological quality of cucumber seeds of this cultivar.

Este trabalho teve por objetivo isolar, identificar e selecionar isolado(s) de Fusarium spp. em sementes de pepino e verificar a sua influência na qualidade fisiológica. Foram utilizados três sublotes e os tratamentos consistiram em: testemunha absoluta; BDA + manitol - 0,8Mpa; BDA; BDA + manitol - 0,8Mpa + fungo; e BDA + fungo. A qualidade fisiológica foi avaliada através de testes em laboratório e casa de vegetação. Cinco isolados de Fusarium verticillioides foram identificados e a sua transmissão através das sementes para plantas não foi possível afirmar. A técnica da restrição hídrica foi eficiente para proporcionar infecção das sementes, sabendo que e o fungo influencia negativamente na qualidade fisiológica das sementes de pepino da cultivar Caipira.

Detecção e influência de Fusarium spp. na qualidade fisiológica de sementes de pepino

This research had the objective of isolate, identifying and select isolates (s) of Fusarium spp. in cucumber seeds and checking the influence of this (these) isolate(s) on the physiological quality. Three batches were used and treatments utilized consisted in: absolute witness; PDA + mannitol - 0.8Mpa; PDA pure; PDA + mannitol - 0.8Mpa + fungi; and PDA + fungi. The physiological quality was assessed by tests carried out in laboratory and greenhouse. Five isolates off Fusarium verticillioides were isolated and it was not possible to affirm its transmission through seed. The hydric restriction technique was efficient to provide the infection of cucumber seeds, since this fungus affected the physiological quality of cucumber seeds of this cultivar.

Este trabalho teve por objetivo isolar, identificar e selecionar isolado(s) de Fusarium spp. em sementes de pepino e verificar a sua influência na qualidade fisiológica. Foram utilizados três sublotes e os tratamentos consistiram em: testemunha absoluta; BDA + manitol - 0,8Mpa; BDA; BDA + manitol - 0,8Mpa + fungo; e BDA + fungo. A qualidade fisiológica foi avaliada através de testes em laboratório e casa de vegetação. Cinco isolados de Fusarium verticillioides foram identificados e a sua transmissão através das sementes para plantas não foi possível afirmar. A técnica da restrição hídrica foi eficiente para proporcionar infecção das sementes, sabendo que e o fungo influencia negativamente na qualidade fisiológica das sementes de pepino da cultivar Caipira.