Optimizing the microstructure of a new machinable bioactive glass-ceramic.

OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to optimize the crystallization process and the microstructure of a new bioactive glass-ceramic (GC) previously developed by our research group to obtain machinable glass-ceramics. METHODS: Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) analyses were conducted to explore the characteristic temperatures and construct a semi-quantitative nucleation curve. The GC specimens were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Rietveld refinement. Their brittleness index (B) and machinability were characterized and compared with IPS e.max-CAD®. Their Young's modulus, fracture toughness, and hardness were assessed. RESULTS: We found that the maximum crystal nucleation rate temperature of this GC is ~470 °C. Treatments were designed based on the 1st DSC peak onset (570 °C), 1st peak offset (650 °C), and 2nd peak offset (705 °C) crystallization temperatures of lithium metasilicate (LS, LiSi2O3) and lithium disilicate (LS2, Li2Si2O5). Rietveld refinement indicated an increase in LS2 and a reduction in LS and amorphous phase for increased temperatures and longer treatment times. Their B values indicate good machinability compared with that of the control group based on statistical analyses. As expected, lower levels of LS2 increase the machinability regardless of the rotation speed adopted, leading to a greater depth of cut and reduced Edge Chipping Damage Depth (ECDD). CONCLUSION: This bioactive GC with optimized microstructure presents high machinability. For treatment temperatures above 570 °C, the number of elongated LS2 crystals increases and decreases the amorphous phase content, which reduce the machinability of the GC, and should therefore be avoided. The best results were obtained using heat treatment at 570 °C, which produces LS crystals embedded in a glassy matrix (67%) with small contents of secondary phases.

Surface quality of furniture components using a band saw, milling machine, and two species / Qualidade superficial de componentes de móveis utilizando serra fita e fresadora e duas espécies

This study is dedicated to considering the use of eucalyptus and Ocotea porosa to produce classic-style furniture, assessing the machining time and surface quality. For such, the survey of data on the surface quality of eucalyptus and Ocotea porosa pieces was carried out through a visual assessment with the adaptation of the methodology described in standard ASTM 1666. This analysis of the wood surface quality occurred using two different species and two machining modalities (a band saw and a copy milling machine) for parts intended to produce components (feet) for classic furniture. After making the feet, the pieces of furniture were assembled and reassessed. Forty samples were selected and evaluated for initial defects through visual inspection, and the non-parametric Kruskal-Wallis statistical test was applied. The values found for surface quality were considered good quality, with more time being necessary to perform the finishing of the parts processed with the band saw than the milling machine. One may conclude thatthe milling time spent on each treatment influences the production capacity of the company, with the cuts carried out with the milling machine being faster and with better surface finishing.(AU)

Esse estudo dedicou-se a considerar a utilização de eucalipto e Ocotea porosa na produção de móveis em estilo clássico, avaliando o tempo de usinagem e a qualidade superficial. Para tal, foi realizado o levantamento de dados sobre a qualidade superficial de peças de eucalipto e Ocotea porosa, por meio de uma avaliação visual com adaptação da metodologia descrita na norma ASTM 1666. Essa análise da qualidade superficial da madeira ocorreu por meio de duas diferentes espécies e conduzido por duas modalidades de usinagem (uma serra-fita e uma fresadora copiadora) de peças destinadas a produção de componentes (pés) para móveis clássicos. Após a confecção dos pés os móveis foram montados e novamente avaliados. Selecionou-se 40 amostras, nas quais foram avaliados os defeitos iniciais por meioda inspeção visual, foi aplicada a estatística não paramétrica de Kruskal-Wallis. Os valores encontrados sobre a qualidade de superfície foram considerados de boa qualidade, sendo necessário maior tempo para realizar o acabamento nas peças processadas na serra-fita se comparado com a fresadora. Pôde-se concluir que o tempo de usinagem gasto em cada tratamento influencia na capacidade de produção da empresa, sendo mais rápidos os cortes realizados pela fresadora com melhor acabamento superficial.(AU)

Surface quality of furniture components using a band saw, milling machine, and two species / Qualidade superficial de componentes de móveis utilizando serra fita e fresadora e duas espécies

This study is dedicated to considering the use of eucalyptus and Ocotea porosa to produce classic-style furniture, assessing the machining time and surface quality. For such, the survey of data on the surface quality of eucalyptus and Ocotea porosa pieces was carried out through a visual assessment with the adaptation of the methodology described in standard ASTM 1666. This analysis of the wood surface quality occurred using two different species and two machining modalities (a band saw and a copy milling machine) for parts intended to produce components (feet) for classic furniture. After making the feet, the pieces of furniture were assembled and reassessed. Forty samples were selected and evaluated for initial defects through visual inspection, and the non-parametric Kruskal-Wallis statistical test was applied. The values found for surface quality were considered good quality, with more time being necessary to perform the finishing of the parts processed with the band saw than the milling machine. One may conclude thatthe milling time spent on each treatment influences the production capacity of the company, with the cuts carried out with the milling machine being faster and with better surface finishing.

Esse estudo dedicou-se a considerar a utilização de eucalipto e Ocotea porosa na produção de móveis em estilo clássico, avaliando o tempo de usinagem e a qualidade superficial. Para tal, foi realizado o levantamento de dados sobre a qualidade superficial de peças de eucalipto e Ocotea porosa, por meio de uma avaliação visual com adaptação da metodologia descrita na norma ASTM 1666. Essa análise da qualidade superficial da madeira ocorreu por meio de duas diferentes espécies e conduzido por duas modalidades de usinagem (uma serra-fita e uma fresadora copiadora) de peças destinadas a produção de componentes (pés) para móveis clássicos. Após a confecção dos pés os móveis foram montados e novamente avaliados. Selecionou-se 40 amostras, nas quais foram avaliados os defeitos iniciais por meioda inspeção visual, foi aplicada a estatística não paramétrica de Kruskal-Wallis. Os valores encontrados sobre a qualidade de superfície foram considerados de boa qualidade, sendo necessário maior tempo para realizar o acabamento nas peças processadas na serra-fita se comparado com a fresadora. Pôde-se concluir que o tempo de usinagem gasto em cada tratamento influencia na capacidade de produção da empresa, sendo mais rápidos os cortes realizados pela fresadora com melhor acabamento superficial.

MQL Strategies Applied in Ti-6Al-4V Alloy Milling-Comparative Analysis between Experimental Design and Artificial Neural Networks.

This paper presents a study of the Ti-6Al-4V alloy milling under different lubrication conditions, using the minimum quantity lubrication approach. The chosen material is widely used in the industry due to its properties, although they present difficulties in terms of their machinability. A minimum quantity lubrication (MQL) prototype valve was built for this purpose, and machining followed a previously defined experimental design with three lubrication strategies. Speed, feed rate, and the depth of cut were considered as independent variables. As design-dependent variables, cutting forces, torque, and roughness were considered. The desirability optimization function was used in order to obtain the best input data indications, in order to minimize cutting and roughness efforts. Supervised artificial neural networks of the multilayer perceptron type were created and tested, and their responses were compared statistically to the results of the factorial design. It was noted that the variables that most influenced the machining-dependent variables were the feed rate and the depth of cut. A lower roughness value was achieved with MQL only with the use of cutting fluid with graphite. Statistical analysis demonstrated that artificial neural network and the experimental design predict similar results.

Análisis superficial de rugosidad (RA) en el mecanizado de Poli-Éter-Éter-Cetona (PEEK) para aplicación en implantes individualizados / Surface roughness analysis (RA) in the machining of Poly-Ether-Keton (PEEK) for tailored implants

RESUMEN El objetivo de esta investigación es determinar los valores de velocidad de corte, avance y trayectoria (estrategia de mecanizado) en el mecanizado del PEEK que permitan obtener una rugosidad (Ra) recomendada según la literatura para la adecuada diferenciación, proliferación y adhesión de células mesenquimales aplicables en implantes óseos[3,4,6,7,11]. De la revisión del estado del arte se determinó que dichos procesos celulares se obtienen cuando la rugosidad superficial Ra tiene un valor entre 1 μm a 3 μm[9,12], de igual forma, a mayor anisotropía superficial, mayor diferenciación celular se obtendrá[7,8]. Para determinar los parámetros de corte con los que se obtiene una rugosidad Ra óptima se realizó un diseño experimental de superficie de respuesta con rangos de exploración de: velocidad de corte: 60 m/min - 90 m/min y velocidad de avance: 900 mm/min - 1500 mm/min usados para ambas estrategias evaluadas: Raster y Espiral. La investigación concluyó que los parámetros de mecanizado con los cuales se obtiene una rugosidad recomendada Ra para la elaboración de implantes óseos son: velocidad de avance 1500 mm/min y velocidad de corte de 90 m/min mecanizando con una trayectoria (técnica de mecanizado) Raster, con la cual se obtiene una rugosidad Ra de 2,7 μm.

ABSTRACT The objective of this study is determinate the values of cutting speed, feed along and the machining strategy to get optimal values of roughness Ra for the machining of PEEK, polyetheretherketone, to get to get differentiation, proliferation and adhesion for mesenchymal for the development of individualized tailored prosthesis. According to literature to get those cellular process the superficial roughness must have a value Ra of 1 μm to 3 μm, also, if more anisotropic surface, more adhesion of cells. To determinate the recommended roughness Response Surface Methodology was used, the region of operability was: cutting speed 60 m/min to 90 m/min, feed along 900 mm/min to 1500 mm/min and a cutting strategy of Raster and Spiral. In this investigation the conclusion was that the cutting parameter to get the recommended roughness Ra for the elaboration of tailored prosthesis is feed along of 1500 mm/min and cutting speed of 90 m/min, machining with Raster strategy, for those parameters the roughness was of 2,7 μm.

Uso da tecnologia CAD/CAM na Odontologia: do enceramento diagnóstico ao desenho digital integrado. A mudança de um paradigma / The use of CAD/CAM technology in dentistry: from the diagnostic wax-up to the integrated digital design. A paradigm shift

O objetivo deste trabalho foi descrever a técnica de DDI (desenho digital integral) em substituição ao ED (enceramento diagnóstico), mudando um paradigma na Odontologia. Com o uso do DDI, não é necessário realizar o enceramento diagnóstico para estabelecer a meta protética. Esta é obtida digitalmente em um ambiente 3D, com mais requinte de informações e maior precisão. O DDI é então materializado (prototipado) utilizando uma impressora 3D, dentro do ambiente do consultório. Atualmente, os recursos CAD/CAM de baixo custo estão disponíveis para uso odontológico, e os resultados obtidos com esta tecnologia justificam a incorporação do tratamento 3D. Desta forma, a técnica do enceramento dental estaria próxima do fim, sendo que, em um futuro próximo, dentistas/técnicos de prótese serão dental digital designers e todo o conhecimento se voltará para o domínio dos programas de informática, e não para aquisição de equipamentos complexos e de alto custo.

The objective of this study was to describe the IDD technique (integrated digital design) to replace the DW (diagnostic waxing) as a paradigm shift in Dentistry. In this way, it is not necessary to perform the diagnostic waxing to establish the prosthetic outcomes. This is achieved in a 3D environment, with more information refi nement and greater accuracy. The IDD is then materialized (prototyped) using a 3D printer within the dental offi ce. Currently, the CAD/CAM resources are low-cost and available for dental use, with the obtained results justifying the incorporation of the 3D dental treatment. Thus, the diagnostic waxing would be close to an end; in the near future, clinicians/laboratory technicians will be dental digital designers and all knowledge will be managed to computer software domain and not to the acquisition of complex and expensive production equipment.

Hard machining, glaze firing and hydrofluoric acid etching: Do these procedures affect the flexural strength of a leucite glass-ceramic?

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effects of hard machining, glaze firing and hydrofluoric acid etching on the biaxial flexural strength and roughness of a CAD/CAM leucite glass-ceramic; to investigate if ceramic post-machining surface roughness is influenced by the machining order and by the pair of burs used for it. METHODS: A hundred forty four discs were machined by six nominally identical pairs of burs and divided into groups (n=24): (1) machining-M, (2) machining and glaze firing-MG, (3) machining and hydrofluoric acid etching-MA, (4) machining, glaze firing and hydrofluoric acid etching-MGA, (5) machining followed by polishing, as a control-MP, (6) machining, polishing and hydrofluoric acid etching-MPA. The roughness after each treatment (Ra and Rz) was measured. The discs were submitted to a piston-on-three ball flexure test (ISO 6872/2008) and strength data analyzed through Weibull statistics (95% CI). RESULTS: M resulted in lower characteristic strength (σ0) (128.2MPa) than MP (177.2MPa). The glaze firing reduced σ0 (109MPa), without affecting roughness. Hydrofluoric acid etching increased the roughness without affecting σ0. Spearman's coefficient (rs) indicated strong and significant correlation between machining order and roughness (rsRa=-0.66; rsRz=-0.73). The ceramic post-machining surface roughness differed significantly according to the pair of burs employed (p<0.05). SIGNIFICANCE: hard machining and glaze firing reduced the leucite ceramic strength, while hydrofluoric acid etching did not affect the strength. Variability in the roughness might be expected after machining, since it was influenced by the machining order and by the bur pairing.

Design and milling manufacture of polyurethane custom contoured cushions for wheelchair users.

BACKGROUND: The design of custom contoured cushions manufactured in flexible polyurethane foams is an option to improve positioning and comfort for people with disabilities that spend most of the day seated in the same position. These surfaces increase the contact area between the seat and the user. This fact contributes to minimise the local pressures that can generate problems like decubitus ulcers. The present research aims at establishing development routes for custom cushion production to wheelchair users. This study also contributes to the investigation of Computer Numerical Control (CNC) machining of flexible polyurethane foams. METHOD: The proposed route to obtain the customised seat began with acquiring the user's contour in adequate posture through plaster cast. To collect the surface geometry, the cast was three-dimensionally scanned and manipulated in CAD/CAM software. CNC milling parameters such as tools, spindle speeds and feed rates to machine flexible polyurethane foams were tested. These parameters were analysed regarding the surface quality. The best parameters were then tested in a customised seat. The possible dimensional changes generated during foam cutting were analysed through 3D scanning. Also, the customised seat pressure and temperature distribution was tested. RESULTS: The best parameters found for foams with a density of 50kg/cm(3) were high spindle speeds (24000 rpm) and feed rates between 2400-4000mm/min. Those parameters did not generate significant deformities in the machined cushions. The custom contoured cushion satisfactorily increased the contact area between wheelchair and user, as it distributed pressure and heat evenly. CONCLUSION: Through this study it was possible to define routes for the development and manufacturing of customised seats using direct CNC milling in flexible polyurethane foams. It also showed that custom contoured cushions efficiently distribute pressure and temperature, which is believed to minimise tissue lesions such as pressure ulcers.

Dióxido de carbono em forma de névoa na refrigeração da ferramenta de corte, durante a usinagem da madeira / Carbon dioxide in fog form to refrigerate the cut tool during wood machining

A concentração de calor na superfície da madeira, resultante do seu processamento mecânico, promove o desgaste prematuro da ferramenta de corte, com consequente efeito sobre o acabamento do material processado, ocasionando o aparecimento de regiões carbonizadas sobre a superfície, bem como provocando maior rugosidade superficial do que as observadas em procedimentos de usinagem com ausência de calor concentrado. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito da refrigeração da ferramenta de corte na qualidade da superfície da madeira usinada. O mecanismo adotado foi a utilização de dióxido de carbono, em forma de névoa, aplicado diretamente na região em processo de usinagem, de modo que esse fluido atuasse como refrigerante do processo de corte. Para os ensaios, foram adotados madeira de Eucalyptus grandis e operação de corte com serra circular. Para avaliar o estado superficial, adotaram-se, como parâmetros, a rugosidade e a ocorrência de carbonização da superfície. Os resultados mostraram que a aplicação do dióxido de carbono, mesmo em pequenos níveis de vazão (15g min-1 ou 30g min-1), reduziu a carbonização superficial do material processado, bem como os valores de rugosidade superficiais.

Heat concentration from wood cutting process promotes the tool premature wear, with consequent effect on the surface processed material, causing burnt areas as well as provoking larger superficial roughness than observed in machining process with absence of accumulated heat. The objective of this research was to evaluate the effect of cutting tool refrigeration during wood machining. The adopted mechanism was the use of pressurized carbon dioxide in fog form applied directly in the cutting area as a refrigeration method. The test was performed using Eucalyptus grandis and as cutting tool, a circular saw. To evaluate the wood final surface the following parameters were adopted; superficial roughness and occurrence of surface carbonization. The results showed that carbon dioxide applied in fog form, even at the smallest level (15g min-1), avoided the superficial carbonization of the processed material, as well as reduced the values of superficial roughness.

Dióxido de carbono em forma de névoa na refrigeração da ferramenta de corte, durante a usinagem da madeira

Heat concentration from wood cutting process promotes the tool premature wear, with consequent effect on the surface processed material, causing burnt areas as well as provoking larger superficial roughness than observed in machining process with absence of accumulated heat. The objective of this research was to evaluate the effect of cutting tool refrigeration during wood machining. The adopted mechanism was the use of pressurized carbon dioxide in fog form applied directly in the cutting area as a refrigeration method. The test was performed using Eucalyptus grandis and as cutting tool, a circular saw. To evaluate the wood final surface the following parameters were adopted; superficial roughness and occurrence of surface carbonization. The results showed that carbon dioxide applied in fog form, even at the smallest level (15g min-1), avoided the superficial carbonization of the processed material, as well as reduced the values of superficial roughness.

A concentração de calor na superfície da madeira, resultante do seu processamento mecânico, promove o desgaste prematuro da ferramenta de corte, com consequente efeito sobre o acabamento do material processado, ocasionando o aparecimento de regiões carbonizadas sobre a superfície, bem como provocando maior rugosidade superficial do que as observadas em procedimentos de usinagem com ausência de calor concentrado. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito da refrigeração da ferramenta de corte na qualidade da superfície da madeira usinada. O mecanismo adotado foi a utilização de dióxido de carbono, em forma de névoa, aplicado diretamente na região em processo de usinagem, de modo que esse fluido atuasse como refrigerante do processo de corte. Para os ensaios, foram adotados madeira de Eucalyptus grandis e operação de corte com serra circular. Para avaliar o estado superficial, adotaram-se, como parâmetros, a rugosidade e a ocorrência de carbonização da superfície. Os resultados mostraram que a aplicação do dióxido de carbono, mesmo em pequenos níveis de vazão (15g min-1 ou 30g min-1), reduziu a carbonização superficial do material processado, bem como os valores de rugosidade superficiais.

Dióxido de carbono em forma de névoa na refrigeração da ferramenta de corte, durante a usinagem da madeira

Heat concentration from wood cutting process promotes the tool premature wear, with consequent effect on the surface processed material, causing burnt areas as well as provoking larger superficial roughness than observed in machining process with absence of accumulated heat. The objective of this research was to evaluate the effect of cutting tool refrigeration during wood machining. The adopted mechanism was the use of pressurized carbon dioxide in fog form applied directly in the cutting area as a refrigeration method. The test was performed using Eucalyptus grandis and as cutting tool, a circular saw. To evaluate the wood final surface the following parameters were adopted; superficial roughness and occurrence of surface carbonization. The results showed that carbon dioxide applied in fog form, even at the smallest level (15g min-1), avoided the superficial carbonization of the processed material, as well as reduced the values of superficial roughness.

A concentração de calor na superfície da madeira, resultante do seu processamento mecânico, promove o desgaste prematuro da ferramenta de corte, com consequente efeito sobre o acabamento do material processado, ocasionando o aparecimento de regiões carbonizadas sobre a superfície, bem como provocando maior rugosidade superficial do que as observadas em procedimentos de usinagem com ausência de calor concentrado. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito da refrigeração da ferramenta de corte na qualidade da superfície da madeira usinada. O mecanismo adotado foi a utilização de dióxido de carbono, em forma de névoa, aplicado diretamente na região em processo de usinagem, de modo que esse fluido atuasse como refrigerante do processo de corte. Para os ensaios, foram adotados madeira de Eucalyptus grandis e operação de corte com serra circular. Para avaliar o estado superficial, adotaram-se, como parâmetros, a rugosidade e a ocorrência de carbonização da superfície. Os resultados mostraram que a aplicação do dióxido de carbono, mesmo em pequenos níveis de vazão (15g min-1 ou 30g min-1), reduziu a carbonização superficial do material processado, bem como os valores de rugosidade superficiais.

Dióxido de carbono em forma de névoa na refrigeração da ferramenta de corte, durante a usinagem da madeira

Heat concentration from wood cutting process promotes the tool premature wear, with consequent effect on the surface processed material, causing burnt areas as well as provoking larger superficial roughness than observed in machining process with absence of accumulated heat. The objective of this research was to evaluate the effect of cutting tool refrigeration during wood machining. The adopted mechanism was the use of pressurized carbon dioxide in fog form applied directly in the cutting area as a refrigeration method. The test was performed using Eucalyptus grandis and as cutting tool, a circular saw. To evaluate the wood final surface the following parameters were adopted; superficial roughness and occurrence of surface carbonization. The results showed that carbon dioxide applied in fog form, even at the smallest level (15g min-1), avoided the superficial carbonization of the processed material, as well as reduced the values of superficial roughness.

A concentração de calor na superfície da madeira, resultante do seu processamento mecânico, promove o desgaste prematuro da ferramenta de corte, com consequente efeito sobre o acabamento do material processado, ocasionando o aparecimento de regiões carbonizadas sobre a superfície, bem como provocando maior rugosidade superficial do que as observadas em procedimentos de usinagem com ausência de calor concentrado. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito da refrigeração da ferramenta de corte na qualidade da superfície da madeira usinada. O mecanismo adotado foi a utilização de dióxido de carbono, em forma de névoa, aplicado diretamente na região em processo de usinagem, de modo que esse fluido atuasse como refrigerante do processo de corte. Para os ensaios, foram adotados madeira de Eucalyptus grandis e operação de corte com serra circular. Para avaliar o estado superficial, adotaram-se, como parâmetros, a rugosidade e a ocorrência de carbonização da superfície. Os resultados mostraram que a aplicação do dióxido de carbono, mesmo em pequenos níveis de vazão (15g min-1 ou 30g min-1), reduziu a carbonização superficial do material processado, bem como os valores de rugosidade superficiais.

Orthogonal cutting forces in juvenile and mature Pinus taeda wood

The distinct characteristics of juvenile and mature woods, which are observed particularly in softwoods, have an influence on processing due to their different mechanical resistance properties in relation to cutting operations. In the past, when most of the wood used industrially came from adult trees of natural forests, little importance was given to a distinction between different zones of the tree stem. At present, however, as the supply of mature trees with large diameters from native forests is constantly decreasing, the use of short-cycle trees has become a common practice, through the adoption of species that grow relatively fast, such as pines and eucalyptus. In both softwoods and hardwoods, juvenile wood cells are generally smaller and thinner than in mature wood, and this reflects on their density and mechanical resistance, which should have an effect on the cutting forces developed during processing. The main object of this research was to evaluate orthogonal cutting forces in juvenile and mature Pinus taeda woods. Cutting force magnitude differences were observed for those two regions of the trunk, with parallel cutting forces being 33.4% higher, on average, at the mature wood region for 90-0 cutting, and 12% higher for 90-90 cutting. This result is consistent with the distinct anatomical structures of the material, since the forces developed during machining depend directly upon its properties.

As características distintas dos lenhos juvenil e adulto, existentes principalmente na formação das coníferas, influenciam na usinagem devido às diferentes propriedades de resistência mecânica ao corte. No passado, quando a maior parte da madeira utilizada industrialmente era proveniente de árvores adultas de florestas naturais, pouca importância era dada à diferenciação de zonas no tronco. Atualmente, no entanto, com o decréscimo constante do suprimento de árvores adultas de grandes diâmetros, provenientes de florestas nativas, tornou-se comum o aproveitamento da madeira de ciclos curtos, através da adoção de espécies de crescimento relativamente rápido, como exemplo os Pinus e os eucaliptos. Tanto nas coníferas quanto nas dicotiledôneas, as células da madeira juvenil são, geralmente, menores e mais delgadas do que na madeira adulta, refletindo em sua densidade e resistência, o que deverá afetar as forças de corte desenvolvidas durante o processamento. O objetivo principal desta pesquisa foi avaliar as forças de corte ortogonal nas madeiras juvenil e adulta de Pinus taeda. Houve diferenças de magnitude das forças de corte nessas duas regiões, sendo as forças de corte paralela, em média, 33,4% maiores na zona de madeira adulta, no corte 90-0, e 12% maiores no corte 90-90. Esse resultado é coerente com a diferenciação da estrutura anatômica do material, uma vez que as forças geradas durante a usinagem dependem, diretamente, de suas propriedades.

Orthogonal cutting forces in juvenile and mature Pinus taeda wood

The distinct characteristics of juvenile and mature woods, which are observed particularly in softwoods, have an influence on processing due to their different mechanical resistance properties in relation to cutting operations. In the past, when most of the wood used industrially came from adult trees of natural forests, little importance was given to a distinction between different zones of the tree stem. At present, however, as the supply of mature trees with large diameters from native forests is constantly decreasing, the use of short-cycle trees has become a common practice, through the adoption of species that grow relatively fast, such as pines and eucalyptus. In both softwoods and hardwoods, juvenile wood cells are generally smaller and thinner than in mature wood, and this reflects on their density and mechanical resistance, which should have an effect on the cutting forces developed during processing. The main object of this research was to evaluate orthogonal cutting forces in juvenile and mature Pinus taeda woods. Cutting force magnitude differences were observed for those two regions of the trunk, with parallel cutting forces being 33.4% higher, on average, at the mature wood region for 90-0 cutting, and 12% higher for 90-90 cutting. This result is consistent with the distinct anatomical structures of the material, since the forces developed during machining depend directly upon its properties.

As características distintas dos lenhos juvenil e adulto, existentes principalmente na formação das coníferas, influenciam na usinagem devido às diferentes propriedades de resistência mecânica ao corte. No passado, quando a maior parte da madeira utilizada industrialmente era proveniente de árvores adultas de florestas naturais, pouca importância era dada à diferenciação de zonas no tronco. Atualmente, no entanto, com o decréscimo constante do suprimento de árvores adultas de grandes diâmetros, provenientes de florestas nativas, tornou-se comum o aproveitamento da madeira de ciclos curtos, através da adoção de espécies de crescimento relativamente rápido, como exemplo os Pinus e os eucaliptos. Tanto nas coníferas quanto nas dicotiledôneas, as células da madeira juvenil são, geralmente, menores e mais delgadas do que na madeira adulta, refletindo em sua densidade e resistência, o que deverá afetar as forças de corte desenvolvidas durante o processamento. O objetivo principal desta pesquisa foi avaliar as forças de corte ortogonal nas madeiras juvenil e adulta de Pinus taeda. Houve diferenças de magnitude das forças de corte nessas duas regiões, sendo as forças de corte paralela, em média, 33,4% maiores na zona de madeira adulta, no corte 90-0, e 12% maiores no corte 90-90. Esse resultado é coerente com a diferenciação da estrutura anatômica do material, uma vez que as forças geradas durante a usinagem dependem, diretamente, de suas propriedades.