[Changes in anemia status in Mexican children: a longitudinal study]. / Cambios en el estado de la anemia en una población infantil mexicana: un estudio longitudinal.

Introduction: Objectives: to evaluate longitudinal change in anemia and its association with indigenous status, socioeconomic status (SES), and food insecurity (FI) in Mexican children. Methods: a longitudinal study in 1164 children under 18 months of age in rural communities. Hemoglobin concentration was measured in 2008 and 2012, and changes in anemia status were determined. Indigenous status, SES and FI were obtained in 2008, and their associations with four categories of change in anemia status were assessed through multinomial logistic regression models including adjustment covariates. Results: in 2008, 40.5 % of children had anemia, and 85.2 % of these did not have anemia in 2012, whereas 9.9 % of those who did not have anemia in 2008 had developed it in 2012. The distributions of the categories of change in anemia status were not associated with FI, while statistically significant differences were detected according to indigenism and NSE. Conclusions: the high prevalence of anemia that affects the child population justifies the implementation of interventions based on evidence, of proven effectiveness to combat it.

Introducción: Objetivo: evaluar el cambio longitudinal de la anemia y su asociación con el indigenismo, el nivel socioeconómico (NSE) y la inseguridad alimentaria (IA) en una población infantil mexicana beneficiaria de dos programas sociales. Métodos: estudio longitudinal de 1164 niños menores de 18 meses de localidades rurales, residentes en tres estados de México. Se midió la concentración de hemoglobina en 2008 y 2012, y se determinó el cambio intrasujeto en la condición de anemia. Indigenismo, NSE e IA se obtuvieron en 2008. Su asociación con cuatro categorías de cambio de la anemia se evaluó mediante modelos de regresión logística multinomial ajustados por covariables. Resultados: en 2008, el 40,5 % de los niños padecían anemia. Para 2012, un 85,2 % de ellos ya no la tenían y el 9,8 % de los que no la habían tenido la presentaban. Las distribuciones de las categorías de cambio de estado de la anemia no se asociaron con la IA, mientras que sí se detectaron diferencias estadísticamente significativas en relación con el indigenismo y el NSE. Conclusiones: la alta prevalencia de la anemia que aqueja a la población infantil justifica la implementación de intervenciones basadas en la evidencia y de probada efectividad para su combate.

Risky migrations: Race, Latin eugenics, and Cold War development in the International Labor Organization's Puno-Tambopata project in Peru, 1930-60.

Histories of economic development during the Cold War do not typically consider connections to race science and eugenics. By contrast, this article historicizes the debates sparked by the International Labor Organization's Puno-Tambopata project in Peru and demonstrates how Cold War development practice shared common epistemological terrain with racial and eugenic thought from the Andes. The International Labor Organization project's goal of resettling indigenous groups from the Peruvian highlands to lower-lying tropical climates sparked heated debates about the biological specificity of Andean highlanders' physiques and ability to survive in the tropics. Such concerns betrayed the antitypological consensus expressed in the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) Race Statements and defended by one of the main proponents of the resettlement project, the Swiss-American anthropologist Alfred Métraux. The concern with Andean racial types was central to the research agenda of the acclaimed Peruvian physiologist Carlos Monge, who endorsed modernization projects that did not entail moving highlanders outside of their traditional climate. The debates sparked by the Puno-Tambopata project demonstrate how Cold War development discourse grappled with racial and eugenic thought from Latin America and the Global South and thereby produced projects of indigenous "improvement."

Indigenous populations in Mexico: medical anthropology in the work of Ruben Lisker in the 1960s.

Ruben Lisker's research on the genetic hematological traits of Mexican indigenous populations illustrates the intersection of international health policies and the local modernizing nationalism of the Mexican post-revolution period. Lisker's surveys of blood group types, and of G6PD (glucose-6-phosphodehydrogenase) and hemoglobin variants in indigenous populations, incorporated linguistic criteria in the sampling methods, and historical and cultural anthropological accounts in the interpretation of results. In doing so, Lisker heavily relied on the discourse and the infrastructure created by the indigenista program and its institutions. Simultaneously, Lisker's research was thoroughly supported by international and bilateral agencies and programs, including the malaria eradication campaign of the 1950s and 1960s. As a member of the scientific elite he was able to make original contributions to the postwar field of human population genetics. His systematic research illustrates the complex entanglement of local and international contexts that explains the co-construction of global knowledge on human variation after WWII.(1.)

PELAS FRONTEIRAS E TRINCHEIRAS DO INDIGENISMO E DO SANITARISMO A ATENCAO AS DST EM COMUNIDADES INDIGENAS NO CONTEXTO DAS POLITICAS E PRATICAS INDIGENISTAS E DE SAUDE, NA PRE-AMAZONIA

OBJETIVOS: TRAZER SUBSIDIOS PARA DISCUTIR AS POLITICAS E PRATICAS DE SAUDE E DE ATENCAO AS DST, VOLTADAS AS COMUNIDADES INDIGENAS, DAS INSTITUICOES ATUANTES NO MARANHAO; DISCUTIR AS INICIATIVAS DE ORGANIZACAO DO MOVIMENTO INDIGENA PELA SAUDE DA TI ARARIBOIA, FRENTE AOS CASOS DE AIDS E A ENDEMIA DAS DSRT, NO CONTEXTO DAS POLITICAS E PRATICAS INDIGENISTAS E DE SAUDE ADOTADAS NA REGIAO. METODOLOGIA: BUSCAMOS ORIENTAR TANTO A COLETA DE DADOS, QUANTO SUA ANALISE E DISCUSSAO, A PARTIR DE UMA ABORDAGEM INTERDISCIPLINAR, NUMA TENTATIVA DE ARTICULAR, ENTRE SI, DIVERSOS ASPECTOS DO UNIVERSO E DOS PROBLEMAS EM FOCO. RESULTADOS: NA PRE-AMAZONIA, COMO NA AMAZONIA EM GERAL, SALVO EXCECOES, NEM OS GOVERNOS DE MUNICIPIOS DE POPULACAO PREDOMINANTEMENTE RURAL DISPOEM DE PLANOS ESPECIFICOS DE ACOES VOLTADOS A SAUDE DE COMUNIDADES RURAIS E/OU INDIGENAS E, PORTANTO, EM QUE PESEM SEUS VICIOS FUNCIONAIS, AS PRESSOES PARA A DESCENTRALIZACAO DE SUAS FUNCOES E O SUCATEAMENTO DO ORGAO, A FUNASA E, ATUALMENTE, A MAIS IMPORTANTE INSTITUICAO DE SAUDE NESTE CONTEXTO