Survey on Drosophila suzukii and Ceratitis capitata (Diptera: Drosophilidae, Tephritidae) and Associated Eucoilinae Species (Hymenoptera: Figitidae) in Northwestern Argentina. First Record of Dicerataspis grenadensis and Leptopilina boulardi as Parasitoids of D. suzukii.

The Southeast Asian-native Drosophila suzukii (Matsumura) (Diptera: Drosophilidae), also known as "spotted-wing Drosophila," is one of the most globally invasive agricultural species. Although D. suzukii is a pest spread throughout all the Argentinian fruit-growing regions, few information has been published on its impact on local fruit production. Parasitoid species associated with D. suzukii in Argentina belong to Pteromalidae (Chalcidoidea), Diapriidae (Diaprioidea), both attacking host pupae, and Figitidae (Cynipoidea), which attack host larvae. Nine Eucoilinae (Figitidae) species, belonging to Dicerataspis, Dieucoila, Euxestophaga, Ganaspis, Hexacola, and Leptopilina genera, have been associated with D. suzukii in Argentina. Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann), commonly known as "medfly," is native to Africa and has a worldwide distribution, covering many tropical, subtropical, and temperate regions. In Argentina, C. capitata has been associated with several native hymenopterous parasitoids belonging to Braconidae (Ichneumonioidea), Eulophidae (Chalcidoidea), Pteromalidae, Diapriidae, and Figitidae families. Only two eucoline species, Ganaspis pelleranoi (Brèthes) and Leptopilina haywardi (Blanchard) have been related to medfly in Argentina. We report new trophic associations between the parasitoids Dicerataspis grenadensis Ashmead and Leptopilina boulardi (Barbotin, Carton and Kelner-Pillault) and D. suzukii, and between the parasitoid Odontosema albinerve Kieffer and C. capitata, after surveys conducted in Tucumán, northwestern Argentina. An annotated checklist and a taxonomic key of Eucoilinae associated with both invasive pests, in Argentina, are also provided.

Shadow Effect for Small Insect Detection by W-Band Pulsed Radar.

In radar entomology, one primary challenge is detecting small species (smaller than 5 cm) since these tiny insects reflect radiation that can be poorly observable and, therefore, difficult to interpret. After a literature search on radar entomology, this research found few works where it has been possible to sense insects with dimensions smaller than 5 cm using radars. This paper describes different methodologies to detect Mediterranean fruit flies with 5-6 mm sizes using a pulsed W-band radar and presents the experimental results that validate the procedures. The article's main contribution is the successful detection of Mediterranean fruit flies employing the shadow effect on the backscattered radar signal, achieving an 11% difference in received power when flies are present. So far, according to the information available and the literature search, this work is the first to detect small insects less than 1 cm long using a pulsed radar in W-Band. The results show that the proposed shadow effect is a viable alternative to the current sensors used in smart traps, as it allows not only detection but also counting the number of insects in the trap.

Augmentative Releases of Two Diachasmimorpha longicaudata (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) Population Lines Under Field-Cage Conditions to Control Ceratitis capitata (Diptera: Tephritidae).

Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann) (Diptera: Tephritidae), known as Medfly, is a severe agricultural invasive pest in Argentinian fruit-producing regions. The native habitat disturbance and introduction and spread of exotic host plants strongly favored Medfly proliferation. This scenario is common throughout the northern subtropical citrus-growing region. Environmentally friendly strategies to suppress Medfly populations by the National Fruit Fly Control and Eradication Program have currently been taken. One of these actions involves augmentative biological control through releases of the exotic parasitoid Diachasmimorpha longicaudata (Ashmead) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae). Consequently, the hypothesis that the effectiveness of D. longicaudata females, from two different population lines, in controlling Medfly larvae progressively increases as the density of released females increases was tested. One parasitoid line derives from larvae of a biparental Medfly strain. The other hails from irradiated larvae of the genetic sexing Temperature Sensitive Lethal Vienna-8 medfly strain reared at the "BioPlanta San Juan" biofactory. Parasitoids foraged for 24 h on peaches artificially inoculated with naked lab-reared biparental Medfly larvae. Peaches were placed near the roof or on the ground in field cages. Five treatments (20, 40, 80, 160, and 320 females released) and a control (no parasitoids) for each population line were carried out throughout summer and autumn 2016. Host density (200 larvae) remained constant. At 320 released parasitoid females, both D. longicaudata population lines highly increased the Medfly mortality in both testing seasons, and foraged skillfully on peaches at both fruit height levels. These data encourage the application of augmentative biological control against Medfly.

Pupation Substrate Type and Volume Affect Pupation, Quality Parameters and Production Costs of a Reproductive Colony of Ceratitis capitata (Diptera: Tephritidae) VIENNA 8 Genetic Sexing Strain.

Adequate pupation substrates and substrate volume are critical factors in the mass-rearing of insects for Sterile Insect Technique (SIT) applications. To identify an ideal pupation substrate for a reproductive colony of Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann) VIENNA 8 genetic sexing strain, we first examined pupation in cellulose from recycled paper (cellulose I), sawdust, fine wheat bran, vermiculite and coconut fiber using a volume of 2.5-12.5 mL of substrate for each 5 mL volume of fly larvae. We found a positive relationship between substrate volume and pupation, with cellulose I generating the highest proportions of pupation and coconut fiber the lowest. Higher proportions of female flies (white pupae) pupated in sawdust. The proportion of female fliers increased as substrate volume rose in sawdust and coconut fiber, whereas it decreased in vermiculite and cellulose. In a second experiment, we tested three types of cellulose differing in physicochemical characteristics (celluloses I, II and III), sawdust, and fine wheat bran using a substrate:larvae ratio of 1:1. The three types of cellulose produced the highest pupation levels. The highest proportions of female fliers were observed in sawdust, and cellulose types III and II. Cellulose III and sawdust at relatively low volumes were more cost-effective to produce one million pupae than other substrates, including fine wheat bran used in a mass-rearing facility in Mexico.

Effectiveness of Entomopathogenic Nematodes Against Ceratitis capitata (Diptera: Tephritidae) Pupae and Nematode Compatibility with Chemical Insecticides.

The Mediterranean fruit fly Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann, 1824) (Diptera: Tephritidae) is among the main pests of fruit crops worldwide. Biological control using entomopathogenic nematodes (EPNs) may be an alternative to suppress populations of this pest. Thus, the aim of this study was to evaluate the pathogenicity and virulence of six EPN isolates (Heterorhabditis bacteriophora HB, H. amazonensis IBCB-n24, Steinernema carpocapsae IBCB-n02, S. rarum PAM-25, S. glaseri IBCB-n47, and S. brazilense IBCB-n06) against C. capitata pupae. The compatibility of EPNs with different chemical insecticides that are registered for management of C. capitata was also assessed. Isolates of H. bacteriophora HB and S. brazilense IBCB-n06 at a concentration of 1,000 infective juveniles (IJ)/ml proved to be most pathogenic to C. capitata (70 and 80% mortality, respectively). In contrast, the isolates H. amazonensis IBCB-n24, Steinernema carpocapsae IBCB-n02, S. rarum PAM-25, S. glaseri IBCB-n47 provided pupal mortality of less than 60%. Bioassays to determine lethal concentrations indicated that concentrations of 600 IJ/ml (H. bacteriophora HB) and 1,000 IJ/ml (S. brazilense IBCB-n06) showed the highest virulence against C. capitata pupae. In contrast, the highest numbers of IJs emerged at concentrations of 1,200 and 200 IJ/ml. In compatibility bioassays, malathion, spinetoram, phosmet, acetamiprid, and novaluron were considered compatible with and harmless (Class 1) to H. bacteriophora HB and S. brazilense IBCB-n06, according to IOBC/WPRS. This information is important for implementing integrated management programs for C. capitata, using biological control with EPNs, whether alone or in combination with chemical insecticides.

Irradiation dose does not affect male reproductive organ size, sperm storage, and female remating propensity in Ceratitis capitata.

The Mediterranean fruit fly Ceratitis capitata is a globally invasive pest, often controlled with the sterile insect technique (SIT). For the SIT, mass-rearing of the target insect followed by irradiation are imperatives. Sterile males are often less able to inhibit female remating and transfer less number of sperm, and even irradiation could affect male reproductive organs, with consequences for their ability to inhibit female remating. On the other hand, male age could affect their ability to modulate female response after mating. Here, we evaluated the quality of the genetic sexing strain Vienna-8-tsl mass-reared in Bioplanta San Juan, Argentina, under laboratory conditions, with regard to: (i) the ability of sterile males irradiated at 100 or 140 Gy to inhibit female remating, in the same day and at 24 h of first copulation; (ii) the ability of 3, 4 or 5 day-old sterile males to inhibit female remating at 24 h of first copulation, and (iii) the effect of a reduction in irradiation doses on the number of sperm stored by females and reproductive organ size in virgin males. Sterile males were better able than wild males to inhibit female remating in the same day of first copulation and as able as wild males 1 day after first copulation. Male age did not affect their ability to inhibit female receptivity. Number of sperm stored by females, testes size and ectodermal accessory glands size were not affected by male identity, while sterile 100 Gy males had larger mesodermal accessory glands than control lab males. A reduction in irradiation dose does not impact any variable measured, except for percentage of sperm-depleted females: females mated with sterile 100 Gy males had lower probabilities to store sperm. The results showed here are very encouraging for tsl Vienna 8 strain reared in Argentina and are discussed in comparison with previous studies in C. capitata female remating with dissimilar results.

Radiation on Medfly Larvae of tsl Vienna-8 Genetic Sexing Strain Displays Reduced Parasitoid Encapsulation in Mass-Reared Diachasmimorpha longicaudata (Hymenoptera: Braconidae).

Improvements in the mass rearing of Diachasmimorpha longicaudata (Ashmead) on larvae of the Vienna-8 temperature-sensitive lethal genetic sexing strain of Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann) (Diptera: Tephritidae) (= GSS Vienna-8) at the San Juan biofactory, Argentina, are currently under way. Lowering cost production is a key factor regarding parasitoid rearing. Thus, the variation in mass-reared parasitoid encapsulation levels and the incidence of superparasitism were determined; also, the gamma radiation dose-effect relation on host larvae and the influence of Mediterranean fruit fly strain were considered. Naked Mediterranean fruit fly larvae of both GSS Vienna-8 and a wild bisexual strain (= WBS) aged 6-d-old were irradiated at 0, 20, 40, 60, 80, 100, and 120 Gy, and exposed to parasitoid females. Melanization level was tested for encapsulated parasitoid larval first-instars (= L1). Non-irradiated and irradiated WBS larvae at 20-40 Gy displayed a significantly higher incidence of encapsulation when compared with GSS Vienna-8 larvae. The low melanized level in encapsulated parasitoid L1 was the most common melanization process at 72 h puparium dissection. A high melanized level was only found in non-irradiated WBS larvae. Irradiated GSS Vienna-8 larvae can neutralize the host immunological reactions over irradiated WBS larvae much more quickly. Superparasitism intensity in both Mediterranean fruit fly strains was not affected by radiation doses. High levels of superparasitism seemingly helped to overcome the host's immune reaction by the surviving parasitoid larva. Parasitoid emergence increased from 60 Gy onwards in both Mediterranean fruit fly strains. Radiation in GSS Vienna-8 larvae may favor host's antagonistic reactions decrease in relation with D. longicaudata development.

Pupal parasitoids associated with Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann) (Diptera: Tephritidae) in a semiarid environment in Brazil

Abstract Fruit flies (Diptera: Tephritidae) are important pests that affect the fruit-growing worldwide. In the northeastern Brazil, where a semiarid climate predominates and the production of tropical fruits for export is concentrated, some fruit flies, including Anastrepha spp. and Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann), are considered pests due to economic damage and quarantine restrictions. In several parts of the world, fruit fly population regulation is carried out with the support of hymenopteran parasitoids. In Brazil, some information exists about larval parasitoids of fruit flies, but little is known about pupal parasitoids of these tephritids, especially in Brazilian semiarid environments. Therefore, the main objective of this study was to know the pupal parasitoids associated with C. capitata in a semiarid environment in Brazil. The parasitoid survey was carried out in a semiarid region in the states of Rio do Norte and Ceará. To obtain the parasitoids, pupae (sentinels) of C. capitata from the laboratory, Applied Entomology Laboratory of Universidade Federal Rural do Semi-Árido, were exposed to natural parasitism in the field. Six parasitoid (Hymenoptera) species were obtained: Pachycrepoideus vindemmiae (Rondani), Spalangia simplex Perkins, Spalangia gemina Boucek, Spalangia leiopleura Gibson, and Spalangia impunctata Howard (Pteromalidae); Trichopria anastrephae Lima (Diapriidae). These are the first records of pupal parasitoids associated with the fruit fly C. capitata in Brazil.

Toxicities of Insecticidal Toxic Baits to Control Ceratitis capitata (Diptera: Tephritidae): Implications for Field Management.

Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann, 1824) is a significant insect pest of fruits produced worldwide and is capable of causing direct and indirect damage to fruit. Chemical control is the most frequently used management strategy, mainly involving organophosphate insecticides. However, the frequent use of this chemical group has resulted in unacceptable chemical residues on fruits. In this study, the toxicity of 18 insecticides was evaluated in adults and larvae of C. capitata in a laboratory. The organophosphate insecticides chlorpyrifos (Lorsban 480BR), phosmet (Imidan 500WP), and malathion (Malathion 1000EC); the spinosyns spinetoram (Delegate 250WG) and spinosad (Tracer); and the pyrethroid alpha-cypermethrin (Fastac 100SC) caused high mortality (>80%) in C. capitata adults in topical application bioassays and by ingestion when mixed with Biofruit 5% food lures. However, the insecticides chlorfenapyr (Pirate), spinetoram and chlorpyrifos produced a significant reduction in larval infestation of the fruits (67, 74, and 84% larval mortality, respectively). Insecticides based on spinosyns, alpha-cypermethrin, and cyantraniliprole are alternatives that can replace organophosphates in the management of C. capitata in the field.

Toxicities and Residual Effect of Spinosad and Alpha-Cypermethrin-Based Baits to Replace Malathion for Ceratitis capitata (Diptera: Tephritidae) Control.

Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann, 1824) is the main insect pest of fruits worldwide. The objective of this study was to evaluate the toxicity and residual effects of the ready-to-use toxic baits Success 0.02CB (0.24 g of active ingredient [a.i.] per liter of spinosad) and Gelsura (6 g of a.i./liter of alpha-cypermethrin) and to compare them with other food lures containing spinosad and malathion mixed with hydrolyzed protein (Biofruit 5% and Flyral 1.25%), Anamed without dilution or sugarcane molasses (7%) against adult C. capitata in laboratory and greenhouse trials. Ceratitis capitata adults were highly susceptible to all toxic bait formulations (mortality > 80%) until 96 h after exposure. The lowest LT50 (hours) of toxic baits were 2.32 (Gelsura at 4,000 mg/liter), 4.26 (Gelsura at 2,000 mg/liter), 4.28 (Anamed + malathion) and 4.89 (sugarcane molasses + malathion), while formulations containing spinosad (Biofruit, Flyral, Anamed and Success 0.02CB) showed LT50 of approximately 11 h. Without rain, Gelsura (2,000 mg/liter) and all spinosad formulations provided mortality superior to 80% 14 d after application. Gelsura and Anamed + spinosad showed higher resistance to a 5-mm simulated rain, similar to Anamed + malathion, while the other formulations had its efficacy decreased. All toxic baits were effective on adult C. capitata in residual experiments without rain while Anamed + spinosad caused high adult mortality after 5 to 25 mm rains. Gelsura and Anamed + spinosad can be used to replace toxic baits containing malathion for C. capitata population management.

Bioassay Method for Toxicity Studies of Toxic Bait Formulations to Ceratitis capitata (Diptera: Tephritidae).

The development of appropriate methodologies for bioassays is of paramount importance to study the methodological factors that may interfere in the experimental design. Thus, laboratory bioassays have become increasingly important for the determination of data that are realistic and replicable. The objective of the study was to develop a bioassay methodology with the ready-to-use toxic bait Success™ 0.02CB, 96 mg L-1 of spinosad, in adults of Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann) as a study model. The insect origin (laboratory population, LT50 = 11.16 h), time of toxic bait supply (4 h, LT50 = 16.85 h), food deprivation (12 h, LT50 = 15.55 h), and the adult age (5 days, LT50 = 35.31 h) of C. capitata showed higher susceptibility and a shorter LT50 lethal time to the Success™ 0.02CB toxic bait. However, the absence or presence of a food source (LT50 ≈ 31.17 h) during the bioassay did not affect the susceptibility of C. capitata. Further, adults of C. capitata who were deprived and in the absence of a food source (artificial diet) had higher consumption of toxic baits (mg) during treatment exposure. The use of a 12-h deprivation period, toxic baits offered for 4 h, and absence of an artificial diet for adults of C. capitata at 5 days of age during the bioassay are considered adequate for evaluating formulations of toxic baits under laboratory conditions.

Population Fluctuation of Ceratitis capitata (Diptera: Tephritidae) as a Function of Altitude in Eastern Guatemala.

Population fluctuations of Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann) were evaluated over a period of 12 mo in four altitudinal strata (400-750, 750-1,100, 1,100-1,450, and 1,450-1,800 meters above sea level, masl) in Eastern Guatemala. Within each altitudinal range, sampling plots were established in coffee plantations and adjacent areas, in which Jackson traps were set and baited with Trimedlure. Coffee berries and other host fruits were collected. Population density was lowest at the 400-750 masl stratum and highest at 1,450-1,800 masl. At every altitudinal range, the fluctuations of the pest were associated mainly with the availability of ripe coffee berries as a primary host. From 750-1,450 masl, the pest was also associated with the availability of sweet orange and mandarins in commercial and backyard orchards. The highest densities of the pest were recorded in the dry season. Citrus were the main alternate host where ripe coffee berries were not available. This knowledge on population dynamics of C. capitata will contribute to develop more effective area-wide pest management strategies including the use of sterile insects, natural enemies, and bait sprays.

Threshold Concentration of Limonoids (Azamax) for Preventing Infestation by Mediterranean Fruit Fly (Diptera: Tephritidae).

This study identified the threshold concentration of limonoids for the complete inhibition of oviposition of Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann) in grapes 'Itália.' Choice and no-choice experiments with the insect were performed. The three no-choice bioassays were conducted following a completely randomized design with 18 treatments (three densities of insects [one, two, or three females]×five concentrations of limonoids and control) and 20 replicates. In a free choice bioassay, two fruits per cage (a treatment grape and a control) were provided for ovipositing. Three densities of insects (one, two, or three females) were used, with 15 replicates. Bioassays were conducted at 25±2°C, 60±10% relative humidity, and a photoperiod of 14:10 (L:D) h. The inhibition of oviposition of C. capitata was concentration dependent, with infestation occurring at lower concentrations of azadirachtin (+3-tigloylazadirachtol) and complete inhibition occurring at concentrations at or exceeding 100 ppm azadirachtin (+28.5 ppm of 3-tigloylazadirachtol), maintaining protective effects even at the most densely populated treatment (three females per fruit). When the pest had a free choice of host grapes (treatment vs. control), severe inhibition was observed at concentrations≥50 ppm azadirachtin (+14.3 ppm of 3-tigloylazadirachtol). We conclude that a threshold concentration of 100 ppm azadirachtin (+28.5 ppm of 3-tigloylazadirachtol) is capable of preventing grape infestation. This concentration is likely to provide a reliable level of protection, as the experimental population density of three females per fruit usually does not occur in the field and wild flies usually have more host options.

Bioactivity of aqueous extracts of plants to the fruit fly larvae, Ceratitis capitata (Wied. ) / Bioatividade dos extratos aquosos de plantas às larvas da mosca-das-frutas, Ceratitis capitata (Wied. )

The objective of this study was to evaluate the toxicity of aqueous plant extracts to neonate larvae of Ceratitis capitata. Silk cotton (Calotropis procera), citronella grass (Cymbopogon nardus), joazeiro (Ziziphus joazeiro), sugar apple (Annona squamosa), jatropha (Jatropha curcas), noni (Morinda citrifolia) and tingui (Magonia pubescens) were collected, dried, and milled in a knife mill in order to obtain a powder. These powders were added in distilled water to prepare aqueous extracts (10%, w/v). The suspension containing the hydrosoluble compounds was filtered to get the extracts, which were added to the artificial diet of fruit fly larvae. Only distilled water was added in the control diet. Assays were carried out in DIC, with four treatments (aqueous extracts) and one control. All treatments consisted of 10 repetitions, each containing 10 newly hatched larvae of C. capitata. Larval mortality and control efficiency (E%) of aqueous extracts to the larvae were evaluated. The joazeiro, tingui and jatropha extracts are the most toxic and effective in controlling larvae of C. capitata, causing high mortality.

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a toxicidade dos extratos aquosos de plantas às larvas recém-eclodidas de Ceratitis capitata. Folhas de algodمo-de-seda (Calotropis procera), citronela (Cymbopogon nardus), juazeiro (Ziziphus joazeiro), pinha (Annona squamosa), pinhمo-manso (Jatropha curcas), noni (Morinda citrifolia)e tingui (Magonia pubescens) foram coletadas, secas e moيdas em moinho de facas até a obtençمo de um pَ. Tais pَs foram adicionados em لgua destilada para a preparaçمo dos extratos aquosos (10%, p/v). As suspensُes contendo os compostos hidrossolْveis foram filtradas, a fim de se conseguir os extratos que foram adicionados à dieta artificial das larvas da mosca. ہ dieta controle, adicionou-se somente لgua destilada. Os ensaios foram realizados em DIC, com quatro tratamentos e um controle. Todos os tratamentos foram constituيdos por 10 repetiçُes, cada uma com 10 larvas recém-eclodidas de C. capitata. Foram avaliadas a mortalidade larval e a eficiência de controle (E%) dos extratos aquosos às larvas. Os extratos de juazeiro, tingui e pinhمo-manso sمo os mais tَxicos e eficientes no controle das larvas de C. capitata, causando elevadas mortalidades.

Bioatividade dos extratos aquosos de plantas às larvas da mosca-das-frutas, Ceratitis capitata (Wied.)

ABSTRACT:The objective of this study was to evaluate the toxicity of aqueous plant extracts to neonate larvae of Ceratitis capitata. Silk cotton (Calotropis procera), citronella grass (Cymbopogon nardus), joazeiro (Ziziphus joazeiro),sugar apple (Annona squamosa), jatropha (Jatropha curcas), noni (Morinda citrifolia) and tingui(Magonia pubescens) were collected, dried, and milled in a knife mill in order to obtain a powder. These powders were added in distilled water to prepare aqueous extracts (10%, w/v). The suspension containing the hydrosoluble compounds was filtered to get the extracts, which were added to the artificial diet of fruit fly larvae. Only distilled water was added in the control diet. Assays were carried out in DIC, with four treatments (aqueous extracts) and one control. All treatments consisted of 10 repetitions, each containing 10 newly hatched larvae ofC. capitata. Larval mortality and control efficiency (E%) of aqueous extracts to the larvae were evaluated. Thejoazeiro, tingui and jatropha extracts are the most toxic and effective in controlling larvae of C. capitata, causing high mortality.

RESUMO:O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a toxicidade dos extratos aquosos de plantas às larvas recém-eclodidas de Ceratitis capitata.Folhas de algodão-de-seda (Calotropis procera), citronela (Cymbopogon nardus), juazeiro (Ziziphus joazeiro), pinha (Annona squamosa),pinhão-manso (Jatropha curcas), noni (Morinda citrifo- lia) e tingui (Magoniapubescens)foram coletadas, secas e moídas em moinho de facas até a obtenção de um pó. Tais pós foram adiciona dos em água destilada para a preparação dos extratos aquosos (10%, p/v). As suspensões contendo os compostos hidrossolúveis foram filtradas, a fim de se conseguir os extratos que foram adicionados à dieta artificial das larvas da mosca. À dieta controle, adicionou-se somente água destilada. Os ensaios foram realizados em DIC, com quatro tratamentos e um controle. Todos os tratamentos foram cons tituídos por 10 repetições, cada uma com 10 larvas recém-eclodidas de C. capitata. Foram avaliadas a mortalidade larval e a eficiência de controle (E%) dos extratos aquosos às larvas. Os extratos de juazeiro, tingui e pinhão-manso são os mais tóxicos e eficientes no controle das larvas de C. capitata, causando elevadas mortalidades.

Bioatividade dos extratos aquosos de plantas às larvas da mosca-das-frutas, Ceratitis capitata (Wied.)

ABSTRACT:The objective of this study was to evaluate the toxicity of aqueous plant extracts to neonate larvae of Ceratitis capitata. Silk cotton (Calotropis procera), citronella grass (Cymbopogon nardus), joazeiro (Ziziphus joazeiro),sugar apple (Annona squamosa), jatropha (Jatropha curcas), noni (Morinda citrifolia) and tingui(Magonia pubescens) were collected, dried, and milled in a knife mill in order to obtain a powder. These powders were added in distilled water to prepare aqueous extracts (10%, w/v). The suspension containing the hydrosoluble compounds was filtered to get the extracts, which were added to the artificial diet of fruit fly larvae. Only distilled water was added in the control diet. Assays were carried out in DIC, with four treatments (aqueous extracts) and one control. All treatments consisted of 10 repetitions, each containing 10 newly hatched larvae ofC. capitata. Larval mortality and control efficiency (E%) of aqueous extracts to the larvae were evaluated. Thejoazeiro, tingui and jatropha extracts are the most toxic and effective in controlling larvae of C. capitata, causing high mortality.

RESUMO:O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a toxicidade dos extratos aquosos de plantas às larvas recém-eclodidas de Ceratitis capitata.Folhas de algodão-de-seda (Calotropis procera), citronela (Cymbopogon nardus), juazeiro (Ziziphus joazeiro), pinha (Annona squamosa),pinhão-manso (Jatropha curcas), noni (Morinda citrifo- lia) e tingui (Magoniapubescens)foram coletadas, secas e moídas em moinho de facas até a obtenção de um pó. Tais pós foram adiciona dos em água destilada para a preparação dos extratos aquosos (10%, p/v). As suspensões contendo os compostos hidrossolúveis foram filtradas, a fim de se conseguir os extratos que foram adicionados à dieta artificial das larvas da mosca. À dieta controle, adicionou-se somente água destilada. Os ensaios foram realizados em DIC, com quatro tratamentos e um controle. Todos os tratamentos foram cons tituídos por 10 repetições, cada uma com 10 larvas recém-eclodidas de C. capitata. Foram avaliadas a mortalidade larval e a eficiência de controle (E%) dos extratos aquosos às larvas. Os extratos de juazeiro, tingui e pinhão-manso são os mais tóxicos e eficientes no controle das larvas de C. capitata, causando elevadas mortalidades.

Bioactivity of aqueous extracts of plants to the fruit fly larvae, Ceratitis capitata (Wied. ) / Bioatividade dos extratos aquosos de plantas às larvas da mosca-das-frutas, Ceratitis capitata (Wied. )

The objective of this study was to evaluate the toxicity of aqueous plant extracts to neonate larvae of Ceratitis capitata. Silk cotton (Calotropis procera), citronella grass (Cymbopogon nardus), joazeiro (Ziziphus joazeiro), sugar apple (Annona squamosa), jatropha (Jatropha curcas), noni (Morinda citrifolia) and tingui (Magonia pubescens) were collected, dried, and milled in a knife mill in order to obtain a powder. These powders were added in distilled water to prepare aqueous extracts (10%, w/v). The suspension containing the hydrosoluble compounds was filtered to get the extracts, which were added to the artificial diet of fruit fly larvae. Only distilled water was added in the control diet. Assays were carried out in DIC, with four treatments (aqueous extracts) and one control. All treatments consisted of 10 repetitions, each containing 10 newly hatched larvae of C. capitata. Larval mortality and control efficiency (E%) of aqueous extracts to the larvae were evaluated. The joazeiro, tingui and jatropha extracts are the most toxic and effective in controlling larvae of C. capitata, causing high mortality.(AU)

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a toxicidade dos extratos aquosos de plantas às larvas recém-eclodidas de Ceratitis capitata. Folhas de algodمo-de-seda (Calotropis procera), citronela (Cymbopogon nardus), juazeiro (Ziziphus joazeiro), pinha (Annona squamosa), pinhمo-manso (Jatropha curcas), noni (Morinda citrifolia)e tingui (Magonia pubescens) foram coletadas, secas e moيdas em moinho de facas até a obtençمo de um pَ. Tais pَs foram adicionados em لgua destilada para a preparaçمo dos extratos aquosos (10%, p/v). As suspensُes contendo os compostos hidrossolْveis foram filtradas, a fim de se conseguir os extratos que foram adicionados à dieta artificial das larvas da mosca. ہ dieta controle, adicionou-se somente لgua destilada. Os ensaios foram realizados em DIC, com quatro tratamentos e um controle. Todos os tratamentos foram constituيdos por 10 repetiçُes, cada uma com 10 larvas recém-eclodidas de C. capitata. Foram avaliadas a mortalidade larval e a eficiência de controle (E%) dos extratos aquosos às larvas. Os extratos de juazeiro, tingui e pinhمo-manso sمo os mais tَxicos e eficientes no controle das larvas de C. capitata, causando elevadas mortalidades.(AU)

Bioatividade dos extratos aquosos de plantas às larvas da mosca-das-frutas, Ceratitis capitata (Wied. ) / Bioactivity of aqueous extracts of plants to the fruit fly larvae, Ceratitis capitata (Wied. )

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a toxicidade dos extratos aquosos de plantas às larvas recém-eclodidas de Ceratitis capitata. Folhas de algodão-de-seda (Calotropis procera), citronela (Cymbopogon nardus), juazeiro (Ziziphus joazeiro), pinha (Annona squamosa),pinhão-manso (Jatropha curcas), noni (Morinda citrifolia) e tingui (Magoniapubescens) foram coletadas, secas e moídas em moinho de facas até a obtenção de um pó. Tais pós foram adiciona dos em água destilada para a preparação dos extratos aquosos (10%, p/v). As suspensões contendo os compostos hidrossolúveis foram filtradas, a fim de se conseguir os extratos que foram adicionados à dieta artificial das larvas da mosca. À dieta controle, adicionou-se somente água destilada. Os ensaios foram realizados em DIC, com quatro tratamentos e um controle. Todos os tratamentos foram constituídos por 10 repetições, cada uma com 10 larvas recém-eclodidas de C. capitata. Foram avaliadas a mortalidade larval e a eficiência de controle (E%) dos extratos aquosos às larvas. Os extratos de juazeiro, tingui e pinhão-manso são os mais tóxicos e eficientes no controle das larvas de C. capitata, causando elevadas mortalidades.(AU)

The objective of this study was to evaluate the toxicity of aqueous plant extracts to neonate larvae of Ceratitis capitata. Silk cotton (Calotropis procera), citronella grass (Cymbopogon nardus), joazeiro (Ziziphus joazeiro),sugar apple (Annona squamosa), jatropha (Jatropha curcas), noni (Morinda citrifolia) and tingui (Magonia pubescens) were collected, dried, and milled in a knife mill in order to obtain a powder. These powders were added in distilled water to prepare aqueous extracts (10%, w/v). The suspension containing the hydrosoluble compounds was filtered to get the extracts, which were added to the artificial diet of fruit fly larvae. Only distilled water was added in the control diet. Assays were carried out in DIC, with four treatments (aqueous extracts) and one control. All treatments consisted of 10 repetitions, each containing 10 newly hatched larvae ofC. capitata. Larval mortality and control efficiency (E%) of aqueous extracts to the larvae were evaluated. The joazeiro, tingui and jatropha extracts are the most toxic and effective in controlling larvae of C. capitata, causing high mortality.(AU)

Fruit flies (Diptera, Tephritidae) and their parasitoids on cultivated and wild hosts in the Cerrado-Pantanal ecotone in Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil

Fruit flies (Diptera, Tephritidae) and their parasitoids on cultivated and wild hosts in the Cerrado-Pantanal ecotone in Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil. Information on frugivorous flies in cultivated or wild host plants and their parasitoids in the Cerrado-Pantanal ecotone in Aquidauana, Mato Grosso do Sul is presented and discussed. Fruit fly samples were collected weekly in specific fruit trees, and McPhail® traps were installed in the same trees for a period of two years. The fruit flies infested ripe and unripe fruits of Averrhoa carambola L., Schoepfia sp., Psidium guajava L. and Pouteria torta (Mart.) Radlk and mature fruits of Anacardium occidentale L. and Inga laurina (Sw.) Willd. Nineteen fruit fly species were obtained with the combination of sampling methods (collecting fruits and trapping), nine of them obtained with both methods, five found only in fruits and five only in traps. This is the first record of Anastrepha striata Schiner in a species of Sapotaceae, as well as for A. castanea Norrbom and A. daciformes Bezzi in Schoepfia sp. (Olacaceae), and for A. distincta Greene in fruits of P. guajava in the state of Mato Grosso do Sul. Fruit collections simultaneously associated with capture of fruit flies by McPhail traps in the same host plants are essential to understand the diversity of fruit flies and their relationship with hosts and parasitoids. Species of Braconidae and Pteromalidae were recovered, where Doryctobracon areolatus (Szépligeti) was the most abundant parasitoid in larvae of tephritids infesting both cultivated and wild host fruits.

Efeito de extratos vegetais aquosos sobre a mosca-das-frutas Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann) (Diptera: Tephritidae) / Effect of aqueous plant extracts on the fruit fly Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann) (Diptera: Tephritidae)

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito de extratos vegetais para o controle de Ceratitis capitata. Os tratamentos foram extratos aquosos preparados com vegetais frescos e secos na proporção de 20% p/v (peso do vegetal/volume de água) da folha, do ramo e do fruto de cinamomo, da folha de arruda, do alho e do gengibre. Para a avaliação sobre a fase imatura, cada repetição foi constituída de uma placa com 20 larvas ou 20 pupas, as quais foram imersas em 1 mL de extrato durante 30 segundos. Para o extrato preparado com os frutos secos de cinamomo, foram avaliadas as concentrações de 0, 5, 10, 15, 10 e 25% p/v. As avaliações foram realizadas após cinco dias, contando-se o número de larvas mortas, de pupas inviáveis e de adultos deformados. Para a fase adulta, foram avaliados apenas os extratos preparados com vegetais secos. Cada repetição foi constituída de um pote plástico contendo um fruto de ameixa vermelha e um rolete de algodão embebido com 5 mL de extrato. Foram transferidas três fêmeas e dois machos de C. capitata para cada pote plástico. Após dois dias, realizou-se a avaliação da mortalidade de adultos e a retirada dos frutos, os quais foram individualizados, e após sete dias contou-se o número de larvas desenvolvidas. Verificou-se que todos os extratos reduziram o número de insetos viáveis, com destaque para o de cinamomo, o qual teve efeito também sobre a fase adulta. Nas condições estudadas, nenhum extrato teve resultado sobre a fecundidade das fêmeas de C. capitata.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of vegetable extracts to control Ceratitis capitata. The treatments were aqueous extracts prepared with fresh and dry vegetables at a 20% w/v (weight plant/water volume) rate of chinaberry leaf, twig and fruit, rue leaf, garlic, and ginger. For the immature phase evaluation, each repetition consisted of a plaque with 20 larvae or 20 pupae, which were dipped in 1 mL of extract for 30 seconds. For the extract prepared with chinaberry dry fruits, concentrations of 0, 5, 10, 15, 10, and 25% w/v were evaluated. Analyses were made after five days by counting the number of dead larvae or pupae and the number of deformed adults. For the adult phase, only the extracts prepared with dried vegetables were assessed. Each repetition included a plastic jar containing a red plum fruit and a cotton roller soaked with 5 mL of extract. For each plastic container, three females and two males of C. capitata were transferred. After two days, the assessment of adult mortality and fruit withdrawal, which were individualized, were carried out. After seven days, the amount of larvae developed in each fruit was counted. It was found that all extracts reduced the number of viable insects, especially the chinaberry one, which also had an effect on the adult phase. In the studied conditions, no extract had effects on the fertility of C. capitata females.