[The euthanasia law and professional experiences: tensions in clinical practice]. / La ley de eutanasia y experiencias profesionales: tensiones en la práctica clínica.

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the process of assisted death provision in Catalonia and identify the main tensions, difficulties, and/or sources of discomfort related to professional practice. METHOD: A qualitative study was conducted based on interviews (n=29) and focus groups (n=19) with professionals who participated in the euthanasia process. The selection of participants combined the snowball and maximization of variability procedures, taking into account the variables of professional profile, setting, gender, age and territoriality. Intentional and theoretical sampling process. RESULTS: The assisted death process is divided into four main moments: 1) reception of the request, 2) medical-bureaucratic procedure, 3) the actual procedure, and 4) closure. At each of these moments, difficulties arise that can be a source of discomfort and have to do with the limits and tensions between the legal and moral, the conception of one's own professional role, the lack of recognition of some professional roles, stress and overload, the lack of formal and informal support, and the relationship with the patient and his/her family. The bureaucratic-administrative stress derived from a protective law, with both prior and subsequent verifying control, stands out, given that it stresses the professionals immersed in a healthcare system already under high pressure after budget cuts and the COVID-19 epidemic. CONCLUSIONS: Throughout the assisted death process, the sources of distress are diverse and of a psychological, psychosocial, and structural nature. These results may lead to interventions for psychological and peer support, information, training, institutional involvement, and burden reduction.

Exploración del discurso de los enfermos crónicos sobre la legalización de la muerte asistida / Exploring the Discourse of Chronically-Ill Patients about the Legalization of Medically-Assisted Death / Exploração do discurso dos doentes crônicos sobre a legalização da morte medicamente assistida

Introducción: las enfermedades crónicas van en aumento e implican múltiples consecuencias que, en un determinado momento, con el paso de los años, pueden llegar a un estado terminal de la enfermedad. El objetivo de este estudio fue analizar el discurso de enfermos crónicos sobre la muerte digna, la eutanasia y el suicidio médicamente asistido para visibilizar la necesidad de la regulación de la muerte digna. Materiales y métodos: se llevó a cabo una investigación cualitativa que se inserta dentro del paradigma del construccionismo social, mediante entrevistas a enfermos crónicos de la Ciudad de México, utilizando una guía semiestructurada. Se empleó el análisis del discurso para encontrar convergencias y diferencias en los discursos. Resultados: se entrevistaron siete personas vía telefónica de enero a marzo del 2022. Las principales enfermedades fueron: lupus, cáncer, artritis, diabetes y ovarios poliquísticos. Los discursos convergen hacia una muerte digna sin dolor, sufrimiento, tranquila y en casa. Coinciden sus discursos en legalizar la eutanasia y el suicidio médicamente asistido; sin embargo, hay divergencias en cuanto a solicitarlas. Conclusiones: la experiencia de la enfermedad crónica es un factor importante para aceptar en un futuro la muerte médicamente asistida, sin ser una carga para otros y evitar el dolor y sufrimiento al final de la vida. La religión influye en las decisiones, pero se puede observar una mayor apertura para aceptar la legalización de la muerte médicamente asistida.

Introduction: Chronic diseases are increasing in frequency and entail multiple consequences that can eventually lead to death. The study aim was to analyze the discourse of chronically-ill patients on death with dignity, euthanasia, and medically-assisted suicide to highlight the need for regulation of death with dignity. Materials and Methods: A qualitative study was conducted within the paradigm of social constructionism. A semi-structured guide was used to conduct interviews with chronically-ill patients in Mexico City. Discourse analysis was performed to identify convergences and differences in the discourses. Results: Seven interviews were conducted by telephone from January to March 2022. The main diseases of the interviewees were lupus, cancer, arthritis, diabetes, and polycystic ovaries. The discourses converged toward a preference for dignified death without pain or suffering that was calm, and occurred at home. The discourses included the topics of legalizing euthanasia and medically-assisted suicide, but the patients differed on whether or not these should be requested. Conclusions: The experience of chronic illness was an important factor in accepting medically-assisted death for the patients, who did not wish to be a burden on others and wanted to avoid pain and suffering at the end of their lives. Religion influenced the patients' decisions, but there was openness to accepting legalization of medically-assisted death.

Introdução: a incidência das doenças crônicas vem aumentando, e têm múltiplas consequências que num determinado momento, ao longo dos anos, podem chegar a um estado terminal da doença. O objetivo deste estudo foi analisar o discurso de pessoas com doenças crônicas sobre morte digna, eutanásia e suicídio medicamente assistido para tornar visível a necessidade de regulamentar a morte digna. Materiais e métodos: foi realizada uma pesquisa qualitativa que se insere no paradigma do construcionismo social. Entrevistas com pacientes crônicos na Cidade do México foram realizadas usando um guia semiestruturado. A análise do discurso foi utilizada para encontrar convergências e divergências nos discursos. Resultados: foram realizadas sete entrevistas por telefone no período de janeiro a março de 2022. As principais doenças foram lúpus, câncer, artrite, diabetes e ovários policísticos. Os discursos convergem para uma morte digna sem dor, sofrimento, tranquila e em casa. Seus discursos coincidem na legalização da eutanásia e do suicídio medicamente assistido; entretanto, há divergências quanto à sua solicitação. Conclusões: a experiência da doença crônica é um fator importante para aceitar a morte medicamente assistida no futuro, sem ser um fardo para os outros e evitando a dor e o sofrimento no final da vida. A religião influencia nas decisões, mas observase uma maior abertura para aceitar a legalização da morte medicamente assistida.

Opinions of nurses regarding Euthanasia and Medically Assisted Suicide.

BACKGROUND: Safeguarding the right to die according to the principles of autonomy and freedom of each person has become more important in the last decade, therefore increasing regulation of Euthanasia and Medically Assisted Suicide (MAS). AIMS: To learn the opinions that the nurses of the autonomous region of Madrid have regarding Euthanasia and Medically Assisted Suicide. RESEARCH DESIGN: Cross-sectional descriptive study. PARTICIPANTS AND RESEARCH CONTEXT: All registered nurses in Madrid. The study was done by means of a self-completed anonymous questionnaire. The variables studied were social-demographic, giving opinions about Euthanasia and MAS. ETHICAL CONSIDERATIONS: Each participant was assured maximum confidentiality and anonymity, ensuring the ethical principles set out in the Declaration of Helsinki, as well as in the Organic Law 3/2018, on Personal Data Protection and guarantee of digital rights. FINDINGS: A total of 489 nurses answered the questionnaire. In total, 75.7% of the nurses confirmed that Euthanasia should be regulated in Spain. 66.3% indicated that information on Euthanasia should be provided jointly by doctors and nurses, and 42.3% considered that it could be applied by both medical and nursing professionals. A total of 87.2% advocated the participation of nurses in health policy, influencing the drafting of the law. In the face of possible regulation, 35% would request Conscientious Objection, being closely related to their religious beliefs. DISCUSSION: Different authors point out that nurses' perceptions and attitudes towards Euthanasia are conditioned by different factors, such as religion, gender, poor palliative care, legality and the patient's right to die. CONCLUSION: Nurses are positioned in favour of the regulation and practice of Euthanasia and MAS, depending on their age, years of experience, training, model of care and especially religious beliefs.

Will medically-assisted suicide mean the rebirth of (clinical) ethics committees in Italy?

The Italian Constitutional Court has held that, in certain specific circumstances, prosecution for assisted suicide, regulated by Article 580 of the Criminal Code, is not compatible with the Constitution. The circumstances in question relate to individuals who are being kept alive by life-sustaining treatments, who are fully capable of taking free, informed decisions and are suffering from irreversible conditions that are a source of intolerable physical or mental suffering. The Court has held that the Ethics Committees must assess a request for assisted suicide made by an individual meeting these conditions. The decision requires the identification of the Ethics Committee authorised to issue authorisation in such cases and a guarantee that these Ethics Committees are able to deal with this type of issue. The Court's decision is an important opportunity to establish and promote clinical Ethics Committees, which are not nationally regulated in Italy and exist in very small numbers in only a few parts of the country.