Global transcriptome profiles provide insights into muscle cell development and differentiation on microstructured marine biopolymer scaffolds for cultured meat production.

Biomaterial scaffolds play a pivotal role in the advancement of cultured meat technology, facilitating essential processes like cell attachment, growth, specialization, and alignment. Currently, there exists limited knowledge concerning the creation of consumable scaffolds tailored for cultured meat applications. This investigation aimed to produce edible scaffolds featuring both smooth and patterned surfaces, utilizing biomaterials such as salmon gelatin, alginate, agarose and glycerol, pertinent to cultured meat and adhering to food safety protocols. The primary objective of this research was to uncover variations in transcriptomes profiles between flat and microstructured edible scaffolds fabricated from marine-derived biopolymers, leveraging high-throughput sequencing techniques. Expression analysis revealed noteworthy disparities in transcriptome profiles when comparing the flat and microstructured scaffold configurations against a control condition. Employing gene functional enrichment analysis for the microstructured versus flat scaffold conditions yielded substantial enrichment ratios, highlighting pertinent gene modules linked to the development of skeletal muscle. Notable functional aspects included filament sliding, muscle contraction, and the organization of sarcomeres. By shedding light on these intricate processes, this study offers insights into the fundamental mechanisms underpinning the generation of muscle-specific cultured meat.

Compilations and updates on residual feed intake in sheep.

The increasing global demand for food and the strong effect of climate change have forced animal science to advance regarding new methods of selection in search of more efficient animals in production systems. Feed consumption represents more than 70% of the costs of sheep farms, and more efficient animals can increase the farmers' profitability. One of the main measures of feed efficiency is estimated residual feed intake (RFI), created in 1963 by Robert Koch for estimation in cattle and later adapted for sheep. Animals with negative RFI values (RFI-) are more efficient than animals with positive values (RFI+), with influence on the variables of performance, carcass quality and production of enteric gases. The RFI is the most common and accepted metric of the feed efficiency trait for genetic selection, since it is independent of growth traits, unlike the feed conversion ratio. The purpose of this review article was to present updated literature information on the relationship of RFI estimates with performance measures, molecular markers, greenhouse gas production and feed efficiency, the technical aspects and physiological basis of metabolic in sheep.

Potential of elephant grass genotypes silages as exclusive roughage on tissue composition and meat quality of lambs: a preliminary study / Potencial de silagens de genótipos de capim-elefante como volumoso exclusivo sobre a composição tecidual e a qualidade da carne de cordeiros: um estudo preliminar

This study aimed to evaluate the effects of diets containing elephant grass genotypes silages as exclusive roughage on leg tissue composition, and physicochemical characteristics of meat of lambs. Twenty-four crossbred male lambs with an average initial body weight of 20.29±2.66kg were distributed in a complete randomized design with three treatments and eight replicates. The treatments consisted of three silages of elephant grass genotypes (IRI-381, Elephant B or Mott), without additives or wilting, as the only roughage. The diets did not affect (P>0.05) the dry matter (898.70±60.10 g/day), crude protein (128.93±6.91g/day), total digestible nutrients (690.20±91.82g/day) intakes, body weight at slaughter (24.83±2.79kg), and carcass yields (P>0.05). The tissue composition of the leg did not differ significantly between silages of elephant grass genotypes (P>0.05). No difference (P>0.05) for the physicochemical characteristics of meat from lambs fed diets tested was observed. Therefore, our results indicate that diets containing 50% elephant grass genotypes silages (IRI-381, Elephant B or Mott), harvested at 60 days of growth, have potential for use in lambs feeding.

Este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar os efeitos de dietas contendo silagens de genótipos de capim-elefante como volumoso exclusivo sobre a composição tecidual da perna e nas características físico-químicas da carne de cordeiros. Vinte e quatro cordeiros machos mestiços, com peso corporal inicial médio de 20,29±2,66kg, foram distribuídos em delineamento inteiramente ao acaso, com três tratamentos e oito repetições. Os tratamentos consistiram de três silagens de genótipos de capim-elefante (IRI-381, Elephant B ou Mott), sem aditivos ou emurchecimento, como único volumoso. As dietas não afetaram (P>0,05) os consumos de matéria seca (898,70 ± 60,10g/dia), proteína bruta (128,93±6,91g/dia) e nutrientes digestíveis totais (690,20±91,82g/dia), peso corporal ao abate (24,83±2,79kg) e rendimentos de carcaça (P>0,05). A composição tecidual da perna não diferiu significativamente entre as silagens dos genótipos de capim-elefante (P>0,05). Não foi observada diferença (P>0,05) para as características físico-químicas da carne dos cordeiros alimentados com as dietas testadas. Portanto, os resultados indicam que dietas contendo 50% de silagens de genótipos de capim-elefante (IRI-381, Elephant B ou Mott), colhidos aos 60 dias de crescimento, têm potencial para uso na alimentação de cordeiros.

Production and economic evaluation of the Corriedale, Highlander and Milchschaf sheep breeds in Southern Uruguay / Produção e avaliação econômica das raças ovinas Corriedale, Highlander e Milchschaf no Sul do Uruguai

Sheep production is expanding among small farmers in Southern Uruguay. Currently, Corriedale and Milchschaf are being used, but not Highlander. However, there is lack of experimental information regarding the relative performance of these breeds. We conducted an experiment where these three sheep breeds were run together at the Southern Regional Centre, located in the region in question. Wool, body, reproductive and lamb growth traits were recorded from 2015 to 2019. Results were used as a basis for the calculation of gross margins for each breed, which we calculated for a range of production and economic scenarios. For scenarios based on the results of the present study Highlander was the best performing breed. If it was assumed to be wool-less, it performed even better. In some scenarios Corriedale performed best, especially when the higher wool price it used to enjoy was assumed. However, fetching such a price in the foreseeable future is unlikely. We concluded that in the absence of wool-less sheep that perform in a manner similar to Highlander or Milchschaf in terms of reproduction and lamb growth, Highlander is currently the best option for small farmers in Southern Uruguay. Until now, Milchschaf has been the recommended breed for the region and production system in question. The recommendation should be reviewed, Highlander should be recommended instead, and the performance of wool-less breeds should be investigated. Results could be applicable to other temperate regions in Latin America where similar production systems exist or may be developed.

A produção de ovinos está se expandindo entre os pequenos produtores do Sul do Uruguai. Corriedale e Milchschaf estão sendo utilizados atualmente, mas não Highlander. Não obstante, há uma falta de informações experimentais sobre o desempenho relativo destas raças. Realizamos um experimento no qual estas três raças ovinas foram manejadas juntas no Centro Regional Sul, localizado na região em questão. As características de lã, corpo, reprodução e crescimento do cordeiro foram registradas de 2015 a 2019. Os resultados foram usados como base para calcular as margens brutas para cada raça, o que fizemos para uma série de cenários de produção e econômicos. Nos cenários baseados nos resultados deste estudo, a raça Highlander foi a que teve melhor desempenho. Se, se supunha que não tinha lã, seu desempenho era ainda maior. Em alguns cenários, Corriedale foi a raça com melhor desempenho, particularmente quando se supôs preços mais altos da lã, como os que se obtinham anos atrás. No entanto, é improvável que estes preços sejam atingidos novamente num futuro próximo. Concluímos que, na ausência de ovelhas sem lã, que tenham um desempenho semelhante ao Highlander ou Milchschaf em termos de reprodução e crescimento do cordeiro, Highlander é atualmente a melhor opção para os pequenos produtores do sul do Uruguai. Até agora, Milchschaf tem sido a raça recomendada para a região e para o sistema de produção em questão. Esta recomendação deve ser revista, o Highlander deve ser a raça recomendada, e o desempenho das raças sem lã deve ser investigado. Os resultados poderiam ser aplicáveis a outras regiões temperadas da América Latina onde sistemas de produção similares existem ou podem ser desenvolvidos.

Production and economic evaluation of the Corriedale, Highlander and Milchschaf sheep breeds in Southern Uruguay / Produção e avaliação econômica das raças ovinas Corriedale, Highlander e Milchschaf no Sul do Uruguai

ABSTRACT: Sheep production is expanding among small farmers in Southern Uruguay. Currently, Corriedale and Milchschaf are being used, but not Highlander. However, there is lack of experimental information regarding the relative performance of these breeds. We conducted an experiment where these three sheep breeds were run together at the Southern Regional Centre, located in the region in question. Wool, body, reproductive and lamb growth traits were recorded from 2015 to 2019. Results were used as a basis for the calculation of gross margins for each breed, which we calculated for a range of production and economic scenarios. For scenarios based on the results of the present study Highlander was the best performing breed. If it was assumed to be wool-less, it performed even better. In some scenarios Corriedale performed best, especially when the higher wool price it used to enjoy was assumed. However, fetching such a price in the foreseeable future is unlikely. We concluded that in the absence of wool-less sheep that perform in a manner similar to Highlander or Milchschaf in terms of reproduction and lamb growth, Highlander is currently the best option for small farmers in Southern Uruguay. Until now, Milchschaf has been the recommended breed for the region and production system in question. The recommendation should be reviewed, Highlander should be recommended instead, and the performance of wool-less breeds should be investigated. Results could be applicable to other temperate regions in Latin America where similar production systems exist or may be developed.

RESUMO: A produção de ovinos está se expandindo entre os pequenos produtores do Sul do Uruguai. Corriedale e Milchschaf estão sendo utilizados atualmente, mas não Highlander. Não obstante, há uma falta de informações experimentais sobre o desempenho relativo destas raças. Realizamos um experimento no qual estas três raças ovinas foram manejadas juntas no Centro Regional Sul, localizado na região em questão. As características de lã, corpo, reprodução e crescimento do cordeiro foram registradas de 2015 a 2019. Os resultados foram usados como base para calcular as margens brutas para cada raça, o que fizemos para uma série de cenários de produção e econômicos. Nos cenários baseados nos resultados deste estudo, a raça Highlander foi a que teve melhor desempenho. Se, se supunha que não tinha lã, seu desempenho era ainda maior. Em alguns cenários, Corriedale foi a raça com melhor desempenho, particularmente quando se supôs preços mais altos da lã, como os que se obtinham anos atrás. No entanto, é improvável que estes preços sejam atingidos novamente num futuro próximo. Concluímos que, na ausência de ovelhas sem lã, que tenham um desempenho semelhante ao Highlander ou Milchschaf em termos de reprodução e crescimento do cordeiro, Highlander é atualmente a melhor opção para os pequenos produtores do sul do Uruguai. Até agora, Milchschaf tem sido a raça recomendada para a região e para o sistema de produção em questão. Esta recomendação deve ser revista, o Highlander deve ser a raça recomendada, e o desempenho das raças sem lã deve ser investigado. Os resultados poderiam ser aplicáveis a outras regiões temperadas da América Latina onde sistemas de produção similares existem ou podem ser desenvolvidos.

Estimating Chicken Meat Productions of Leader Countries for 2019-2025 Years / Estimando a produção de carne de frango em países líderes para os anos 2019-2025

ABSTRACT: The study predicted chicken meat production in 2019-2025 period for the leading chicken-producing countries with the help of the 1961-2018 Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) data since chicken meat consumption is so high worldwide. The USA ranks the first place while Brazil and China take second and third places, respectively. The analysis of the pioneer chicken meat-producing countries indicates that while the portion of the USA in world production decreases, the share, particularly Brazil and China, will approach that of the USA. World chicken meat production, which was 7.56 million tons in 1961, will increase to 139.19 million tons in 2025, and this production per capita is predicted to increase to 17.0 kg in 2025 from 2.4, 5.35, 9.80, and 15.0 kg in 1961, 1981, 2001, and 2018, respectively. Indonesia, Russia, Brazil, Japan, and India will run the highest increases in production. However, the share of countries in chicken meat production will decrease from 61% to 60% in 2019-2025 compared to the 2012-2018 periods. This condition showed that apart from some leading countries, the production will keep a rapid increase in production. The increase in chicken meat production and chicken meat import worldwide will improve human nutrition, especially in developing and underdeveloped countries. Countries that run cost advantages and high-quality life standards in line with technological innovations produce processed chicken products, strengthen animal health, hygiene, and transportation standards, and attach importance to advertising activities that increase consumer demand will be more advantageous in this market.

RESUMO: O estudo visa prever a produção de carne de frango no período de 2019-2025 para os principais países produtores de frango com a ajuda dos dados da Organização para Agricultura e Alimentação (FAO) de 1961-2018, uma vez que o consumo de carne de frango é tão alto emtodo o mundo. Os EUA ocupam o primeiro lugar, enquanto o Brasil e a China ficam com o segundo e o terceiro lugares, respectivamente. A análise dos países pioneiros na produção de carne de frango indica que enquanto a participação dos EUA na produção mundial diminui a participação, principalmente do Brasil e da China, se aproximará da dos EUA. A produção mundial de carne de frango, que era de 7,56 milhões de tonelada sem 1961, aumentará para 139,19 milhões de tonelada sem 2025, e esta produção per capita deve aumentar para 17,0 kg em 2025 de 2,4, 5,35, 9,80 e 15,0 kg em 1961, 1981, 2001 e 2018, respectivamente. Indonésia, Rússia, Brasil, Japão e Índia terão os maiores aumentos de produção. No entanto, a participação dos países na produção de carne de frango cairá de 61% para 60% em 2019-2025 em relação ao período de 2012-2018. Essa condição mostra que, além de alguns países líderes, a produção manterá um rápido aumento da produção. O aumento na produção e importação de carne de frango em todo o mundo melhorará a nutrição humana, especialmente nos países em desenvolvimento e subdesenvolvidos. Os países que possuem vantagens de custo e padrões de vida de alta qualidade alinhados às inovações tecnológicas produzem produtos processados de frango, fortalecemos padrões de saúde, higiene e transporte animal e atribuem importância a atividades de publicidade que aumentem a demanda do consumidor serão mais vantajosas neste mercado.

Estimating Chicken Meat Productions of Leader Countries for 2019-2025 Years / Estimando a produção de carne de frango em países líderes para os anos 2019-2025

The study predicted chicken meat production in 2019-2025 period for the leading chicken-producing countries with the help of the 1961-2018 Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) data since chicken meat consumption is so high worldwide. The USA ranks the first place while Brazil and China take second and third places, respectively. The analysis of the pioneer chicken meat-producing countries indicates that while the portion of the USA in world production decreases, the share, particularly Brazil and China, will approach that of the USA. World chicken meat production, which was 7.56 million tons in 1961, will increase to 139.19 million tons in 2025, and this production per capita is predicted to increase to 17.0 kg in 2025 from 2.4, 5.35, 9.80, and 15.0 kg in 1961, 1981, 2001, and 2018, respectively. Indonesia, Russia, Brazil, Japan, and India will run the highest increases in production. However, the share of countries in chicken meat production will decrease from 61% to 60% in 2019-2025 compared to the 2012-2018 periods. This condition showed that apart from some leading countries, the production will keep a rapid increase in production. The increase in chicken meat production and chicken meat import worldwide will improve human nutrition, especially in developing and underdeveloped countries. Countries that run cost advantages and high-quality life standards in line with technological innovations produce processed chicken products, strengthen animal health, hygiene, and transportation standards, and attach importance to advertising activities that increase consumer demand will be more advantageous in this market.

O estudo visa prever a produção de carne de frango no período de 2019-2025 para os principais países produtores de frango com a ajuda dos dados da Organização para Agricultura e Alimentação (FAO) de 1961-2018, uma vez que o consumo de carne de frango é tão alto emtodo o mundo. Os EUA ocupam o primeiro lugar, enquanto o Brasil e a China ficam com o segundo e o terceiro lugares, respectivamente. A análise dos países pioneiros na produção de carne de frango indica que enquanto a participação dos EUA na produção mundial diminui a participação, principalmente do Brasil e da China, se aproximará da dos EUA. A produção mundial de carne de frango, que era de 7,56 milhões de tonelada sem 1961, aumentará para 139,19 milhões de tonelada sem 2025, e esta produção per capita deve aumentar para 17,0 kg em 2025 de 2,4, 5,35, 9,80 e 15,0 kg em 1961, 1981, 2001 e 2018, respectivamente. Indonésia, Rússia, Brasil, Japão e Índia terão os maiores aumentos de produção. No entanto, a participação dos países na produção de carne de frango cairá de 61% para 60% em 2019-2025 em relação ao período de 2012-2018. Essa condição mostra que, além de alguns países líderes, a produção manterá um rápido aumento da produção. O aumento na produção e importação de carne de frango em todo o mundo melhorará a nutrição humana, especialmente nos países em desenvolvimento e subdesenvolvidos. Os países que possuem vantagens de custo e padrões de vida de alta qualidade alinhados às inovações tecnológicas produzem produtos processados de frango, fortalecemos padrões de saúde, higiene e transporte animal e atribuem importância a atividades de publicidade que aumentem a demanda do consumidor serão mais vantajosas neste mercado.

Microbiological Quality of Pig Carcasses in a Slaughterhouse under Risk-Based Inspection System.

Meat product inspection is one of the procedures adopted more than a century ago to guarantee food quality and safety for consumption. Due to technology and regulation advancement for farming and slaughtering pigs, a change in zoonotic profile attributed to pork has been identified. Thus, a global movement began to establish inspection parameters based on epidemiological risk profiles, culminating in the publication of a new regulation in Brazil in 2018. This normative instruction establishes that slaughterhouses under federal inspection must implement risk-based inspection until 2028. Changes in the inspection system can generate questions and objections on the part of customers and consumer markets. In order to assess microbiological contamination when adopting a risk-based inspection system, the occurrence of Salmonella spp. and the quantification of Enterobacteriaceae and mesophilic aerobic counts were compared in pig carcasses slaughtered under traditional and risk-based inspection systems. A statistical significance reduction was identified regarding the quantification of Enterobacteriaceae (log -0.18 to -1.61 CFU/cm2) and mesophilic aerobic counts (log 4.60 to 3.49 CFU/cm2). The occurrence of Salmonella spp. did not show a significant difference (4% to 5.3%). The results allowed us to conclude that adopting risk-based inspection systems improves food safety through Enterobacteriaceae and mesophilic aerobic counts reduction.

Meat insights: Uruguayan consumers´ mental associations and motives underlying consumption changes.

A telephone survey (n = 601) was conducted in Uruguay to explore participants' mental associations with meat and the underlying reasons changes in the quantity and type of meat consumed. Participants mentioned mostly positive associations with meat's culinary and cultural aspects and its nutritional value as source of high-quality protein. Other associations were related to meat production, specific types of meat and cuts, meat consumption and pleasure, while price was perceived negatively. Animal welfare concerns emerged as a relevant association, but minor references were made to the effects of meat production on the environment. Changes in the amount and type of meat consumed (higher pork, chicken and cheaper cuts and beef) in the last year were mainly due to price followed by health reasons. Results emphasize the strong meat culture among Uruguayans and reveal that changes in the amount and type of meat consumed last year relate to external (price) or egoistic (health) rather than altruistic motives (ethical or environmental concerns).

Potential Effects of Delphinidin-3-O-Sambubioside and Cyanidin-3-O-Sambubioside of Hibiscus sabdariffa L. on Ruminant Meat and Milk Quality.

The objective was to review the potential effects of adding anthocyanin delphinidin-3-O-sambubioside (DOS) and cyanidin-3-O-sambubioside (COS) of HS in animal diets. One hundred and four scientific articles published before 2021 in clinics, pharmacology, nutrition, and animal production were included. The grains/concentrate, metabolic exigency, and caloric stress contribute to increasing the reactive oxygen species (ROS). COS and DOS have antioxidant, antibacterial, antiviral, and anthelmintic activities. In the rumen, anthocyanin might obtain interactions and/or synergisms with substrates, microorganisms, and enzymes which could affect the fiber degradability and decrease potential methane (CH4) emissions; since anthocyanin interferes with ruminal fatty acids biohydrogenation (BH), they can increase the n-3 and n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), linoleic acid (LA), and conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) in milk and meat, as well as improving their quality. Anthocyanins reduce plasma oxidation and can be deposited in milk and meat, increasing antioxidant activities. Therefore, the reduction of the oxidation of fats and proteins improves shelf-life. Although studies in ruminants are required, COS and DOS act as inhibitors of the angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACEi) and rennin expression, regulating the homeostatic control and possibly the milk yield and body weight. By-products of HS contain polyphenols as calyces with positive effects on the average daily gain and fat meat quality.

Evaluation of production systems and economic analysis of baby goats raised in the semiarid region of Paraíba / Avaliação de sistemas de produção e análise econômica de cabritos lactentes criados na região semiárida da Paraíba

The objective of this study was to evaluate the performance and economic indicators of baby goats region submitted to different feeding systems in the Semiarid. A total of 30 baby goats of breed Parda Alpina × without defined racial pattern (SPRD) with initial weight of 3.35 kg ± 0.65 kg and final weight of 12.3 kg ± 0.5 kg were used, distributed in a completely randomized design in three breastfeeding systems with ten replicates each: traditional system (with natural breastfeeding), intensive breastfeeding system without concentrated supplementation, and intensive breastfeeding with concentrated supplementation. Goats submitted to the intensive artificial feeding system without concentrated supplementation showed a similar weight gain (121 g/day) when compared to the goats submitted to the system of suckling with concentrated supplementation (126 g/day). The highest income was provided by the animals submitted to the intensive system of suckling with concentrate. The gross margin for the two centenarians was positive, that is, revenues are higher than the effective operating cost, allowing us to conclude that the activity is paying off and will survive, at least in the short term. The diet of kids using concentrate provided better dry matter intake, greater weight gain and consequently presented better economic indicators.

Objetivou-se avaliar o desempenho e indicadores econômicos de cabritos mamão submetidos a diferentes sistemas de alimentação na região semiárida. Foram utilizados 30 cabritos da raça Parda Alpina × sem padrão racial definido (SPRD) com peso inicial de 3,35 kg ± 0,65 kg e peso final de 12,3 kg ± 0,5 kg, distribuídos em delineamento inteiramente casualizado em três sistemas de aleitamento com dez repetições cada: sistema tradicional (com aleitamento natural), sistema intensivo de aleitamento artificial sem suplementação concentrada, e sistema intensivo de aleitamento artificial com suplementação concentrada. Os cabritos submetidos ao sistema intensivo de aleitamento artificial sem suplementação concentrada destacaram-se por apresentarem similar ganho de peso (121 g/dia) quando comparados aos cabritos submetidos ao sistema de aleitamento com suplementação concentrada (126 g/dia). A maior receita foi pro-porcionada pelos os animais submetidos ao sistema intensivo de aleitamento com concentrado. A margem bruta para os dois centenários foi positiva, ou seja, as receitas são superiores ao custo operacional efetivo, permitindo concluir que a atividade está se remunerando e sobreviverá, pelo menos em curto prazo. O sistema de alimentação de cabritos com uso de concentrado proporcionou melhor consumo de matéria seca, maior ganho de peso e consequentemente apresentou melhores indicadores econômicos.

Evaluation of production systems and economic analysis of baby goats raised in the semiarid region of Paraíba / Avaliação de sistemas de produção e análise econômica de cabritos lactentes criados na região semiárida da Paraíba

The objective of this study was to evaluate the performance and economic indicators of baby goats region submitted to different feeding systems in the Semiarid. A total of 30 baby goats of breed Parda Alpina × without defined racial pattern (SPRD) with initial weight of 3.35 kg ± 0.65 kg and final weight of 12.3 kg ± 0.5 kg were used, distributed in a completely randomized design in three breastfeeding systems with ten replicates each: traditional system (with natural breastfeeding), intensive breastfeeding system without concentrated supplementation, and intensive breastfeeding with concentrated supplementation. Goats submitted to the intensive artificial feeding system without concentrated supplementation showed a similar weight gain (121 g/day) when compared to the goats submitted to the system of suckling with concentrated supplementation (126 g/day). The highest income was provided by the animals submitted to the intensive system of suckling with concentrate. The gross margin for the two centenarians was positive, that is, revenues are higher than the effective operating cost, allowing us to conclude that the activity is paying off and will survive, at least in the short term. The diet of kids using concentrate provided better dry matter intake, greater weight gain and consequently presented better economic indicators.(AU)

Objetivou-se avaliar o desempenho e indicadores econômicos de cabritos mamão submetidos a diferentes sistemas de alimentação na região semiárida. Foram utilizados 30 cabritos da raça Parda Alpina × sem padrão racial definido (SPRD) com peso inicial de 3,35 kg ± 0,65 kg e peso final de 12,3 kg ± 0,5 kg, distribuídos em delineamento inteiramente casualizado em três sistemas de aleitamento com dez repetições cada: sistema tradicional (com aleitamento natural), sistema intensivo de aleitamento artificial sem suplementação concentrada, e sistema intensivo de aleitamento artificial com suplementação concentrada. Os cabritos submetidos ao sistema intensivo de aleitamento artificial sem suplementação concentrada destacaram-se por apresentarem similar ganho de peso (121 g/dia) quando comparados aos cabritos submetidos ao sistema de aleitamento com suplementação concentrada (126 g/dia). A maior receita foi pro-porcionada pelos os animais submetidos ao sistema intensivo de aleitamento com concentrado. A margem bruta para os dois centenários foi positiva, ou seja, as receitas são superiores ao custo operacional efetivo, permitindo concluir que a atividade está se remunerando e sobreviverá, pelo menos em curto prazo. O sistema de alimentação de cabritos com uso de concentrado proporcionou melhor consumo de matéria seca, maior ganho de peso e consequentemente apresentou melhores indicadores econômicos.(AU)

Effects of additives in wet brewery residue silage on lamb carcass traits and meat quality.

The objective was to evaluate the use of wet brewery residue (WBR) silage additives on carcass characteristics and sheep meat quality. Thirty-two Santa Inês male sheep uncastrated with initial body weight of 22.61 ± 7.2 kg were allocated to a completely randomized design with four treatments: (1) WBR silage without additive (WBRS), (2) WBR silage with milled corn (WBRS + MC), (3) WBR silage with wheat bran (WBRS + WB), and (4) WBR silage with cassava flour (WBRS + CF) and eight replicates. WBRS + WB resulted in lower cold carcass weight than WBRS + CF; however, this reduction was not sufficient to alter the carcass commercial yield or loin-eye area. The leg cut of animals fed WBRS + WB showed less value than those animals fed with WBRS + CS. The meat lightness of WBRS was higher that of WBRS + MC, WBRS + WB, and WBRS + CF. The cooking loss for WBRS + WB was less than those animals fed with WBRS + CS. However, meat protein, meat cholesterol, and shear force were similar among treatments (17.69%, 42.46 mg/100 g of meat, and 2.48 kgf/cm2, respectively). The use of additives in wet brewery residue silage does not improve carcass characteristics or the quality of sheep meat, and it is therefore recommended to use WBR silage without additives.

Climate change vulnerability of confined livestock systems predicted using bioclimatic indexes in an arid region of México.

Climate change is a major world-wide challenge to livestock production because food security is likely to be compromised by increased heat stress of the animals. The objective of this study was to characterize, using bioclimatic indexes, two livestock regions located in an arid zone of México, and to use this information to predict the impact of global warming on animal production systems of these regions located in the state of Baja California (México). A 5-year database (i.e., 2011 to 2015) consisting of about one million data points from two zones (i.e., coast, valley) from four meteorological stations in the north of Baja California were used. Bioclimatic indexes were constructed for the four types of livestock production systems most common in this region, being: dairy cattle, beef cattle, sheep, pigs. The temperature-humidity index (THI) thresholds used to classify heat stress were determined and scaled for each livestock species as: THIbeef and THIpig 74 units; THImilk 72 units; and THIsheep 23 units. Statistical differences between indices were detected (P < 0.01) during summer for the valley and coast zones as (THIbeef = 72.9 and 51.8; THImilk = 80.6 and 67.4; THIpigs = 83.9 and 65.2; THIsheep = 29.5 and 20.1 units). Coast zone weather did not suggest vulnerability of livestock production systems to heat stress at any time of the year, but heat stress risk during summer for valley zone dairy cattle, sheep and pigs was classified as severe, but lower for feedlot cattle. Prediction models showed significant adjustment just in the coastal zone for THImilk, THIsheep, and THIsheep, suggesting more impact of global warming during summer in the coastal zone. Use of management strategies to reduce heat load of domestic animals during summer in northern Baja California is essential to maintain their productivity, with more emphasis in the valley zone.

Influence of non-genetic factors on the maternal ability of Santa Inês ewes / Influência de fatores não-genéticos na habilidade materna de ovelhas Santa Inês

The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of different non-genetic effects on indicator traits for maternal ability in Santa Inês ewes. Data included performance records of 100 lambs (males and females) born from 59 dams, from 2009 to 2012. The analyzed traits were birth weight (BW), weaning weight (WW), average daily gain from birth until weaning (ADGBW), total litter weight at birth (TLWB), and total litter weight at weaning (TLWW). The effects analyzed were the year of birth of the lamb, birth season, dam age at lambing, dam weight at lambing, sex of the lamb, lamb birth type, interaction between sex and birth type, and interaction between sex and birth season. SAS® software (SAS University Edition, USA) was used for calculation of the analysis of variance, means, and Pearson correlation coefficients. With the exception of the birth season, all the other environmental effects evaluated had a significant influence on at least one of the studied traits. The correlation estimates ranged from low to high and were either positive or negative. Birth weight was negatively correlated with the birth type and influenced positively all the other performance traits evaluated. The maternal ability of Santa Inês ewes was more clearly influenced by the age and weight of the dam at lambing, and the lamb birth type.(AU)

O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a influência de diferentes efeitos não-genéticos sobre características indicadoras de habilidade materna em ovelhas da raça Santa Inês. Os dados utilizados incluíram registros de desempenho de 100 cordeiros (machos e fêmeas) filhos de 59 ovelhas, nascidos de 2009 a 2012. As características analisadas foram peso ao nascimento (PN), peso ao desmame (PD), ganho médio diário do nascimento ao desmame (GMND), peso total das crias ao nascer (PTCN) e peso total das crias ao desmame (PTCD). Os efeitos analisados foram ano de nascimento da cria, estação de nascimento, idade da mãe ao parto, peso da mãe ao parto, sexo da cria, tipo de nascimento da cria, interação entre sexo e tipo de nascimento, e interação entre sexo e estação de nascimento. O programa SAS (SAS University Edition, EUA) foi utilizado para o cálculo de análise de variância, médias e coeficientes de correlação de Pearson. Com exceção da estação de nascimento, os demais efeitos avaliados exerceram influência significativa sobre pelo menos uma das características estudadas. As estimativas de correlação variaram de baixa a alta magnitude e foram tanto positivas quanto negativas. O peso da cria ao nascimento foi negativamente correlacionado com o tipo de nascimento e influenciou positivamente todas as outras características de desempenho avaliadas. A habilidade materna de ovelhas Santa Inês foi mais claramente influenciada pela idade e peso da mãe ao parto e pelo tipo de nascimento da cria.(AU)

Meat quality of lambs fed phytogenic additives / Qualidade da carne de cordeiros alimentados com aditivos fitogênicos

The study was developed in the Sheep Production Laboratory of the Department of Animal Science, College of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences, São Paulo State University, Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil. Thirtytwo non-castrated Ile de France lambs weighing 20.0 ± 0.2 kg received 4 diets with a roughage: concentrate ratio of 40: 60. The experimental treatments consisted of D1: corn silage + concentrate; D2: corn silage + concentrate + 30 mg rosemary extract kg body weight1; D3: corn silage + concentrate + 30 mg green tea extract kg body weight-1; and D4: corn silage + concentrate + 30 mg oregano extract kg body weight-1, up to 35.0 ± 0.2 kg body weight. The objectives were to evaluate rib eye area, cholesterol content, lipid oxidation, qualitative parameters, as well as perform sensory analysis, centesimal composition, and fatty acid profile of the meat. The experimental design was completely randomized with four treatments and eight replicates. The treatments were compared by Tukey's test through the SAS software (Statistical Analysis System Institute [SAS], 2003). Inclusion of phytogenic additives into the diets did not affect the qualitative parameters cholesterol content, lipid oxidation, and centesimal composition (except for protein content, which was lower in D2, 22.57%, compared to D1, 25.62%), as well as meat fatty acid profile (except for C18: 1n7 cis-vaccenic). The use of phytogenic additives provided suitable qualitative parameters. Moreover, despite the well-known positive effect of antioxidants in the diet, phytogenic additive inclusion was ineffective in reducing lipid oxidation in lamb meat. However, further studies with different inclusion percentages should be carried out to find out how to increase shelf life without harming lamb qualitative parameters, especially regarding the sensory analysis.(AU)

O trabalho foi realizado no Laboratório de Produção Ovina, pertencente ao Departamento de Zootecnia da FCAV, Unesp, Câmpus de Jaboticabal, SP. Trinta e dois cordeiros Ile de France, machos não castrados, com 20,0 ± 0,2 kg receberam 4 dietas, com relação volumoso:concentrado 40:60, sendo os tratamentos constituídos por D1: silagem de milho + concentrado, D2: silagem de milho + concentrado + 30 mg de extrato de alecrim kg peso corporal-1, D3: silagem de milho + concentrado + 30 mg de extrato de chá verde kg de peso corporal-1 e D4: silagem de milho + concentrado + 30 mg de extrato de orégano kg de peso corporal-1, até atingirem 35,0 ± 0,2 kg de peso corporal. Os objetivos foram avaliar a área de olho de lombo, o teor de colesterol, a oxidação lipídica, os parâmetros qualitativos, bem como a análise sensorial, a composição centesimal e o perfil de ácidos graxos da carne. O delineamento experimental foi o inteiramente casualizado, com quatro tratamentos e oito repetições, sendo as comparações entre as médias dos tratamentos feitas pelo teste Tukey a 5 %, e as análises de variância conforme procedimentos do SAS Software (Statistical Analysis System Institute [SAS], 2003). A inclusão de aditivos fitogênicos na dieta de cordeiros não afetou os parâmetros qualitativos da carne, o teor de colesterol, a oxidação lipídica e a composição centesimal (com exceção do teor de proteína que foi menor na D2, 22,57%, em relação à D1, de 25,62%) e o perfil de ácidos graxos (com exceção do C18:1n7 cis-vacênico). O uso dos aditivos fitogênicos na dieta dos cordeiros propiciou adequadas características qualitativas da carne ovina, e apesar do conhecido efeito positivo do uso de antioxidantes na dieta de cordeiros, a inclusão dos aditivos fitogênicos não foi eficaz em reduzir a oxidação lipídica da carne, entretanto, novos estudos com diferentes porcentagens de inclusão devem ser conduzidos para averiguar como aumentar a vida de prateleira da carne sem prejudicar as características qualitativas da carne, principalmente em relação à análise sensorial.(AU)

Influence of non-genetic factors on the maternal ability of Santa Inês ewes / Influência de fatores não-genéticos na habilidade materna de ovelhas Santa Inês

ABSTRACT: The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of different non-genetic effects on indicator traits for maternal ability in Santa Inês ewes. Data included performance records of 100 lambs (males and females) born from 59 dams, from 2009 to 2012. The analyzed traits were birth weight (BW), weaning weight (WW), average daily gain from birth until weaning (ADGBW), total litter weight at birth (TLWB), and total litter weight at weaning (TLWW). The effects analyzed were the year of birth of the lamb, birth season, dam age at lambing, dam weight at lambing, sex of the lamb, lamb birth type, interaction between sex and birth type, and interaction between sex and birth season. SAS® software (SAS University Edition, USA) was used for calculation of the analysis of variance, means, and Pearson correlation coefficients. With the exception of the birth season, all the other environmental effects evaluated had a significant influence on at least one of the studied traits. The correlation estimates ranged from low to high and were either positive or negative. Birth weight was negatively correlated with the birth type and influenced positively all the other performance traits evaluated. The maternal ability of Santa Inês ewes was more clearly influenced by the age and weight of the dam at lambing, and the lamb birth type.

RESUMO: O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a influência de diferentes efeitos não-genéticos sobre características indicadoras de habilidade materna em ovelhas da raça Santa Inês. Os dados utilizados incluíram registros de desempenho de 100 cordeiros (machos e fêmeas) filhos de 59 ovelhas, nascidos de 2009 a 2012. As características analisadas foram peso ao nascimento (PN), peso ao desmame (PD), ganho médio diário do nascimento ao desmame (GMND), peso total das crias ao nascer (PTCN) e peso total das crias ao desmame (PTCD). Os efeitos analisados foram ano de nascimento da cria, estação de nascimento, idade da mãe ao parto, peso da mãe ao parto, sexo da cria, tipo de nascimento da cria, interação entre sexo e tipo de nascimento, e interação entre sexo e estação de nascimento. O programa SAS (SAS University Edition, EUA) foi utilizado para o cálculo de análise de variância, médias e coeficientes de correlação de Pearson. Com exceção da estação de nascimento, os demais efeitos avaliados exerceram influência significativa sobre pelo menos uma das características estudadas. As estimativas de correlação variaram de baixa a alta magnitude e foram tanto positivas quanto negativas. O peso da cria ao nascimento foi negativamente correlacionado com o tipo de nascimento e influenciou positivamente todas as outras características de desempenho avaliadas. A habilidade materna de ovelhas Santa Inês foi mais claramente influenciada pela idade e peso da mãe ao parto e pelo tipo de nascimento da cria.

Greenhouse gas emission intensity from Indonesian livestock sector

The objectives of this study were to examine the trends of greenhouse gas (GHG) emission intensity (EI) from livestock sector in Indonesia, and also to suggest mitigation measures for the emissions. GHG emissions were calculated by using 2006 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Guideline (2006 IPCC GL) Tier 1 method based on carbon dioxide equivalent (CO2eq) with default values except for Indonesian livestock population. GHG EI (emissions intensity) of livestock sector in Indonesia was calculated by dividing total GHG emissions by Indonesian meat production from livestock commodities. In 2015, beef cattle contributed 66.99% from total GHG emissions from livestock sector, followed by goat (8.38%), sheep (7.40%), buffalo (6.89%), swine (5.03%), broiler chicken (3.80%), and horse (0.72%). However, in 2015, buffalo showed the highest EI (kgCO2eq/kg meat) by 6.44, followed by beef cattle (5.88), sheep (4.69), goat (4.07), swine (3.50), horse (3.09), and broiler chicken (0.38). EIs from swine, goat, sheep, broiler chicken, horse, beef cattle, and buffalo decreased by 60.77%, 58.59%, 46.68%, 21.30%, 18.15%, 19.94%, and 13.13% from 2000 to 2015, respectively. Results of GHG emissions and GHG EIs from each livestock category in Indonesia shown the improvement direction in order to mitigate GHG emission. Therefore, Indonesian government should focus on the beef cattle and buffalo that are a high contribution on GHG emissions and high EI by increasing the efficiency of livestock rearing management such as livestock health, genetic, diets, and environment.(AU)

Greenhouse gas emission intensity from Indonesian livestock sector

The objectives of this study were to examine the trends of greenhouse gas (GHG) emission intensity (EI) from livestock sector in Indonesia, and also to suggest mitigation measures for the emissions. GHG emissions were calculated by using 2006 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Guideline (2006 IPCC GL) Tier 1 method based on carbon dioxide equivalent (CO2eq) with default values except for Indonesian livestock population. GHG EI (emissions intensity) of livestock sector in Indonesia was calculated by dividing total GHG emissions by Indonesian meat production from livestock commodities. In 2015, beef cattle contributed 66.99% from total GHG emissions from livestock sector, followed by goat (8.38%), sheep (7.40%), buffalo (6.89%), swine (5.03%), broiler chicken (3.80%), and horse (0.72%). However, in 2015, buffalo showed the highest EI (kgCO2eq/kg meat) by 6.44, followed by beef cattle (5.88), sheep (4.69), goat (4.07), swine (3.50), horse (3.09), and broiler chicken (0.38). EIs from swine, goat, sheep, broiler chicken, horse, beef cattle, and buffalo decreased by 60.77%, 58.59%, 46.68%, 21.30%, 18.15%, 19.94%, and 13.13% from 2000 to 2015, respectively. Results of GHG emissions and GHG EIs from each livestock category in Indonesia shown the improvement direction in order to mitigate GHG emission. Therefore, Indonesian government should focus on the beef cattle and buffalo that are a high contribution on GHG emissions and high EI by increasing the efficiency of livestock rearing management such as livestock health, genetic, diets, and environment.

Effects of immunocastration and a ß-adrenergic agonist on retail cuts of feedlot finished Nellore cattle.

Immunocastration (ImC) has been proposed as an animal welfare-friendly alternative to reduce sexual and aggressive behavior and to increase carcass fat deposition with positive effects on meat quality. The ß-adrenergic agonists (ß-AA) are known as repartitioning agents that acts increasing lean tissue deposition. The combined use of these technologies can positively affect meat quality and increase retail cuts yield. Thus, this research was conducted to evaluate the combined effects of ImC and ß-AA (zilpaterol hydrochloride (ZH) and ractopamine hydrochloride (RH)) on retail cuts, bones, and fat trim of feedlot finished Bos indicus (Nellore) cattle. No interaction was observed between sexual condition and diet for any trait. The ImC decreased cold carcass, hindquarter (HQ), forequarter (FQ) and combined brisket, short ribs and flank (BSF) weights. The ImC also showed smaller weights of retail cuts and bones on the HQ and on the FQ than non-castrated (NoC). Fat trim weights did not differ from ImC and NoC. The most of subprimal cuts were heavier in NoC than in ImC. Feeding ß-AA did not affect cold carcass weight; however, animals fed ZH had higher weights of HQ and retail cuts in HQ when compared with RH and control (CO) group, with no differences between RH and CO for both traits. The weights of FQ, BSF, retail cuts in FQ, as well as bones and fat trimmings were not affected by ß-AA. In summary, ImC decreases carcass and retail cut weights, whereas ZH supplementation leads to an improvement in carcass lean tissue and retail cuts.