Improvement in Lactose Tolerance in Hypolactasic Subjects Consuming Ice Creams with High or Low Concentrations of Bifidobacterium bifidum 900791.

Although Bifidobacterium bifidum expresses lactase activity, no clinical trials have determined its impact on lactose-intolerant subjects. This study evaluated whether acute and chronic ingestion of ice creams containing B. bifidum 900791 at high (107 CFU/g) or low (105 CFU/g) concentrations improved lactose tolerance in hypolactasic subjects. Fifty subjects were selected based on a positive lactose (20 g) hydrogen breath test (HBT0) and the presence of digestive symptoms. The recruited subjects were required to perform breath tests after the acute ingestion of: (1) ice cream containing 20 g of lactose without a probiotic (HBT1); (2) the same ice cream, accompanied by a lactase tablet (HBT2); (3) the same ice cream containing the low or high dose of probiotic (HBT3-LD and HBT3-HD); and (4) after the chronic consumption of the ice cream without (placebo) or with the low concentration of probiotic for 1 month (HBT4). Significant decreases in H2 excretion during HBT2 and HBT3-HD as well as digestive symptoms during HBT2, HBT3-HD and HBT3-LD were observed compared to HBT0 and HBT1, while the orocecal transit time increased. Chronic consumption of the probiotic ice cream did not enhance lactose tolerance compared to the placebo. These results suggest that the acute ingestion of ice cream containing high or low concentrations of B. bifidum 900791 improves lactose tolerance in hypolactasic subjects.

Identification of novel genetic variants in the mutational hotspot region 14 kb upstream of the LCT gene in a Mexican population.

Several polymorphic loci linked to lactase persistence (LP) have been described, all located in a small mutational hotspot region far upstream (∼14 kb) of the lactase (LCT) gene. One is typically found in Europeans, LCT -13910C > T, several others are found in East Africans and Arabs, e.g. LCT -13907C > G and LCT -13915T > G. The possibility of similar loci, specific to populations in South and Central America, has not received much attention so far. To identify possible novel polymorphisms in the mutational hotspot region, we sampled 158 subjects from a rural area in South-Central Mexico. DNA was isolated from serum, and Sanger sequencing of a 501 bp region spanning the LCT -13910C > T hotspot was successfully performed in 150 samples. The frequency of the European-type LCT -13910 T-allele was q = 0.202, and 35% of the population was thus lactase-persistent (CT or TT). Sixteen novel genetic variants were found amongst 11 of the subjects, all were heterozygotes: seven of the subjects were also carriers of at least one LCT -13910 T-allele. Thus, the mutational hotspot region is also a hotspot in the rural Mexican population: 11/150 subjects carried a total of 16 previously unknown private mutations but no novel polymorphism was found. The relationship between such novel genetic variants in Mexicans and lactase persistence is worthy of more investigation.

Bases conceptuales del diagnóstico de intolerancia a lactosa, hipolactasia y mala digestión de lactosa / Conceptual basis of the diagnosis of lactose intolerance, hypolactasia and lactose maldigestion

Se revisa la fisiopatología de hipolactasia, mala digestión de lactosa e intolerancia a lactosa para aclarar confusiones conceptuales y puntualizar diagnósticos. La lactasa es la enzima que digiere la lactosa de la leche, liberando galactosa y glucosa. En adultos con fenotipo Hipolactasia Primaria Tipo Adulto (No persistencia de Lactasa), la actividad enzimática es el 10 % de la máxima, propia de la infancia; en los de fenotipo Persistencia de Lactasa se mantiene elevada. En europeos, los fenotipos están estrechamente asociados al polimorfismo C/T-13910; por consiguiente, su genotipificación constituye prueba diagnóstica; no así en caribeños colombianos por presentar moderada asociación. El diagnóstico directo de hipo-lactasia/persistencia es el enzimático; un índice lactasa/sacarasa< 0,3 indica hipolactasia. Mala digestión de lactosa, la incapacidad de digerir cierta cantidad, se evalúa con la prueba de hidrógeno en el aliento o con la de tolerancia a lactosa, las cuales permiten inferir si el sujeto es probable persistente (digestor) o probable hipolactásico (mal digestor). Intolerancia a lactosa es el síndrome clínico digestivo que, tras ingerirla, puede sobrevenir por causa de hipolactasia o de mala absorción de glucosa-galactosa; se diagnostica si al excluir la leche de la dieta durante dos semanas el cuadro desaparece y luego, al restituirla, reaparece. Mala absorción de lactosa es una irrealidad fisiológica porque la lactosa no se absorbe. No existe sinonimia entre hipolactasia, mala digestión de lactosa e intolerancia a lactosa. Son estados fisiopatológicos diferentes, no siempre asociados entre sí. La comprensión de la identidad conceptual de cada uno es fundamental para diagnosticarlos acertadamente.

The pathophysiology of hypolactasia, lactose maldigestion and lactose intolerance are reviewed to clarify conceptual confusions and convey precise diagnoses. Lactase is the enzyme that helps to digest milk lactose, releasing galactose and glucose. While in adults with primary adult-type hypolactasia phenotype, the enzyme activity reaches 10% of the maximum observed in childhood, in individuals with lactase persistence phenotype, the activity remains high. In Europeans, phenotypes are closely associated with C/T-13910polymorphism; therefore, genotyping may be used as a diagnostic test. However, this is not possible in Colombian Caribbean population due to the existence of moderate association genotype-phenotype. The direct diagnosis ofhypolactasia/persistence consists of an enzymatic method; a lactase/sacarase index<0.3 indicates hypolactasia. Lactose maldigestion, the inability to digest a certain amount of lactose, is evaluated through application of either breath hydrogen or a lactose intolerance test, which allow to infer whether the individual might be a lactase persistent (digester) or hypolactasic (maldigester). Lactose intolerance is the clinical digestive syndrome that may appear following ingestion of lactose, due to hypolactasia or to glucose-galactose malabsorption. A subject is considered to be intolerant to lactose when symptoms disappear as milk is excluded from the diet for two weeks, and reappear upon its restoration as part of his diet. "Lactose malabsorption" is a physiological misnomer because lactose is not absorbed as such. Hypolactasia, lactose maldigestion and lactose intolerance are not synonyms. They involve different pathophysiological states, which are not always associated with each other. Understanding each of these three concepts is critical for a correct diagnosis.

The lactase persistence genotype is a protective factor for the metabolic syndrome.

The Metabolic Syndrome (MetS) is defined as a pattern of metabolic disturbances, which include central obesity, insulin resistance and hyperglycemia, dyslipidemia, and hypertension. Milk has been promoted as a healthy beverage that can improve the management of MetS. Most human adults, however, down-regulate the production of intestinal lactase after weaning. Lactase encoded by the LCT gene is necessary for lactose digestion. The -13910C > T SNP (rs4988235) is responsible for the lactase persistence phenotype in European populations. We herein investigated whether the lactase persistence genotype is also associated with the MetS in subjects from a Brazilian population of European descent. This study consisted of 334 individuals (average age of 41 years) genotyped by PCR-based methods for the -13910C > T SNP. Clinical data were assessed and the genotypes were tested for their independent contribution to the MetS using chi-square tests and multiple logistic regression analysis. Univariate analyses showed that hypertension and MetS prevalence were higher in individuals with the lactase non-persistence genotype than in lactase persistence subjects. Furthermore, lactase persistence was associated with a lower risk for MetS (OR = 0.467; 95% CI 0.264-0.824; p = 0.009). These results suggest that LCT genotypes can be a valuable tool for the management of MetS treatment.

Análisis de los polimorfismos europeos en el gen lactasa entre grupos étnicos del Caribe Colombiano / Analysis of the european polymorphisms in lactase gene between ethnic groups in the Colombian Caribbean / Análise dos polimorfismos europeus no gene lactasa entre os grupos etnicos do Caribe Colombiano

La prevalencia de hipolactasia tipo adulto está influenciada por la etnicidad y la geografía. Los genotipos CC y GG, de los SNPs C/T-13910 y G/A-22018, respectivamente determinan hipolactasia en ciertos grupos étnicos y países del mundo. El objetivo de este estudio fue analizar estos SNPs en muestras de los tres grupos étnicos que habitan el Caribe Colombiano. Trescientos sesenta y un sujetos, agrupados como afrodescendientes, indígenas y mestizos, fueron genotipificados usando PCR/RFLP. El análisis genético se hizo mediante Arlequin 3.11 y las frecuencias genotípicas fueron comparadas con Statgraphics Centurion XVI. Solamente el SNP C/T-13910 mostró equilibrio de Hardy- Weinberg y no hubo desequilibrio de ligamiento entre los SNPs estudiados. La frecuencia del genotipo CC-13910 fue 90% en afrodescendientes, 95% en indígenas y 80% en mestizos. En indígenas la frecuencia de GG-22018 fue 23% pero dicho genotipo no se halló en afrodescendientes y mestizos. El genotipo AA-22018 no se halló en indígenas. Ningún grupo presentó el genotipo TT-13910. Las frecuencias genotípicas fueron estadísticamente diferentes entre los grupos estudiados y las de los genotipos CC-13910 y GG-22018 no concordaron con las frecuencias fenotípicas reportadas en otros estudios. Los resultados sugieren que la posibilidad diagnóstica de hipolactasia mediante genotipificación de estos polimorfismos es escasa en el Caribe Colombiano.

The prevalence of adult-type hypolactasia is influenced by ethnicity and geography. The CC and GG genotypes of the SNPs C/T-13910 and G/A-22018, respectively indicate hypolactasia in certain ethnic groups worldwide. The aim of this study was to analyse these SNPs in samples of the three ethnic groups that inhabit the Colombian Caribbean. Three hundred and sixty-one subjects were genotyped using PCR/RFLP. These subjects were grouped as being of African descent, Indigenous and Mestizo. The genetic analysis was performed through Arlequin 3.11 and genotype frequencies were compared with Statgraphics Centurion XVI. Only SNP C/T-13910 showed Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium and there was no linkage disequilibrium between the SNPs. The frequency of CC-13910 was 90% in Afro-descendant, 95% in indigenous people and 80% in mestizos.The frequency of GG-22018 was 23% in indigenous people, but this genotype was not present in afro-descendants and Mestizos. The indigenous people did not have AA-22018, and none of the groups had TT-13910. The genotype frequencies were statistically different among the groups studied and the frequencies of CC-13910 and GG-22018 were not in concordance with the phenotype frequencies reported in other papers. The results suggest that diagnostic possibility of hypolactasia by genotyping of those polymorphisms in the Colombian Caribbean population is scarce.

A prevalência da hipolactasia primária tipo adulto é influenciada pela etnicidade e a geografia. Os genótipos CC e GG, dos SNPs C/T-13910 e G/A-22018, respectivamente, são determinantes da hipolactasia em alguns grupos étnicos e países do mundo. O objetivo do presente estudo foi analisar estes SNPs em amostras dos três grupos étnicos do Caribe Colombiano. Trezentas e sessenta e uma pessoas reunidas como afrodescendentes, indígenas e mestiços foram genotipificadas utilizando PCR/RFLP. A análise genética foi realizada usando o software Arlequin 3.11 e as frequências genotípicas foram comparadas com o Statgraphics Centurion XVI. Somente o SNP C/T-13910 mostrou equilíbrio de Hardy-Weinberg e não houve desequilíbrio de ligamento entre os SNPs estudados. A frequência do genótipo CC-13910 foi de 90% para afrodescendentes, 95% para indígenas e 80% em mestiços. Nos indígenas a frequência de GG-22018 foi de 23% mas tal genótipo não esteve presente na população de afrodescendentes e mestiços. O genótipo AA-22018 não foi encontrado em indígenas. Nenhum grupo apresentou o genótipo TT-13910. As frequências genotípicas foram estatisticamente diferentes entre os grupos avaliados e as dos genótipos CC-13910 e GG-22018, não concordaram com as frequências fenotípicas relatados em outros estudos. Os resultados sugerem que a possibilidade diagnóstica de hipolactasia através de genotipificação destes polimorfismos é escassa em populações do Caribe Colombiano.

Análisis de los polimorfismos europeos en el gen Lactasa entre grupos étnicos del Caribe Colombiano / Analysis of the European polymorphisms in lactase gene between ethnic groups in the Colombian Caribbean / Análise dos polimorfismos europeus no gene lactasa entre os grupos etnicos do Caribe Colombiano

La prevalencia de hipolactasia tipo adulto está influenciada por la etnicidad y la geografía. Los genotipos CC y GG, de los SNPs C/T-13910 y G/A-22018, respectivamente determinan hipolactasia en ciertos grupos étnicos y países del mundo. El objetivo de este estudio fue analizar estos SNPs en muestras de los tres grupos étnicos que habitan el Caribe Colombiano. Trescientos sesenta y un sujetos, agrupados como afrodescendientes, indígenas y mestizos, fueron genotipificados usando PCR/RFLP. El análisis genético se hizo mediante Arlequin 3.11 y las frecuencias genotípicas fueron comparadas con Statgraphics Centurion XVI. Solamente el SNP C/T-13910 mostró equilibrio de Hardy- Weinberg y no hubo desequilibrio de ligamiento entre los SNPs estudiados. La frecuencia del genotipo CC-13910 fue 90% en afrodescendientes, 95% en indígenas y 80% en mestizos. En indígenas la frecuencia de GG-22018 fue 23% pero dicho genotipo no se halló en afrodescendientes y mestizos. El genotipo AA-22018 no se halló en indígenas. Ningún grupo presentó el genotipo TT-13910. Las frecuencias genotípicas fueron estadísticamente diferentes entre los grupos estudiados y las de los genotipos CC-13910 y GG-22018 no concordaron con las frecuencias fenotípicas reportadas en otros estudios. Los resultados sugieren que la posibilidad diagnóstica de hipolactasia mediante genotipificación de estos polimorfismos es escasa en el Caribe Colombiano.(AU)

The prevalence of adult-type hypolactasia is influenced by ethnicity and geography. The CC and GG genotypes of the SNPs C/T-13910 and G/A-22018, respectively indicate hypolactasia in certain ethnic groups worldwide. The aim of this study was to analyse these SNPs in samples of the three ethnic groups that inhabit the Colombian Caribbean. Three hundred and sixty-one subjects were genotyped using PCR/RFLP. These subjects were grouped as being of African descent, Indigenous and Mestizo. The genetic analysis was performed through Arlequin 3.11 and genotype frequencies were compared with Statgraphics Centurion XVI. Only SNP C/T-13910 showed Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium and there was no linkage disequilibrium between the SNPs. The frequency of CC-13910 was 90% in Afro-descendant, 95% in indigenous people and 80% in mestizos.The frequency of GG-22018 was 23% in indigenous people, but this genotype was not present in afro-descendants and Mestizos. The indigenous people did not have AA-22018, and none of the groups had TT-13910. The genotype frequencies were statistically different among the groups studied and the frequencies of CC-13910 and GG-22018 were not in concordance with the phenotype frequencies reported in other papers. The results suggest that diagnostic possibility of hypolactasia by genotyping of those polymorphisms in the Colombian Caribbean population is scarce.(AU)

A prevalÛncia da hipolactasia primária tipo adulto é influenciada pela etnicidade e a geografia. Os genótipos CC e GG, dos SNPs C/T-13910 e G/A-22018, respectivamente, sÒo determinantes da hipolactasia em alguns grupos étnicos e países do mundo. O objetivo do presente estudo foi analisar estes SNPs em amostras dos trÛs grupos étnicos do Caribe Colombiano. Trezentas e sessenta e uma pessoas reunidas como afrodescendentes, indígenas e mestiþos foram genotipificadas utilizando PCR/RFLP. A análise genética foi realizada usando o software Arlequin 3.11 e as frequÛncias genotípicas foram comparadas com o Statgraphics Centurion XVI. Somente o SNP C/T-13910 mostrou equilíbrio de Hardy-Weinberg e nÒo houve desequilíbrio de ligamento entre os SNPs estudados. A frequÛncia do genótipo CC-13910 foi de 90% para afrodescendentes, 95% para indígenas e 80% em mestiþos. Nos indígenas a frequÛncia de GG-22018 foi de 23% mas tal genótipo nÒo esteve presente na populaþÒo de afrodescendentes e mestiþos. O genótipo AA-22018 nÒo foi encontrado em indígenas. Nenhum grupo apresentou o genótipo TT-13910. As frequÛncias genotípicas foram estatisticamente diferentes entre os grupos avaliados e as dos genótipos CC-13910 e GG-22018, nÒo concordaram com as frequÛncias fenotípicas relatados em outros estudos. Os resultados sugerem que a possibilidade diagnóstica de hipolactasia através de genotipificaþÒo destes polimorfismos é escassa em populaþ§es do Caribe Colombiano.(AU)

Prevalencia de hipolactasia en escolares de la Región Metropolitana / Prevalence of hypolactasia in chilean schoolchildren from Santiago city

adult primary hypolactasia results from the genetically programmed decrease of intestinal lactase after weaning. It is estimated that about 75% of the adult population in the world is hypolactasic. Aim: To determine the prevalence of hypolactasia in school children in the Metropolitan Area and its relation to the consumption of dairy products and calcium. Subjects and methods: A cross-sectional study was performed in 326 schoolchildren aged 7 to 18 years belonging to 6 educational establishments from different socioeconomic levels in Santiago. A lactose hydrogen breath test was performed in each subject and gastrointestinal symptoms were registered during the test. A survey of dairy product consumption was carried out to determine calcium intake. Results: Hypolactasia was detected in 42.3% of the subjects and those had a higher prevalence of gastrointestinal symptoms compared to the lactase-persistent subjects (81.9% vs. 70.2%, P = 0.019). In addition, digestive symptoms were also more severe in the hipolactasic children (p <0.00000). Calcium intake from dairy sources was 492.5 ± 22.5 mg/d, with no differences according to the hipolactasic/lactase-persistent status of the subjects or their socioeconomic stratum. This intake covers only 37.9 ± 1.7% of the recommended intakes of calcium. Conclusions: a high percentage of hypolactasia and low dietary intake of calcium from dairy origin was detected in the school population evaluated. These data are important to develop new strategies to increase the consumption of calcium-containing foodstuffs and improve bone health in the population.

La hipolactasia primaria del adulto resulta de la disminución genéticamente programada de la lactasa intestinal después del destete. Se estima que alrededor del 75% de la población adulta en el mundo presentaría es hipolactásica. Objetivo: Determinar la prevalencia de hipolactasia en escolares de la Región Metropolitana y su relación con el consumo de productos lácteos y de calcio. Sujetos y métodos: Se realizó un estudio transversal en una muestra de 326 escolares de 7 a 18 años pertenecientes a 6 establecimientos educacionales de distintos niveles socioeconómicos en Santiago. A cada sujeto se les realizó una prueba de hidrógeno en aire espirado (HBT) con lactosa y se registró la aparición de sintomatología digestiva durante la prueba. También se realizó una encuesta de tendencia de consumo de productos lácteos para determinar la ingesta de calcio. Resultados: 42.3% de los escolares eran hipolactásicos y presentaron una mayor prevalencia de sintomatología digestiva comparado con aquellos sujetos lactasa-persistente(81.9% vs. 70.2%; p=0.019); dicha sintomatología, además, fué más intensa en los hipolactásicos(p<0.00). La ingesta de calcio de origen lácteo fue de 492.5±22.5 mg/día, sin diferencias según el estado hipolactásico/lactasa-persistente o el nivel socioeconómico de los sujetos. Dicha ingesta cubre sólo el 37.9±1.7% de los aportes recomendados de calcio. Conclusiones: la población de escolares estudiada se caracteriza por tener un porcentaje de hipolactasia alta y aportes dietarios de calcio de origen lácteo bajos. Estos datos son de importancia para desarrollar programas destinados a aumentar el consumo de calcio para mejorar la salud ósea de la población.

Lactose intolerance: diagnosis, genetic, and clinical factors.

Most people are born with the ability to digest lactose, the major carbohydrate in milk and the main source of nutrition until weaning. Approximately 75% of the world's population loses this ability at some point, while others can digest lactose into adulthood. This review discusses the lactase-persistence alleles that have arisen in different populations around the world, diagnosis of lactose intolerance, and its symptomatology and management.

Lactosa, lactasa y el problema de la intolerancia. Primera parte: Importancia nutricional de la lactosa / Lactose, lactase and the problem of intolerance. Part One: Importance

La intolerancia a la lactosa es un trastorno no inmunológico de frecuente atención por alergistas. La lactosa es un disacárido constituido por glucosa y galactosa y sintetizado exclusivamente en la glándula mamaria con participación de la enzima lactosa sintetasa. Este disacárido no usual, que sirve como principal combustible para el lactante, tiene como ventajas su osmolaridad y la presencia de la unión (β1 4) entre glucosa y galactosa. Su absorción requiere de la actividad de una β-galactosidasa específica, la lactasa. La lactosa ingerida, que excede la capacidad de la lactasa para hidrolizarla,permanece en la luz intestinal provocando acumulación de agua y electrolitos. La lactosa no absorbida es fermentada por la microbiota colónica con producción de ácidos grasos de cadena corta y gases. La ingestión de este disacárido favorece el desarrollo de una flora acidófila capaz de sintetizar vitaminas e inhibir el desarrollo de gérmenes patógenos; además, estimula la absorción del calcio y otros cationes. La actividad de la lactasa intestinal es máxima en el período neonatal, disminuye al destete y llega a niveles bajos en el adulto. La caída en la actividad comienza entre los 2 y 3 años y se completa alrededor de los 5 ó 6 con diferencias étnicas. En los individuos sanos, en los que no disminuye, la lactasa permanece elevada durante toda la vida. Para explicar la distribución regional y étnica de la variabilidaden la actividad de la lactasa en los adultos de la especie humana, se sugirieron diferentes hipótesis de adaptación y genética.

Lactose intolerance is a non immunological disorder of frequent attention by allergologists. The lactose is a disaccharide of glucose and galactose synthesized exclusively in the mammary gland with participation of the enzyme lactose sinthetase. This non usual disaccharide, which serves like fuel for the suckling baby, has like advantages its osmolarity and its union (β1 4) between glucose and galactose. Its absorption requires of the specific activity of one β-galactosidase, lactase. The ingested lactose, that exceeds the capacity of lactase hydrolysis, remains in the intestinal light causing accumulation of water and electrolytes. The non absorbed lactose is fermented by colonic microbiota with production of short chain fatty acids and gases. The lactose is the main energy source during the first year of life. The lactose ingestion favors the development of acidophil flora able to synthesize vitamins and to inhibit the development of pathogenic germs; it stimulates the absorption of calcium and other cations. The activity of intestinal lactase is maximal in the neonatal period, diminishes to the weaning and arrives at low levels in the adult. The fall in the activity begins between the 2 and 3 years of life and it is completed around 5 or 6, with ethnic differences. In the healthy individuals, in who does not diminish, lactase remains high during along life. In order to explain the regional and ethnic distribution of the variability in the activity of lactase in adults of the human species, different hypotheses from adaptation and genetics were suggested.

Lactosa, lactasa y el problema de la intolerancia. Primera parte: Importancia nutricional de la lactosa / Lactose, lactase and the problem of intolerance. Part One: Importance

La intolerancia a la lactosa es un trastorno no inmunológico de frecuente atención por alergistas. La lactosa es un disacárido constituido por glucosa y galactosa y sintetizado exclusivamente en la glándula mamaria con participación de la enzima lactosa sintetasa. Este disacárido no usual, que sirve como principal combustible para el lactante, tiene como ventajas su osmolaridad y la presencia de la unión (β1 4) entre glucosa y galactosa. Su absorción requiere de la actividad de una β-galactosidasa específica, la lactasa. La lactosa ingerida, que excede la capacidad de la lactasa para hidrolizarla,permanece en la luz intestinal provocando acumulación de agua y electrolitos. La lactosa no absorbida es fermentada por la microbiota colónica con producción de ácidos grasos de cadena corta y gases. La ingestión de este disacárido favorece el desarrollo de una flora acidófila capaz de sintetizar vitaminas e inhibir el desarrollo de gérmenes patógenos; además, estimula la absorción del calcio y otros cationes. La actividad de la lactasa intestinal es máxima en el período neonatal, disminuye al destete y llega a niveles bajos en el adulto. La caída en la actividad comienza entre los 2 y 3 años y se completa alrededor de los 5 ó 6 con diferencias étnicas. En los individuos sanos, en los que no disminuye, la lactasa permanece elevada durante toda la vida. Para explicar la distribución regional y étnica de la variabilidaden la actividad de la lactasa en los adultos de la especie humana, se sugirieron diferentes hipótesis de adaptación y genética. (AU)

Lactose intolerance is a non immunological disorder of frequent attention by allergologists. The lactose is a disaccharide of glucose and galactose synthesized exclusively in the mammary gland with participation of the enzyme lactose sinthetase. This non usual disaccharide, which serves like fuel for the suckling baby, has like advantages its osmolarity and its union (β1 4) between glucose and galactose. Its absorption requires of the specific activity of one β-galactosidase, lactase. The ingested lactose, that exceeds the capacity of lactase hydrolysis, remains in the intestinal light causing accumulation of water and electrolytes. The non absorbed lactose is fermented by colonic microbiota with production of short chain fatty acids and gases. The lactose is the main energy source during the first year of life. The lactose ingestion favors the development of acidophil flora able to synthesize vitamins and to inhibit the development of pathogenic germs; it stimulates the absorption of calcium and other cations. The activity of intestinal lactase is maximal in the neonatal period, diminishes to the weaning and arrives at low levels in the adult. The fall in the activity begins between the 2 and 3 years of life and it is completed around 5 or 6, with ethnic differences. In the healthy individuals, in who does not diminish, lactase remains high during along life. In order to explain the regional and ethnic distribution of the variability in the activity of lactase in adults of the human species, different hypotheses from adaptation and genetics were suggested. (AU)