ABSTRACT
Objetivo: Descrever o estado das evidências relacionadas ao gerenciamento e educação em serviço da equipe interprofissional sobre Resíduos dos Serviços de Saúde (RSS), especificamente na Atenção Primária à Saúde (APS). Método: Revisão integrativa nas bases LILACS, BDENF, PubMed®, WOS, CINAHL e SciVerse Scopus entre 2010 e 2020 nos idiomas português, inglês e espanhol. Resultados: A amostra foi de 17 artigos de países emergentes e subdesenvolvidos, com carência de conhecimentos e inconformidades no gerenciamento e cumprimento das normativas quanto à saúde ambiental, resvalando em riscos ocupacionais. A interpretação gerou: (1) O gerenciamento e a premência da educação permanente em serviço: entre inadequações e adequações e (2) Propostas de efetivação do gerenciamento correto na Atenção Primária. Conclusão: Sintetizaram-se evidências de nível VI, descrevendo a premência de educação permanente em serviço para mudança de práticas e uma maior atenção ao Plano de Gerenciamento dos Resíduos de Serviços de Saúde na APS.
Objective: To describe the state of evidence related to the management and in-service education of the interprofessional team on Waste from Health Services (WHS), specifically in Primary Health Care (PHC). Method: Integrative review in LILACS, BDENF, PubMed®, WOS, CINAHL and SciVerse Scopus databases between 2010 and 2020 in Portuguese, English and Spanish. Results: The sample consisted of 17 articles from emerging and underdeveloped countries, with a lack of knowledge and nonconformities in the management and compliance with regulations regarding environmental health, slipping into occupational risks. The interpretation generated: (1) The management and urgency of continuing education in service: between inadequacies and adaptations and (2) Proposals for effective management in Primary Care. Conclusion: Level VI evidence was synthesized, describing the need for permanent in-service education to change practices and pay greater attention to the Health Services Waste Management Plan in PHC.
Objetivo: Describir el estado de la evidencia relacionada con la gestión y educación en servicio del equipo interprofesional sobre Residuos de los Servicios de Salud (RSS), específicamente en la Atención Primaria de Salud (APS). Método: Revisión integradora en las bases de datos LILACS, BDENF, PubMed®, WOS, CINAHL y SciVerse Scopus entre 2010 y 2020 en portugués, inglés y español. Resultados: La muestra estuvo conformada por 17 artículos de países emergentes y subdesarrollados, con desconocimiento e inconformidades en la gestión y cumplimiento de las normas en materia de salud ambiental, incursionando en los riesgos laborales. La interpretación generó: (1) La gestión y urgencia de la educación permanente en servicio: entre insuficiencias y adaptaciones y (2) Propuestas para una gestión eficaz en Atención Primaria. Conclusión: Se sintetizó evidencia de nivel VI, describiendo la necesidad de educación permanente en servicio para cambiar prácticas y prestar mayor atención al Plan de Gestión de Residuos de los Servicios de Salud en la APS.
Subject(s)
Humans , Primary Health Care , Public Health , Nursing , Waste Management , Environmental Health EducationABSTRACT
Introdução: os Resíduos de Serviços de Saúde (RSS) têm sido uma fonte de preocupação para os gestores hospitalares, pois necessitam atender às exigências legais; nos últimos anos houve mudanças no Brasil com a publicação da atual Resolução de Diretoria Colegiada (RDC) 222/18, que normatiza o gerenciamento interno dos resíduos. Objetivo: comparar a RDC 306/04 com a RDC 222/18 quanto ao gerenciamento de Resíduos de Serviços de Saúde, bem como apresentar as implicações da legislação em vigência. Material e Método: trata-se de uma pesquisa exploratória e descritiva, de abordagem qualitativa do tipo documental; para tal, criou-se um roteiro de análises baseado nas etapas de gerenciamento dos RSS; os resultados foram apresentados em tabelas por grupos (A, B, C, D e E) que foram as categorias documentais para a comparação da legislação RDC 306/04 com a RDC 222/18. Resultados: observou-se importantes mudanças na lei atual, com impacto para os gestores e profissionais que atuam em hospitais, como o descarte de bolsas de sangue e peças anatômicas caracterizadas como A1, liberação de descarte de equipamentos de proteção individual (EPIs) como resíduos do Grupo D comum, seringas e agulhas podem ser desconectadas quando tiverem o dispositivo de segurança, novos critérios para descarte de oito grupos de medicamentos, entre outras. Discussão: as mudanças citadas necessitam ser incorporadas nos planos de gerenciamento, planejamento de novos fluxos de segregação de resíduos e aquisição de novos coletores que em médio prazo podem contribuir na redução de custo financeiro, e diminuição dos impactos ambientais desses resíduos quando descartados de forma segura. Conclusão: ao comparar as duas legislações, o presente estudo contribui para direcionar as adequações necessárias, a fim de atender a atual legislação, com informações diretas para orientar novos critérios de classificação, acondicionamento, tratamento e destinação final para o gerenciamento seguro dos resíduos nos serviços de saúde.
Introduction: Waste from Health Services (RSS) has been a source of concern for hospital managers, as they need to meet legal requirements; in recent years there have been changes in Brazil with the publication of the current Resolution of the Collegiate Board 222/18, which regulates the internal management of waste. Objective: to compare Resolution of the Collegiate Board 306/04 with Resolution of the Collegiate Board 222/18 regarding the management of RSS, as well as present the implications of the legislation in force. Material and Method: this is an exploratory and descriptive research, with a qualitative approach of the documentary type; for this, an analysis script was created based on the steps of managing the RSS; the results were presented in tables by groups (A, B, C, D and E) which were the document categories for the comparison of legislation Resolution of the Collegiate Board 306/04 with Resolution of the Collegiate Board 222/18. Results: important changes were observed in the current law, with an impact on managers and professionals working in hospitals, such as the disposal of blood bags and anatomical parts characterized as A1, release of disposal of Personal Protective Equipment as waste from Group D common, syringes and needles can be disconnected when they have the safety device, new criteria for disposing of eight groups of drugs, among others. Discussion: the aforementioned changes need to be incorporated into management plans, planning new waste segregation flows and acquisition of new collectors that in the medium term can contribute to reducing the financial cost, and reducing the environmental impacts of these wastes when disposed of safely. Conclusion: by comparing the two legislations, this study contributes to direct the necessary adjustments, in order to meet the current legislation, with direct information to guide new classification, packaging, treatment and final disposal criteria for the safe management of waste in the services of health.
Subject(s)
Humans , Health , Waste Management , Health Services , Medical Waste , Sewers Collectors , Costs and Cost Analysis , NeedlesABSTRACT
Quadrivalent influenza vaccines (QIVs) are designed to prevent influenza disease caused by two influenza A viruses (H1N1 and H3N2) and both influenza B lineages. Risk-monitoring of QIVs to identify adverse events (AEs) is necessary as influenza vaccines are reformulated each year. We developed a new active surveillance system (Sistema de Control de Vacunación; SICOVA) to improve pharmacovigilance in Mexico. Participants (N = 2013) aged 0 - 96 years from nine sites across three influenza seasons (n = 1166 in 2015 - 2016; n = 633 in 2016 - 2017; and n = 214 in 2017 - 2018) agreed to receive text messages 1, 7, 28, and 42 days post-vaccination to know if they had experienced any AEs. The study was completed electronically by 1763 (87.6%) participants; manual follow-up was conducted for 250 participants whose reporting was incomplete. The overall AE rate was 9.09%. At least one AE was reported by 183 participants, of whom 131 (71.58%) did not require a medical visit and 52 (28.42%) needed medical attention, with none requiring hospitalization. Most AEs requiring medical attention occurred in children aged 0 - 5 years (n = 22, 42.31%) and adults aged 31 - 35 years (n = 5, 9.62%). These results are consistent with the established safety profile of Fluzone® Quadrivalent, and show that SICOVA can facilitate surveillance and increase AE reporting in Mexico.
Subject(s)
Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype , Influenza Vaccines , Influenza, Human , Adult , Child , Follow-Up Studies , Humans , Influenza A Virus, H3N2 Subtype , Influenza Vaccines/adverse effects , Influenza, Human/prevention & control , Marketing , Mexico/epidemiology , Vaccines, Combined , Vaccines, Inactivated/adverse effectsABSTRACT
The FAIR principles have become a data management instrument for the academic and scientific community, since they provide a set of guiding principles to bring findability, accessibility, interoperability and reusability to data and metadata stewardship. Since their official publication in 2016 by Scientific Data Nature, these principles have received worldwide recognition and have been quickly endorsed and adopted as a cornerstone of data stewardship and research policy. However, when put into practice, they occasionally result in organisational, legal and technological challenges that can lead to doubts and uncertainty as to whether the effort of implementing them is worthwhile. Soon after their publication, the European Commission and other funding agencies started to require that project proposals include a Data Management Plan (DMP) based on the FAIR principles. This paper reports on the adherence of DMPs to the FAIR principles, critically evaluating ten European DMP templates. We observed that the current FAIRness of most of these DMPs is only partly satisfactory, in that they address data best practices, findability, accessibility and sometimes preservation, but pay much less attention to metadata and interoperability.
Os princípios FAIR tornaram-se um instrumento de gestão de dados para a comunidade acadêmica e científica, uma vez que fornecem um conjunto de princípios orientadores que facilitam a localização, acessibilidade, interoperabilidade e reutilização de dados e metadados. Desde sua publicação oficial em 2016 pela Scientific Data - Nature, esses princípios receberam reconhecimento mundial e foram rapidamente endossados e adotados como pilares da gestão de dados e das políticas de pesquisa. No entanto, quando postos em prática, apresentam ocasionalmente desafios organizacionais, jurídicos e tecnológicos que podem levar a dúvidas e incertezas quanto ao esforço em implementá-los. Logo após sua publicação, a Comissão Europeia e outras agências de financiamento começaram a exigir nas suas propostas de projetos um Plano de Gestão de Dados (PGD) com base nos princípios da FAIR. Este artigo relata a aderência dos PGDs aos princípios FAIR, avaliando criticamente dez modelos europeus de PGD. Observamos que o nível de FAIRness da maioria dos PGDs analisados ainda é parcialmente satisfatório, uma vez que abordam as melhores práticas de dados, localização, acessibilidade e, às vezes, preservação, mas dão pouca atenção aos metadados e a interoperabilidade.
Los principios FAIR se han convertido en una herramienta de gestión de datos para la comunidad académica y científica, ya que proporcionan un conjunto de principios rectores que facilitan la localización, accesibilidad, interoperabilidad y reutilización de la gestión de datos y metadatos. Desde su publicación oficial en 2016 por Scientific Data - Nature, estos principios han recibido reconocimiento mundial y fueron rápidamente respaldados y adoptados como pilares de la política de investigación y gestión de datos. Sin embargo, cuando se ponen en práctica, ocasionalmente presentan desafíos organizativos, legales y tecnológicos que pueden generar dudas e incertidumbres sobre el esfuerzo para implementarlos. Poco después de su publicación, la Comisión Europea y otras agencias de financiación comenzaron a exigir en sus propuestas de proyectos un Plan de Gestión de Datos (PGD) basado en los principios de FAIR. Este artículo informa sobre la adherencia de los PGD a los principios FAIR, evaluando críticamente diez modelos europeos de PGD. Observamos que el nivel de FAIRness de la mayoría de los PGD analizados sigue siendo parcialmente insatisfactorio, ya que abordan las mejores prácticas de datos, ubicación, accesibilidad y, a veces, preservación, pero prestan poca atención a los metadatos y la interoperabilidad.
Subject(s)
Humans , Metadata , Scholarly Communication , Health Information Interoperability , Data Management , Comment , Health Research Policy , Scientific Domains , Data AnalysisABSTRACT
OBJECTIVES: Cutaneous leishmaniasis is a vector-borne parasitic disease whose lasting scars can cause stigmatization and depressive symptoms. It is endemic in remote rural areas and its incidence is under-reported, while the effectiveness, as opposed to efficacy, of its treatments is largely unknown. Here we present the data management plan (DMP) of a project which includes mHealth tools to address these knowledge gaps in Colombia. The objectives of the DMP are to specify the tools and procedures for data collection, data transfer, data entry, creation of analysis dataset, monitoring and archiving. RESULTS: The DMP includes data from two mobile apps: one implements a clinical prediction rule, and the other is for follow-up and treatment of confirmed cases. A desktop interface integrates these data and facilitates their linkage with other sources which include routine surveillance as well as paper and electronic case report forms. Multiple user and programming interfaces are used, as well as multiple relational and non-relational database engines. This DMP describes the successful integration of heterogeneous data sources and technologies. However the complexity of the project meant that the DMP took longer to develop than expected. We describe lessons learned which could be useful for future mHealth projects.
Subject(s)
Leishmaniasis, Cutaneous , Mobile Applications , Telemedicine , Colombia/epidemiology , Data Management , Humans , Leishmaniasis, Cutaneous/diagnosis , Leishmaniasis, Cutaneous/epidemiologyABSTRACT
Las actividades humanas producen un fuerte impacto en la degradación del ambiente. Por tanto, es necesario considerar que, si bien es cierto que en general, los residuos que genera no son tóxicos, su volumen es considerable, produciendo contaminación visual y la rápida colmatación de los vertederos. Objetivo: la presente propuesta de estudio tiene como objetivo validar un instrumento de investigación con el fin de obtener los datos necesarios para diseño de un plan de manejo ambiental y la búsqueda de estrategias para clasificar, reducir, y reutilizar los desechos. Y que autoevalúe el sistema de gestión ambiental, teniendo en cuenta aquellos aspectos relacionados con la normatividad de medio ambiente. Materiales y métodos: El instrumento fue sometido a consideración por juicio de expertos en el tema en el que intervinieron 3 PhDs y 2 especialistas del tema y determinó el grado pertinencia, la validez y la confiabilidad, aplicando el método Delphi que permite encontrar el coeficiente de competencia en forma y contenido. Resultados: Se evidencia que tanto los PhD y los especialistas indican que el instrumento está en la categoría de excelente, por tanto, se puede afirmar que es un instrumento pertinente, válido y confiable para ser aplicado en una prueba piloto. Conclusión: El instrumento presenta validez y confiabilidad aceptable para medir el manejo de las estrategias de conservación ambiental con el fin de reducir, reciclar y reutilizar los desechos sólidos(AU)
Human activities produce a strong impact on the degradation of the environment. Therefore, it is necessary to consider that, although it is true that in general, the waste generated is not toxic, its volume is considerable, producing visual pollution and the landfills rapid clogging. Objective: The purpose of this study proposal is to validate a research instrument in order to obtain the necessary data for the design of an environmental management plan and the search for strategies to classify, reduce and reuse waste. In addition, to self-evaluate the environmental management system, taking into account those aspects related to environmental regulations. Materials and methods: The instrument was submitted to the judgment of experts in the subject, in which three PhDs and two specialists in the subject participated and determined the degree of relevance, validity and reliability, applying the Delphi method that allows finding the coefficient of competence in form and content. The results: It is evident that both the PhDs and the specialists indicate that the instrument is in the excellent category; therefore, it can be affirmed that it is a pertinent, valid and reliable instrument to be applied in a pilot test. Conclusion: The instrument presents acceptable validity and reliability to measure the management of environmental conservation strategies to reduce, recycle and reuse solid waste(AU)
Subject(s)
Humans , Solid Waste/analysis , Surveys and Questionnaires , Validation Study , Recycling , Environment , Environment and Public Health , Environmental PollutionABSTRACT
The Environmental Risk Assessment (ERA) of genetically modified (GM) crops in Argentina is carried out by the National Advisory Commission on Agricultural Biotechnology (CONABIA) and the Innovation and Biotechnology Coordination (CIyB). Both have a large experience with this assessment, since 1991, when CONABIA was created. The continuous support to biotechnology as a state policy and as part of the decision to encourage developers in the regulatory process has helped make progress in the revision of the regulations. The experience gained during the last 30 years and the worldwide scientific advances supported the bases to update the regulatory framework. Focusing on the biosafety strengthening and the improvement of the applicant's experience in the GM crops evaluation process, during 2020 and 2021, the ERA went through a reviewing process. Some important modifications were made, such as (i) the assessment of stacked GM crops with focus on the possible interactions between transgenes and the expression products, (ii) the strengthening of the ERA taking into account the transportability of data and conclusions from the Confined Field Trials (CFTs), (iii) the adoption of Familiarity and History of Safe Use (HOSU) concepts on the risk assessment of the expression products, (iv) the special considerations for the unintended effects of insertional sites, and (v) as a post commercial release of GM crops, the Insect Resistance Management Plan (IRMP) was reformulated. These novel approaches enhance the ERA; they make it more efficient by applying the science criteria and the accumulated experience and scientific bibliography on the topic.
ABSTRACT
Abstract Coral reefs harbor one of the largest fish biodiversity on earth; yet information on reef fishes is still absent for many regions. We analyzed reef fish richness, distribution, and conservation on the largest Brazilian multiple use coastal MPA; which cover a large extent of coral reefs at the SWA. A total of 325 fish species have been listed for MPA Costa dos Corais, including Chondrichthyes (28 species) and Actinopterygii (297). Fish species were represented by 81 families and the most representative families were Carangidae (23 species), Labridae (21) and Gobiidae (15). The MPA fish richness represented 44% of all recorded fish species of the Southwestern Atlantic Ocean (SWA) highlighting the large-scale importance of this MPA. A total of 40 species (12%) are registered at Near Threatened (NT), Vulnerable (VU), Endangered (EN) or Critically Endangered (CR). This study reinforces the importance of MPA Costa dos Corais on reef fish biodiversity and conservation and emphasize the urgent need of conservation strategies.
Resumo Os recifes de coral abrigam uma das maiores biodiversidades de peixes do planeta; no entanto, as informações sobre peixes de recife ainda estão ausentes em muitas regiões. Analisamos a riqueza, distribuição e a conservação de peixes recifais na maior Área de Proteção Ambiental (APA) costeira de uso múltiplo do Brasil; área que possui grande extensão de recifes de corais no SWA. Um total de 325 espécies de peixes foram listadas para APA Costa dos Corais, incluindo Chondrichthyes (28 espécies) e Actinopterygii (297). As espécies de peixes foram representadas por 81 famílias e as famílias mais representativas foram Carangidae (23 espécies), Labridae (21) e Gobiidae (15). A riqueza de peixes da APA representou 44% de todas as espécies de peixes registradas no Oceano Atlântico Sudoeste (SWA), destacando a importância em grande escala desta APA. Um total de 40 espécies (12%) estão registradas como Quase Ameaçada (NT), Vulnerável (VU), Em Perigo (EN) ou Criticamente Em Perigo (CR). Este estudo reforça a importância da APA Costa dos Corais na biodiversidade e conservação dos peixes recifais e enfatiza a necessidade urgente de estratégias de conservação.
ABSTRACT
The migratory behavior of females of the freshwater prawn Macrobrachium amazonicum(Heller, 1862) can indicate a strategy that optimizes the population establishment. With this idea in mind, we evaluated the reproductive biology of M. amazonicum, hypothesizing that females were evenly distributed downstream of Hydroelectric Dam. Specimens were collected monthly for one year, from six sites of Rio Grande river. The specimens were sexed and measured (carapace length; CL). A total of 14,697 adults were captured, 2,864 males (AM), 11,082 non-breeding females (AF) and 751 breeding females (BF). The smallest BF had 3.8 mm CL. The distribution of demographic groups was assessed by a Principal Component Analysis (PCA), which explained 95.16% of the distribution over the collection sites. Breeding females were more abundant in the sites closest to the dam. This result can be explained by rainfall, which varied significantly throughout the year. As the breeding females migrated upstream toward the dam and were more abundant there, our hypothesis of homogeneous distribution was rejected. This behavior probably optimizes larval dispersion. The reproduction was continuous with peaks in the period preceding the maximum rainfall.(AU)
O comportamento migratório das fêmeas de Macrobrachium amazonicum (Heller, 1862) pode revelar estratégias para otimizar o estabelecimento da população. Com essa ideia em mente, avaliamos a biologia reprodutiva de M. amazonicum, hipotetizando que as fêmeas estavam uniformemente distribuídas a jusante da Usina Hidrelétrica. Os espécimes foram coletados mensalmente durante um ano, em seis localidades do Rio Grande, identificados quanto ao sexo e tiveram mensurado o comprimento da carapaça (CL). Foram capturados 14.697 camarões adultos, sendo 2.864 machos (AM), 11.082 fêmeas não-ovígeras (AF) e 751 fêmeas embrionadas (BF). A menor fêmea BF possuía 3,8 mm CL. A distribuição dos grupos demográficos foi avaliada por uma Análise de Componentes Principais (PCA), a qual explicou 95,16% da distribuição ao longo dos pontos de coleta (BF mais próximas da barragem). Tal explicação provavelmente foi relacionada com a precipitação, a qual variou significativamente ao longo do ano. Nossa hipótese de distribuição homogênea foi rejeitada, uma vez que as fêmeas ovígeras sobem o rio até as proximidades da barragem, provavelmente para otimizar a dispersão das larvas. A reprodução foi contínua com picos em períodos que antecedem os valores máximos de precipitação.(AU)
Subject(s)
Animals , Reproduction , Palaemonidae , Pollution of Lakes and Impoundments/adverse effects , Hydroelectric Power Plants (Environmental Health)/adverse effectsABSTRACT
The migratory behavior of females of the freshwater prawn Macrobrachium amazonicum(Heller, 1862) can indicate a strategy that optimizes the population establishment. With this idea in mind, we evaluated the reproductive biology of M. amazonicum, hypothesizing that females were evenly distributed downstream of Hydroelectric Dam. Specimens were collected monthly for one year, from six sites of Rio Grande river. The specimens were sexed and measured (carapace length; CL). A total of 14,697 adults were captured, 2,864 males (AM), 11,082 non-breeding females (AF) and 751 breeding females (BF). The smallest BF had 3.8 mm CL. The distribution of demographic groups was assessed by a Principal Component Analysis (PCA), which explained 95.16% of the distribution over the collection sites. Breeding females were more abundant in the sites closest to the dam. This result can be explained by rainfall, which varied significantly throughout the year. As the breeding females migrated upstream toward the dam and were more abundant there, our hypothesis of homogeneous distribution was rejected. This behavior probably optimizes larval dispersion. The reproduction was continuous with peaks in the period preceding the maximum rainfall.
O comportamento migratório das fêmeas de Macrobrachium amazonicum (Heller, 1862) pode revelar estratégias para otimizar o estabelecimento da população. Com essa ideia em mente, avaliamos a biologia reprodutiva de M. amazonicum, hipotetizando que as fêmeas estavam uniformemente distribuídas a jusante da Usina Hidrelétrica. Os espécimes foram coletados mensalmente durante um ano, em seis localidades do Rio Grande, identificados quanto ao sexo e tiveram mensurado o comprimento da carapaça (CL). Foram capturados 14.697 camarões adultos, sendo 2.864 machos (AM), 11.082 fêmeas não-ovígeras (AF) e 751 fêmeas embrionadas (BF). A menor fêmea BF possuía 3,8 mm CL. A distribuição dos grupos demográficos foi avaliada por uma Análise de Componentes Principais (PCA), a qual explicou 95,16% da distribuição ao longo dos pontos de coleta (BF mais próximas da barragem). Tal explicação provavelmente foi relacionada com a precipitação, a qual variou significativamente ao longo do ano. Nossa hipótese de distribuição homogênea foi rejeitada, uma vez que as fêmeas ovígeras sobem o rio até as proximidades da barragem, provavelmente para otimizar a dispersão das larvas. A reprodução foi contínua com picos em períodos que antecedem os valores máximos de precipitação.
Subject(s)
Animals , Hydroelectric Power Plants (Environmental Health)/adverse effects , Palaemonidae , Pollution of Lakes and Impoundments/adverse effects , ReproductionABSTRACT
This article deals with the challenges and obstacles facing the management of Urban Solid Waste (MSW) in the municipalities of ABC Paulista. In compliance with the guidelines imposed by the National Solid Waste Policy 12,305/2010, which determined that the entire city has a duty to create the PMGRS (Municipal Solid Waste Management Plan), and the creation of measures for constant changes in the collection of municipal waste and in the treatment and disposal of MSW. The objective of this article is to identify the level of sustainability in solid waste management in the following municipalities: Santo André, São Bernardo and São Caetano do Sul. The methodology used in this article was divided into three parts, the first part being the collection of primary and secondary data, the second was the integrated diagnosis of the results and, finally, the future prospects in relation to a proposal for new scenarios for the municipalities studied. The municipalities presented different results, and some positive aspects, the municipality of Santo André has excelled in most of the scenarios, even with all the presented obstacles.
Subject(s)
Refuse Disposal , Waste Management , Brazil , Cities , Solid WasteABSTRACT
RESUMO A implementação da Diretiva da Água 2000/60/EC demandou a articulação entre a gestão da água e a gestão territorial na comunidade europeia, fomentando a integração entre diferentes níveis de planejamento, como o regional, aplicado na escala da bacia hidrográfica, e o local, aplicado em âmbito municipal. Na Escócia, a integração entre os diferentes setores e escalas de planejamento é conduzida pela aplicação da Avaliação Ambiental Estratégica (AAE). Neste artigo, foram comparados os procedimentos e etapas de elaboração de dois instrumentos de planejamento territorial realizados para a mesma área: o Plano de Bacia Hidrográfica da Escócia para 2009/2015 e sua AAE e o Plano de Desenvolvimento Local de Glasgow para 2010/2015 e sua respectiva AAE. Como resultado, as diferentes características dos instrumentos de planejamento analisados influenciam nos objetivos e no nível de detalhamento utilizado pelas AAEs, cujos resultados conduziram gradativamente à integração dos planos. Como conclusão, o uso da AAE mostrou-se efetivo para propiciar a integração dos diferentes instrumentos de planejamento, atendendo aos requisitos da Diretiva da Água.
ABSTRACT The Water Directive 2000/60/EC regards the water basin management plans integrated in spatial plans in the European community, affecting the regional and local planning. In Scotland, the Strategic Environmental Assessment is used to combine distinct sectors and planning scales. This paper compared the procedures and steps of spatial planning for the same area: Scottish River Basin Management Plan 2009/2015 and Local Development Plan for Glasgow 2010/2015, with their Strategic Environmental Assessment as well. As a result, features of each planning tools affect the aims and details of Strategic Environmental Assessment, which conducts gradually the planning integration. The practice of Strategic Environmental Assessment is useful regarding the Water Directive objectives.
ABSTRACT
RESUMO A conservação dos recursos hídricos demanda ações de controle do uso e da ocupação do solo, influenciando instrumentos de gestão territorial nas escalas regional e local. O objetivo deste artigo foi analisar os instrumentos de planejamento territorial aplicados no Brasil, tendo como estudo de caso o litoral norte do Estado de São Paulo. A metodologia é baseada na análise da articulação dos dispositivos legais, notadamente a Política Nacional dos Recursos Hídricos, o Estatuto da Cidade, o Plano de Bacia Hidrográfica, o Zoneamento Ecológico-Econômico e o Plano Diretor Municipal. Como resultados, são apontadas dificuldades relacionadas ao uso de instrumentos normativos de integração, com a ausência de ferramentas de suporte à decisão das distintas competências.
ABSTRACT The conservation of water resources deals with spatial plans, influencing territorial management tools at regional and local scale. This paper aimed to analyze the planning tools applied in Brazil, focusing on the Northern Coast of São Paulo. The methodology was based on the analysis on the articulation of laws: Política Nacional de Recursos Hídricos, Estatuto da Cidade, Plano de Bacia Hidrográfica, Zoneamento Ecológico-Econômico and Plano Diretor Municipal. As results, there are troubles in the laws interaction's, with lack of decision support tools.
ABSTRACT
The Caatinga is an endemic and threatened dry-forest biome distributed across northern Brazil. We evaluated the conservation value of a Caatinga Natural Reserve (NR) - Floresta Nacional (FLONA) Contendas do Sincorá - using Scarabaeinae dung beetles as a biodiversity indicator. Specifically, we contrasted two zones impacted by two distinct intensity of selective logging that happened inside the NR until 1997. Dung beetles were collected 14 years after logging, using baited pitfall traps within three main habitats (riparian forest, regenerating Caatinga or arboreal Caatinga) found in two zones (Preservation and Management Zones). A total of 1,214 individuals from 21 species were sampled. The two zones presented distinct species composition, although the habitats did not exhibit such differences. Our results indicated that the secondary areas are in a conservation status similar to arboreal Caatinga and riparian forest, 14 y after logging. Furthermore, we identified seven habitat-indicator species, two of them typical to Caatinga biome, highlighting the importance of updates in NR management plan considering the Scarabaeinae regional diversity management.(AU)
A Caatinga é um bioma endêmico e ameaçado de floresta seca distribuída ao longo do Nordeste do Brasil. Nós avaliamos a importância conservacionista da unidade de conservação (UC) Floresta Nacional (FLONA) Contendas do Sincorá - utilizando besouros escarabeíneos como indicador da biodiversidade. Especificamente, nós contrastamos duas zonas com diferentes intensidades de impacto por corte seletivo que ocorreu no território da UC até 1997. Os besouros foram coletados 14 anos após o término o corte seletivo, através de armadilhas tipo pitfall iscadas, em três habitats principais da UC (mata ciliar, Caatinga em regeneração e Caatinga arbórea) encontrados em duas zonas (Zona de Preservação e de Manejo). Um total de 1.214 indivíduos de 21 espécies foi amostrados. As duas zonas apresentaram composições de espécies distintas, entretanto os habitats não apresentaram tais diferenças. Nossos resultados indicam que as áreas secundárias estão em um estado de conservação similares às de Caatinga arbórea e mata ciliar após 14 anos de corte. Além disso, nós identificamos sete espécies indicadoras de habitat, duas delas típicas do bioma da Caatinga, destacando a importância de reformulação do plano de manejo da UC considerando a manutenção da diversidade regional dos Scarabaeinae.(AU)
Subject(s)
Animals , Coleoptera , Sentinel Species , Environmental Monitoring , Environmental Change , BrazilABSTRACT
A través de este artículo se presenta una propuesta metodológica para desarrollar la formulación de un plan de gestión ambiental municipal. Para ello se emplean como herramientas de identificación y diagnóstico de los problemas territoriales de escala local, el análisis de unidades del paisaje y la evaluación de impacto ambiental. Precisamente, con el fin de visibilizar su fácil aplicabilidad, se exponen los resultados obtenidos de un ejercicio académico investigativo efectuado en el municipio de Tona, Cataluña-España. Por último, se esbozan una serie de programas y acciones de gestión ambiental para esta localidad, orientados a prevenir, controlar, mitigar y corregir los impactos generados por su urbanización y los diferentes usos del suelo.
Through this article a methodological proposal to develop the formulation of a Municipal Environmental Management Plan is presented. To this end, the analysis of landscape units and environmental impact assessment are used as tools for the identification and diagnosis of the territorial conflicts at the local level. Precisely, to visualize its easy applicability, the results of a research academic exercise carried out in the Municipality of Tona, Catalonia-Spain are exposed. Finally, a series of environmental management programs and actions for this location, designed to prevent, control, mitigate and correct the impacts generated by urbanization and the different land uses are outlined.
Subject(s)
Humans , Environmental Management , EnvironmentABSTRACT
The Caatinga is an endemic and threatened dry-forest biome distributed across northern Brazil. We evaluated the conservation value of a Caatinga Natural Reserve (NR) - Floresta Nacional (FLONA) Contendas do Sincorá - using Scarabaeinae dung beetles as a biodiversity indicator. Specifically, we contrasted two zones impacted by two distinct intensity of selective logging that happened inside the NR until 1997. Dung beetles were collected 14 years after logging, using baited pitfall traps within three main habitats (riparian forest, regenerating Caatinga or arboreal Caatinga) found in two zones (Preservation and Management Zones). A total of 1,214 individuals from 21 species were sampled. The two zones presented distinct species composition, although the habitats did not exhibit such differences. Our results indicated that the secondary areas are in a conservation status similar to arboreal Caatinga and riparian forest, 14 y after logging. Furthermore, we identified seven habitat-indicator species, two of them typical to Caatinga biome, highlighting the importance of updates in NR management plan considering the Scarabaeinae regional diversity management.
A Caatinga é um bioma endêmico e ameaçado de floresta seca distribuída ao longo do Nordeste do Brasil. Nós avaliamos a importância conservacionista da unidade de conservação (UC) Floresta Nacional (FLONA) Contendas do Sincorá - utilizando besouros escarabeíneos como indicador da biodiversidade. Especificamente, nós contrastamos duas zonas com diferentes intensidades de impacto por corte seletivo que ocorreu no território da UC até 1997. Os besouros foram coletados 14 anos após o término o corte seletivo, através de armadilhas tipo pitfall iscadas, em três habitats principais da UC (mata ciliar, Caatinga em regeneração e Caatinga arbórea) encontrados em duas zonas (Zona de Preservação e de Manejo). Um total de 1.214 indivíduos de 21 espécies foi amostrados. As duas zonas apresentaram composições de espécies distintas, entretanto os habitats não apresentaram tais diferenças. Nossos resultados indicam que as áreas secundárias estão em um estado de conservação similares às de Caatinga arbórea e mata ciliar após 14 anos de corte. Além disso, nós identificamos sete espécies indicadoras de habitat, duas delas típicas do bioma da Caatinga, destacando a importância de reformulação do plano de manejo da UC considerando a manutenção da diversidade regional dos Scarabaeinae.
Subject(s)
Animals , Environmental Change , Coleoptera , Sentinel Species , Environmental Monitoring , BrazilABSTRACT
ABSTRACT The Caatinga is an endemic and threatened dry-forest biome distributed across northern Brazil. We evaluated the conservation value of a Caatinga Natural Reserve (NR) - Floresta Nacional (FLONA) Contendas do Sincorá - using Scarabaeinae dung beetles as a biodiversity indicator. Specifically, we contrasted two zones impacted by two distinct intensity of selective logging that happened inside the NR until 1997. Dung beetles were collected 14 years after logging, using baited pitfall traps within three main habitats (riparian forest, regenerating Caatinga or arboreal Caatinga) found in two zones (Preservation and Management Zones). A total of 1,214 individuals from 21 species were sampled. The two zones presented distinct species composition, although the habitats did not exhibit such differences. Our results indicated that the secondary areas are in a conservation status similar to arboreal Caatinga and riparian forest, 14 y after logging. Furthermore, we identified seven habitat-indicator species, two of them typical to Caatinga biome, highlighting the importance of updates in NR management plan considering the Scarabaeinae regional diversity management.
RESUMO A Caatinga é um bioma endêmico e ameaçado de floresta seca distribuída ao longo do Nordeste do Brasil. Nós avaliamos a importância conservacionista da unidade de conservação (UC) Floresta Nacional (FLONA) Contendas do Sincorá - utilizando besouros escarabeíneos como indicador da biodiversidade. Especificamente, nós contrastamos duas zonas com diferentes intensidades de impacto por corte seletivo que ocorreu no território da UC até 1997. Os besouros foram coletados 14 anos após o término o corte seletivo, através de armadilhas tipo pitfall iscadas, em três habitats principais da UC (mata ciliar, Caatinga em regeneração e Caatinga arbórea) encontrados em duas zonas (Zona de Preservação e de Manejo). Um total de 1.214 indivíduos de 21 espécies foi amostrados. As duas zonas apresentaram composições de espécies distintas, entretanto os habitats não apresentaram tais diferenças. Nossos resultados indicam que as áreas secundárias estão em um estado de conservação similares às de Caatinga arbórea e mata ciliar após 14 anos de corte. Além disso, nós identificamos sete espécies indicadoras de habitat, duas delas típicas do bioma da Caatinga, destacando a importância de reformulação do plano de manejo da UC considerando a manutenção da diversidade regional dos Scarabaeinae.
ABSTRACT
The red mangrove crab, Goniopsis cruentata, influences the recruitment and composition of plant species in the mangrove ecosystem and it is an important fishery resource. Nevertheless, no current management and conservation plans are available for this species for the Brazilian coast. This investigation evaluated the population structure and reproductive biology in populations of G. cruentata under contrasting fishery pressures. The sampling program was carried out in two mangroves, Vaza-Barris and Sergipe River, from January through December 2011. Crabs from both mangroves were randomly collected by a professional fisherman during daytime low tide periods, using a fishing rod baited with pieces of a locally abundant gastropod, Pugilina morio, during 20min/area (catch per unit effort). Monthly measurements of air, sediment surface layer and water temperatures were obtained with a digital thermometer and salinity with an optical refractometer. Both crab populations were compared concerning their abundance, body size, sex ratio, size at onset of sexual maturity and fecundity (FI). Abiotic factors (air, water and mud temperature; and salinity) showed no significant differences between sampling localities. A total of 4 370 crabs were sampled, 2 829 from the Sergipe River and 1 541 from the Vaza-Barris River. The abundance and body size of crabs were compared between mangroves, and statistically significant differences were found. The sex ratio for both populations differed from the expected 1:1 ratio, and a significant deviation in favor of juvenile males was obtained, while adults showed a bias toward females. The estimated size at onset of sexual maturity for both sexes was similar in both populations. However, the populations differed significantly in the number and volume of eggs: a higher FI was obtained in females from the Sergipe River, while a higher egg volume was observed in females from the Vaza-Barris River mangrove. These results indicated a tendency to decrease the body size, the abundance of crabs and the reproductive potential of the species, with higher fishing intensities, reinforcing the need to develop a management plan as well as to establish conservation units for G. cruentata in the Northeastern Brazilian coast. Habitat loss in conjunction with long-term overfishing can have irreversible consequences, which can impact not only the populations of commercially exploited crabs, but the dynamics of virtually the entire mangrove ecosystem.
El cangrejo rojo Goniopsis cruentata influye en el reclutamiento y la composición de especies vegetales del ecosistema manglar y es un importante recurso pesquero. Sin embargo hasta la fecha, no se han desarrollado planes de manejo y conservación para esta especie en Brasil. La presente investigación evaluó la estructura poblacional y la biología reproductiva de las poblaciones de G. cruentata expuestas a diferentes presiones de pesca. El muestreo se realizó en dos manglares, Río Sergipe y Río Vaza-Barris entre enero y diciembre 2011. En ambos manglares, los animales fueron recolectados de día durante la marea baja por un pescador profesional, utilizando una caña de pescar con carnada del gasterópodo Pugilina morio, durante 20min/área (captura por unidad de esfuerzo, CPUE). Mensualmente con un termómetro digital se registró la temperatura del aire, agua y capa superficial del sedimento, mientras que la salinidad fue cuantificada utilizando un refractómetro óptico. Las poblaciones fueron comparadas en su abundancia, tamaño corporal, proporción de sexos, talla de primera madurez sexual y fecundidad. Los factores abióticos(temperatura del aire, agua y sedimento y la salinidad) no mostraron diferencias significativas entre ambos sitios de muestreo. Se recolectaron un total de 4 370 cangrejos; 2 829 en el río Sergipe y 1 541 en Vaza-Barris. Se registraron diferencias significativas entre los manglares con respecto a la abundancia y el tamaño corporal de los animales. La proporción de sexos de ambas poblaciones difirió de la relación 1:1 esperada y se obtuvo una desviación significativa en favor de machos jóvenes, mientras que los adultos mostraron una tendencia hacia las hembras. A su vez, las poblaciones difirieron significativamente en el número de huevos, con un mayor IF para las hembras del manglar del río Sergipe. El volumen de los huevos también mostró diferencias significativas entre ambas poblaciones. Estos resultados indican que la alta intensidad de pesca podría estar afectando dichos parámetros, lo que refuerza la necesidad de desarrollar un plan de manejo y la creación de unidades de conservación para G. cruentata en la costa noreste de Brasil. La pérdida del hábitat junto con la sobrepesca a largo plazo, pueden tener consecuencias irreversibles, que afectan no sólo a las poblaciones de cangrejos de importancia comercial, sino también la dinámica del ecosistema de manglar.
Subject(s)
Decapoda/anatomy & histology , Wetlands , Brazil , Fisheries , Horseshoe Crabs/anatomy & histologyABSTRACT
A Bacia Hidrográfica do Córrego Jararaca sofre impactos ambientais significativos decorrentes do uso e ocupação do solo inadequados em seu território. No Brasil, as áreas de preservação permanente são definidas e protegidas pelo Código Florestal, Lei Federal n°12.651, de 2012. Essas áreas estão localizadas nas margens de corpos d'água e em outros locais especificados pela referida lei. O objetivo do presente trabalho foi analisar os resultados das possíveis alternativas em função de distintos procedimentos utilizados para sua elaboração. A metodologia utilizada constitui na elaboração de um mapa de priorização para a recuperação dessas áreas, fazendo uso de Sistema de Informações Geográficas com análise multicriterial e comparando com as determinações do Plano de Bacia do Córrego Jararaca. Como resultado foram identificadas diferentes prioridades resultantes de procedimentos essencialmente técnicos daqueles procedimentos que incorporam a participação da sociedade.
The Jararaca River Basin suffers significative environmental impacts caused by inaccurate land use. In Brazil, the areas for permanent preservation are defined and protected by the 2012 Federal Law 12.651. These areas are located in the bank side and other specific places. The objective of this paper was to analyze the results of possible alternatives in function of different procedures used in the proposal elaboration. The methodology used was the elaboration of a priority map for the recovery of these areas using the Geographic Information System with multicriterial analyses and comparing it with the guidelines from the Jararaca River Basin Management Plan. As a result, there were identified differences in the priorities defined by technical issues from the priorities defined by public consultation process.
ABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Fingolimod is a once-daily oral treatment for relapsing multiple sclerosis, the proprietary production processes of which are tightly controlled, owing to its susceptibility to contamination by impurities, including genotoxic impurities. Many markets produce nonproprietary medicines; assessing their efficacy and safety is difficult as regulators may approve nonproprietary drugs without bioequivalence data, genotoxic evaluation, or risk management plans (RMPs). This assessment is especially important for fingolimod given its solubility/bioavailability profile, genotoxicity risk, and low-dose final product (0.5 mg). This paper presents an evaluation of the quality of proprietary and nonproprietary fingolimod variants. METHODS: Proprietary fingolimod was used as a reference substance against which eleven nonproprietary fingolimod copies were assessed. The microparticle size distribution of each compound was assessed by laser light diffraction, and inorganic impurity content by sulfated ash testing. Heavy metals content was quantified using inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry, and levels of unspecified impurities by high-performance liquid chromatography. Solubility was assessed in a range of solvents at different pH values. Key information from the fingolimod RMP is also presented. RESULTS: Nonproprietary fingolimod variants exhibited properties out of proprietary or internationally accepted specifications, including differences in particle size distribution and levels of impurities such as heavy metals. For microparticle size and heavy metals, all tested fingolimod copies were out-of-specification by several-fold magnitudes. Proprietary fingolimod has a well-defined RMP, highlighting known and potential mid- to long-term safety risks, and risk-minimization and pharmacovigilance procedures. CONCLUSION: Nonproprietary fingolimod copies produced by processes less well controlled than or altered from proprietary production processes may reduce product reproducibility and quality, potentially presenting risks to patients. Safety data and risk-minimization strategies for proprietary fingolimod may not apply to the nonproprietary fingolimod copies evaluated here. Market authorization of nonproprietary fingolimod copies should require an appropriate RMP to minimize risks to patients.