Trends in Micronutrient Interventions, Anemia, and Iron Deficiency among Women and Children in Guatemala, 2009-2019.

Background: Food fortification and micronutrient supplementation are public health strategies to improve micronutrient status in Guatemala; their population effectiveness has not been evaluated in recent years. Objective: We evaluated trends in food fortification, micronutrient supplementation, anemia, and iron deficiency among nonpregnant women aged 15-49 y [women of reproductive age (WRA)] and children 6-59 aged mo [preschool age children (PSC)]. Method: Nationally representative serial cross-sectional surveys were used to assess changes in hemoglobin, anemia, ferritin, iron deficiency, iron deficiency anemia, and self-reported consumption of fortifiable foods and micronutrient supplements during 2008/2009, 2013, 2015, 2016, 2017/2018, and 2018/2019. Predictors of hemoglobin and ferritin were assessed using generalized linear mixed models adjusted for survey year as random effects, and the consumption of fortifiable foods, supplements, and other potential confounders were fixed effects. Results: Multiple micronutrient powder consumption among PSC during the previous 3 mo was 53.3% (95% CI: 49.4, 57.2) in 2013 and 33.6% (28.8, 38.4) in 2018/2019. Anemia among PSC was 11.3% (8.0, 14.5) in 2008/2009 and 6.1% (3.6, 8.6) in 2018/2019. Anemia among WRA was 10.7% (7.2, 14.2) in 2008/2009 and 3.9% (2.7, 5.2) in 2018/2019. Iron deficiency among PSC was 15.5% (12.1, 19.0) in 2008/2009 and 10.9% (7.4, 14.5) in 2016 (lowest), but 17.1 (13.3, 21.0) in 2017/2018 (highest). Iron deficiency among WRA was 14.9% (11.6, 18.2) in 2008/2009, 13.8% (11.8, 15.8) in 2013 (lowest), and 18.9% (16.3, 21.6) in 2017/2018 (highest). Wheat flour/bread consumption was positively associated with hemoglobin among PSC, and sugar consumption was positively associated with hemoglobin among WRA. The reported consumption of fortifiable foods was not associated with ferritin among PSC or WRA. Conclusions: Guatemala has implemented multiple food fortification strategies, and anemia has declined. Increases in iron deficiency in 2017-2019 warrant further attention. Secular trends toward poverty alleviation, education, and development might be responsible for changes not explained by the micronutrient interventions evaluated.

Canola oil/candelilla wax oleogel improves texture, retards staling and reduces in vitro starch digestibility of maize tortillas.

BACKGROUND: Maize tortilla staling is a major drawback that affects its commercialization and consumption, and so novel methods for retarding staling are continuously being explored. The present study evaluated the effect of adding a canola oil/candelilla wax oleogel (CWO; 0. 2, 4 and 6 g 100 g-1 ) to a basic masa formulation (water, 60 g 100 g-1 ; nixtamalized maize flour, 40 g 100 g-1 ) on the texture, staling and in vitro starch digestibility of maize tortillas made using a hot plate (200 °C). RESULTS: Textural analysis showed that CWO reduced hardness and increased the tensile strength of tortillas. Fourier transform infrared analysis indicated that the retrogradation of starch chains, quantified in terms of the intensity ratio 1047/1022, was reduced by oleogel incorporation. In vitro starch digestibility tests showed that tortillas containing CWO had lower readily digestible and slowly digestible starch fractions compared to the control tortilla without oleogel. CONCLUSION: The formation of amylose-lipid inclusion complexes and the formation of an oily physical barrier around starch granules were postulated as mechanisms underlying the reduced starch digestibility. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry.

A novel, simple, economic and effective method for retarding maize tortilla staling.

BACKGROUND: Staling of maize tortillas is a major drawback affecting their manufacture, commercialization and consumption. The development of methods that may help retard staling of maize tortillas is an ongoing research topic. In this work, a novel, simple, economic and effective method is proposed, based on adding completely gelatinized nixtamalized maize flour (GMF) dispersion to the basic masa formulation recipe (water, 600 g kg-1 ; nixtamalized maize flour, 400 g kg-1 ) in substitution of 50, 100 and 150 g kg-1 of water. RESULTS: Masa added with GMF showed increased water retention capacity, reduced freezable water content and improved flow and dynamic rheological properties and produced tortillas with decreased firmness. The infrared 1047/1022 cm-1 spectral ratio indicated that a more disordered starch granule arrangement was formed, while enthalpy peaks associated with starch retrogradation decreased. All the above indicators were more pronounced the higher was the GMF content. CONCLUSION: This work showed that GMF can play the role of a self-hydrocolloid anti-staling agent by retarding the retrogradation of maize starch and deterring the loss of water and rheological properties of masa and the increase in undesirable sensory characteristics of tortilla such as increased firmness. © 2018 Society of Chemical Industry.

Physicochemical and sensory characterization of gluten-free fresh pasta with addition of passion fruit peel flour / Características físico-químicas e sensoriais de massa alimentícia fresca sem glúten com adição de farinha de casca de maracujá

ABSTRACT: The aim of this study was to develop a gluten-free fresh pasta formulation with addition of yellow passion fruit peel flour (PPF). A control formulation containing a mixture of rice flour and corn flour and formulations with 10 and 20% of PPF addition were produced. Sensory analysis, physicochemical characterization and technological properties were assessed. The PPF addition to gluten-free pasta increased cooking time, soluble solids loss and water absorption; it also modified the color of the formulations. The control formulation and the formulation containing 10% PPF had the best sensory parameters, leading to an acceptability index over 70%. The 10% PPF addition increased fiber (3.25%) and ashes (2.15%) content and also lowered percentage of carbohydrates (41.19%) and energy value (223.26 kcal/80g); content of proteins and lipids were similar between the formulations. Principal component analysis showed that the control formulation stands out due to its sensory properties while the formulation containing 10% PPF improved nutritional properties. Therefore, the increase in nutritional value of gluten-free fresh pasta due to the PPF addition can be considered an alternative to meet market demands for healthier food choices.

RESUMO: O objetivo deste estudo foi desenvolver massa alimentícia fresca sem glúten com adição de farinha de casca de maracujá amarelo (FCM). Uma formulação controle composta de uma mistura de farinha de arroz e farinha de milho, e formulações com adição de 10 e 20% de FCM foram produzidas. As amostras foram analisadas quanto às características sensoriais, físico-químicas e tecnológicas. A adição de FCM às formulações aumentou o tempo de cozimento, a perda de sólidos solúveis e a absorção de água, bem como, modificou os parâmetros de cor. As formulações que apresentaram melhores resultados, quanto aos atributos sensoriais, foram o controle e a que continha 10% de adição de FCM, que apresentaram índice de aceitabilidade acima de 70%. A adição de 10% de FCM aumentou o teor de fibras (3,25%) e cinzas (2,15%) e reduziu a porcentagem de carboidratos (41,19%) e o valor energético (223,26 kcal/80g), enquanto o teor de proteínas e lipídios foi semelhante entre formulações. A análise de componentes principais demonstrou que a amostra controle se destacou por suas propriedades sensoriais, enquanto a adição de 10% de FCM promoveu as propriedades nutricionais. Portanto, o aumento do valor nutricional da massa fresca sem glúten produzida com adição de FCM pode ser considerada uma alternativa para atender uma demanda crescente do mercado que busca escolhas alimentares mais saudáveis.

Physicochemical and sensory characterization of gluten-free fresh pasta with addition of passion fruit peel flour / Características físico-químicas e sensoriais de massa alimentícia fresca sem glúten com adição de farinha de casca de maracujá

The aim of this study was to develop a gluten-free fresh pasta formulation with addition of yellow passion fruit peel flour (PPF). A control formulation containing a mixture of rice flour and corn flour and formulations with 10 and 20% of PPF addition were produced. Sensory analysis, physicochemical characterization and technological properties were assessed. The PPF addition to gluten-free pasta increased cooking time, soluble solids loss and water absorption; it also modified the color of the formulations. The control formulation and the formulation containing 10% PPF had the best sensory parameters, leading to an acceptability index over 70%. The 10% PPF addition increased fiber (3.25%) and ashes (2.15%) content and also lowered percentage of carbohydrates (41.19%) and energy value (223.26 kcal/80g); content of proteins and lipids were similar between the formulations. Principal component analysis showed that the control formulation stands out due to its sensory properties while the formulation containing 10% PPF improved nutritional properties. Therefore, the increase in nutritional value of gluten-free fresh pasta due to the PPF addition can be considered an alternative to meet market demands for healthier food choices.(AU)

O objetivo deste estudo foi desenvolver massa alimentícia fresca sem glúten com adição de farinha de casca de maracujá amarelo (FCM). Uma formulação controle composta de uma mistura de farinha de arroz e farinha de milho, e formulações com adição de 10 e 20% de FCM foram produzidas. As amostras foram analisadas quanto às características sensoriais, físico-químicas e tecnológicas. A adição de FCM às formulações aumentou o tempo de cozimento, a perda de sólidos solúveis e a absorção de água, bem como, modificou os parâmetros de cor. As formulações que apresentaram melhores resultados, quanto aos atributos sensoriais, foram o controle e a que continha 10% de adição de FCM, que apresentaram índice de aceitabilidade acima de 70%. A adição de 10% de FCM aumentou o teor de fibras (3,25%) e cinzas (2,15%) e reduziu a porcentagem de carboidratos (41,19%) e o valor energético (223,26 kcal/80g), enquanto o teor de proteínas e lipídios foi semelhante entre formulações. A análise de componentes principais demonstrou que a amostra controle se destacou por suas propriedades sensoriais, enquanto a adição de 10% de FCM promoveu as propriedades nutricionais. Portanto, o aumento do valor nutricional da massa fresca sem glúten produzida com adição de FCM pode ser considerada uma alternativa para atender uma demanda crescente do mercado que busca escolhas alimentares mais saudáveis.(AU)

Influence of high-dose gamma radiation and particle size on antioxidant properties of Maize ( Zea mays L. ) flour

ABSTRACT Influence of high-dose gamma radiation and particle size on antioxidant properties of maize (Zea mays L.) flour was studied using response surface methodology. A central composite design based on three levels of each of particle size, in terms of mesh number (40, 60 and 80 meshes), and gamma radiation dose (25, 50 and 75 kGy) was constructed. A statistically significant dose-dependent decrease (p<0.05) in antioxidant properties of gamma irradiated flour was observed. However, an increase in the mesh number (decrease in particle size of flour) resulted in an increase in antioxidant properties. The optimum level of radiation dose to achieve maximum value of responses was found to be 50 kGy for Trolox equivalent total antioxidant activity (TETAOA), 25 kGy for iron chelating ability (ICA), 25 kGy for reducing power (RP) and 75 kGy for linoleic acid reduction capacity (LARC). However, the optimum level of mesh number to achieve desired levels of TETAOA, ICA, RP and LARC was found to be 80 meshes

Production of maize tortillas and cookies from nixtamalized flour enriched with anthocyanins, flavonoids and saponins extracted from black bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) seed coats.

Ethanolic extract from black beans coat is a source of flavonoids, saponins and antocyanins. Nixtamalized maize flours (NF) are used for the preparation of products such as tortillas, tortillas chips, cookies among others. The objective of this research was to study the effect on textural parameters and color after adding flavonoids, saponins and anthocyanins from black bean seed coat in NF used for the production of tortillas and gluten-free cookies. Furthermore, the retention of bioactive compounds after tortilla and gluten-free-cookie preparation was assessed. Ethanolic extracts of black bean seed coats were added (3g/kg or 7 g/kg) to NF in order to prepare corn tortillas and gluten free cookies characterized in terms of dimensions, color and texture. Addition of 7 g/kg affected the color of cookies and tortillas without effect on texture and dimensions. It was possible to retain more than 80% and 60% of bioactives into baked tortillas and cookies, respectively.

In vitro digestibility, crystallinity, rheological, thermal, particle size and morphological characteristics of pinole, a traditional energy food obtained from toasted ground maize.

Flour obtained from toasted ground maize grains is widely consumed by different ethnic groups of Northern Mexico and Southwest USA as an energy source. In this work the in vitro digestibility, crystallinity, rheological, thermal, particle size distribution and morphological characteristics of toasted ground white and blue maize flours were studied. X-ray diffraction studies showed that the crystallinity content was reduced, but that the hydrolysis rate and the in vitro digestibility of starch were greatly improved by the toasting process. The relative amount of rapidly digestible starch showed an important increase at the expense of resistant starch content reduction. The thermal properties of white maize starch increased slightly, but those of the blue maize starch decreased slightly after toasting. Aqueous dispersions formed with 10% (w/w) flour were heated at 90°C for 5min to induce starch gelling, in order to resemble thin porridges. The dispersed gels exhibited higher elastic modulus (G') than loss modulus (G'') in the linear viscoelastic region, with blue maize dispersions displaying higher moduli magnitudes. At higher shear strain amplitudes, G' decreased but G'' first increased and then decreased (overshoot phenomenon). The effects of toasting on the structure and functionality of maize starch are explained on the basis of limited gelatinization of the granules. The results in this work provide insights for understanding the extensive use of pinole by impoverished ethnic groups, and more recently by high performance ultra-runners and athletes, as an energy food.

Comparative study of transgenic and non-transgenic maize (Zea mays) flours commercialized in Brazil, focussing on proteomic analyses.

Genetically modified foods are a major concern around the world due to the lack of information concerning their safety and health effects. This work evaluates differences, at the proteomic level, between two types of crop samples: transgenic (MON810 event with the Cry1Ab gene, which confers resistance to insects) and non-transgenic maize flour commercialized in Brazil. The 2-D DIGE technique revealed 99 differentially expressed spots, which were collected in 2-D PAGE gels and identified via mass spectrometry (nESI-QTOF MS/MS). The abundance of protein differences between the transgenic and non-transgenic samples could arise from genetic modification or as a result of an environmental influence pertaining to the commercial sample. The major functional category of proteins identified was related to disease/defense and, although differences were observed between samples, no toxins or allergenic proteins were found.

Digestibility coefficients and energy values of several feeds for swine / Coeficientes de digestibilidade e valores energéticos de alguns alimentos para suínos

Trials were made to determine the chemical composition and dry matter (DMD), apparent crude protein digestibility (ACPD), digestible energy (DE) and metabolizable energy (ME) of four feeds with swine in growing phase. The feeds studied were: pré-cooked corn (PCC); whole soybean dry extrusion (WSDE); whole steam toasted soybean (WSTS) and maize flour biscuit residues (MFBR).Thirty six crossbred (Landrace x Large White ) barrows were utilized with initial weight of 44.60 + 4.26 kg. The method employed was the one of total faeces and urine collection using ferric oxide as faecal marker in the proportion of 2% of the dry matter of the diet. The ingredients substitued 30% of the basal diet, in the dry matter basis. The results for PCC, WSDE, WSTS and MFBR were, respectively, as feed basis of: DE (3564, 3778, 3575, 3363 KCal/kg), ME (3482, 3742, 3536, 3315 KCal/kg); DMD (88.45; 89.89; 89.93; 92.74 %); ACPD (88.82; 89.50; 91.62; 90.61 %).

Ensaios foram realizados para avaliar a composição química e determinar os coeficientes de digestibilidade aparente da matéria seca (CDAMS), proteína bruta (CDAPB), energia digestível (ED) e energia metabolizável (EM) de quatro alimentos, com suínos na fase de crescimento. Foram estudados: milho pré-gelatinizado (MPG); soja integral extrusão seca (SIES); soja integral tostada a vapor (SITV) e resíduos de bolacha maisena (RBM). Utilizaram-se 36 suínos machos castrados mestiços (Landrace x Large White) com peso inicial de 44,60 + 4,26 kg. O método utilizado foi o da coleta total de fezes e urina, utilizando óxido férrico como marcador fecal na proporção de 2% da matéria seca da dieta. Os ingredientes substituíram 30% da dieta referência, na base da matéria seca. Os resultados para MPG, SIES, SITV e RBM foram respectivamente na base da matéria natural de:ED (3564; 3778; 3575; 3363 Kcal/kg); EM (3482, 3742, 3536, 3315 Kcal/kg); CDAMS (88,45, 89,89, 89,93, 92,74 %); CDAPB (88,82, 89,50, 91,62, 90,61 %).

Digestibility coefficients and energy values of several feeds for swine / Coeficientes de digestibilidade e valores energéticos de alguns alimentos para suínos

Trials were made to determine the chemical composition and dry matter (DMD), apparent crude protein digestibility (ACPD), digestible energy (DE) and metabolizable energy (ME) of four feeds with swine in growing phase. The feeds studied were: pré-cooked corn (PCC); whole soybean dry extrusion (WSDE); whole steam toasted soybean (WSTS) and maize flour biscuit residues (MFBR).Thirty six crossbred (Landrace x Large White ) barrows were utilized with initial weight of 44.60 + 4.26 kg. The method employed was the one of total faeces and urine collection using ferric oxide as faecal marker in the proportion of 2% of the dry matter of the diet. The ingredients substitued 30% of the basal diet, in the dry matter basis. The results for PCC, WSDE, WSTS and MFBR were, respectively, as feed basis of: DE (3564, 3778, 3575, 3363 KCal/kg), ME (3482, 3742, 3536, 3315 KCal/kg); DMD (88.45; 89.89; 89.93; 92.74 %); ACPD (88.82; 89.50; 91.62; 90.61 %).

Ensaios foram realizados para avaliar a composição química e determinar os coeficientes de digestibilidade aparente da matéria seca (CDAMS), proteína bruta (CDAPB), energia digestível (ED) e energia metabolizável (EM) de quatro alimentos, com suínos na fase de crescimento. Foram estudados: milho pré-gelatinizado (MPG); soja integral extrusão seca (SIES); soja integral tostada a vapor (SITV) e resíduos de bolacha maisena (RBM). Utilizaram-se 36 suínos machos castrados mestiços (Landrace x Large White) com peso inicial de 44,60 + 4,26 kg. O método utilizado foi o da coleta total de fezes e urina, utilizando óxido férrico como marcador fecal na proporção de 2% da matéria seca da dieta. Os ingredientes substituíram 30% da dieta referência, na base da matéria seca. Os resultados para MPG, SIES, SITV e RBM foram respectivamente na base da matéria natural de:ED (3564; 3778; 3575; 3363 Kcal/kg); EM (3482, 3742, 3536, 3315 Kcal/kg); CDAMS (88,45, 89,89, 89,93, 92,74 %); CDAPB (88,82, 89,50, 91,62, 90,61 %).