Plyometric Training Practices of Brazilian Olympic Sprint and Jump Coaches: Toward a Deeper Understanding of Their Choices and Insights.

Plyometric training is extensively used by coaches to enhance neuromuscular performance in a wide variety of sports. Due to the high demands of sprint speed and power output in elite sprinters and jumpers, sprint and jump coaches are likely to have great knowledge on this topic. Undoubtedly, this expertise is even more pronounced for Olympic coaches, who work with some of the fastest and most powerful athletes in the world, and who are required to continually maintain these athletes at optimal performance levels. Describing and discussing the practices commonly adopted by these coaches in detail and extrapolating this experience to other sport coaching contexts and disciplines may be extremely relevant. The current article presents, explores, and illustrates the plyometric training practices of Brazilian Olympic sprint and jump coaches, with a special focus on training programming and exercise selection.

Bilateral deficit in the countermovement jump and its associations with judo-specific performance.

This study aimed to describe the bilateral deficit (BLD) during the countermovement jump (CMJ) in judo athletes and determine the relationship between the BLD and judo-specific performance. Fourteen male judo athletes participated. Athletes performed three specific judo tests, Maximal Sprint Speed Judo Test, Maximal Aerobic Speed Judo Test and Special Judo Fitness Test (SJFT), and double- and single-leg CMJ. The following CMJ variables were used: jump height (JH), mean (MPO) and peak (PPO) power output, peak force (PF), peak velocity (PV) and impulse (IMP). The Pearson's or Spearman's test were used (p < 0.05). The results show that the BLD is found in all CMJ parameters (20 to 31%). Negative correlations between first set of SJFTTT (total throws) and BLD in PF (r = -0.60; p= 0.022) and between the second set of SJFTTT and BLD in MPO (r= -0.74;p = 0.002), PV (r =-0.59;p = 0.025) and IMP (r =-0.55; p = 0.040) were found. Also, negative correlations between SJFTTT and the BLD in all CMJ parameters (r= -0.53 to -0.85; p < 0.05) were found. Higher values of BLD are related to poor SJFTTT performance.

Foot tracking can be an alternative to determine foot strike and take-off during vertical jumps.

Determining foot strike and take-off during vertical jumps is essential to calculate a range of performance measures, which normally requires the use of expensive equipment such as force platforms. This study evaluated whether tracking the foot centre of mass(CoM) and hallux could be suitable alternatives to determine foot strike and take-off during jumps. Thirteen recreational runners performed six unilateral jumps. Foot strike and take-off instants were observed using three algorithms from foot CoM, pelvis CoM and the hallux marker and results were compared with data determined by the force platform. Bland-Altman method and Cohen effect sizes were used to assess the differences between methods. For foot strike, the difference between the foot CoM and the force platform (12 ms, d < 0.01) was smaller than using the pelvis CoM (46 ms, d < 0.01) and similar to the hallux (16 ms, d < 0.01). For the take-off, the foot CoM produced the smallest difference (i.e., 4 ms, d < 0.01; pelvis = 22 ms, d < 0.01 and hallux = 18 ms, d < 0.01). The foot CoM seems to yield the closest agreement with the force platform when determining foot strike and take-off during vertical jumps. However, the hallux marker can be used as an alternative to the foot CoM once corrected for mean bias.

Cost of transport, but not gluteus medius and red blood cells monocarboxylate-transporters density differentiated Brazilian Sport Horses at two performance levels.

Cost of transport (COT) and monocarboxylate transporters (MCTs) could affect the ability to perform fast actions during a jumping discipline. This study aimed to compare the COT and evaluate the MCT1, MCT4, and their auxiliary protein CD147 content in the gluteus medius and RBCs of Brazilian sport horses (BH), a breed developed for jumping competitions, with low-level (LL) or intermediate-level (IL) jumping capacities. The physiological difference between the horses was assessed by an incremental jump test (IJT), in which the cost of lactate (COTLAC) and heart rate (COTHR) of running were determined for each animal by the ratio between each variable and the running speed. Western blotting was performed on muscle and RBC membranes to quantify MCT1, MCT4, and CD147. IL showed lower COTLAC and COTHR than LL at all jumping heights. The amount of MCT1, MCT4, and CD147 found in muscle and RBCs were not dependent on performance level. Muscle MCT4 and MCT1 were correlated positively with CD147. We conclude that the relatively small differences between performances did not relevantly influence MCT expression in BH. While MCT analyses are inaccessible for most trainers and veterinarians, the cost of transport measurements is a feasible and sensitive tool to distinguish intermediate and low-level jumping horses.

On species group Chira G. W. Peckham & E. G. Peckham, 1896: taxonomy and distribution updates (Araneae: Salticidae: Freyina)

Salticidae is the largest family of spiders in terms of described species. Chira Peckham & Peckham, 1896 is a genus with a Neotropical distribution, with 13 described species, but only six have both sexes known. Among the described species, 10 occur in Brazil, including Chira simoni Galiano, 1961 that has only the male described. The main objective of this work is to redescribe Chira simoni, 1961 and describe the female for the first time. The species Chira distincta Bauab-Vianna, 1983 is synonymized with Chira spinosa (Mello-Leitão, 1939), syn. nov. and Chira reticulata (Mello-Leitão, 1943) is synonymized with Chira thysbe Simon, 1902, syn. nov. A discussion about the groups of Chira species is presented, as well as new diagnoses and an update on the distribution of the genus Chira in the Neotropical region.

Effects of a Self-Regulated Training Program on the Repeated Power in Female College Handball Players: An Intervention Study.

Several resistance training programs using conventional methodologies have been implemented with the purpose of improving the ability to perform power actions in handball, especially during the competitive season. In contrast, methodologies based on a contemporary perspective, which considers the human being as a self-regulating biological entity, and designed specifically for female college players, are scarce. The aim of this research was to investigate the effects of an eight-week resistance training program, in which the athletes were able to control the loads according to their self-perceived effort and rest on their repeated shuttle sprint and jump ability. The sample was composed of 16 female players of a handball team from the faculty of physics and mathematics sciences of a Chilean university. The RSSJA test was used to evaluate players' conditions pre- and post-training program, and the self-perceived effort scale called OMNI-RES was used for the prediction and control of loads. Results indicated that, after the application of an eight-week resistance training program, significant improvements p ≤ 0.05 on the jump height (pre: 1836.4 W; average post: 2088.9 W) and running speed (average pre: 3.2 m/s; average post: 4.0 m/s) were obtained, as well as a significant reduction in the loss of power and speed between each set of the applied test.

Two new species of Kalcerrytus Galiano, 2000 (Araneae: Salticidae) from Tambopata River, Madre de Dios, Peru

Jumping spiders of the genus Kalcerrytus inhabit the moist tropical forests of the Neotropical region. This genus includes 18 species, only both sexes are known for half of these and of K. leucodon only the female is known; the vast majority of species are registered for Brazil and there are records from Bolivia, Ecuador and French Guiana. Males are characterized by having a robust palp and more scleroti-zed than in other genera of the Freyina subtribe; females are distinguished by their broad epigynum with large funnel-shaped copulation openings and oblique edges. Two new species are herein described, and they represent the first record of the genus in Peru. Kalcerrytus mapinguari sp. nov. and Kalcerrytus yacuruna sp. nov. were collected in the Tambopata River region, which is characterized by its highly biodiverse tropical lowland evergreen forests. Illustrations of both male and female genitalia are provided as well as maps recording their distribution.

Las arañas saltarinas del género Kalcerrytus habitan en los bosques tropicales húmedos de la región neotropical. Este género incluye 18 especies, solo se conocen ambos sexos para la mitad de estas y de K. leucodon solo se conoce la hembra; la gran mayoría de las especies están registradas para Brasil y existen registros de Bolivia, Ecuador y Guyana Francesa. Los machos se caracterizan por tener un palpo robusto y más esclerotizado que en otros géneros de la subtribu Freyina; las hembras se distinguen por su ancho epigino con grandes aberturas de copulación en forma de embudo y bordes oblicuos. Aquí se describen dos nuevas especies que representan el primer registro del género en Perú. Especímenes pertenecientes a Kalcerrytus mapinguari sp. nov. y Kalcerrytus yacuruna sp. nov. fueron recolectados en la región del río Tambopata, que se caracteriza por la alta biodiversidad que exhiben sus bosques amazónicos bajos. Aquí se proporcionan ilustraciones de la genitalia del macho y de la hembra, así como mapas que registran su distribución.

Chronic Effects of Heavy Load Activity Performed Before Resistance Training Sessions on the Physical Performance of Youth Soccer Players.

The adoption of resistance training (RT) programs has been shown to positively influence sports performance-related parameters. However, the chronic effects of maximal strength protocols on the performance of soccer players are not completely investigated. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of performing two repetition maximum (2RM) before a resistance training session on the physical performance of youth soccer players. Seventeen players (under-20 category) were allocated in one of the following groups: 2RM + resistance training group (2RM + RT, n = 8) and resistance training group (RTG, n = 9). Both groups performed the same RT protocol during experimental weeks. However, the 2RM + RT performed 1 set of 2RM for 4 exercises, previously to RT protocol. Pre and post intervention period, one repetition maximum of the back squat exercise (1RMSQUAT), sprint time (15m-sprint test), countermovement jump (CMJ), repeated sprint ability (RSABEST and RSAMEAN), and yo-yo intermittent recovery test level-2 (YYIRT2) were assessed. Total load lifted (TLL) during the experimental weeks was also collected. Significant increases in 1RMSQUAT (2RM + RT: +45.1%, d = 4.40; RTG: +32.3%, d = 1.84), 15m sprint (2RM + RT: -9.0%, d = 7.9; RTG: -8.8%%, d = 3.2), CMJ (2RM + RT: +2.3%, d = 0.17; RTG: +0.8%, d = 0.07), RSABEST (2RM + RT: -2.4%, d = 0.6; RTG: -2.3%, d = 1.04), RSAMEAN (2RM + RT: -2.9%, d = 1.33; RTG: -3.4%, d = 1.78), YYIRT2 (2RM + RT: +12.0%, d = 0.82; RTG: +12.1%, d = 0.63) (all p < 0,05) were observed for both groups on pre to post-intervention periods, with no significant difference between groups. Therefore, the 2RM + RT protocol did not promote additional increase on performance of young soccer players.

Revision of the genus Corythalia C.L. Koch, 1850, part 1: Diagnosis and new species from South America (Araneae: Salticidae: Salticinae: Euophryini).

We propose a revision of the spider genus Corythalia C.L. Koch, 1850 (Salticidae: Euophryini) with a revised genus diagnosis based on examination of all species available to us. In this paper we redescribe all previously described species from South America with revised species diagnoses and describe 20 new species from South America (and the nearby islands). For C. latipes, the type species of the genus Corythalia, a neotype is designated. In total, 52 nominal species of the genus are herein treated, 46 species are recognized as valid. The females of C. waleckii Taczanowski, 1871, C. luctuosa Caporiacco, 1954 and C. latipes (C.L. Koch, 1846) are described for the first time. Corythalia sellata Simon, 1901, erroneously considered as nomen nudum in the present version of the World Spider Catalog, is here recognised as a valid species. Corythalia fulgipedia Crane, 1948 is also considered a valid species and is removed from the synonymy of C. tropica (Mello-Leitão, 1939). One name is considered a nomen dubium (Corythalia variegata Caporiacco, 1954), two are nomina nuda (C. major Simon, 1901; C. dimidiata Simon, 1901). Two species are transferred to other genera: C. argyrochrysos (Mello-Leitão, 1946) to Pachomius Peckham Peckham, 1896 as Pachomius argyrochrysos (Mello-Leitão, 1946), comb. nov. and C. heliophanina (Taczanowski, 1871) to Neonella Gertsch, 1936, as Neonella heliophanina (Taczanowski, 1871), comb. nov. under incertae sedis. One species is synonymised: C. barbipes (Mello-Leitão, 1939) is a junior synonym of C. cincta (Badcock, 1932), syn. nov. The new Corythalia species are: C. conferta sp. nov. (♂♀, Brazil), C. concinna sp. nov. (♀, Brazil), C. drepane sp. nov. (♂♀, Brazil), C. drepanopsis sp. nov. (♀, Brazil), C. antepagmenti sp. nov. (♂♀, Brazil), C. ricti Bayer, sp. nov. (♂, Guyana), C. protensa sp. nov. (♂, Brazil), C. gasnieri sp. nov. (♂, Brazil), C. verhaaghi sp. nov. (♀, Brazil), C. scutellaris Bayer, sp. nov. (♂♀, Ecuador), C. dakryodes Bayer, sp. nov. (♀, Colombia), C. foelixi Bayer, sp. nov. (♂♀, French Guiana), C. longiducta sp. nov. (♀, Brazil), C. latior sp. nov. (♂, Bolivia), C. trochophora Bayer, sp. nov. (♂, Ecuador), C. lineata Bayer, sp. nov. (♂, Guyana), C. hamulifera Bayer, sp. nov. (♂, Ecuador), C. tribulosa sp. nov. (♂, Colombia), C. flagrans sp. nov. (♂, Brazil) and C. fragilis sp. nov. (♂♀, Brazil). Illustrations are provided for all of the new species and for all (primary) type specimens of the species re-described. Hypotheses of possible relationships among the different species of Corythalia are discussed.

Ultrasound and clinical findings in the metacarpophalangeal joint assessment of show jumping horses in training.

BACKGROUND: Physical exercise is known to cause significant joint changes. Thus, monitoring joint behavior of athletic horses is essential in early disorders recognition, allowing the proper management. OBJECTIVES: The aims of this study were to determine the morphological patterns, physical examination characteristics and ultrasound findings of show jumping horses in training and to establish a score-based examination model for physical and ultrasound follow-ups of metacarpophalangeal joint changes in these animals. METHODS: A total of 52 metacarpophalangeal joints from 26 horses who were initially in the taming stage were evaluated, and the horses' athletic progression was monitored. The horses were evaluated by a physical examination and by B-mode and Doppler-mode ultrasound examinations, starting at time zero (T0), which occurred concomitantly with the beginning of training, and every 3 months thereafter for a follow-up period of 18 months. RESULTS: The standardized examination model revealed an increase in the maximum joint flexion angles and higher scores on the physical and ultrasound examinations after scoring was performed by predefined assessment tools, especially between 3 and 6 months of evaluation, which was immediately after the horses started more intense training. The lameness score and the ultrasound examination score were slightly higher at the end of the study. CONCLUSIONS: The observed results were probably caused by the implementation of a training regimen and joint adaptation to physical conditioning. The joints most likely undergo a pre-osteoarthritic period due to work overload, which can manifest in a consistent or adaptive manner, as observed during this study. Thus, continuous monitoring of young athlete horses by physical and ultrasound examinations that can be scored is essential.

New species of Peckhamia Simon, 1900 (Salticidae: Dendryphantini: Synagelina) from the Greater Antilles.

Four new species of Peckhamia Simon, 1900 (P. wesolowskae sp. nov. and P. surcaribensis sp. nov. from Cuba, P. espositoae sp. nov. from Jamaica and P. areito sp. nov. from the Dominican Republic) from the Greater Antilles are described. Additionally, Sarinda glabra Franganillo, 1930, Descanso montanus Bryant, 1943, D. formosus Bryant, 1943 and D. magnus Bryant, 1943 are transferred to Peckhamia and provide new combinations, P. glabra comb. nov., P. montana comb. nov., P. formosa comb. nov. and P. magna comb. nov.. Peckhamia glabra is stated as a nomen dubium. Diagnostic illustrations and a distribution map are provided for the new species.

Taxonomic revision of Marma Simon, 1902 (Araneae: Salticidae: Euophryini).

The Neotropical genus Marma Simon, 1902 is revised. With exception of the holotype of M. femella (Caporiacco, 1955), which was redescribed in previous work, all the other species of the genus were revised based on their types. The type species, M. baeri Simon, 1902, and M. nigritarsis (Simon, 1900) are redescribed based on newly collected specimens. The third and last species presently listed in the World Spider Catalog, M. femella, is confirmed as valid. Two species presently considered synonyms of M. nigritarsis are revalidated: M. rosea (Mello-Leitão, 1941) and M. argentina (Mello-Leitão, 1941). Two species are synonymized: Thysema dorae Mello-Leitão, 1944, syn. nov. with Ocnotelus argentinus Mello-Leitão, 1941 and Paralophostica centralis Soares Camargo, 1948, syn. nov. with Agelista rosea Mello-Leitão, 1941. Pseudoamphidraus variegatus Caporiacco, 1947 and M. trifidocarinata Caporiacco, 1947 are confirmed as synonyms of M. nigritarsis. Six new species from northern/northeastern Brazil are described: M. abaira sp. nov. (♀), M. linae sp. nov. (♂♀), M. pipa sp. nov. (♂♀), M. sinuosa sp. nov. (♂♀), M. spelunca sp. nov. (♂♀) and M. wesolowskae sp. nov. (♂♀). Also, the male of M. argentina is described for the first time. We give new diagnostic illustrations and updated distribution records for all the species of the genus.

Association between knee-to-hip flexion ratio during single-leg vertical landings, and strength and range of motion in professional soccer players.

The aim of this study was to test the correlation between knee-to-hip flexion ratio during a single leg landing task and hip and knee strength, and ankle range of motion. Twenty-four male participants from a professional soccer team performed a continuous single leg jump-landing test during 10s, while lower limb kinematics data were collected using a motion analysis system. After biomechanical testing, maximal isometric hip (abduction, extension, external rotation), knee extension and flexion strength were measured. Maximum ankle dorsiflexion range of motion was assessed statically using the weight bearing lunge test. Pearson correlation coefficients were calculated to determine the associations between the predictor variables (knee and hip strength, and ankle ROM) and the main outcome measure (knee-to-hip flexion ratio). Correlation between knee-to-hip flexion ratio and hip abductors strength was significant (r = -0.47; p = 0.019). No other significant correlations were observed among the variables (p > 0.05). These results demonstrated that a lower hip abductors strength in male soccer players was correlated with a high knee-to-hip flexion ratio during landing from a single leg jump, potentially increasing knee overload by decreasing energy absorption at the hip. The results provide a novel proposal for the functioning of hip muscles to control knee overload.

Seven new species of Amphidraus Simon, 1900 (Araneae: Salticidae: Euophryini).

Seven new species of Amphidraus Simon, 1900 are described from Brazil: A. araripe sp. nov. (♂♀), A. boomerang sp. nov. (♂), A. cornipalpis sp. nov. (♂♀), A. draconitupan sp. nov. (♂♀), A. manauara sp. nov. (♂♀), A. sacrificatus sp. nov. (♂) and A. shenlong sp. nov. (♂). Morphological variation in the male palp of A. draconicaudatus Salgado Ruiz, 2017 and A. caxiuanan Salgado Ruiz, 2017 is discovered and evaluated.

A revision of the concept of Mago O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1882, and proposal of a new genus (Araneae: Salticidae: Amycini).

In this paper we redescribe the type species of Mago O. Pickard-Cambridge, M. intentus O. Pickard-Cambridge, and describe Mago brimodes Ruiz Maddison sp. nov. from Ecuador. Based on both morphological features and the 16SND1 gene region, we concluded that the larger spiders traditionally identified as Mago, such as Mago acutidens Simon and related species, are not closely related to the small dark M. intentus (type species) and M. brimodes. Matinta Ruiz Maddison gen. nov. is therefore proposed to hold most species previously included in Mago. The following species are transferred from Mago to the new genus: Matinta acutidens (Simon, 1900) comb. nov. (type species), Matinta apophysis (Costa Ruiz, 2017) comb. nov., Matinta balbina (Patello Ruiz, 2014) comb. nov., Matinta chickeringi (Caporiacco, 1954) comb. nov., Matinta delicata (Patello Ruiz, 2014) comb. nov., Matinta fasciata (Mello-Leitão, 1940) comb. nov., Matinta fonsecai (Soares Camargo, 1948) comb. nov., Matinta furcata (Costa Ruiz, 2017) comb. nov., Matinta jurutiensis (Patello Ruiz, 2014) comb. nov., Matinta longidens (Simon, 1900) comb. nov., Matinta mimica (Costa Ruiz, 2017) comb. nov., Matinta opiparis (Simon, 1900) comb. nov., Matinta pardo (Costa Ruiz, 2017) comb. nov., Matinta procax (Simon, 1900) comb. nov., Matinta saperda (Simon, 1900) comb. nov., Matinta silvae (Crane, 1943) comb. nov., Matinta similis (Patello Ruiz, 2014) comb. nov., Matinta steindachneri (Taczanowski, 1878) comb. nov. and Matinta vicana (Simon, 1900) comb. nov. Mago dentichelis Crane, 1949 is transferred to Noegus Simon.

Serum amyloid A and muscle activity biomarkers in horses submitted to equestrian show jumping / Biomarcadores de amilóide sérica A e de atividade muscular em cavalos submetidos a salto equestre

The aim of this study was to evaluate the serum amyloid A (SAA) and biomarkers of muscle activity of horses submitted to show jumping activity. To do this, the variables SAA, glucose, lactate and the biomarkers creatine kinase (CK) and aspartate amino transferase (AST) were evaluated in 10 horses submitted to the show jumping exercise in a tournament for beginners. The evaluations occurred before exercise (T0), immediately after (T1), 30 minutes (T2), 60 minutes (T3) and 24 hours after the end (T4). Data were evaluated using analysis of variance for repeated measures. The statistical software SAEG 9.1 was used to verify the level of significance between the moments for P<0.05. Glucose presented a difference between the moments T0 (97.7±13.3mg/dL) and T1 (79.7±14.1mg/dL). Lactate presented elevation in T1 (15.3±6.1mmol/L) compared to the others T0 (3.8±0.8mmol/L), T2 (6.5±3.9mmol/L), T3 (5.3±2.2mmol/L) and T4 (5.1±1.6mmol/L). The CK showed a significant difference between T0 (82.8±51.2U/L) and T1 (140.1±58.5U/L) and between T4 (74.4±43.1U/L) with T1 (140.1±58.5U/L). The AST presented no difference between moments. The show jumping activity with one-meter obstacles did not induce changes in the SAA protein between the moments.(AU)

O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a amilóide sérica A (SAA) e biomarcadores de atividade muscular de equinos submetidos a atividade de salto, ou hipismo clássico. Para tanto, foram avaliadas as variáveis SAA, glicose, lactato e os biomarcadores creatina quinase (CK) e aspartatoaminotransferase (AST) em 10 equinos submetidos ao exercício de saltos em torneio para iniciantes. As avaliações ocorreram antes do exercício (T0), imediatamente após (T1), 30 minutos (T2), 60 minutos (T3) e 24 horas após o término (T4). Os dados foram avaliados utilizando análise de variância para medidas repetidas. O software estatístico SAEG 9.1 foi utilizado para verificar o nível de significância entre os momentos para P<0,05. A glicose diferenciou-se entre os momentos T0 (97.7±13.3mg/dL) e T1 (79.7±14.1mg/dL). O lactado apresentou elevação comparada com o momento T1(15.3±6.1mmol/L) e os demais T0 (3.8±0.8mmol/L), T2 (6.5±3.9mmol/L), T3 (5.3±2.2mmol/L) e T4 (5.1±1.6mmol/L). A CK mostrou diferença significativa entre T0 (82.8±51.2U/L) e T1 (140.1±58.5U/L) e entre T4 (74.4±43.1U/L) com T1 (140.1±58.5U/L). A AST não apresentou diferença entre os momentos. A atividade de hipismo clássico com obstáculos de um metro não induziu alterações na proteína SAA entre os momentos.(AU)

Serum amyloid A and muscle activity biomarkers in horses submitted to equestrian show jumping / Biomarcadores de amilóide sérica A e de atividade muscular em cavalos submetidos a salto equestre

The aim of this study was to evaluate the serum amyloid A (SAA) and biomarkers of muscle activity of horses submitted to show jumping activity. To do this, the variables SAA, glucose, lactate and the biomarkers creatine kinase (CK) and aspartate amino transferase (AST) were evaluated in 10 horses submitted to the show jumping exercise in a tournament for beginners. The evaluations occurred before exercise (T0), immediately after (T1), 30 minutes (T2), 60 minutes (T3) and 24 hours after the end (T4). Data were evaluated using analysis of variance for repeated measures. The statistical software SAEG 9.1 was used to verify the level of significance between the moments for P<0.05. Glucose presented a difference between the moments T0 (97.7±13.3mg/dL) and T1 (79.7±14.1mg/dL). Lactate presented elevation in T1 (15.3±6.1mmol/L) compared to the others T0 (3.8±0.8mmol/L), T2 (6.5±3.9mmol/L), T3 (5.3±2.2mmol/L) and T4 (5.1±1.6mmol/L). The CK showed a significant difference between T0 (82.8±51.2U/L) and T1 (140.1±58.5U/L) and between T4 (74.4±43.1U/L) with T1 (140.1±58.5U/L). The AST presented no difference between moments. The show jumping activity with one-meter obstacles did not induce changes in the SAA protein between the moments.(AU)

O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a amilóide sérica A (SAA) e biomarcadores de atividade muscular de equinos submetidos a atividade de salto, ou hipismo clássico. Para tanto, foram avaliadas as variáveis SAA, glicose, lactato e os biomarcadores creatina quinase (CK) e aspartatoaminotransferase (AST) em 10 equinos submetidos ao exercício de saltos em torneio para iniciantes. As avaliações ocorreram antes do exercício (T0), imediatamente após (T1), 30 minutos (T2), 60 minutos (T3) e 24 horas após o término (T4). Os dados foram avaliados utilizando análise de variância para medidas repetidas. O software estatístico SAEG 9.1 foi utilizado para verificar o nível de significância entre os momentos para P<0,05. A glicose diferenciou-se entre os momentos T0 (97.7±13.3mg/dL) e T1 (79.7±14.1mg/dL). O lactado apresentou elevação comparada com o momento T1(15.3±6.1mmol/L) e os demais T0 (3.8±0.8mmol/L), T2 (6.5±3.9mmol/L), T3 (5.3±2.2mmol/L) e T4 (5.1±1.6mmol/L). A CK mostrou diferença significativa entre T0 (82.8±51.2U/L) e T1 (140.1±58.5U/L) e entre T4 (74.4±43.1U/L) com T1 (140.1±58.5U/L). A AST não apresentou diferença entre os momentos. A atividade de hipismo clássico com obstáculos de um metro não induziu alterações na proteína SAA entre os momentos.(AU)

Serum amyloid A and muscle activity biomarkers in horses submitted to equestrian show jumping

ABSTRACT: The aim of this study was to evaluate the serum amyloid A (SAA) and biomarkers of muscle activity of horses submitted to show jumping activity. To do this, the variables SAA, glucose, lactate and the biomarkers creatine kinase (CK) and aspartate amino transferase (AST) were evaluated in 10 horses submitted to the show jumping exercise in a tournament for beginners. The evaluations occurred before exercise (T0), immediately after (T1), 30 minutes (T2), 60 minutes (T3) and 24 hours after the end (T4). Data were evaluated using analysis of variance for repeated measures. The statistical software SAEG 9.1 was used to verify the level of significance between the moments for P 0.05. Glucose presented a difference between the moments T0 (97.7±13.3mg/dL) and T1 (79.7±14.1mg/dL). Lactate presented elevation in T1 (15.3±6.1mmol/L) compared to the others T0 (3.8±0.8mmol/L), T2 (6.5±3.9mmol/L), T3 (5.3±2.2mmol/L) and T4 (5.1±1.6mmol/L). The CK showed a significant difference between T0 (82.8±51.2U/L) and T1 (140.1±58.5U/L) and between T4 (74.4±43.1U/L) with T1 (140.1±58.5U/L). The AST presented no difference between moments. The show jumping activity with one-meter obstacles did not induce changes in the SAA protein between the moments.

RESUMO: O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a amilóide sérica A (SAA) e biomarcadores de atividade muscular de equinos submetidos a atividade de salto, ou hipismo clássico. Para tanto, foram avaliadas as variáveis SAA, glicose, lactato e os biomarcadores creatina quinase (CK) e aspartatoaminotransferase (AST) em 10 equinos submetidos ao exercício de saltos em torneio para iniciantes. As avaliações ocorreram antes do exercício (T0), imediatamente após (T1), 30 minutos (T2), 60 minutos (T3) e 24 horas após o término (T4). Os dados foram avaliados utilizando análise de variância para medidas repetidas. O software estatístico SAEG 9.1 foi utilizado para verificar o nível de significância entre os momentos para P 0,05. A glicose diferenciou-se entre os momentos T0 (97.7±13.3mg/dL) e T1 (79.7±14.1mg/dL). O lactado apresentou elevação comparada com o momento T1(15.3±6.1mmol/L) e os demais T0 (3.8±0.8mmol/L), T2 (6.5±3.9mmol/L), T3 (5.3±2.2mmol/L) e T4 (5.1±1.6mmol/L). A CK mostrou diferença significativa entre T0 (82.8±51.2U/L) e T1 (140.1±58.5U/L) e entre T4 (74.4±43.1U/L) com T1 (140.1±58.5U/L). A AST não apresentou diferença entre os momentos. A atividade de hipismo clássico com obstáculos de um metro não induziu alterações na proteína SAA entre os momentos.