The Effect of 24 h Shift Work on the Nutritional Status of Healthcare Workers: An Observational Follow-Up Study from Türkiye.

This study aimed to determine changes in energy and nutrient intakes over three consecutive days, including the day of the shift, and the days before and after the shift, in healthcare workers working in a 24 h shift system. This study is an observational follow-up study conducted with a total of 500 volunteer healthcare professionals. Food consumption records were taken over 3 consecutive days: pre-shift (off day), shift day (24 h shift), and post-shift (off day). Mean daily intakes of energy, carbohydrate, protein, fat, saturated fat, caffeine, vitamins B1, B2, niacin, B6, folate, and B12, potassium, magnesium, phosphorus, iron, and zinc are listed from highest to lowest as shift day > pre-shift > post-shift (p < 0.05 for all pairwise comparisons). While fiber, vitamin C, and calcium intakes were similar on the shift day and pre-shift day, they were significantly lower on the post-shift day (p < 0.05). The lowest dietary reference intake percentages on the post-shift day were calcium, fiber, and folate, respectively. In the present study, significant differences were detected in the energy, micronutrient-intake, and macronutrient-intake levels between the pre-shift day, shift day, and post-shift day of healthcare workers. Awareness should be increased regarding the decreased nutrient intake seen especially on the first day after a 24 h shift, and appropriate precautions should be taken to increase calcium, fiber, and folate intake levels.

Joint association of daily rest periods and sleep duration with sick leave: a one-year prospective cohort study of daytime employees in Japan.

Daily rest period (DRP) refers to the interval between the end of one workday and the start of the next. This study examined the joint association of DRP and sleep duration with subsequent sick leave among Japanese daytime employees. Participants (n=5,593) were measured for DRP and sleep duration at baseline and for sick leave at 1-year follow-up. They were categorized into 10 groups based on their DRP and daily sleep duration. Logistic regression analyses for individuals experiencing sick leave for longer than a month showed that the combination of short DRP (<11 h) and sleep duration (<6 h) had a higher odds ratio (4.981, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.126-22.046) than the reference group. Furthermore, the combination of short DRP and normal sleep duration had a higher odds ratio (8.152, 95% CI = 1.801-36.902) than the reference group. Short DRP was associated with subsequent long sick leave.

Reliability and validity of the Japanese version of the Overwork Climate Scale.

This study aimed to investigate the validity and reliability of the Japanese version of the Overwork Climate Scale. Japanese workers were invited to participate in online surveys at baseline and 1-month follow-up. The Overwork Climate Scale was translated into Japanese, according to international guidelines. Reliability was assessed using Cronbach's alpha and the intra-class correlation coefficient (ICC), while structural validity was evaluated through confirmatory factor analysis (CFA). Psychological job demands, work engagement, psychological safety, and workaholism were assessed for convergent validity. The number of respondents was 302 at baseline and 169 at follow-up. Results indicated robust Cronbach's alpha values of 0.86 (for overwork endorsement) and 0.80 (for lacking overwork reward) at baseline, complemented by ICC of 0.89 and 0.82, respectively. CFA confirmed the suitability of the two-factor model. Moreover, the Japanese Overwork Climate Scale exhibited significant correlations with anticipated constructs. Structural equation modeling revealed a consistent association between overwork climate and both workaholism and work engagement, similar to the original version. In conclusion, the Japanese version of the Overwork Climate Scale demonstrates acceptable levels of reliability and validity, warranting its potential adoption among Japanese workers.

The association of long working hours and short sleep duration on mental health among Japanese physicians.

This cross-sectional study investigate the association between long working hours, short sleep duration, and mental health among Japanese physicians. We enrolled 232 Japanese physicians. We used the Brief Job Stress Questionnaire to assess high-stress status, and the Japanese version of the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression scale to assess depressive status. Daily sleep duration (DSD) and weekly working hours (WWHs) were collected using a self-administered questionnaire. Multivariable-adjusted logistic regression analysis was performed to examine the association of the combined categories of DSD and WWHs with high-stress and depressive status. Compared to physicians with WWHs <80 h and DSD ≥6 h, the multivariable-adjusted odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) of high-stress status for those with WWHs ≥80 and DSD ≥6, WWHs <80 and DSD <6, and WWHs ≥80 and DSD <6 were 2.76 (0.97-7.87), 3.36 (1.53-7.40), and 3.92 (1.52-10.14), respectively. The respective ORs (CIs) of depressive status were 1.82 (0.42-7.81), 4.03 (1.41-11.53), and 4.69 (1.33-16.62). The results showed that regardless of working long hours or not, physicians with DSD <6 h had significantly higher stress and depressive status, suggesting that not only regulating long working hours but also ensuring adequate sleep duration is important for preventing physicians' mental health.

The overall fractions of coronary heart diseases and depression attributable to multiple dependent psychosocial work factors in Europe.

OBJECTIVES: The literature is nonexistent on the assessment of overall fractions of diseases attributable to multiple dependent psychosocial work factors. The objectives of the study were to calculate the overall fractions of coronary heart diseases (CHD) and depression attributable to multiple dependent psychosocial work factors in 35 European countries. METHODS: We used already published fractions of CHD and depression attributable to each of the following psychosocial work factors: job strain, effort-reward imbalance, job insecurity, long working hours, and workplace bullying. We took all exposures and their correlations into account to calculate overall attributable fractions. Wald tests were performed to test differences in these overall attributable fractions between genders and between countries. RESULTS: The overall fractions of CHD and depression attributable to all studied psychosocial work factors together were found to be 8.1% [95% CI: 2.0-13.9] and 26.3% [95% CI: 16.2-35.5] respectively in the 35 European countries. There was no difference between genders and between countries. CONCLUSION: Our study showed that the overall fractions attributable to all studied psychosocial work factors were substantial especially for depression. These overall attributable fractions may be particularly useful to evaluate the burden and costs attributable to psychosocial work factors, and also to inform policies makers at European level.

Relationship between working hours and sleep quality with consideration to effect modification by work style: a community-based cross-sectional study.

BACKGROUND: Although longer working hours are associated with lower sleep quality, it is still necessary to work a certain number of hours to make a living. In this study, we investigated the relationship between working hours and sleep quality in a community setting. We then explored how to manage work style while maintaining the sleep quality of workers without markedly reducing working hours. METHODS: 4388 day-time workers in various occupations living in Ota ward in Tokyo were included in the analysis. The relationship between working hours and sleep quality measured by the Athens Insomnia Scale was examined by ANOVA and linear regression models. Effect modification by work style (work end time, shift in working start and end time, current work from home status, change in work place) on the relationship between working hours and sleep quality was investigated by multivariate linear regression models. RESULTS: Longer working hours were significantly associated with lower sleep quality. The magnitude of the relationship between long working hours and low sleep quality was significantly larger when work end time was later (p for trend of interaction < 0.01) and when working start and end time were shifted later (vs no change, p for interaction = 0.03). The relationship was marginally greater when the proportion of work from home was increased (vs no change, p for interaction = 0.07). CONCLUSIONS: A relationship between longer working hours and lower sleep quality was observed among workers. Leaving work earlier or optimizing the work environment at home may diminish the adverse effect of long working hours on sleep quality.

Female workers with long working hours are more likely to have depressive symptoms when having family-to-work conflict.

PURPOSE: Workers' health can be influenced by risk factors from their family environments as well as their work environments. This paper sought to examine how the association between long working hours and depressive symptoms differs based on the level of FWC after being stratified by worker's gender. METHODS: We used the dataset of 20,384 full-time wage workers from the sixth Korean Working Conditions Survey (2020). Long working hours were defined as working 52 h or more per week. FWC was measured using a 2-item questionnaire, and depressive symptoms were measured using the WHO-5 well-being index. Applying modified Poisson regression, we evaluated how the association between long working hours and depressive symptoms differs by the level of FWC male and female workers separately. RESULTS: In the analysis of the female workers, long working hours were associated with depressive symptoms in the high FWC group (PR 1.35, 95% CI 1.17, 1.55) after adjusting for potential confounders whereas no association was observed in the low FWC group. Among the male workers, a statistically significant association was observed in both high FWC (PR 1.22, 95% CI 1.07, 1.38) and low FWC (PR 1.28, 95% CI 1.12, 1.47) groups. CONCLUSION: FWC may act as a workplace stressor that potentially amplifies the health impact of long working hours among female workers.

Prospective effects of work-time control on overtime, work-life interference and exhaustion in female and male knowledge workers.

AIMS: Employee-based flexible working hours are increasing, particularly among knowledge workers. Research indicates that women and men use work-time control (WTC; control over time off and daily hours) differently: while men work longer paid hours, women use WTC to counteract work-life interference. In a knowledge-worker sample, we examined associations between WTC and overtime, work-life interference and exhaustion and tested whether gender moderates the mediating role of overtime. METHODS: The sample contained 2248 Swedish knowledge workers. Employing hierarchical regression modelling, we examined effects of control over time off/daily hours on subsequent overtime hours, work-life interference and exhaustion in general and in gender-stratified samples. Using conditional process analysis, we tested moderated mediation models. RESULTS: Control over time off was related to less work-life interference (ßmen= -0.117; 95% confidence interval (CI): -0.237 to 0.003; ßwomen= -0.253; 95% CI: -0.386 to -0.120) and lower exhaustion (ßmen= -0.199; 95% CI: -0.347 to -0.051; ßwomen= -0.271; 95% CI: -0.443 to -0.100). For control over daily hours, estimates were close to zero. While men worked more overtime (42 min/week), we could not confirm gender moderating the indirect effect of control over time off/daily hours on work-life interference/exhaustion via overtime. Independent of gender, effects of control over time off on work-life interference were partly explained by working fewer overtime hours. CONCLUSIONS: Control over time off was related to lower exhaustion and better work-life balance (in particular for women). We found no evidence for men's work-life interference increasing with higher WTC owing to working more overtime. Knowledge workers' control over time off may help prevent work-life interference and burnout.

Overtime work is related to nonrestorative sleep independently of short sleep time among a Japanese occupational population.

OBJECTIVE: The symptoms of insomnia are defined as difficulty falling asleep, difficulty staying asleep, and early awakening. Although also a symptom of insomnia, nonrestorative sleep (NRS) is clearly more associated with objective indices than other insomnia symptoms. However, the link between NRS and overtime work duration is poorly understood. METHODS: The results of a single year's medical examinations were investigated for 26,144 Japanese office workers who were 30 to 59 years old. NRS status and lifestyle were collected through a computer-assisted medical interview. The subjects were asked about the presence or absence of NRS and their lifestyles in the most recent two to three months. The subjects were asked about their sleep times and average overtime durations per month (< 20 h/month, ≥ 20 but < 40 h/month, ≥ 40 but < 60 h/month, and ≥ 60 h/month). The relationships between NRS and overtime work duration adjusted for sleep time were also analyzed. RESULTS: The proportion of subjects with NRS showed a stepwise increase as overtime work hours increased. A logistic regression analysis was performed using NRS as an objective variable. The multivariate analysis demonstrated that overtime work duration (OR, 1.13; 95% CI 1.10-1.17; P < 0.001; per one-category increase) was an independent determinant of NRS. CONCLUSION: For office workers, long hours of overtime work increased the NRS prevalence at any sleep duration.

Long working hours and self-rated health in the national Brazilian working population: gender and employment status differences, 2019.

BACKGROUND: The regulation of working hours is governed by legal standards in formal employment. While the association between long working hours and various health outcomes has been extensively studied, there is limited evidence regarding Brazil. The objective of this study was to investigate the association among working hours, employment status, and self-rated health (SRH), taking into account differences between men and women in a national representative sample of the working population in Brazil. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted among a representative sample of 33,713 workers in Brazil to assess self-rated health (SRH). We examined the associations between working hours and employment status, categorizing working hours as standard (40-44 h per week) or long (> 44 h per week), and employment status as formal or informal. Logistic regression models were employed, adjusting for sociodemographic, occupational characteristics, and health behaviors. Probabilities of negative SRH were calculated for men and women in different exposure profiles. Results were stratified by gender, and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were applied to the findings. RESULTS: The prevalence of long working hours was higher among informal workers for both men and women. Adjusted odds ratio (AOR) results revealed that informal employment (AORwomen = 1.53; 95% CI: 1.13-2.07 and AORmen = 1.55; 95% CI: 1.22-1.96) and long working hours (AORwomen = 1.23; 95% CI: 1.06-1.43 and AORmen = 1.14; 95% CI: 1.00-1.30) were independently associated with negative SRH. Significant interactions between long working hours and informal employment were observed. Among individuals with the same exposure profile, women who engaged in long working hours had a higher probability of reporting negative SRH compared to men. CONCLUSIONS: The results of this study are in line with the literature, as differences between men and women in the likelihood of negative self-rated health were observed. The adverse health effects underscore the importance of implementing intersectoral actions to inform the revision of regulations concerning weekly working hours and the expansion of informal employment in low- and middle-income countries.

Examining the relationship between long working hours and the use of prescription sedatives among U.S. workers.

OBJECTIVES: The prevalence of long working hours has been accompanied by a corresponding rise in sleep disorders. Sedative-hypnotic agents (SHAs), have been reported as the second most commonly misused drug class in the U.S. The key objective of this study was to examine the relationship between working hours on the use of sleep aids and medications with sedative properties. METHODS: The 2010-2019 Medical Expenditure Panel Survey data was utilized. SHAs and medications with sedative related properties (MSRPs) were identified. Furthermore, we employed different regression models ranging from multivariable linear regression, Tobit regression, Heckman regression, and multivariable logistic regression, to ensure consistency, robustness, and reliability of associations. RESULTS: Overall, a sample of 81,518 observations of full-time workers was analyzed. Working 56hours or more per week was significantly associated (p < 0.05) with an increased odds of using SHAs and MSRPs by 13% (Adjusted Odds Ratio, aOR =1.13, 95% Confidence Interval, CI=1.01:1.26) and 9% (aOR=1.09, 95% CI=1.03:1.16), respectively more than that among those who worked fewer hours. Females in our study had a higher likelihood (aOR=1.11, 95% CI=1.05:1.19) of using SHAs when compared to males. Also, professional services had the highest likelihood (aOR=1.31, 95% CI=1.14:1.50) of using SHAs. CONCLUSION: We found that long working hours were significantly associated with an elevated use of SHAs and MSRPs among U.S. workers. Specifically, female workers and individuals working in professional services had the highest likelihood of using sleep medications.

The role of effort-reward imbalance and depressive symptoms in the relationship between long working hours and presenteeism among Chinese village doctors: a moderated mediation model.

BACKGROUND: Long working hours and effort-reward imbalance (ERI) among medical workers may contribute to poor mental health and reduced productivity. However, the potential mechanisms among them are not well understood. This study aimed to explore the role of depressive symptoms and ERI in the relationship between long working hours and presenteeism among village doctors. METHODS: We conducted a cross-sectional study in Jiangsu Province, eastern China. 705 village doctors were assessed for working hours, ERI (the Effort-Reward Imbalance Questionnaire, ERI questionnaire), presenteeism (6-item Stanford Presenteeism Scale, SPS-6 Scale), and depressive symptoms (12-item General Health Questionnaire, GHQ-12). A moderated mediation model was used to test the role of depressive symptoms (M), and ERI (W) in the relationship between long working hours (X) and presenteeism (Y). RESULTS: 45.11% of the village doctors worked more than 55 h per week, and 55.89% were exposed to ERI. The prevalence of depressive symptoms among Chinese village doctors was 40.85%. Long working hours (≥ 55 h per week) were significantly associated with presenteeism behaviors (ß = 2.17, P < 0.001). Mediation analysis demonstrated that depressive symptoms (GHQ score > 3) could partly mediate the relationship between long working hours and presenteeism (indirect effect ß = 0.64, P < 0.001). Moderated mediation further indicated that the interaction of long working hours and ERI was significantly and positively associated with depressive symptoms, which in turn predicted elevated presenteeism behaviors. CONCLUSIONS: Depressive symptoms had a mediating role in the association of long working hours with presenteeism behaviors among Chinese village doctors and ERI augment their negative effects.

Impact of longer working hours on fathers' parenting behavior when their infants are 6 months old: The Japan Environment and Children's Study.

Objective: Long working hours have been suggested to affect fathers' parenting behavior, but previously reported findings have been inconsistent. This study examined the association between the working hours and parenting behavior of fathers while accounting for other factors related to their parenting behavior, using data from the Japan Environment and Children Study (JECS), a large cohort study in Japan. Methods: Data from 43,159 father-mother pairs were analyzed. The mother assessed the father's frequency of seven parenting behaviors at 6 months after delivery. Then, each behavior was classified into a high-engagement group (always and sometimes) or a low-engagement group (rarely and never). The father's weekly working hours was obtained from his responses and was classified into six levels. Results: Logistic regression analysis showed that after adjustment for covariates, fathers' weekly working hours was inversely associated with the frequency of all parenting behaviors examined in this study (p for trend <0.0001). Compared with fathers working ≥0 to ≤40 h per week, those working >65 h per week showed the following adjusted odds ratios (95% confidence intervals) for low engagement in parenting behaviors: playing at home, 2.38 (2.08-2.72); changing diapers, 2.04 (1.89-2.20); and bathing the child, 2.01 (1.84-2.18). Conclusion: This study suggests that the greater time constraints imposed by longer working hours constitute a major factor that discourages fathers from engaging in childrearing behavior. Intervention targeting long working hours could contribute to measures aimed at promoting high-engagement parenting behaviors among fathers.

The Association of Experienced Long Working Hours and Depression, Anxiety, and Suicidal Ideation Among Chinese Medical Residents During the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Multi-Center Cross-Sectional Study.

Background: Long working hours are common among medical residents and may increase the risk of mental disorders. We aimed to investigate the association between experienced long working hours and depression, anxiety, and suicidal ideation among Chinese medical residents during the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods: This study was conducted in September 2022; 1343 residents from three center in Northeastern China were included in the final analysis (effective response rate: 87.61%). The data were collected from participants via online self-administered questionnaires. Depression and anxiety were measured by the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9) and the General Anxiety Disorder (GAD-7) scale, respectively. Adjusted odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals were determined after adjusting for potential confounders by binary unconditional logistic regression. Results: The effective response rate was 87.61%. Among the 1343 participants, 12.88% (173), 9.90% (133), and 9.68% (130) had experienced major depression, major anxiety, and suicidal ideation, respectively. We found that longer weekly worktime increased the risk of major depression, particularly in those who worked for more than 60 hours per week (≥ 61 hours vs ≤ 40 hours, OR=1.87, P for trend = 0.003). However, this trend was not observed for either major anxiety or suicidal ideation (P for trend > 0.05 for both). Conclusion: This study revealed that there was a considerable incidence of poor mental health among medical residents; furthermore, the longer weekly worktime was associated with a higher risk of major depression, especially for those who worked more than 60 hours per week, but this association was not observed in either major anxiety or suicidal ideation. This may help policymakers to develop targeted interventions.

[Effects of long working hours exposure on occupational stress and depression symptoms in couriers in Zhejiang Province].

Objective: To understand the current situation of long working hours exposure of couriers in Zhejiang Province, and to analyze the influence of long working hours exposure levels on their occupational stress and depression symptoms, and provide a basis for promoting the physical and mental health of couriers. Methods: From September to December 2021 , 1159 couriers from Zhejiang Express Transport Companies were selected as respondents by cluster sampling, and their basic information were collected. The occupational stress and depression symptoms of the couriers were assessed using the Core Occupational Stress Scale (COSS) and the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9). The effects of long work hours (>48 h per week) on the occupational stress and depression symptoms of the couriers were analyzed. Results: The average age of 1159 courier in Zhejiang Province was (33.24±8.42) years, the average weekly working hours were (63.21±18.77) h, and 75.15% (871/1159) were long-term workers. The detection rates of occupational stress and depression symptoms in courier were 32.44% (376/1159) and 32.53% (377/1159), respectively. There were significant differences in the detection rates of occupational stress and depression symptoms among couriers with different ages, educational background, marital status, monthly average income, length of service, position or post, shift status, drinking status, and average weekly working hours (P <0.05). The adjusted logistic regression analysis showed that, after adjusting for the influence of confounding factors such as age, educational background, marital status, monthly average income, length of service, position or post, shift status and drinking status, compared with the weekly working hours ≤48 h, weekly working hours of 63-77 h, 78-92 h, ≥93 h were the risk factors for occupational stress (OR=1.547, 95%CI: 1.019-2.350; OR=1.886, 95%CI: 1.184-3.006; OR=2.338, 95%CI: 1.188-4.062) and depression symptoms (OR=1.897, 95%CI: 1.258-2.860; OR=2.041, 95%CI: 1.290-3.230; OR=4.978, 95%CI: 2.551-9.715) of couriers (P<0.05) . Conclusion: Long working hours could increase the risk of occupational stress and depression symptoms among couriers. It is necessary to arrange working hours reasonably to reduce the occurrence of occupational stress and depression symptoms of couriers.

Relationship of long working hours and night shift working hours with incident diabetes: a retrospective cohort study in Taiwan.

PURPOSE: The relationship among long working hours, night shift working hours, and diabetes is still unclear. We aimed to evaluate the association of long working hours and night shift working hours with diabetes among health care workers. METHODS: We conducted a retrospective cohort study among health care workers in a tertiary medical center in Taiwan from 2002 to 2019. We compared the risk of diabetes among tertiles of total working hours (35-41, 42-45, and ≥46 h per week) and evaluated the relationship between long working hours and diabetes risk. We divided participants into three work patterns: day work only, evening shift workers, and night shift workers. In night shift workers, we further evaluated night shift working hours and incident diabetes using tertiles of night shift working hours (<17, 17-45, and ≥46 h per month). We estimated hazard ratios and 95% confidence intervals for incident diabetes using multivariable Cox proportional hazards models. RESULTS: The study included 7081 participants. There were 301 incident cases of diabetes during 52,454 person-years. The adjusted hazard ratio (95% confidence interval) for participants who worked greater than or equal to 46 working hours per week was 3.45 (1.27, 9.39) compared with those who worked 35-41 hours. Compared with night shift workers who worked less than 17 h, the adjusted hazard ratios (95% confidence interval) for those who worked 17-45 and ≥46 night shift working hours per month were 2.26 (1.08, 4.75) and 2.60 (1.27, 5.33), respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Long working hours and night shift working hours increased the risk of diabetes.

Impact of Long Working Hours on Mental Health: Evidence from China.

Although previous studies have examined the impact of long working hours on mental health in China, they have not addressed the initial value and reverse causality issues. To bridge this gap in the literature, I conducted a dynamic longitudinal analysis to investigate the association between long working hours and the risk of mental illness nationwide. Using three-wave longitudinal data from the China Family Panel Studies conducted in 2014, 2016, and 2018, I adopted dynamic regression models with lagged long working hours variables to examine their association with the risk of mental illness. The results indicate that long working hours have positive and significant (p < 0.01 or p < 0.05) associations with the risk of mental illness (OR: 1.12~1.22). The effect is more significant for women, white-collar workers, and employees in micro-firms, compared with their counterparts (i.e., men, pink- and blue-collar workers, employees of large firms, and self-employed individuals). The results provide empirical evidence of the effects of long working hours on mental health in China, confirming the need to enforce the regulations regarding standard working hours and monitor regulatory compliance by companies, as these factors are expected to improve mental health.

Jornadas laborales prolongadas y lesiones por accidentes de trabajo: estimaciones de la Primera Encuesta sobre Condiciones de Seguridad y Salud en el Trabajo en Ecuador / Long working hours and occupational injuries: estimates from the First Survey on Safety and Health Conditions at Work in Ecuador

Objetivo: estimar la relación entre las jornadas de trabajo por semana y las lesiones por accidente de trabajo (LAT) en la población asalariada de la ciudad ecuatoriana de Guayaquil. Métodos: estudio transversal que empleó datos de la Primera Encuesta de Condiciones de Seguridad y Salud en el Trabajo para el Ecuador en 2017. Los encuestados fueron 1 005 trabajadores asalariados y se dividieron en dos grupos según las horas de trabajo semanales, ?43 y ?44 horas. La relación entre las jornadas laborales prolongadas y LAT por sexo se analizó mediante regresión logística (OR; IC95%) ajustado por características sociodemográficas (Modelo 1) y añadiendo las ocupacionales (Modelo 2). Resultados: El 30,9% de los trabajadores declaró trabajar 44 horas o más a la semana (50,7±6,3 horas) y la frecuencia de LAT en este grupo fue superior en los hombres (24,2%) respecto a las mujeres (12%). Las LAT en jornadas laborales prolongadas aumentaron con la edad en los hombres. Además, la probabilidad de sufrir una LAT fue mayor entre los hombres en comparación con la jornada de trabajo estándar, también para los ajustes del Modelo 1 y del Modelo 2. Conclusiones: Las jornadas laborales prolongadas están asociadas con las LAT en los hombres. En el caso de las mujeres no se observó una asociación estadísticamente significativa. La implementación de medidas preventivas que tomen en cuenta la duración de las jornadas de trabajo en las empresas podría resultar en una reducción de las LAT (AU)

Objective: to estimate the association between weekly working hours and occupational injuries (OI) among the salaried population in Guayaquil, Ecuador. Methods: a cross-sectional study that used data from the First Survey on Safety and Health Conditions at Work in Ecuador in 2017. The respondents were 1005 salaried workers, divid-ed into two groups according to weekly working hours, ≤43 and ≥44 hours. The relationship between long working hours and OI by gender was analyzed by using logistic regression (OR; CI 95%) adjusted for sociodemographic characteristics (Model 1) and also for occupa-tional characteristics (Model 2). Results: 30.9% of the workers declared ≥44 weekly working hours (50.7±6.3 hours) and the OI percentages in this group were higher in men (24.2%) compared to women (12%). OI among those working long hours increased with age in men. In addition, the odds of sustaining an OI were higher among men working long hours as compared to the stan-dard working day (OR = 3.08; 95% CI: 1.87–5.07), for Model 1 settings (OR = 2, 98; 95% CI: 1.79–4.95) and Model 2 (OR = 3.05; 95% CI: 1.82–5.11). Conclusions: Long working hours are associated with OI in men. In the case of women, despite the fact that the frequency of OI was higher in those exposed to long working hours compared to those exposed to standard working hours, no statistically significant associ-ations were observed. Implementation of preventive measures that consider the length of working hours in companies could result in the reduction of OI. (AU)

The association between long working hours and obstructive sleep apnea assessed by STOP-BANG score: a cross-sectional study.

PURPOSE: The relationship between night-shift work and obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is well known, but that between OSA and long working hours is still unknown. This study explores the association between long working hours and OSA. METHODS: Using cross-sectional Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2020 data, we made multiple logistic regression models to calculate odds ratios (ORs) between weekly working hours and STOP-BANG scores for OSA screening. Stratified regression models by night or rotating shift work were also made. RESULTS: In an adjusted model of STOP-BANG high-risk versus low-risk groups, the OR in the group exceeding 40 h/wk was higher but not statistically significant, 1.19 [95% confidence interval (CI) 0.66-2.15] compared to the group working 40 h/wk (standard working hours) or less. In the group exceeding 52 h/wk, the OR was 2.03 with statistical significance (95% CI 1.08-3.80). In the stratification analysis of daytime and night-shift work, the daytime worker results were similar to those in the non-stratified model. The point estimation values of ORs in the night-shift workers were higher than in the daytime workers; however, we did not observe a statistical significance. CONCLUSION: Long working hours can increase the risk of OSA assessed by STOP-BANG scores.