Hepatogenic photosensitization in lambs supplemented with different levels of extruded urea in Brachiaria spp. pastures in the Brazilian Cerrado: Case report.

The aim was to report cases and risk factors for hepatogenous photosensitization in lambs kept on Brachiaria spp. pastures and supplemented with levels of extruded urea (EU). The herd consisted of 69 Texel crossbred lambs with known parentage (fathers and mothers adapted to the consumption of forage of the genus Brachiaria), randomly divided into 5 groups and distributed in individual paddocks for each group. The animals were supplemented with increasing levels of EU (Amireia® 200S): 0, 6, 12, 18, and 24 g of EU per 100 kg-1 of body weight (BW). The concentration of protodioscin was estimated in the mixed pastures of Brachiaria spp. (cv. Marandu and cv. Basilisk), structural components (leaf, stem, and dead material), samples of each cultivar, and in the months of December (2018), February, and April (2019). The animals were examined daily, and when behavioral changes were identified, they underwent clinical examinations and anamnesis. Weighing was performed every 14 days, followed by necropsy and serum biochemical analysis, including gamma-glutamyltransferase (GGT). The highest concentrations of protodioscin (p < 0.0001) were found in the pastures used by animals supplemented without extruded urea (7.07 ± 0.56), in the Basilisk cultivar (11.35 ± 0.06), in the leaf blade components (2.08 ± 0.05), and thatch (2.20 ± 0.00), and in the month of April (7.34 ± 0.29) (the month with the lowest rainfall), respectively. Fourteen (20.29%) cases of photosensitization were observed in lambs, of which six recovered, and eight died. Serum GGT levels ranged from 42.2 to 225 IU/L; however, in animals that died, values ranged from 209.4 to 225 IU/L. The use of levels 12 g and 18 g per 100 kg-1 of body weight of extruded urea may contribute to the lower occurrence of photosensitization, as the animals selected pastures with lower protodioscin content, presenting a smaller number of cases.

N-fertilization of tropical pastures improves performance but not methane emission of Nellore growing bulls.

Grazing management and N-fertilizer have been reported to improve tropical forage productivity and quality, however, their effect on methane emission of grazing animals remains uncertain. Therefore, this study aimed to assess the effects of increasing application rates of nitrogen (N) fertilization of Marandu palisadegrass under continuous stocking on intake, digestibility, nitrogen balance, and enteric methane emissions of Nellore growing bulls. We hypothesized that changes in the forage nutritive value caused by N fertilization of pastures combined with adequate grazing management (e.g., greater crude protein [CP] and digestibility) would lead to an increase in animal productivity (e.g., greater average daily gain [ADG] and gain per area), and then, to a decrease in methane emission intensity. Treatments consisted of different annual application rates of nitrogen fertilization: 0, 75, and 150 kg N/ha using ammonium nitrate (32% N) as the nitrogen source. The experimental design was completely randomized, with three treatments and four replications (12 paddocks). Intake, digestibility, N balance, and methane emissions were measured in eight animals per treatment. CP intake, digestibility and N balance increased linearly with the increase in N fertilization (P < 0.05). In addition, stocking rate (SR) and ADG linearly increased from 1.75 animal unit (AU = 450 kg)/ha and 0.62 kg/d (0 kg N/ha) to 3.75 AU/ha and 0.82 kg/d (150 kg N/ha), respectively. Individual methane emissions nor methane emission intensity were affected by treatment with an average of 164.7 g/d and 199.7 g/kg ADG (P > 0.05). Annual N fertilization with ammonium nitrate between 75 and 150 kg N/ha in palisadegrass pastures under continuous stocking enhances animal performance per unit area yet not affecting neither methane production nor intensity.

The availability of nitrogen in the soil is one of the main factors that can affect plant growth and characteristics. Nitrogen fertilization is a tool to increase the efficiency in the productive responses of grazing beef cattle, reconciling the greater production per area, reduction of the production cycle, maximization of the use of nutrients, with the maintenance of the system sustainability by enhancing animal production indexes. The present study evaluated performance and methane production of Nellore growing bulls grazing continuously stocked Marandu palisadegrass fertilized with three rates of ammonium nitrate (0, 75, and 150 kg N/ha). Although nitrogen fertilization did not affect individual methane production, both stocking rate and average daily gain linearly increased as fertilization rate increased, thus increasing the beef productivity.

Consumo e parâmetros digestivos de ovinos alimentados com capim marandu de baixa qualidade e diferentes suplementos / Intake and digestive parameters of sheep ingesting forage from marandu palisadegrass and different supplements

Avaliou-se o efeito de três tipos de suplementos sobre o consumo e parâmetros digestivos em ovinos alimentados com forragem tropical de baixa qualidade. Foram utilizadas três borregas meio sangue Santa Inês x SRD, com peso corporal médio de 43 kg, alocadas em delineamento Quadro Latino (3x3) duplicado, sendo que em cada período experimental (total de seis com 14 dias cada) foram submetidas a um dos três tratamentos: mistura mineral (tratamento testemunha); suplemento constituído por mistura mineral, ureia/sulfato de amônio (9:1) e suplemento proteico de baixo consumo: constituído por grão de milho moído, farelo de soja, ureia/sulfato de amônio (9:1) e mistura mineral. Todos os animais receberam como volumoso o capim marandu (Urochloa brizantha cv. Marandu), picado in natura, ofertado duas vezes ao dia. Os suplementos foram fornecidos uma vez ao dia e a mistura mineral ad libitum. Houve aumento linear (p<0,001) com a suplementação proteica, tanto do consumo de matéria seca de suplemento (0,026; 0,048; 0,084 kg/dia) quanto do consumo de proteína bruta total (0,02; 0,04; 0,08 kg/dia), sendo estes valores registrados para mistura mineral, mistura mineral + ureia e suplemento proteico de baixo consumo, respectivamente. A suplementação proteica promoveu incremento no consumo de matéria seca total (p=0,03) quando comparada à mistura mineral, e os valores observados foram de 0,4; 0,51; 0,53 kg/dia para mistura mineral, mistura mineral + ureia e suplemento proteico de baixo consumo, respectivamente. O suplemento proteico de baixo consumo proporcionou maiores digestibilidade aparente dos nutrientes e consumo de NDT (p<0,05), contudo, o uso da mistura mineral + ureia promoveu resultados semelhantes aos da mistura mineral para estes parâmetros. Recomenda-se o fornecimento de suplemento proteico de baixo consumo para ovinos alimentados com forragem de baixa qualidade.(AU)

Aiming to evaluate the effect of three supplements types on intake and digestive parameters of sheep fed with low-quality tropical forage, three ewes (Santa Inês x SRD) were used in a double-blank Latin Square (3x3) design. The ewes had 43 kg of mean body weight and in each experimental period (a total of six with 14 days) were submitted to one of three treatments: mineral mixture (control treatment); supplement composed by mineral mixture, urea/ammonium sulfate (9:1); and protein supplement for low ingestion: composed by milled grains corn, soybean meal, urea/ammonium sulfate (9:1) and mineral mixture. All animals received chopped Marandu grass (Urochloa brizantha cv.Marandu) in natura, offered twice a day, the supplements were supplied once a day and the mineral mixture ad libitum. It was observed a linear increase (P <0.001) for the protein supplementation treatments on both SDMI (supplement dry matter intake) (0.026; 0.048; 0.084 kg.day-1) and total crude protein intake (0.02; 0.04; 0.08 kg.day-1), those values were recorded for treatments mineral mixture, mineral mixture + urea and protein supplement for low ingestion, respectively. The protein supplementation treatments provided an increase on total dry matter intake (p=0.03) when they were compared to the control (MM), the values recorded were 0.4; 0.51; 0.53 kg.day-1 for treatments mineral mixture, mineral mixture + urea and protein supplement for low ingestion, respectively. The low-consumption protein supplement provided greater values for parameters apparent nutrients digestibility and total digestive nutrients consumption (p<0.05), whereas mineral mixture + urea treatment had similar results as control group. It is recommended to provide the low-consumption protein supplement for sheep fed with low quality forage.(AU)

Consumo e parâmetros digestivos de ovinos alimentados com capim marandu de baixa qualidade e diferentes suplementos / Intake and digestive parameters of sheep ingesting forage from marandu palisadegrass and different supplements

Avaliou-se o efeito de três tipos de suplementos sobre o consumo e parâmetros digestivos em ovinos alimentados com forragem tropical de baixa qualidade. Foram utilizadas três borregas meio sangue Santa Inês x SRD, com peso corporal médio de 43 kg, alocadas em delineamento Quadro Latino (3x3) duplicado, sendo que em cada período experimental (total de seis com 14 dias cada) foram submetidas a um dos três tratamentos: mistura mineral (tratamento testemunha); suplemento constituído por mistura mineral, ureia/sulfato de amônio (9:1) e suplemento proteico de baixo consumo: constituído por grão de milho moído, farelo de soja, ureia/sulfato de amônio (9:1) e mistura mineral. Todos os animais receberam como volumoso o capim marandu (Urochloa brizantha cv. Marandu), picado in natura, ofertado duas vezes ao dia. Os suplementos foram fornecidos uma vez ao dia e a mistura mineral ad libitum. Houve aumento linear (p<0,001) com a suplementação proteica, tanto do consumo de matéria seca de suplemento (0,026; 0,048; 0,084 kg/dia) quanto do consumo de proteína bruta total (0,02; 0,04; 0,08 kg/dia), sendo estes valores registrados para mistura mineral, mistura mineral + ureia e suplemento proteico de baixo consumo, respectivamente. A suplementação proteica promoveu incremento no consumo de matéria seca total (p=0,03) quando comparada à mistura mineral, e os valores observados foram de 0,4; 0,51; 0,53 kg/dia para mistura mineral, mistura mineral + ureia e suplemento proteico de baixo consumo, respectivamente. O suplemento proteico de baixo consumo proporcionou maiores digestibilidade aparente dos nutrientes e consumo de NDT (p<0,05), contudo, o uso da mistura mineral + ureia promoveu resultados semelhantes aos da mistura mineral para estes parâmetros. Recomenda-se o fornecimento de suplemento proteico de baixo consumo para ovinos alimentados com forragem de baixa qualidade.

Aiming to evaluate the effect of three supplements types on intake and digestive parameters of sheep fed with low-quality tropical forage, three ewes (Santa Inês x SRD) were used in a double-blank Latin Square (3x3) design. The ewes had 43 kg of mean body weight and in each experimental period (a total of six with 14 days) were submitted to one of three treatments: mineral mixture (control treatment); supplement composed by mineral mixture, urea/ammonium sulfate (9:1); and protein supplement for low ingestion: composed by milled grains corn, soybean meal, urea/ammonium sulfate (9:1) and mineral mixture. All animals received chopped Marandu grass (Urochloa brizantha cv.Marandu) in natura, offered twice a day, the supplements were supplied once a day and the mineral mixture ad libitum. It was observed a linear increase (P <0.001) for the protein supplementation treatments on both SDMI (supplement dry matter intake) (0.026; 0.048; 0.084 kg.day-1) and total crude protein intake (0.02; 0.04; 0.08 kg.day-1), those values were recorded for treatments mineral mixture, mineral mixture + urea and protein supplement for low ingestion, respectively. The protein supplementation treatments provided an increase on total dry matter intake (p=0.03) when they were compared to the control (MM), the values recorded were 0.4; 0.51; 0.53 kg.day-1 for treatments mineral mixture, mineral mixture + urea and protein supplement for low ingestion, respectively. The low-consumption protein supplement provided greater values for parameters apparent nutrients digestibility and total digestive nutrients consumption (p<0.05), whereas mineral mixture + urea treatment had similar results as control group. It is recommended to provide the low-consumption protein supplement for sheep fed with low quality forage.

Ewe performance in the post-weaning phase and structural characteristics of Brachiaria brizantha cultivars in the dry season

The objective of this study was to examine the performance of ewes in the post-weaning phase and the structural characteristics of Brachiaria brizantha cultivars in the dry season. The treatments were represented by four Brachiaria brizantha cultivars (Piatã, Marandu, Paiaguás, and Xaraés), which were evaluated in a randomized-block design with two replicates for the forage variables and eight replicates for the animal performance variables. Canopy height, masses of forage and morphological components and chemical composition of morphological components were evaluated. Thirty-two ½ Santa Inês and ½ Dorper sheep with an initial body weight (BW) of 22.7 ± 1.2 kg were used. Average daily gain (ADG – kg animal-1 day-1), stocking rate (in animal units [AU] = 30 kg of body weight) and weight gain per area (kg ha-1 day-1) were measured. There was no cultivar effect (p > 0.05) on the structural characteristics of the pasture. The highest crude protein content in the leaf blade (11.8%) were found in cultivar Marandu. Average daily gain was higher in the animals that grazed on cultivar Marandu (0.08 kg animal-1 day-1) as compared with cultivars Xaraés (0.05 kg animal-1 day-1) and Piatã (0.04 kg animal-1 day-1), whereas the ewes that grazed on cultivar Paiaguás showed intermediate ADG values (0.06 kg animal-1 day-1). There was no difference between the cultivars for stocking rate (9.2 AU). Weight gain per area was highest in cultivar Marandu (0.33 kg ha-1 day-1) and lowest in cv. Piatã (0.16 kg ha-1 day-1). Brachiaria brizantha cultivars Piatã, Marandu, Paiaguás and Xaraés proved to be forage options for the post-weaning phase of ewes supplemented with concentrate in the dry season.

Ewe performance in the post-weaning phase and structural characteristics of Brachiaria brizantha cultivars in the dry season

The objective of this study was to examine the performance of ewes in the post-weaning phase and the structural characteristics of Brachiaria brizantha cultivars in the dry season. The treatments were represented by four Brachiaria brizantha cultivars (Piatã, Marandu, Paiaguás, and Xaraés), which were evaluated in a randomized-block design with two replicates for the forage variables and eight replicates for the animal performance variables. Canopy height, masses of forage and morphological components and chemical composition of morphological components were evaluated. Thirty-two ½ Santa Inês and ½ Dorper sheep with an initial body weight (BW) of 22.7 ± 1.2 kg were used. Average daily gain (ADG kg animal-1 day-1), stocking rate (in animal units [AU] = 30 kg of body weight) and weight gain per area (kg ha-1 day-1) were measured. There was no cultivar effect (p > 0.05) on the structural characteristics of the pasture. The highest crude protein content in the leaf blade (11.8%) were found in cultivar Marandu. Average daily gain was higher in the animals that grazed on cultivar Marandu (0.08 kg animal-1 day-1) as compared with cultivars Xaraés (0.05 kg animal-1 day-1) and Piatã (0.04 kg animal-1 day-1), whereas the ewes that grazed on cultivar Paiaguás showed intermediate ADG values (0.06 kg animal-1 day-1). There was no difference between the cultivars for stocking rate (9.2 AU). Weight gain per area was highest in cultivar Marandu (0.33 kg ha-1 day-1) and lowest in cv. Piatã (0.16 kg ha-1 day-1). Brachiaria brizantha cultivars Piatã, Marandu, Paiaguás and Xaraés proved to be forage options for the post-weaning phase of ewes supplemented with concentrate in the dry season.(AU)

Emergência e crescimento de Urochloa brizantha cv. Marandu em função do incrustamento da semente e profundidade de semeadura / Emergency and growth of Urochloa brizantha cv. Marandu in the function of seed fouling and sowing depth

As espécies do gênero Urochloa tem-se destacado na integração lavoura-pecuária, e o tipo de semente utilizada e a profundidade de semeadura são fundamentais para o estabelecimento e produção da forrageira. Objetivou-se nesta pesquisa avaliar a emergência e o crescimento de plantas de Urochloa brizantha cv. Marandu, oriundas de sementes incrustadas ou não, semeadas em diferentes profundidades e solos. O delineamento usado foi o de blocos casualizados, com quatro repetições. Os tratamentos foram arranjados em esquema fatorial 2x5, composto por dois tipos de sementes (incrustadas ou não) semeadas em cinco profundidades (0; 1; 2,5; 5; 10cm) em solos de textura franco argilo arenosa (TFAA) e argilosa (TA). Plantas de U. brizantha oriundas de sementes incrustadas e estabelecidas em solo de TFAA apresentaram maior emergência, mas menor crescimento em relação às plantas provindas de sementes não incrustadas. Em solo de TA, o uso de sementes incrustadas promoveu maior índice de velocidade de emergência, mas menor crescimento das plantas. A semeadura de U. brizantha com sementes incrustadas e não incrustadas a 1,0 e 2,5 cm de profundidade proporcionaram maior velocidade de emergência, independente da textura do solo. Após o corte da forrageira, o maior perfilhamento da rebrota foi observado em plantas oriundas de sementes não incrustadas e semeadas em solo de TA até 2,5 cm de profundidade. Na rebrota, não houve efeito dos tratamentos sobre o rendimento de forragem.

The species of the genus Urochloa has been highlighted in the crop-livestock integration and practices such as the type of seed used, and the depth of sowing are fundamental for the establishment and production of the pasture. The objective of this research was to evaluate the emergence and growth of plants of UrochloaBrizantha cv. Marandu, originating from seeds incrusted or not, sown in different depths and soils. The experimental design was a randomized block design with four replications. The treatments were arranged in a 2x5 factorial scheme, composed of two types of seeds (incrusted or not) seeded in five depths (0; 1; 2.5; 5; 10cm) in medium textured and clayey soils. Plants of U. brizantha from seeds incrusted and cultivated in medium textured soil presented higher emergence, but lower growth in relation to the plants coming from non-incrusted seeds. In soils of clayey texture, the use of incrusted seeds promoted a greater speed of emergency, but less growth of the plants. The sowing of U. brizantha at 1.0 and 2.5 cm depth provided a higher emergence speed, regardless of soil texture and type of seed. After forage cutting, the greatest tillering of regrowth was observed in plants from non-encrusted seeds and sown in soil up to 2.5 cm deep. At regrowth, there was no effect of treatments on forage yield.

Emergência e crescimento de Urochloa brizantha cv. Marandu em função do incrustamento da semente e profundidade de semeadura / Emergency and growth of Urochloa brizantha cv. Marandu in the function of seed fouling and sowing depth

As espécies do gênero Urochloa tem-se destacado na integração lavoura-pecuária, e o tipo de semente utilizada e a profundidade de semeadura são fundamentais para o estabelecimento e produção da forrageira. Objetivou-se nesta pesquisa avaliar a emergência e o crescimento de plantas de Urochloa brizantha cv. Marandu, oriundas de sementes incrustadas ou não, semeadas em diferentes profundidades e solos. O delineamento usado foi o de blocos casualizados, com quatro repetições. Os tratamentos foram arranjados em esquema fatorial 2x5, composto por dois tipos de sementes (incrustadas ou não) semeadas em cinco profundidades (0; 1; 2,5; 5; 10cm) em solos de textura franco argilo arenosa (TFAA) e argilosa (TA). Plantas de U. brizantha oriundas de sementes incrustadas e estabelecidas em solo de TFAA apresentaram maior emergência, mas menor crescimento em relação às plantas provindas de sementes não incrustadas. Em solo de TA, o uso de sementes incrustadas promoveu maior índice de velocidade de emergência, mas menor crescimento das plantas. A semeadura de U. brizantha com sementes incrustadas e não incrustadas a 1,0 e 2,5 cm de profundidade proporcionaram maior velocidade de emergência, independente da textura do solo. Após o corte da forrageira, o maior perfilhamento da rebrota foi observado em plantas oriundas de sementes não incrustadas e semeadas em solo de TA até 2,5 cm de profundidade. Na rebrota, não houve efeito dos tratamentos sobre o rendimento de forragem.(AU)

The species of the genus Urochloa has been highlighted in the crop-livestock integration and practices such as the type of seed used, and the depth of sowing are fundamental for the establishment and production of the pasture. The objective of this research was to evaluate the emergence and growth of plants of UrochloaBrizantha cv. Marandu, originating from seeds incrusted or not, sown in different depths and soils. The experimental design was a randomized block design with four replications. The treatments were arranged in a 2x5 factorial scheme, composed of two types of seeds (incrusted or not) seeded in five depths (0; 1; 2.5; 5; 10cm) in medium textured and clayey soils. Plants of U. brizantha from seeds incrusted and cultivated in medium textured soil presented higher emergence, but lower growth in relation to the plants coming from non-incrusted seeds. In soils of clayey texture, the use of incrusted seeds promoted a greater speed of emergency, but less growth of the plants. The sowing of U. brizantha at 1.0 and 2.5 cm depth provided a higher emergence speed, regardless of soil texture and type of seed. After forage cutting, the greatest tillering of regrowth was observed in plants from non-encrusted seeds and sown in soil up to 2.5 cm deep. At regrowth, there was no effect of treatments on forage yield.(AU)

Performance of Nellore calves in tropical pasture consuming different types of concentrated supplements / Desempenho de bezerros Nelore em pastagem tropical consumindo diferentes tipos de suplementos concentrados

The use of different types of concentrated supplements on the performance of Nellore calves grazing Urochloa brizantha cv. Marandu in the dry season was evaluated. The experiment was conducted on 24 ha divided into 12 paddocks. Seventy-two calves with initial body weight (BW) 176±14kg for 140 days of experiment were used. Evaluated treatments included: Mineral, Salt+urea (mineral with 30% urea), Protein (supplementation with 45% crude protein (CP) and 46% total digestible nutrients (TDN)); and Protein+energy (with 28% CP and 73% TDN). The Mineral, Salt+urea, and Protein were offered ad libitum, and the Protein+energy 5g/kg BW. Protein+energy showed the highest (P< 0.05) intake (3.66g/kg BW) followed by the Protein (1.61), Salt+urea (0.36), and Mineral (0.32). The two latter supplements were not significantly different (P> 0.05). The highest (P< 0.05) average daily gain (ADG, kg/day) was observed in the Protein+energy (0.074). Average daily gains for the Protein and Salt+urea (0.014 and -0.024, respectively) were not significantly different (P> 0.05), but were significantly higher (P< 0.05) than the Mineral (-0.085). Therefore, during the dry season, to prevent the loss of bovine weight the supplements must supply in addition to minerals, also energy, non-protein nitrogen (NNP), and true protein.(AU)

Foi avaliada a utilização de tipos de suplementos concentrados sobre o desempenho de bezerros Nelore em pasto de Urochloa brizantha cv. Marandu na época seca. O experimento foi conduzido em 24ha divididos em 12 piquetes. Foram utilizados 72 bezerros com peso corporal (PC) inicial de 176±14kg por 140 dias de experimento. Os tratamentos foram: mineral, mineral+ureia (mineral com 30% de ureia); proteinado (suplemento com 45% de PB e 46% de nutrientes digestíveis totais (NDT)); suplemento energético (suplemento com 28% de PB e 73% de NDT). Mineral, mineral+ureia e proteinado foram fornecidos ad libitum, e o suplemento proteico-energético 5g/kg de PC. O consumo do suplemento (g/kg de PC) foi maior (P<0,05) para o suplemento proteico-energético (3,66), seguido por proteinado (1,61), mineral+ureia (0,36) e mineral (0,32). Esses dois últimos não diferiram entre si (P>0,05). O maior (P<0,05) GMD (kg/dia) foi para o suplemento proteico-energético (0,074), seguido por proteinado e mineral+ureia (0,014 e -0,024, respectivamente), que não diferiram entre si (P>0,05). Todos estes foram superiores (P<0,05) ao mineral (-0,085). Assim, durante a época seca, para prevenir a perda de peso de bovinos, os suplementos devem fornecer, além de minerais, energia, nitrogênio não proteico (NNP) e proteína verdadeira.(AU)

Performance of Nellore calves in tropical pasture consuming different types of concentrated supplements / Desempenho de bezerros Nelore em pastagem tropical consumindo diferentes tipos de suplementos concentrados

The use of different types of concentrated supplements on the performance of Nellore calves grazing Urochloa brizantha cv. Marandu in the dry season was evaluated. The experiment was conducted on 24 ha divided into 12 paddocks. Seventy-two calves with initial body weight (BW) 176±14kg for 140 days of experiment were used. Evaluated treatments included: Mineral, Salt+urea (mineral with 30% urea), Protein (supplementation with 45% crude protein (CP) and 46% total digestible nutrients (TDN)); and Protein+energy (with 28% CP and 73% TDN). The Mineral, Salt+urea, and Protein were offered ad libitum, and the Protein+energy 5g/kg BW. Protein+energy showed the highest (P< 0.05) intake (3.66g/kg BW) followed by the Protein (1.61), Salt+urea (0.36), and Mineral (0.32). The two latter supplements were not significantly different (P> 0.05). The highest (P< 0.05) average daily gain (ADG, kg/day) was observed in the Protein+energy (0.074). Average daily gains for the Protein and Salt+urea (0.014 and -0.024, respectively) were not significantly different (P> 0.05), but were significantly higher (P< 0.05) than the Mineral (-0.085). Therefore, during the dry season, to prevent the loss of bovine weight the supplements must supply in addition to minerals, also energy, non-protein nitrogen (NNP), and true protein.(AU)

Foi avaliada a utilização de tipos de suplementos concentrados sobre o desempenho de bezerros Nelore em pasto de Urochloa brizantha cv. Marandu na época seca. O experimento foi conduzido em 24ha divididos em 12 piquetes. Foram utilizados 72 bezerros com peso corporal (PC) inicial de 176±14kg por 140 dias de experimento. Os tratamentos foram: mineral, mineral+ureia (mineral com 30% de ureia); proteinado (suplemento com 45% de PB e 46% de nutrientes digestíveis totais (NDT)); suplemento energético (suplemento com 28% de PB e 73% de NDT). Mineral, mineral+ureia e proteinado foram fornecidos ad libitum, e o suplemento proteico-energético 5g/kg de PC. O consumo do suplemento (g/kg de PC) foi maior (P<0,05) para o suplemento proteico-energético (3,66), seguido por proteinado (1,61), mineral+ureia (0,36) e mineral (0,32). Esses dois últimos não diferiram entre si (P>0,05). O maior (P<0,05) GMD (kg/dia) foi para o suplemento proteico-energético (0,074), seguido por proteinado e mineral+ureia (0,014 e -0,024, respectivamente), que não diferiram entre si (P>0,05). Todos estes foram superiores (P<0,05) ao mineral (-0,085). Assim, durante a época seca, para prevenir a perda de peso de bovinos, os suplementos devem fornecer, além de minerais, energia, nitrogênio não proteico (NNP) e proteína verdadeira.(AU)

Morphogenic and structural characteristics of Marandu grass cultivated under grazing management and nitrogen fertilization / Características morfogênicas e estruturais do capim Marandu sob estratégias de manejo de pastejo e adubação nitrogenada

The goal of this study was to evaluate the morphogenic and structural characteristics of Marandu grass cultivated under grazing management and nitrogen fertilization. The experimental design was a completely randomized 4 × 2 split-plot design with four blocks. The treatments consisted of combinations of two rest periods (28 days - RPFixed - and height of 40 cm - RPVar) and four nitrogen doses (0, 150, 300, and 450 kg N ha-1 year-1) applied as ammonium sulfate. The following variables were analyzed: leaf appearance rate (LAR), phyllochron, leaf elongation rate (LER), stem elongation rate (SER), leaf senescence rate (LSR), leaf life span (LLS), average length of leaf blade (ALLB), sheath length (SL), number of live and dead leaves (NLL and NDL), and tiller population density (TPD). The variables LAR, LER, SER, ALLB and SL presented positive linear relationships with RPFixed and a quadratic relationship with RPVar, considering the application of the N doses. As for phyllochron and LLS, a negative linear relationship was observed with RPFixed and a quadratic relationship with RPVar. The N doses caused an effect on LSR, following the quadratic model for both rest periods studied. NLL and NDL exhibited linear effects on RPVar. The best indexes for the rest period variable were obtained when nitrogen was applied in the range of 280 to 333 kg ha-1, whereas the dose of 450 kg ha-1 of N provided desired results when using a fixed rest period. The rest period alleviated the process of senescence, especially given the application of higher nitrogen doses.

Objetivou-se avaliar as características morfogênicas e estruturais do capim Marandu submetido a estratégias de pastejo e adubação nitrogenada. Realizou-se o experimento em delineamento em blocos casualizados com parcelas subdivididas 4x2 com 4 blocos. Os tratamentos foram combinações entre dois períodos de descanso (28 dias - PDFixo - e altura de 40 cm - PDVar) e quatro doses de nitrogênio (0, 150, 300 e 450 kg N ha-1 ano-1), sendo o N aplicado na forma de sulfato de amônio. As variáveis analisadas foram: taxa de aparecimento foliar (TApF), filocrono, taxa de alongamento foliar (TAlF), taxa de alongamento de colmo (TAlC), taxa de senescência foliar (TSF), duração de vida foliar (DVF), comprimento médio de lâmina foliar (CMLF), comprimento de bainha (CB), número de folhas vivas e mortas (NFV e NFM) e densidade populacional de perfilhos (DPP). As variáveis TApF, TAlF, TAlC, CMLF e CB apresentaram comportamento linear positivo para PDFixo e quadrático para PDVar com aplicação das doses de N. Filocrono e DVF apresentaram comportamento linear negativo para PDFixo e quadrático para PDVar. A TSF apresentou efeito com as doses de N, enquadrando-se no modelo quadrático para ambas as formas de período de descanso. NFV e NFM apresentaram efeito linear para PDVar. Os melhores índices para período de descanso variável foram obtidos quando houve aplicação de nitrogênio na faixa de 280 a 333 kg ha-1, enquanto a dose de 450 kg de N ha-1 obteve resultados desejados quando se utiliza período de descanso fixo. O uso de período de descanso variável amenizou o processo de senescência, que fora impulsionado com a aplicação de maiores doses de nitrogênio.

Morphogenic and structural characteristics of Marandu grass cultivated under grazing management and nitrogen fertilization / Características morfogênicas e estruturais do capim Marandu sob estratégias de manejo de pastejo e adubação nitrogenada

The goal of this study was to evaluate the morphogenic and structural characteristics of Marandu grass cultivated under grazing management and nitrogen fertilization. The experimental design was a completely randomized 4 × 2 split-plot design with four blocks. The treatments consisted of combinations of two rest periods (28 days - RPFixed - and height of 40 cm - RPVar) and four nitrogen doses (0, 150, 300, and 450 kg N ha-1 year-1) applied as ammonium sulfate. The following variables were analyzed: leaf appearance rate (LAR), phyllochron, leaf elongation rate (LER), stem elongation rate (SER), leaf senescence rate (LSR), leaf life span (LLS), average length of leaf blade (ALLB), sheath length (SL), number of live and dead leaves (NLL and NDL), and tiller population density (TPD). The variables LAR, LER, SER, ALLB and SL presented positive linear relationships with RPFixed and a quadratic relationship with RPVar, considering the application of the N doses. As for phyllochron and LLS, a negative linear relationship was observed with RPFixed and a quadratic relationship with RPVar. The N doses caused an effect on LSR, following the quadratic model for both rest periods studied. NLL and NDL exhibited linear effects on RPVar. The best indexes for the rest period variable were obtained when nitrogen was applied in the range of 280 to 333 kg ha-1, whereas the dose of 450 kg ha-1 of N provided desired results when using a fixed rest period. The rest period alleviated the process of senescence, especially given the application of higher nitrogen doses.(AU)

Objetivou-se avaliar as características morfogênicas e estruturais do capim Marandu submetido a estratégias de pastejo e adubação nitrogenada. Realizou-se o experimento em delineamento em blocos casualizados com parcelas subdivididas 4x2 com 4 blocos. Os tratamentos foram combinações entre dois períodos de descanso (28 dias - PDFixo - e altura de 40 cm - PDVar) e quatro doses de nitrogênio (0, 150, 300 e 450 kg N ha-1 ano-1), sendo o N aplicado na forma de sulfato de amônio. As variáveis analisadas foram: taxa de aparecimento foliar (TApF), filocrono, taxa de alongamento foliar (TAlF), taxa de alongamento de colmo (TAlC), taxa de senescência foliar (TSF), duração de vida foliar (DVF), comprimento médio de lâmina foliar (CMLF), comprimento de bainha (CB), número de folhas vivas e mortas (NFV e NFM) e densidade populacional de perfilhos (DPP). As variáveis TApF, TAlF, TAlC, CMLF e CB apresentaram comportamento linear positivo para PDFixo e quadrático para PDVar com aplicação das doses de N. Filocrono e DVF apresentaram comportamento linear negativo para PDFixo e quadrático para PDVar. A TSF apresentou efeito com as doses de N, enquadrando-se no modelo quadrático para ambas as formas de período de descanso. NFV e NFM apresentaram efeito linear para PDVar. Os melhores índices para período de descanso variável foram obtidos quando houve aplicação de nitrogênio na faixa de 280 a 333 kg ha-1, enquanto a dose de 450 kg de N ha-1 obteve resultados desejados quando se utiliza período de descanso fixo. O uso de período de descanso variável amenizou o processo de senescência, que fora impulsionado com a aplicação de maiores doses de nitrogênio.(AU)

Effect of frequency of protein-energetic supplementation on the performance and ingestive behavior of Nellore calves kept in a tropical pasture in the dry season / Frequência de suplementação proteico-energética sobre o desempenho e comportamento ingestivo de bezerros Nelore mantidos em pastagem tropical na estação seca

With the objective to evaluate different frequencies of supplementation on the performance and ingestive behavior of Nellore calves kept on Urochloa brizantha cv. Marandu pasture, 56 animals with initial average body weight (BW) of 174.5 kg were submitted to the following treatments: no supplement and 1x, 3x, and 7x supplementation per week. The supplement was provided in the amount of 3.5 g kg-1 of BW day-1. BW and evaluation of behavior were assessed every 28 days. The randomized block"s design with two repetitions was used. The analyses of variance were carried out by the GLM procedure in the SAS software, and the means were compared by the Tukeys test at 5% significance. The supplementation increased the average daily gain (ADG; P ? 0.05); however, it did not differ between frequencies (0.005, 0.190, 0.183, and 0.177 kg head-1 day for the no supplement treatment and 1x, 3x, and 7x per week, respectively). The animals in the no supplement treatment showed longer grazing time (P ? 0.05) compared to those receiving the supplement. However, results did not differ between frequencies (10.44, 8.57, 8.32, and 8.59 hours day-1 for no supplement treatments and 1x, 3x, and 7x per week, respectively). Thus, the frequency of supplementation can be reduced to once a week without reducing animal performance.(AU)

Com o objetivo de avaliar diferentes frequências de suplementação sobre o desempenho e comportamento ingestivo de bezerros Nelore mantidos em pasto de Urochloa brizantha cv. Marandu, 56 animais, com peso corporal (PC) inicial de 174,5 kg, foram submetidos aos seguintes tratamentos: sem suplementação, 1x, 3x e 7x por semana. O suplemento foi oferecido na quantidade de 3,5 g kg-1 de PC dia-1. A pesagem e a avaliação do comportamento foram feitas a cada 28 dias. O delineamento foi de blocos inteiramente casualizados com duas repetições. As análises de variância foram realizadas pelo procedimento GLM do SAS e as médias comparadas pelo teste de Tukey a 5% de significância. A suplementação aumentou o ganho médio diário (GMD; P ? 0,05), porém não diferiu entre as frequências (0,005, 0,190, 0,183 e 0,177 kg dia-1 para sem suplementação, suplementados 1x, 3x e 7x, respectivamente). Os animais do tratamento sem suplementação apresentaram maior tempo de pastejo (P ? 0,05) em relação aos animais suplementados, porém não diferiram entre as frequências (10,44, 8,57, 8,32 e 8,59 horas dia-1 para aqueles sem suplementação, 1x, 3x e 7x respectivamente). Assim a frequência de fornecimento pode ser reduzida para uma vez por semana, sem prejuízo ao desempenho animal.(AU)

Decomposition of straw resulting from different strategies of recovery of degraded pastures using an integrated crop-livestock system / Decomposição de palhada resultante de diferentes estratégias de recuperação de pastagens degradadas com integração lavoura-pecuária

Several strategies have been used to improve soil fertility using integrated crop-livestock (ICL) systems, and the harvest of the accompanying crop used for silage may have several benefits to the soil depending on the quantity and quality of the remaining litter, providing dry matter (DM) for no-tillage systems and nutrient mineralization for the subsequent crop. The objective of this study is to evaluate the rate of decomposition of macro- and micronutrients of the DM of litter produced in ICL systems at different harvest heights in one year. The study was developed at the Experimental Farm of UNESP in Selvíria, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil, in the dry season. The study included five replications in plots of 200 m2 and was arranged in a completely randomized block design. The following treatments were analyzed: control sample-degraded pasture of signal grass; Marandu grass-pasture renewal from signal grass to Marandu grass; succession 45-planting of sorghum (forage sorghum cv. Volumax) and crop harvest at the height of 45 cm for silage followed by planting of Marandu grass; simultaneous seeding of Marandu grass and sorghum, and crop harvesting for silage at the height of 15 cm (Marandu + sorghum 15) and 45 cm (Marandu + sorghum 45) from the soil surface. After crop harvesting, proportional amounts of green mass remaining from each unit were collected, transferred to nylon bags, and placed in direct contact with the soil of the respective experimental unit. Each bag was opened every 30 days after closure for up to 270 days. In each bag, the DM, and macro- and micronutrients were analyzed, and the percentage of remaining material, daily decomposition rate, and half-life were calculated. The litter of the Marandu + sorghum 45 treatment contained the highest DM, decomposition rate, and nutrient content...(AU)

Tem sido frequente a adoção de estratégias que visem melhorias na fertilidade do solo em sistemas de integração lavoura-pecuária (ILP) e a altura de colheita para ensilagem da cultura acompanhante, pode direcionar diversos benefícios ao solo pela quantidade e qualidade da liteira remanescente, proporcionando massa seca (MS) para o plantio direto e mineralização de nutrientes para a cultura subsequente. Objetivou-se com esse trabalho estudar a dinâmica de decomposição, ao longo de um ano, da MS, macro e micronutrientes de liteiras oriundas de sistemas de ILP com diferentes alturas de colheita. O experimento foi desenvolvido em campo na Fazenda Experimental da UNESP em Selvíria, MS, na condição de sequeiro. O delineamento adotado foi em blocos completos casualizados, com cinco repetições em parcelas de 200 m2. Os tratamentos corresponderam a Testemunha - pastagem degradada de capim-decumbens; Marandu - renovação da pastagem de capim-decumbens para capim-marandu; Solteiro 45 - capim-marandu semeado em sucessão ao sorgo (Sorgo forrageiro cv. Volumax) solteiro que foi colhido a 45 cm de altura para silagem e; capim-marandu semeado simultaneamente com o sorgo que foi colhido para silagem a 15 (Simultâneo 15) e 45 cm (Simultâneo 45) de altura em relação à superfície do solo. Após a colheita da cultura foram amostradas quantidades proporcionais de massa verde remanescentes de cada unidade experimental que foram acondicionadas dentro de sacos de nylon depositados em contato direto com o solo da respectiva unidade experimental. A abertura de cada saco ocorreu a cada 30 dias até 270 dias após o fechamento. Para cada abertura foram analisados a MS, macro e micronutrientes e calculado o percentual de material remanescente, taxa de decomposição diária e o tempo de meia vida. O tratamento Sucessão 45 foi o que proporcionou a maior massa de liteira, taxa de decomposição e maiores teores de nutrientes na MS...(AU)

Decomposition of straw resulting from different strategies of recovery of degraded pastures using an integrated crop-livestock system / Decomposição de palhada resultante de diferentes estratégias de recuperação de pastagens degradadas com integração lavoura-pecuária

Several strategies have been used to improve soil fertility using integrated crop-livestock (ICL) systems, and the harvest of the accompanying crop used for silage may have several benefits to the soil depending on the quantity and quality of the remaining litter, providing dry matter (DM) for no-tillage systems and nutrient mineralization for the subsequent crop. The objective of this study is to evaluate the rate of decomposition of macro- and micronutrients of the DM of litter produced in ICL systems at different harvest heights in one year. The study was developed at the Experimental Farm of UNESP in Selvíria, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil, in the dry season. The study included five replications in plots of 200 m2 and was arranged in a completely randomized block design. The following treatments were analyzed: control sample-degraded pasture of signal grass; Marandu grass-pasture renewal from signal grass to Marandu grass; succession 45-planting of sorghum (forage sorghum cv. Volumax) and crop harvest at the height of 45 cm for silage followed by planting of Marandu grass; simultaneous seeding of Marandu grass and sorghum, and crop harvesting for silage at the height of 15 cm (Marandu + sorghum 15) and 45 cm (Marandu + sorghum 45) from the soil surface. After crop harvesting, proportional amounts of green mass remaining from each unit were collected, transferred to nylon bags, and placed in direct contact with the soil of the respective experimental unit. Each bag was opened every 30 days after closure for up to 270 days. In each bag, the DM, and macro- and micronutrients were analyzed, and the percentage of remaining material, daily decomposition rate, and half-life were calculated. The litter of the Marandu + sorghum 45 treatment contained the highest DM, decomposition rate, and nutrient content...

Tem sido frequente a adoção de estratégias que visem melhorias na fertilidade do solo em sistemas de integração lavoura-pecuária (ILP) e a altura de colheita para ensilagem da cultura acompanhante, pode direcionar diversos benefícios ao solo pela quantidade e qualidade da liteira remanescente, proporcionando massa seca (MS) para o plantio direto e mineralização de nutrientes para a cultura subsequente. Objetivou-se com esse trabalho estudar a dinâmica de decomposição, ao longo de um ano, da MS, macro e micronutrientes de liteiras oriundas de sistemas de ILP com diferentes alturas de colheita. O experimento foi desenvolvido em campo na Fazenda Experimental da UNESP em Selvíria, MS, na condição de sequeiro. O delineamento adotado foi em blocos completos casualizados, com cinco repetições em parcelas de 200 m2. Os tratamentos corresponderam a Testemunha - pastagem degradada de capim-decumbens; Marandu - renovação da pastagem de capim-decumbens para capim-marandu; Solteiro 45 - capim-marandu semeado em sucessão ao sorgo (Sorgo forrageiro cv. Volumax) solteiro que foi colhido a 45 cm de altura para silagem e; capim-marandu semeado simultaneamente com o sorgo que foi colhido para silagem a 15 (Simultâneo 15) e 45 cm (Simultâneo 45) de altura em relação à superfície do solo. Após a colheita da cultura foram amostradas quantidades proporcionais de massa verde remanescentes de cada unidade experimental que foram acondicionadas dentro de sacos de nylon depositados em contato direto com o solo da respectiva unidade experimental. A abertura de cada saco ocorreu a cada 30 dias até 270 dias após o fechamento. Para cada abertura foram analisados a MS, macro e micronutrientes e calculado o percentual de material remanescente, taxa de decomposição diária e o tempo de meia vida. O tratamento Sucessão 45 foi o que proporcionou a maior massa de liteira, taxa de decomposição e maiores teores de nutrientes na MS...

Effect of frequency of protein-energetic supplementation on the performance and ingestive behavior of Nellore calves kept in a tropical pasture in the dry season / Frequência de suplementação proteico-energética sobre o desempenho e comportamento ingestivo de bezerros Nelore mantidos em pastagem tropical na estação seca

With the objective to evaluate different frequencies of supplementation on the performance and ingestive behavior of Nellore calves kept on Urochloa brizantha cv. Marandu pasture, 56 animals with initial average body weight (BW) of 174.5 kg were submitted to the following treatments: no supplement and 1x, 3x, and 7x supplementation per week. The supplement was provided in the amount of 3.5 g kg-1 of BW day-1. BW and evaluation of behavior were assessed every 28 days. The randomized block"s design with two repetitions was used. The analyses of variance were carried out by the GLM procedure in the SAS software, and the means were compared by the Tukeys test at 5% significance. The supplementation increased the average daily gain (ADG; P ? 0.05); however, it did not differ between frequencies (0.005, 0.190, 0.183, and 0.177 kg head-1 day for the no supplement treatment and 1x, 3x, and 7x per week, respectively). The animals in the no supplement treatment showed longer grazing time (P ? 0.05) compared to those receiving the supplement. However, results did not differ between frequencies (10.44, 8.57, 8.32, and 8.59 hours day-1 for no supplement treatments and 1x, 3x, and 7x per week, respectively). Thus, the frequency of supplementation can be reduced to once a week without reducing animal performance.

Com o objetivo de avaliar diferentes frequências de suplementação sobre o desempenho e comportamento ingestivo de bezerros Nelore mantidos em pasto de Urochloa brizantha cv. Marandu, 56 animais, com peso corporal (PC) inicial de 174,5 kg, foram submetidos aos seguintes tratamentos: sem suplementação, 1x, 3x e 7x por semana. O suplemento foi oferecido na quantidade de 3,5 g kg-1 de PC dia-1. A pesagem e a avaliação do comportamento foram feitas a cada 28 dias. O delineamento foi de blocos inteiramente casualizados com duas repetições. As análises de variância foram realizadas pelo procedimento GLM do SAS e as médias comparadas pelo teste de Tukey a 5% de significância. A suplementação aumentou o ganho médio diário (GMD; P ? 0,05), porém não diferiu entre as frequências (0,005, 0,190, 0,183 e 0,177 kg dia-1 para sem suplementação, suplementados 1x, 3x e 7x, respectivamente). Os animais do tratamento sem suplementação apresentaram maior tempo de pastejo (P ? 0,05) em relação aos animais suplementados, porém não diferiram entre as frequências (10,44, 8,57, 8,32 e 8,59 horas dia-1 para aqueles sem suplementação, 1x, 3x e 7x respectivamente). Assim a frequência de fornecimento pode ser reduzida para uma vez por semana, sem prejuízo ao desempenho animal.

Produção de Urochloa brizantha cv. Marandu submetida à adubação potássica de estabelecimento / Urochloa brizantha cv. Marandu production under to potassium fertilization of establishment

O potássio é um elemento essencial para o desenvolvimento das plantas, um dos nutrientes mais extraídos e sua disponibilidade pode alterar as características produtivas e nutricionais das pastagens. O presente trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar o efeito de diferentes doses de potássio na produção de Urochloa brizantha cv. Marandu em adubação de estabelecimento. O experimento foi conduzido no campo experimental da Universidade do Estado de Mato Grosso ­UNEMAT, Campus de Nova Xavantina. O solo da área de estudo foi classificado como Latossolo Amarelo. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o de blocos ao acaso, com quatro repetições. Os tratamentos corresponderam ao uso de diferentes doses de K2O, sendo: 0, 50, 100, 150, 200, 250, 300 e 350 kg ha-1. Cada parcela contou com uma área de 5 m2(2 x 2,5 m), com espaçamento de 1 mentre elas e 1,5 m entre os blocos. As variáveis analisadas em dois cortes (90 e 135 dias após a emergência) foram: massa fresca e massa seca total; e massa fresca e massa seca na altura recomendada de pastejo (25 cm do solo). As diferentes doses de potássio não apresentaram efeito significativo (p > 0,05) para as variáveis de produção analisadas, exceto para massa fresca na altura recomendada de pastejo no primeiro corte. Conclui-se que, quando os teores do solo estiverem acima do nível crítico de potássio (50 mg dm-3), a resposta à adubação potássica de estabelecimento é baixa, mesmo em altas dosagens, sendo recomendada somente adubação de manutenção.(AU)

Potassium is an essential element for the plant growth, it is one of the most extracted nutrients and its disponibility can change plants produtive and nutritional characteristics. This experiment had as a goal evaluate different doses of potassium in the production of Uruchloa brizanthacv. Marandu.The experiment was conducted in the experimental field of the University of the State of Mato Grosso -UNEMAT, Campus Nova Xavantina. Where the soil is an Oxisol. The experimental design was a randomized block design with four replications. The treatmentscorresponded of different K2O doses, as follows: 0, 50, 100, 150, 200, 300 and 350 kg ha-1. Each plot had an area of 5 m2(2 x 2.5 m), spacing 1 m between them and 1,5 m between the blocks. The variables analyzed in two harvests (90 and 135 days after the emergency) were: fresh weight and total dry weight; fresh weight and dry weight at the recommended height of grazing, (25 cm from soil surface). The different doses of potassium didn't show significant effect (p > 0.05) to the yield variables evaluated, except for fresh weight in the recommended cut height. In conclusion, when the soil K contents are above of the critical K level (50 mg dm-3), the response of potassium establishment fertilization is small, even in higher doses, so its recommended just a maintenance fertilization.(AU)

Pré-tratamento de sementes de Urochloa brizantha com Paclobutrazol / Pre-treatment of Urochloa brizanthaseeds with Paclobutrazol

O objetivo do trabalho foi verificar o efeito do pré-tratamento de sementes, via pulverização, com paclobutrazol em sementes de Urochloa brizantha cv. Marandú, em duas situações, com e sem deficiência de água, no Laboratório de Sementes da UNOESTE. As sementes passaram pelo pré-tratamento, sendo expostas de maneira uniforme a uma pulverização com 0, 21, 42, 84 e 168 mg L-1 de paclobutrazol (PBZ) na proporção de 10 mL de calda por quilograma de semente, para o teste preliminar, e posteriormente colocadas para secar à sombra, e após procedeu-se o teste de germinação. Posteriormente, estabeleceu-se as doses de 0, 84 e 168 mg L-1 de paclobutrazol e a testemunha (semente sem pré-tratamento). Com essas sementes realizou-se o teste de germinação por plântulas normais (GPN) no potencial osmótico 0,-0,3, -0,6 e -0,9 MPa. Na germinação por protrusão de raiz (GPR) e índice de velocidade de germinação (IVG) utilizou-se 0, -0,3, -0,6 e -1,2 MPa. No teste preliminar a germinação máxima foi na dose de 105 mg L-¹ de PBZ. A restrição hídrica reduz a GPN, GPR e IVG. O pré-tratamento das sementes favorece a GPN e GPR em condição de restrição hídrica, respectivamente, até -0,9 MPa e -0,6 MPa. A semente tratada com PBZ tem potencial para alcançar, em condição de restrição hídrica, a germinação final semelhante à obtida na ausência de restrição hídrica. O PBZ favorece a germinação inicial.

The objective of the work was to verify the pre-treatment, by spraying, with paclobutrazol solutions in seeds of Urochloa brizantha cv. Marandú, in two situations, with and without water deficiency, upon germination and seeding development. Seeds were uniformly exposed to a spray with 0, 21, 42, 84 and 168 mg L-1 of paclobutrazol (PBZ) in the proportion of 10 mL of solution per kilogram of seed. After the treatment, the seeds were shaded dried and then installed the germination test. The results showed that the maximum germination wasin the 105 mg L-¹ de PBZ and the doses of 84 e 168 mg L-1were chosen to the water deficiency test. With treated seeds and control were performed germination test by normal seedlings evaluation (GNS) in the osmotic potentials of 0,-0.3,-0.6 and-0.9 MPa. For germination by root protrusion evaluation (GRP) and germination speed index (GSI) the potentials were 0, -0.3, -0.6 and-1.2 MPa. The water restriction decreases the GNS, GRP and GSI. The pre-treatment with PBZ increases GNS e GRP in water restriction conditions, respectively, up to -0.9 MPa e -0.6 MPa. The seed treated with PBZ has the potential of achieve, in water deficit conditions, the final germination similar to that achieve without water deficiency.

Pré-tratamento de sementes de Urochloa brizantha com Paclobutrazol / Pre-treatment of Urochloa brizanthaseeds with Paclobutrazol

O objetivo do trabalho foi verificar o efeito do pré-tratamento de sementes, via pulverização, com paclobutrazol em sementes de Urochloa brizantha cv. Marandú, em duas situações, com e sem deficiência de água, no Laboratório de Sementes da UNOESTE. As sementes passaram pelo pré-tratamento, sendo expostas de maneira uniforme a uma pulverização com 0, 21, 42, 84 e 168 mg L-1 de paclobutrazol (PBZ) na proporção de 10 mL de calda por quilograma de semente, para o teste preliminar, e posteriormente colocadas para secar à sombra, e após procedeu-se o teste de germinação. Posteriormente, estabeleceu-se as doses de 0, 84 e 168 mg L-1 de paclobutrazol e a testemunha (semente sem pré-tratamento). Com essas sementes realizou-se o teste de germinação por plântulas normais (GPN) no potencial osmótico 0,-0,3, -0,6 e -0,9 MPa. Na germinação por protrusão de raiz (GPR) e índice de velocidade de germinação (IVG) utilizou-se 0, -0,3, -0,6 e -1,2 MPa. No teste preliminar a germinação máxima foi na dose de 105 mg L-¹ de PBZ. A restrição hídrica reduz a GPN, GPR e IVG. O pré-tratamento das sementes favorece a GPN e GPR em condição de restrição hídrica, respectivamente, até -0,9 MPa e -0,6 MPa. A semente tratada com PBZ tem potencial para alcançar, em condição de restrição hídrica, a germinação final semelhante à obtida na ausência de restrição hídrica. O PBZ favorece a germinação inicial.(AU)

The objective of the work was to verify the pre-treatment, by spraying, with paclobutrazol solutions in seeds of Urochloa brizantha cv. Marandú, in two situations, with and without water deficiency, upon germination and seeding development. Seeds were uniformly exposed to a spray with 0, 21, 42, 84 and 168 mg L-1 of paclobutrazol (PBZ) in the proportion of 10 mL of solution per kilogram of seed. After the treatment, the seeds were shaded dried and then installed the germination test. The results showed that the maximum germination wasin the 105 mg L-¹ de PBZ and the doses of 84 e 168 mg L-1were chosen to the water deficiency test. With treated seeds and control were performed germination test by normal seedlings evaluation (GNS) in the osmotic potentials of 0,-0.3,-0.6 and-0.9 MPa. For germination by root protrusion evaluation (GRP) and germination speed index (GSI) the potentials were 0, -0.3, -0.6 and-1.2 MPa. The water restriction decreases the GNS, GRP and GSI. The pre-treatment with PBZ increases GNS e GRP in water restriction conditions, respectively, up to -0.9 MPa e -0.6 MPa. The seed treated with PBZ has the potential of achieve, in water deficit conditions, the final germination similar to that achieve without water deficiency.(AU)

The nutritional interrelationship between the growing and finishing phases in crossbred cattle raised in a tropical system.

This study evaluated the nutritional interrelationship between the growing and finishing phases of crossbred cattle in determining their performance. One hundred and eight animals were used (8 months old, body weight [BW] 211 ± 20 kg). During the dry season, the animals received one of the following supplements: a mineral plus urea supplement (ad libitum, MSD), a protein supplement (1 g/kg BW per day, PR1), or a protein-energy supplement (5 g/kg BW per day, PE). During the rainy season, the animals received one of the following supplements: a mineral without urea supplement (ad libitum, MSR), a protein supplement (1 g/kg BW per day, PR2), or PE (5 g/kg BW per day). The experimental design was completely randomized using a 3 × 3 factorial scheme (for the rainy season) and a 3 × 3 × 2 factorial scheme (for the finishing phase). The supplementation and finishing systems were considered to be the treatments, and the animals were considered to be the experimental units. Dry season supplementation did not affect the average daily gain (ADG) during the rainy season (P = 0.12) or the finishing phase (P = 0.73). An increase in the level of rainy season supplementation reduced ADG by 12% during the finishing phase (P < 0.06). Providing PE during the dry and rainy seasons led to the animals being slaughtered 17 (P = 0.06) and 30 (P < 0.01) days earlier, respectively. Our results indicate that supplementation during the dry season (under poor-quality pasture conditions) does not affect the performance during the rainy season or the finishing phase. Furthermore, while providing PE during the rainy season can reduce ADG during finishing, the higher BW at the beginning of the finishing phase is sufficient to reduce the time of the finishing period.