Avaliação de risco e plasticidade comportamental limitada em girinos de Rhinella ornata (Anura, Bufonidae) / Assessment risk and limited behavioral plasticity in tadpoles of Rhinella ornata (Anura, Bufonidae)

Anuran tadpoles are important elements of trophic networks in aquatic environments, being food resource for many types of predators. Thus, the tadpoles exhibit a great variety of defense mechanisms that may be morphological, behavioral and/or physiological. The unpalatability, produced by the accumulation of toxic substances in the skin, is a common mechanism in many frog lineages. However, some predators are not affected by these toxic substances, which may favor the development of alternative mechanisms of defense against predation. In this context, our objective was evaluate if the unpalatable tadpoles of Rhinella ornata (Spix, 1824) may present behavioral mechanisms of defense against predation in the presence of predators that are not affected by toxic substances on its skin. To test our hypothesis, we used two kinds of predators: an aquatic Heteroptera of the genus Belostoma and a dragonfly larva of the genus Aeshna. The tadpoles were located in aquariums with visual and chemical clues of predators (direct risk experiment), only chemical clues (indirect risk experiment) and by the complete absence of predator signals (control). In both cases, the swimming behavior was observed for 5 minutes. During the experiments there was no alteration in swimming behavior of tadpoles.(AU)

Os girinos de anuros são elementos importantes das redes tróficas de ambientes aquáticos, sendo recurso alimentar de diversos tipos de predadores. Desta maneira, os girinos apresentam uma grande variedade de mecanismos de defesa que podem ser morfológicos, comportamentais e/ ou fisiológicos. A impalatabilidade, produzida pelo acúmulo de substâncias tóxicas na pele, é um mecanismo comum em muitas linhagens de anfíbios. No entanto, alguns predadores não são afetados por estas substâncias tóxicas, o que pode favorecer o desenvolvimento de mecanismos alternativos de defesa contra predação. Neste contexto, nosso objetivo foi avaliar se girinos impalatáveis de Rhinella ornata (Spix, 1824), podem apresentar mecanismos comportamentais de defesa contra predação na presença de predadores que não são afetados pelas substâncias tóxicas em sua pele. Para testar nossa hipótese, utilizamos dois tipos de predadores aquáticos: um heteróptero aquático do gênero Belostoma e uma larva de libélula do gênero Aeshna. Os girinos foram colocados em aquários com pistas visuais e químicas dos predadores (experimento de risco direto), somente pistas químicas (experimento de risco indireto) e ausência completa de sinais de predadores (controle). Em ambos os casos, o comportamento de natação foi observado durante 5 minutos. Durante os experimentos não houve alteração no comportamento de natação dos girinos.(AU)

Avaliação de risco e plasticidade comportamental limitada em girinos de Rhinella ornata (Anura, Bufonidae) / Assessment risk and limited behavioral plasticity in tadpoles of Rhinella ornata (Anura, Bufonidae)

Anuran tadpoles are important elements of trophic networks in aquatic environments, being food resource for many types of predators. Thus, the tadpoles exhibit a great variety of defense mechanisms that may be morphological, behavioral and/or physiological. The unpalatability, produced by the accumulation of toxic substances in the skin, is a common mechanism in many frog lineages. However, some predators are not affected by these toxic substances, which may favor the development of alternative mechanisms of defense against predation. In this context, our objective was evaluate if the unpalatable tadpoles of Rhinella ornata (Spix, 1824) may present behavioral mechanisms of defense against predation in the presence of predators that are not affected by toxic substances on its skin. To test our hypothesis, we used two kinds of predators: an aquatic Heteroptera of the genus Belostoma and a dragonfly larva of the genus Aeshna. The tadpoles were located in aquariums with visual and chemical clues of predators (direct risk experiment), only chemical clues (indirect risk experiment) and by the complete absence of predator signals (control). In both cases, the swimming behavior was observed for 5 minutes. During the experiments there was no alteration in swimming behavior of tadpoles.

Os girinos de anuros são elementos importantes das redes tróficas de ambientes aquáticos, sendo recurso alimentar de diversos tipos de predadores. Desta maneira, os girinos apresentam uma grande variedade de mecanismos de defesa que podem ser morfológicos, comportamentais e/ ou fisiológicos. A impalatabilidade, produzida pelo acúmulo de substâncias tóxicas na pele, é um mecanismo comum em muitas linhagens de anfíbios. No entanto, alguns predadores não são afetados por estas substâncias tóxicas, o que pode favorecer o desenvolvimento de mecanismos alternativos de defesa contra predação. Neste contexto, nosso objetivo foi avaliar se girinos impalatáveis de Rhinella ornata (Spix, 1824), podem apresentar mecanismos comportamentais de defesa contra predação na presença de predadores que não são afetados pelas substâncias tóxicas em sua pele. Para testar nossa hipótese, utilizamos dois tipos de predadores aquáticos: um heteróptero aquático do gênero Belostoma e uma larva de libélula do gênero Aeshna. Os girinos foram colocados em aquários com pistas visuais e químicas dos predadores (experimento de risco direto), somente pistas químicas (experimento de risco indireto) e ausência completa de sinais de predadores (controle). Em ambos os casos, o comportamento de natação foi observado durante 5 minutos. Durante os experimentos não houve alteração no comportamento de natação dos girinos.

Impact of predation on early stages of the armoured catfish Hoplosternum thoracatum (Siluriformes-Callichthyidae) and implications for the syntopic occurrence with other related catfishes in a neotropical multi-predator swamp.

This study investigated the role of predators in preventing competitive exclusion among three closely related armoured catfishes (Callichthys callichthys, Hoplosternum littorale and H. thoracatum) that occur synthopically in multi-predator freshwater swamps of Suriname, South America. The potential impact of predation on armoured catfish was determined by combining laboratory measurements of predation rates on five early developmental stages of the armoured catfish H. thoracatum for 24 aquatic predators with field studies of the density of the predators in the swamps. The contribution of a particular predator to the total predation pressure on its prey was determined to a large extent by the density of the predator in the swamp. Seemingly innocuous predators with low or moderate predation rates in the laboratory may be extremely important in the swamps due to their high abundance. Small-sized omnivorous fishes and aquatic invertebrates were major predators of early developmental stages of armoured catfish. Both qualitative and quantitative ontogenetic changes in the predation pressure on armoured catfish were observed. Major predation on eggs, larvae and juveniles of H. thoracatum resulted from a different set of predators in each developmental stage of the prey. In all developmental stages of H. thoracatum the predation pressure involved several predator species and not a single, dominant predator. The potential predation pressure of the 24 predators taken together and the number of predators that were able to prey on H. thoracatum decreased sharply with increasing age (size) of the prey. Even if egg (nest) predation is prevented by the guarding male, the potential impact of the 24 predators on the populations of armoured catfish is large. Predation may account for the high mortality of H. thoracatum observed in the swamps. The high predation pressure on callichthyid catfishes may help to explain the coexistence of three closely related and morphologically quite similar armoured catfishes in Surinamese swamps.