Lumbar vertebral pattern variation in the common opossum (Didelphis marsupialis Linnaeus, 1758): implication on lumbar nerve distribution.

The lumbar nerve distribution can differ depending on vertebral count variations among individuals of the same species. The variation in the lumbar vertebra formula and the lumbar nerve distribution in twenty adult common opossums (eight female and twelve males) was studied. Radiographs were taken to confirm vertebral identification and count. Two vertebral patterns were recognized: three specimens presented five lumbar vertebrae (5VP) and seventeen individuals presented six lumbar vertebrae (6VP). All the 6VP specimens had the same innervation pattern; however, the 5PV had three different innervation patterns (5PVa, 5VPB, and 5PVc). 5VPa and 6VP differed only in the origin of the lateral femoral cutaneous nerve (L2-L3 and L3, respectively). The differences among 5PVa, 5PVb, and 5VPc were seen in the iliohypogastric nerve, which was formed by L1 in 5VPa and 5VPb, and T13 in 5VPc. The ilioinguinal nerve was formed by L1-L2 in 5VPa and 5VPb, while it was formed by T13-L1 in 5VPc. The genitofemoral nerve was formed by L2-L3 in 5VPa, L2 in 5VPb, and L1-L2 in 5VPc. The cutaneous femoris lateralis was formed by L2-L3 in 5VPa and 5VPc, while it is formed only by L2 in 5VPb. The femoral and obturator nerves were formed by L3-L4 in 5VPa, and L2-L3 in 5VPb and 5VPc. The lumbosacral trunk originated from L4-L5-S1 in 5VP and L5-L6-S1 in 6VP. The data provided in this study may help understand the relationship between the spine and lumbosacral plexus variations and may find application in veterinary spine surgery.

Origin and distribution of the lumbosacral plexus anatomy in van cats / Origen y distribución de la anatomía del plexo lumbosacro en gatos van

SUMMARY: The innervation of the pelvic limbs of the Van cat is investigated in this research. The origins of the nerves, the innervated muscles and nerve diameters were shown in a table. Five cat cadavers were used in the study. The pudendal nerve originated from the S1-S2 spinal nerves. The femoral nerve consisted of the ventral branches of the 5th and 6th lumbar nerves in 4 cats The ischiatic nerve was composed of the 6th and 7th lumbar (L6-L7) and S1 spinal nerves in all cadavers. The ischiatic nerve was the thickest branch of sacral plexus (the average diameter on the right side was 3.31 ± 0.27 mm and the average diameter on the left side was 3.28 ± 0.29 mm). The lumbosacral plexus was formed by the ventral branches of the L4-S3 spinal nerves. N.genitofemoralis consisted of only the ventral branches of L4 in all cadavers. N. femoralis did not give rise to a branch to the m. iliopsoas. N.plantaris lateralis was found to give a branch to the 3th finger. The quadriceps femoris muscles did not take any branches from either the ischiadicus nerve or the pudendal nerve. The obturator nerve did not receive any branches from the L4 spinal nerves. There was no branch to the skin from the caudal gluteal nerve. The thinnest nerve was the pudendal nerve. Due to the scarcity of studies on the lumbosacral plexus of cats, it is thought that this study will complete a gap in the field of veterinary anatomy.

RESUMEN: En esta investigación se estudió la inervación de los miembros pélvicos del gato Van. Los orígenes de los nervios, los músculos inervados y los diámetros de los nervios son mostrados en una tabla. En el estudio se utilizaron cinco cadáveres de gatos. En cuatro gatosel nervio pudendo se originaba a partir de los nervios espinales S1-S2. El nervio femoral consistió en los ramos ventrales de los nervios lumbares quinto y sexto. El nervio isquiático estaba compuesto por los nervios espinales sexto y séptimo lumbar (L6-L7) y S1 en todos los cadáveres. El nervio isquiático era el ramo más grueso del plexo sacro (el diámetro medio del lado derecho medía de 3,31 ± 0,27 mm y el diámetro medio izquierdo 3,28 ± 0,29 mm). El plexo lumbosacro estaba formado por los ramos ventrales de los nervios espinales L4-S3. N. genitofemoralis constaba solo de las ramas ventrales de L4 en todos los cadáveres. N. femoralis no dio lugar a un ramo a la m. iliopsoas. Los músculos del cuádriceps femoral no tomaron ningún ramo ni del nervio isquiático ni del nervio pudendo. El nervio obturador no recibió ramos de los nervios espinales L4. No existían ramos a la piel desde el nervio glúteo caudal. El nervio más delgado fue el nervio pudendo. Debido a la escasez de estudios sobre el plexo lumbosacro de los gatos, este estudio completará un vacío en el campo de la anatomía veterinaria.

Surgical Management of Symptomatic Lumbar, Sacral, and Lumbosacral Plexus Tumors: a Peripheral Nerve Unit Experience.

OBJECTIVE: Data concerning the surgical treatment of lumbosacral plexus tumors (LSPTs) is scarce. This study aims to present our experience with a series of 19 patients surgically treated for symptomatic LSPTs at our institution. METHODS: This is a retrospective study of 19 patients surgically treated for symptomatic LSPTs from 2011 to 2019. Clinical data were retrieved from medical records and consisted of age, gender, clinical presentation, location of the lesion, surgical approach, final histopathologic diagnosis, follow-up time, outcomes, and complications. RESULTS: Nineteen surgical procedures were conducted. Thirteen patients were female and six, male. The median age of patients was 45 years (range 20 to 63 years). No patients harbored genetic syndromes. Surgical treatment appears to be correlated to the reduction of pain in patients with peripheral nerve sheath tumors (PNSTs), as assessed by visual analog scale (VAS). Sixteen patients did not present with new-onset deficits during follow-up (84.2%), two of whom recovered from their preoperative deficit. Four patients presented with postoperative weakness. The histopathological diagnoses were 11 schwannomas, four neurofibromas, three metastases, and one lymphoma. CONCLUSIONS: LSPTs are rare. When surgical treatment is indicated, it usually requires multidisciplinary management. Surgery appears to be effective concerning the reduction of pain in PNSTs and may also recover neurological deficits. Iatrogenic neurological deficits are an evident risk, such that intraoperative multimodal monitoring should always be performed if available. In lesions involving the sacral plexus, we found it to be indispensable.

Neuroanatomy of the lumbosacral plexus in a highly diversified clade of South-American lizards. Evolution and phylogenetic implications.

Only few published studies that describe the neuroanatomy of lizards. Here, we describe the neuroanatomy of several Iguanian species belonging to three families (species of Liolaemus and Phymaturus belonging to Liolaemidae, Tropidurus and Stenocercus as representatives of Tropiduridae, and Diplolaemus as a representative of Leiosauridae). Based on Sudan Black B staining and conventional dissections, the neuroanatomy of the lumbosacral region is described. Among the most outstanding results is the existence of a neuronal pattern of the lumbosacral plexus characteristic of Liolaemidae. In addition, it was found that in the genus Liolaemus the lumbosacral plexus is composed of five pairs of spinal nerves while in Phymaturus, Tropidurus, Stenocercus and Diplolaemus is composed from five to six pairs of spinal nerves (from pre-sacral, sacral, and caudal vertebrae). We find differences in the origin of the spinal nerves that constitute the plexus. In some cases, the pattern of nerves involved includes even the caudal vertebrae. Variation among taxa related to the zeugopodial innervation is described, and the homology of these nervous branches is discussed. Sexual differences were found in some species studied. Based on our results and available literature, we found three different patterns of innervation of the zeugopodium. The major contribution of this study is to provide a detailed description of lumbosacral plexus nerves pathways from their origins at the vertebral column to the muscles that they innervate.

Origin and antimeric distribution of the obturator nerves in the New Zealand rabbits / Origem e distribuição antimérica dos nervos obturatórios em coelhos Nova Zelândia

New Zealand rabbits are widely used as experimental models and represent an important casuistic in veterinary practices. The musculoskeletal conformation of rabbits frequently leads to the occurrence of lumbosacral lesions with neural involvement. In order to contribute to the comparative anatomy and the understanding of these lesions, the origin and distribution of the obturator nerves of 30 New Zealand rabbits (15 males and 15 females) previously fixed in 10% formaldehyde were studied by dissection. The obturator nerves were originated from the ventral spinal branches of L6 and L7 in 63.3% of the cases, L5 and L6 in 13.4%, only L7 in 13.4%, L7 and S1 in 6.6 % and of L6, L7 and S1 in 3.3%. The spinal segment that most contributed to the formation of the nerve was L7 (86.6% of the nerves). The obturator nerves emitted in all the specimens, a variable number of branches for the internal obturator, external obturator, pectineum, adductor and gracilis muscles. No significant differences were observed between the frequencies of the origin and muscular branches of the obturator nerves when comparing sex and antimers.(AU)

Coelhos da raça Nova Zelândia são amplamente usados como modelos experimentais e representam uma parcela importante dos atendimentos em consultórios veterinários. A conformação músculo-esquelética dos coelhos torna frequente a ocorrência de lesões lombossacrais com comprometimento neural. Visando contribuir para a anatomia comparada e no entendimento destas lesões, foram estudadas por dissecção a origem e a distribuição dos nervos obturatórios de 30 cadáveres de coelhos da raça Nova Zelândia (15 machos e 15 fêmeas) fixados previamente em formaldeído a 10%. O nervo obturatório formou-se a partir dos ramos ventrais de L6 e L7 em 63,3% dos casos, de L5 e L6 em 13,4%, apenas de L7 em 13,4%, de L7 e S1 em 6,6% e de L6, L7 e S1 em 3,3%. O segmento espinhal que mais contribuiu para a formação do nervo foi L7 (86,6% dos nervos). Os nervos obturatórios emitiram em todos os animais, número variável de ramos para os músculos obturador interno, obturador externo, pectíneo, adutor e grácil. Não foram observadas diferenças significativas entre as frequências da origem e de ramos musculares dos nervos obturatórios quando comparados sexo e antímeros.(AU)

Pragmatic neural tissue management improves short-term pain and disability in patients with sciatica: a single-arm clinical trial.

Objectives: To evaluate the clinical effect of sciatic neural mobilization in combination with the treatment of surrounding structures for sciatica patients. Secondly, we were also interested in identifying possible baseline characteristics that may be associated with improvements in pain and disability for sciatica patients. Methods: Twenty-eight patients with a clinical diagnosis of sciatica were treated with neural mobilization, joint mobilization and soft tissue techniques. Pain intensity and lumbar disability were assessed at baseline and after treatment using a Numerical Rating Scale (0-10) and the Oswestry Disability Index (0-100), respectively. The pre- and post-intervention data were compared. The research protocol was registered under the number NCT03663842. Results: Participants attended an average of 16 (SD±5.6) treatmentsessions over an average of 12 weeks. Decrease in pain scores (before median = 8, after median = 2; p < 0.001) and improvement in lumbar disability scores (before median = 33.3%, after median = 15.6%; p < 0.001) were observed. A multiple linear regression analysis showed that duration of pain and age of the patient predicted the disability improvement: F (2, 24) = 4.084, p < 0.030, R2 = 0.254. Discussion: Patients with sciatica may benefit from neural mobilization in combination with manual therapy for pain and lumbar disability. Longer pain duration and younger age had a negative influence on lumbar disability improvement.

Origin and antimeric distribution of the obturator nerves in the New Zealand rabbits / Origem e distribuição antimérica dos nervos obturatórios em coelhos Nova Zelândia

New Zealand rabbits are widely used as experimental models and represent an important casuistic in veterinary practices. The musculoskeletal conformation of rabbits frequently leads to the occurrence of lumbosacral lesions with neural involvement. In order to contribute to the comparative anatomy and the understanding of these lesions, the origin and distribution of the obturator nerves of 30 New Zealand rabbits (15 males and 15 females) previously fixed in 10% formaldehyde were studied by dissection. The obturator nerves were originated from the ventral spinal branches of L6 and L7 in 63.3% of the cases, L5 and L6 in 13.4%, only L7 in 13.4%, L7 and S1 in 6.6 % and of L6, L7 and S1 in 3.3%. The spinal segment that most contributed to the formation of the nerve was L7 (86.6% of the nerves). The obturator nerves emitted in all the specimens, a variable number of branches for the internal obturator, external obturator, pectineum, adductor and gracilis muscles. No significant differences were observed between the frequencies of the origin and muscular branches of the obturator nerves when comparing sex and antimers.

Coelhos da raça Nova Zelândia são amplamente usados como modelos experimentais e representam uma parcela importante dos atendimentos em consultórios veterinários. A conformação músculo-esquelética dos coelhos torna frequente a ocorrência de lesões lombossacrais com comprometimento neural. Visando contribuir para a anatomia comparada e no entendimento destas lesões, foram estudadas por dissecção a origem e a distribuição dos nervos obturatórios de 30 cadáveres de coelhos da raça Nova Zelândia (15 machos e 15 fêmeas) fixados previamente em formaldeído a 10%. O nervo obturatório formou-se a partir dos ramos ventrais de L6 e L7 em 63,3% dos casos, de L5 e L6 em 13,4%, apenas de L7 em 13,4%, de L7 e S1 em 6,6% e de L6, L7 e S1 em 3,3%. O segmento espinhal que mais contribuiu para a formação do nervo foi L7 (86,6% dos nervos). Os nervos obturatórios emitiram em todos os animais, número variável de ramos para os músculos obturador interno, obturador externo, pectíneo, adutor e grácil. Não foram observadas diferenças significativas entre as frequências da origem e de ramos musculares dos nervos obturatórios quando comparados sexo e antímeros.

Comparative study of lumbar plexus path on the left and right sides through the psoas muscle / Estudo comparativo do trajeto do plexo lombar nos lados direito e esquerdo através do músculo psoas / Estudio comparativo del trayecto del plexo lumbar en los lados derecho e izquierdo a través del músculo psoas

ABSTRACT Objective: Spine surgery with a minimally invasive lateral approach and validate possible anatomical differences between the right and left sides. Methods: Four measurements (cm) were taken on 38 cadavers: the distance between the lumbar plexus and the transverse process (L4-L5) and the distance between the lumbar plexus and the midline of the lumbar spine, both on the right and left sides. Results: The mean distance between the lumbar plexus and the transverse process of L4-L5 was 1.03 cm and the distance to the midline was 3.99 cm for the right side. The averages of the left side were 1.13 cm and 3.38 cm, respectively. There is statistical difference between the sides (p<0.05) using the non-parametric Wilcoxon test. Conclusions: The authors suggest that the transverse process might be used as an anatomical landmark to define the surgical approach through the psoas muscle. Level of Evidence IV; Cadaveric study.

RESUMO Objetivo: Encontrar um referencial anatômico prático e seguro durante a cirurgia com a técnica de acesso à coluna ALMI (acesso lateral minimamente invasivo) e validar possíveis diferenças anatômicas entre os lados direito e esquerdo. Método: Foram feitas 4 medidas (cm) em 38 cadáveres: entre o plexo lombar e o processo transverso de L4L5, e entre o plexo lombar e a linha média da coluna lombar dos lados direito e esquerdo. Resultados: A distância média encontrada entre o plexo lombar e o processo transverso de L4L5 foi de 1,03cm e a distância até a linha média foi de 3,99 cm do lado direito. Já do lado esquerdo, as médias são 1,13cm e 3,88cm, respectivamente. Houve diferença estatística entre os lados (p<0,05) pelo teste não-paramétrico de Wilcoxon. Conclusão: Sugere-se como referencial anatômico o processo transverso para definir o ponto de entrada do portal de trabalho no músculo psoas. Nível de Evidência IV; Estudo Cadavérico.

RESUMEN Objetivo: Encontrar una referencia anatómica práctica y segura durante la cirugía de la columna con técnica de abordaje lateral mínimamente invasivo y validar posibles diferencias anatómicas entre los lados derecho e izquierdo. Métodos: Se realizaron 4 medidas (cm) en 38 cadáveres: distancia entre el plexo lumbar y la apófisis transversa (L4-L5) y distancia entre el plexo lumbar y la línea media de la columna lumbar, en los lados derecho e izquierdo. Resultados: La distancia promedio entre el plexo lumbar y la apófisis transversa de L4-L5 fue 1,03 cm y la distancia a la línea media fue de 3,99 cm a la derecha. Los promedios de la izquierda fueron 1,13 cm y 3,88 cm respectivamente. Hay diferencia estadística entre los lados (p <0,05) mediante la prueba no paramétrica de Wilcoxon. Conclusiones: Se sugiere como referencia anatómica la apófisis transversa para definir el portal de trabajo a través del músculo psoas. Nivel de Evidencia IV; Estudio cadavérico.

Origin and distribution of femoral nerves in swine (Sus scrofa domesticus) fetuses from crosses of Dan Bred and AGPIC-337 lines / Origem e distribuição dos nervos femorais em fetos suínos (Sus scrofa domesticus - linneaus, 1758) do cruzamento das linhagens Dan Bred e AGPIC337

The objective of this work was to assess the origin and distribution of femoral nerves in 30 swine fetuses from crosses of Dan Bred and AGPIC-337 lines. Thirty animals­fifteen males and fifteen females­from the collection of the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine's Animal Anatomy Laboratory of the Federal University of Uberlândia, Uberlândia MG, Brazil, were used. The animals were fixed by injecting a 10% aqueous formaldehyde solution into the descending aorta artery and thoracic, abdominal, pelvic and intramuscular cavities. The specimens were then submerged in a solution with the same concentration. These animals have five to seven lumbar vertebrae. The number of lumbar vertebrae was six in 96.67% and seven in 3.33% of the animals. The femoral nerve originated from the L4 and L5 (66.67%), L5 and L6 (26.67%) and L3 and L4 (6.66%) lumbar vertebrae. It sent branches to the psoas major, psoas minor, iliac, pectineus, and quadriceps femoris muscles in all animals, to the sartorius in 43.33% and to the gracilis in 6.66% of animals. No marked differences were found in the characteristics of origin and distribution of the femoral nerve between the swine fetuses from crosses of Dan Bred and AGPIC-337 lines and the animals described in the literature.

Objetivou-se estudar a origem e distribuição dos nervos femorais em 30 fetos suínos oriundos do cruzamento das linhagens Dan Bred e AGPIC337. Foram utilizados 30 animais, quinze machos e quinze fêmeas, pertencente ao acervo do laboratório de Anatomia Animal da Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária da Universidade Federal de Uberlândia. A fixação dos animais se deu por meio de injeção de solução aquosa de formaldeído a 10% na artéria aorta parte descendente, cavidades torácica, abdominal, pélvica e intramusculares, em seguida, os espécimes foram submersos em solução contendo a mesma concentração. Esses animais possuem cinco a sete vértebras lombares. Em 96,67% dos animais o número de vértebras lombares foi seis e em 3,33% sete. O nervo femoral originou-se de L4 e L5 (66,67%), L5 e L6 (26,67%) e L3 e L4 (6,66%). Emitiu ramos para os músculos psoas maior, psoas menor, ilíaco, pectíneo, quadríceps femoral em 100% dos casos, 43,33% para o sartório e 6,66% para o grácil. Nota-se que não foram observadas diferenças marcantes nas características tanto na origem como na distribuição do nervo femoral entre os fetos de suínos oriundos do cruzamento das linhagens Dan Bred e AGPIC337 e os animais da literatura consultada

Magnetic resonance neurography in the diagnosis of a retroperitoneal ganglioneuroma: Case report and literature review.

Magnetic resonance neurography is a technique for identifying anatomy and pathologic lesions of nerves, and has emerged as a helpful technique for localizing lesions and elucidating the underlying etiology. Ganglioneuromas are highly differentiated benign tumors. This lesion is rare and exhibits undetermined symptoms, the features of using the magnetic resonance neurography are a great ally to determine its diagnosis. The authors illustrate a case of retroperitoneal ganglioneuroma emphasizing its image characteristics using magnetic resonance neurography with the diagnosis confirmed by histopathological examination.

Lumbosacral plexus root thickening: Establishing normal root dimensions using magnetic resonance neurography.

Disorders affecting the lumbosacral plexus (LSP) can alter root diameter. Our aim was to determine normal LSP nerve root dimensions using magnetic resonance neurography (MRN). Eleven asymptomatic patients (ages: 18-53, mean: 34 years) underwent MRN of the LSP on a 3 T scanner with an 8-channel torso-PA coil. IDEAL T2-weighted images were acquired and nerve root dimensions were measured from the second lumbar (L2) to the first sacral (S1) vertebrae on the coronal plane, 5 mm from the dorsal root ganglion (DRG). Root size was recorded by three separate groups of radiologists with different levels of expertise. Additional LSP-MRN images were acquired from a fresh-frozen cadaver specimen using the same scanner and parameters identical to those described above. Subsequently, two experienced anatomists dissected and measured the LSP roots at exactly the same distance from the DRG, using an electronic caliper. Mean root size values recorded (± standard deviation) in the asymptomatic patients were as follows: L2: 3.12 mm (±0.92), L3: 4.29 mm (±0.95), L4: 5.13 mm (±0.79), L5: 5.29 mm (±0.9), and S1: 5.38 mm (±0.7). The correlation coefficients were 0.72 between the patient and cadaver MRN results and 0.79 between the patient and dissected cadaver MRN results. Inter-observer agreements were 0.73 among the radiologist groups and 0.87 between the anatomists conducting dissections. We believe MRN provides reliable assessments of LSP root thickness. More extensive studies should be conducted to confirm the results described here. Clin. Anat. 31:782-787, 2018. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

Lumbosacral plexus of the mongolian gerbil(Meriones unguiculatus Milne-Edwards, 1867) / Plexo lombossacral do gerbil (Meriones unguiculatus Milne-Edwards, 1867)

The Mongolian gerbil, belonging to the Muridae family, is characterized as an economic asset in the pet market due to its easy management. Current research analyzes and describes the origin of the nerves that make up the lumbosacral plexus in the species, foregrounding comparative anatomy, especially among wild rodents. The experiment, approved by the Committee of Institutional Bioethics, involved 15 animals which had been used in other studies and were donated to the Laboratory of Applied Animal Morphophysiology of the Federal Rural University of the Semi-Arid, Mossoró, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil. The animals were fixed in a water solution of formaldehyde 10%. After 72 hours, they were dissected, the abdominal cavity was opened and eviscerated, and the psoas minor, psoas major and the quadratus lumborum muscles were removed to inspect the nerves that form the lumbosacral plexus. Results were given in percentages and grouped in tables. The lumbosacral plexus of the Mongolian gerbil frequently derived from the ventral roots of the last thorax nerves, from the seven lumbar nerves and from the four sacral nerves (Type II ­ T12-S4). The nerves of the gerbil´s lumbosacral plexus are the iliohypogastricus, ilioinguinalis, cutaneus femoris lateralis, genitofemoralis, femoralis, obturatorius, ischiadicus, gluteus cranialis, pudendus, gluteus caudalis and rectales caudales nerves. Information on the origin of the nerves of the gerbil´s lumbosacral plexus and their description is relevant for clinical and surgical studies, and for the application of techniques or anesthetic drugs.

O esquilo da Mongólia é um roedor pertencente à família Muridae, caracterizado por seu interesse econômico no mercado pet e por ser de fácil manejo. Esta pesquisa analisa e descreve a origem dos nervos que formam o plexo lombossacral da espécie. No experimento foram utilizados 15 animais, provenientes de outros estudos aprovados pelo Comitê de Bioética Institucional, que foram doados ao Laboratório de Morfofisiologia Animal Aplicada da Universidade Federal Rural do Semi-Árido, Mossoró, Rio Grande do Norte. Os animais foram fixados em solução aquosa de formaldeído a 10%. Após 72 horas, os animais foram dissecados, realizando-se a abertura da cavidade abdominal, depois, eviscerados e em seguida, os músculos psoas maior, psoas menor e quadrado lombar foram removidos para visualização dos nervos que formam o plexo lombossacral. Os resultados foram expressos em percentagens e agrupados em tabelas. O plexo lombossacral do gerbil originou-se mais frequentemente das raízes ventrais do último nervo torácico, dos sete nervos lombares e dos quatro nervos sacrais (Tipo II ­ T12-S4). Os nervos que formaram o plexo lombossacral do gerbil foram: ílio-hipogástrico, ílioinguinal, cutâneo femoral lateral, genitofemoral, femoral, obturatório, isquiático, glúteo cranial, pudendo, glúteo caudal, e nervo retal caudal. O conhecimento sobre a origem e os nervos do plexo lombossacral no gerbil mostra-se útil para estudos clínico-cirúrgicos e aplicação de técnicas ou fármacos anestésicos.

Comparison of the Lumbosacral Plexus Nerves Formation in Pampas Fox (Pseudalopex gymnocercus) and Crab-Eating Fox (Cerdocyon thous) in Relationship to Plexus Model in Dogs.

In this study, the spinal nerves that constitute the lumbosacral plexus (LSP) were dissected in two species of South American wild canids (pampas fox-Pseudalopex gymnocercus, and crab-eating fox-Cerdocyon thous). The nerves origin and distribution in the pelvic limb were examined and compared with the LSP model of the dog described in the literature. The LSP was formed by whole ventral branches of L5 at L7 and S1, and a contribution of a one branch from S2, divided in three trunks. The trunk formed by union from L5-6 and S1 was divided into the cranial (cutaneus femoris lateralis nerve) medial (femoralis nerve) and lateral branches (obturatorius nerve). At the caudal part of the plexus, a thick branch, the ischiadicus plexus, was formed by contributions from L6-7 and S1-2. This root gives rise to the nerve branches which was disseminated to the pelvic limb (nerves gluteus cranial and gluteus caudal, cutaneus femoris caudalis and ischiadicus). The ischiadicus nerve was divided into fibularis communis and tibialis nerves. The tibialis nerve emits the cutaneus surae caudalis. The fibularis communis emits the cutaneus surae lateralis, fibularis superficialis and fibularis profundus. The pudendus nerve arises from S2 with contributions of one branch L7-S1 and one ramus of the cutaneus femoris lateralis. Still, one branch of S2 joins with S3 to form the rectales caudales nerve. These data provides an important anatomical knowledge of a two canid species of South American fauna, besides providing the effective surgical and clinical care of these animals.

Fracturas por compresión vertical de columna lumbar / Vertical compression fracture of the lumbar spine

Fundamento: las fracturas de columna por el mecanismo de compresión axial sin lesión neurológica, constituyen un paradigma en relación a su tratamiento conservador o quirúrgico. Existen controversias en la literatura sobre el tipo de tratamiento de esta lesión. Objetivo: realizar una revisión sobre los criterios de selección de ambos tipos de tratamiento. Métodos: se realizó una revisión bibliográfica de un total de 330 artículos publicados en Pubmed, Hinari y Medline mediante el localizador de información Endnote, de ellos se utilizaron 52 citas seleccionadas para realizar la revisión, 46 de ellas de los últimos cinco años donde se incluyeron dos libros. Desarrollo: se analizaron diferentes factores para decisión del tipo del tratamiento, entre los que se encontraron: la escala de severidad de las fracturas del segmento lumbosacro propuesta por Vaccaro AR, los grados de cifosis, la usurpación del canal medular. Por otra parte se realizó una comparación de diferentes autores en relación al tipo de tratamiento empleado en sus investigaciones y las indicaciones quirúrgicas para sus pacientes. Conclusiones: basado en la revisión realizada y los estudios consultados, los pacientes con fractura de columna sin lesión neurológica pueden ser tratados de forma conservadora independientemente del grado de inestabilidad mecánica que presenten.

Background: fractures of the spine by axial compression mechanism without neurological lesion are a paradigm in connection with its conservative or surgical treatment. There is controversy in the literature about the type of treatment of this lesion. Objective: to make a review about the selection criteria of both types of treatment. Methods: a bibliographic review of 330 articles published in Pubmed, Hinari and Medline by means of the reference management software Endnote was made. Fifty-two citations were selected for the review, 46 of them from the last five years; two books were included. Development: different factors for deciding the type of treatment were analysed. Some of the factors were the following: severity scale of the fractures of the lumbosacral segment proposed by Vaccaro AR, kyphosis degree, and medullary channel. On the other hand, a comparison of different authors was made according to the treatment applied in their researches and the surgical indications for their patients. Conclusions: according to the review made and the studies consulted, the patients with fractures of the spine without neurological lesion can be treated conservatively in spite of the degree of mechanical instability they present.

Origens e distribuições do nervo obturatório em fetos de javalis (Sus scrofa scrofa Linnaeu ­ 1758) / Origins and distribution of the obturatorius nerve in wild boars fetuses (Sus scrofa scrofa Linnaeu ­ 1758)

A criação de javalis vem crescendo no Brasil devido à procura de um produto de qualidade e com propriedades nutricionais. Analisou-se a origem e distribuição dos nervos obturatórios em 19 fetos de javalis (Sus scrofa scrofa) visando fornecer dados morfológicos para anatomia comparativa e áreas afins. A fixação destes animais em solução aquosa de formaldeído a 10% ocorreu mediante diferentes pontos de injeções subcutâneas, intramusculares e intracavitárias, bem como por imersão dos referidos exemplares em recipientes com a mesma solução por um período mínimo de 48 horas. Foi observado que o referido nervo originou-se dos ramos ventrais de L4 a L6. Distribui-se para os músculos obturatório externo, grácil, adutor e pectíneo. Pode-se afirmar que tanto a origem como a distribuição do nervo obturatório em javalis se assemelha aos padrões evidenciados em suínos domésticos.

The creation of wild boars is increasing in Brazil due to demand for a quality product and excellent nutritional properties. This study analyzed the origin and distribution of the obturatorius nerve in 19 fetuses of wild boar (Sus scrofa scrofa) in order to provide morphological data for comparative anatomy and areas related. The introduction of these animals in aqueous formaldehyde 10% was by different points of subcutaneous, intramuscular and intracavitary injections, as well as by immersion of those specimens, in containers of the same solution for a minimum of 48 hours. It was noted that the nerve was originated from the ventral branches of L4, L5 and L6. Concerning to distribution, the nerve dispatched ventral branches to the external obturator, gracilis, adductor and pectineus muscles. It can be stated that both the origin and distribution of the obturatorius nerve in wild boars is similar to the patterns evidenced in domestic swine.

Origem e distribuição do nervo retal caudal em equinos sem raça definida / Origin and distribution of the caudal rectal nerve in mixed breed horses

Objetivou-se estudar a origem e distribuição do nervo retal caudal em 30 fetos de equinos sem raça definida provenientes do Frigorífico Pomar, Araguari-MG. Para isso, injetou-se formaldeído a 10% por meio de canulação da aorta descendente torácica e, posteriormente, o material foi mantido submerso na referida solução, por um período mínimo de 48 horas antes do início da dissecação. Para observação da origem do nervo citado, foram realizadas: uma incisão longitudinal ao longo da linha mediana ventral, desde a cartilagem xifóide do processo xifóide do osso esterno, até a borda caudal da sínfise pélvica; e duas outras incisões verticais, uma em cada antímero, até alcançar a linha mediana dorsal. Dessa forma, desarticulou-se a sínfise pélvica até atingir a cavidade pélvica, da qual foram retirados todos os órgãos. Para análise da distribuição dos ramos musculares, realizou-se uma incisão na pele do terço médio da perna e outra vertical na pele da face medial da coxa, estendendo-a da raiz do membro pélvico até a primeira incisão. Em sequência foram contornados a raiz da cauda, o ânus e os órgãos genitais externos, rebatendo-se então a pele e as fáscias das regiões glútea, coxa e perna. Os dados obtidos foram analisados através do teste de Tukey (p<0,05). O nervo originou-se dos ramos ventrais dos nervos espinhais sacrais 3º (S3), 4º (S4) e 5º (S5); e distribuiu nos músculos: coccígeo, levantador do ânus, sacrocaudal medial ventral e esfíncter externo do ânus. Não houve diferença significativa entre a frequência dos ramos musculares e os antímeros, independente do número de ramos musculares (p=0,97).

The objective was to study the origin and distribution of the caudal rectal nerve in 30 fetuses of mixed breed horses from Frigorífico Pomar, Araguari/MG, Brazil. Formaldehyde at 10% were injected into the thoracic descending aorta and, subsequently, the material was kept immersed in this solution, for at least 48 hours before dissection. To find the origin of the mentioned nerve, we made: a longitudinal incision along the ventral midline, from xiphoid cartilage of the xiphoid process of the sternum bone to the caudal pelvic symphysis; and two vertical incisions, one at each antimere until reaching the dorsal midline. Therefore, we disarticulated the pelvic symphysis until the pelvic cavity, from which all organs were removed. To analyze the distribution of muscular branches, we made a incision in the skin of the middle leg and a vertical incision in skin of the medial thigh, extending it from the root of the pelvic limb to the first incision. In the following we circumvented the root of the tail, anus and genitalia, the hitting up the skin and fascia of the gluteal redion, thigh and leg. Data obtained were analyzed using the Tukey test (p<0.05). The nerve originated from the ventral branches 3rd, 4th and 5th sacral spinal nerves (S3, S4 and S5, respectively); and distributed into the coccygeus, levator ani, medial ventral sacrocaudal and external anal sphincter muscles. There wasn't no significant difference between the frequency of muscular branches and antimeres, independently of the number of muscular branches (p=0.97).

Origin and distribution of the ischiatic nerve in mixed-breed sheep / Origem e distribuição do nervo isquiático em ovinos sem raça definida

Current research studied, by dissection, the origin and distribution of the ischiatic nerve in 30 fetuses of mixed-breed male or female sheep (Ovis aries), obtained from abortions, stillborns and natural deaths of pregnant females on farms in the Triângulo Mineiro region, state of Minas Gerais, Brazil. Formaldehyde 10% was injected through the cannulation of descending thoracic aorta and the material was kept immersed in the solution for at least 48 hours before dissection. The ischiatic nerve originated from the ventral branch of the last lumbar spinal nerve, either from the sixth lumbar spinal nerve (L6) or from the seventh (L7), when present, and from the ventral branches of first and second sacral spinal nerves (S1 and S2, respectively), and possibly from the ventral branch of third sacral spinal nerve (S3). The ischiatic nerve provided branches to the superficial gluteal, middle gluteal, accessory gluteal, deep gluteal, gemelli, quadratus femoris, adductor, biceps femoris, semitendinosus and semimembranosus muscles. The tibial and common peroneal nerves were the terminal branches of the ischiatic nerve, originating distally towards the greater trochanter of the femur bone. Wilcoxons test (0.05) showed that statistically there were no significant differences between the frequencies of the muscular branches of the ischiatic nerve and the antimeres, regardless of the number of muscular branches.(AU)

O presente trabalho estudou, por meio de dissecações, a origem e distribuição do nervo isquiático em 30 fetos de ovinos (Ovis aries) sem raça definida, machos ou fêmeas, obtidos de abortos, natimortos e mortes naturais de fêmeas gestantes de núcleos criatórios na região do Triângulo Mineiro, estado de Minas Gerais, Brasil. Injetou-se formaldeído a 10% por meio de canulação da aorta descendente torácica e, posteriormente, o material foi mantido submerso na referida solução por um período mínimo de 48 horas antes do início das dissecações. O nervo isquiático originou-se do ramo ventral do último nervo espinhal lombar, ora do sexto nervo espinhal lombar (L6), ora do sétimo (L7), quando presente, e dos ramos ventrais dos primeiro e segundo nervos espinhais sacrais (S1 e S2, respectivamente), podendo apresentar a contribuição do ramo ventral do terceiro nervo espinhal sacral (S3). O nervo isquiático cedeu ramos aosmúsculos: glúteo superficial, glúteo médio, glúteo acessório, glúteo profundo, gêmeo, quadrado femoral, adutor, bíceps femoral, semitendinoso e semimembranoso. Os ramos terminais do nervo isquiático foram os nervos tibial e fibular comum, tendo suas origens distalmente ao trocânter maior do fêmur. Estatisticamente, através da aplicação do teste de Wilcoxon (0,05), não houve diferenças significativas entre as frequências dos ramos musculares do nervo isquiático e os antímeros, independentemente do número de ramos musculares.(AU)

Origin and distribution of the ischiatic nerve in mixed-breed sheep / Origem e distribuição do nervo isquiático em ovinos sem raça definida

Current research studied, by dissection, the origin and distribution of the ischiatic nerve in 30 fetuses of mixed-breed male or female sheep (Ovis aries), obtained from abortions, stillborns and natural deaths of pregnant females on farms in the Triângulo Mineiro region, state of Minas Gerais, Brazil. Formaldehyde 10% was injected through the cannulation of descending thoracic aorta and the material was kept immersed in the solution for at least 48 hours before dissection. The ischiatic nerve originated from the ventral branch of the last lumbar spinal nerve, either from the sixth lumbar spinal nerve (L6) or from the seventh (L7), when present, and from the ventral branches of first and second sacral spinal nerves (S1 and S2, respectively), and possibly from the ventral branch of third sacral spinal nerve (S3). The ischiatic nerve provided branches to the superficial gluteal, middle gluteal, accessory gluteal, deep gluteal, gemelli, quadratus femoris, adductor, biceps femoris, semitendinosus and semimembranosus muscles. The tibial and common peroneal nerves were the terminal branches of the ischiatic nerve, originating distally towards the greater trochanter of the femur bone. Wilcoxon’s test (0.05) showed that statistically there were no significant differences between the frequencies of the muscular branches of the ischiatic nerve and the antimeres, regardless of the number of muscular branches.

O presente trabalho estudou, por meio de dissecações, a origem e distribuição do nervo isquiático em 30 fetos de ovinos (Ovis aries) sem raça definida, machos ou fêmeas, obtidos de abortos, natimortos e mortes naturais de fêmeas gestantes de núcleos criatórios na região do Triângulo Mineiro, estado de Minas Gerais, Brasil. Injetou-se formaldeído a 10% por meio de canulação da aorta descendente torácica e, posteriormente, o material foi mantido submerso na referida solução por um período mínimo de 48 horas antes do início das dissecações. O nervo isquiático originou-se do ramo ventral do último nervo espinhal lombar, ora do sexto nervo espinhal lombar (L6), ora do sétimo (L7), quando presente, e dos ramos ventrais dos primeiro e segundo nervos espinhais sacrais (S1 e S2, respectivamente), podendo apresentar a contribuição do ramo ventral do terceiro nervo espinhal sacral (S3). O nervo isquiático cedeu ramos aosmúsculos: glúteo superficial, glúteo médio, glúteo acessório, glúteo profundo, gêmeo, quadrado femoral, adutor, bíceps femoral, semitendinoso e semimembranoso. Os ramos terminais do nervo isquiático foram os nervos tibial e fibular comum, tendo suas origens distalmente ao trocânter maior do fêmur. Estatisticamente, através da aplicação do teste de Wilcoxon (0,05), não houve diferenças significativas entre as frequências dos ramos musculares do nervo isquiático e os antímeros, independentemente do número de ramos musculares.

Origens e ramificações do nervo femoral em javalis (Sus scrofa scrofa Linnaeu, 1758) / Origins and ramifications of the femoral nerve in wild boars (Sus scrofa scrofa Linnaeu, 1758)

Neste estudo foram analisadas a origem e distribuição dos nervos femorais em 25 fetos de javalis (Sus scrofa scrofa). A fixação destes animais em solução aquosa de formaldeído a 10% ocorreu mediante diferentes pontos de injeções subcutâneas, intramusculares e intracavitárias, bem como por imersão dos referidos exemplares em recipientes com a mesma solução por um período mínimo de 48 horas, a fim de preparar o material para posterior dissecação. Foi observado que a origem das raízes do nervo originaram-se de L3 a S1. No tocante a quantidade de vértebras lombar, variou de cinco a sete, sendo cinco em oito casos (32%), seis em 12 exemplares (48%) e sete em cinco animais (20%). Com relação a sua distribuição, os nervos femorais emitiram de dois a cinco ramos para os músculos ilíacos direito e de dois a quatro para o esquerdo, o psoas maior direito recebeu de dois a cinco, e seu antimero esquerdo, de dois a sete, o sartório direito, por sua vez, foi inervado por dois ramos em um caso e o quadríceps femoral apresentou variação de sete a 16, em ambos os antímeros.

We analyzed the origin and distribution of the femoral nerve in 25 fetuses of wild boar (Sus scrofa scrofa). The introduction of these animals in aqueous formaldehyde 10% was by different points of subcutaneous, intramuscular and intracavitary injections, as well as by immersion of those specimens, in containers of the same solution for a minimum of 48 hours, to prepare the material for further dissection. It was observed that the origin of the nerve roots were derived from S1 to L3. Regarding the amount of lumbar vertebrae varied from five to seven, five in eight cases (32%), six in twelve specimens (48%) and seven in five animals (20%). In relation to their distribution, the femoral nerves emitted 2-5 branches to the right iliac muscle and 2-4 to the left, the right psoas major received 2-5, and its left antimer, 2-7, the right sartorius was innervated by two branches and in 1 case and the femoral quadriceps presented variation of 7-16 branches, in both antimers.

Origem e distribuição do nervo femoral do mocó, Kerodon rupestris (Cavidae) / Origin and distribution of femoral nerve of the rocky cavy, Kerodon rupestris (Cavidae)

O mocó (Kerodon rupestris Wied,1820), um mamífero roedor da família Cavidae, que se assemelha bastante ao preá, é um animal altamente adaptado às condições de calor e de escassez de água e de alimento, principalmente nos períodos das grandes secas que assolam periodicamente a região do semi-árido nordestino. Verifiica-se que na literatura há escassez de dados referentes à anatomia funcional dos mocós, em especial de trabalhos envolvendo a anatomia do sistema nervoso. Visando conhecer a origem do nervo femoral junto aos forames intervertebrais, sua localização e distribuição pelo membro pélvico, a musculatura envolvida em seu trajeto, a importância desse estudo para clínica de animais silvestres e contribuir para o desenvolvimento da neuroanatomia comparada, procedeu-se esta pesquisa, na qual foram utilizados dez animais adultos de diferentes idades (4 machos e 6 fêmeas) que vieram a óbito no Centro de Multiplicação de Animais Silvestres (Cemas) da Universidade Federal Rural do Semi-Árido (Ufersa). Os animais foram fiixados em solução aquosa de formaldeído a 10 por cento e posteriormente tiveram a cavidade abdominal dissecada até a completa visualização do nervo femoral. Foram verifiicadas variações no número de vértebras lombares nos animais, entre seis (30 por cento) e sete (70 por cento) vértebras, alterando, conseqüentemente, a origem do nervo. No antímero direito, verifiicou-se que em 40 por cento dos animais o nervo femoral originava-se de ramos ventrais de L5L6, em 40 por cento de L5L6L7 e em 20 por cento de L4L5L6. Já no esquerdo 50 por cento dos exemplares o nervo femoral foi formado de raízes ventrais de L5L6, em 30 por cento de L5L6L7 e em 20 por cento de L4L5L6.(AU)

Rock cavy (Kerodon rupestris Wied, 1820), a rodent mammal from the Cavidae family is highly adapted to conditions of heat and shortage of water and food, mainly in the periods of great drought that periodically devastate the semi-arid of Northeast Brazil. In the literature, few data are found regarding the functional anatomy of the rock cavy, especially involving the anatomy of the nervous system. We aimed to investigate the origin of the femoral nerve close to the intervertebral foramina, its location and distribution for the musculature of the legs, to verify its importance to support further studies for wild animal clinics, and to contribute for the comparative neuro-anatomy. Ten adult rock cavies of different ages were used (4 males and 6 females), that had died in the Wild Animal Multiplication Center (Cemas) of the Rural Federal University of the Semi-Arid, Mossoró. After the fixation in aqueous solution of 10 percent formalin, the dissection of the abdominal cavity of the animals was accomplished for complete visualization of the femoral nerve. Variations were verified in the number of lumbar vertebrae, as seven animals (70 percent) had seven lumbar vertebrae, and three (30 percent) only six, altering the origin of the nerve. On the right side, in four animals (40 percent) the femoral nerve originated from ventral branches of L5 to L6, four (40 percent) from L5 to L7, and in two (20 percent) from L4 to L6. On the left side, in five animals (50 percent) the femoral nerve originated from the ventral branches of L5 to L6, in three (30 percent) from L5 to L7, and two (20 percent) also from L4 to L6.(AU)