The number of topic-attributed features affects speakers' metaphor production.

This study examined whether or not the number of topic-attributed features affects the speakers' use of metaphor production rather than literal expressions. Across two experiments, participants were asked to produce an expression that best paraphrased a given sentence. The number of features attributed to each topic was manipulated: one feature ("Her sarcasm hurts people"), two features ("Her sarcasm hurts people and is sharp"), and three features ("Her sarcasm hurts people, is sharp, and is piercing to the heart"). Participants' responses were classified into nominal metaphor/simile, literal, other metaphor/simile, and others. In both Experiment 1 and Experiment 2, participants' nominal metaphor responses (e.g., "Her sarcasm is a knife") increased with the number of topic-vehicles that shared significant features in a given sentence. These results suggest that the number of topic-attributed features affects participants' preference for the use of metaphorical expressions. We discussed the results based on the compactness hypothesis (Ortony, Educational Theory, 25: 45-53, 1975) of metaphor production.

Corrigendum: Just Open Your Mind? A Randomized, Controlled Study on the Effects of Meditation on Creativity.

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.663881.].

Just Open Your Mind? A Randomized, Controlled Study on the Effects of Meditation on Creativity.

Creativity is a crucial prerequisite for innovation, successful problem solving, and self-expression, but how do we affect creative thinking in a positive way? The present study investigated the effects of open monitoring meditation (OMM) on creativity. We proposed that OMM will benefit creativity in metaphor production by cognitive flexibility (CF) enhancement. In the main study, participants were randomly assigned to one of the three groups: meditation, active, and passive controls. The first two groups performed an audio-guided task (real meditation or a narrative on house plants) for 2 weeks, and the third one had no task. Pre- and post-tests included measures of metaphor production, CF, state, sustained attention, attention shifting, and intelligence. We found no significant intra- or intergroup differences that would suggest OMM effects on creativity. Further, no links were found between measures of metaphor creativity and CF. Findings reveal potential challenges of using meditation as a cognitive enhancement tool. Methodological issues concerning meditation research, as well as creativity and CF measures, are discussed.

Associações entre emoções morais e criatividade em universitários / Associations between moral emotions and creativity in college students / Las asociaciones entre las emociones morales y la creatividad en universidad

Por definição, as emoções morais ajudam as pessoas a diferenciarem características morais, motivando o comportamento, e revelam os valores morais e a preocupação consigo mesmo e com os outros. O objetivo deste estudo foi analisar relações entre emoções morais e criatividade em universitários. Participaram 88 alunos que cursavam o ensino superior em uma Universidade particular do interior de São Paulo, de ambos os sexos e com idades entre 18 e 54 anos. Foram administradas a EEM (Escala de Emoções Morais) e o Teste de Criação de Metáforas. As análises revelaram não haver diferenças significativas entre essas medidas entre sexos ou idades, tanto para o EEM, como para o Teste de Criação de Metáforas, sugerindo que independentemente da idade ou sexo, as pessoas tendem a manifestar as emoções avaliadas e a produzir metáforas da mesma maneira. Identificou-se uma correlação significativa e negativa entre a variável Categoria Metafórica e o fator Culpa. Faz-se necessário reforçar que as emoções avaliadas são específicas, o que provavelmente resultou em discrepâncias com os resultados obtidos.

Moral emotions help people to differentiate moral characteristics, motivating the behavior and reveal the moral values and concern with oneself and with others. The aim of this study was to analyse relationships between moral emotions and creativity in college. The participants were 88 students attending higher education at a private university in the state of São Paulo, of both sexes and aged between 18 and 54 years. Were administered to EEM (Moral Emotions Scale) and the Test Creation Metaphors. The analysis revealed no significant differences between these measures between sexes or ages, for both the EEM and for the Test Creation Metaphors, suggesting that regardless of age or sex, people tend to express emotions and evaluated produce the same metaphors manner. It was identified a significant and negative correlation between the variable and the factor Category Metaphorical Guilt. It is necessary to emphasize that the specific emotions are assessed, which probably resulted in differences with the results obtained.

Las emociones morales ayudan a las personas a diferenciar las características morales, motivar el comportamiento y revelan los valores morales y la preocupación con uno mismo y con los demás. El objetivo de este estudio es analizar las relaciones entre las emociones morales y la creatividad en la universidad. Los participantes fueron 88 estudiantes matriculados en la educación superior en una universidad privada en el estado de São Paulo, de ambos sexos y de edades comprendidas entre 18 y 54 años fueron estudiados. Se administraron a EEM (Emociones morales escala) y la Prueba de creación Metáfora. Los análisis no revelaron diferencias significativas entre estas medidas entre los sexos o edades, tanto para la EEM, en cuanto a la prueba de creación de metáforas, lo que sugiere que, independientemente de la edad o el sexo, las personas tienden a expresar emociones y evaluados para producir las mismas metáforas manera. Se identificó una correlación significativa y negativa entre la variable Categoría metafórico y el factor de culpabilidad. Es necesario fortalecer las emociones evaluadas son específicos, lo que probablemente dio lugar a discrepancias con los resultados.

Associações entre emoções morais e criatividade em universitários / Associations between moral emotions and creativity in college students / Las asociaciones entre las emociones morales y la creatividad en universidad

Por definição, as emoções morais ajudam as pessoas a diferenciarem características morais, motivando o comportamento, e revelam os valores morais e a preocupação consigo mesmo e com os outros. O objetivo deste estudo foi analisar relações entre emoções morais e criatividade em universitários. Participaram 88 alunos que cursavam o ensino superior em uma Universidade particular do interior de São Paulo, de ambos os sexos e com idades entre 18 e 54 anos. Foram administradas a EEM (Escala de Emoções Morais) e o Teste de Criação de Metáforas. As análises revelaram não haver diferenças significativas entre essas medidas entre sexos ou idades, tanto para o EEM, como para o Teste de Criação de Metáforas, sugerindo que independentemente da idade ou sexo, as pessoas tendem a manifestar as emoções avaliadas e a produzir metáforas da mesma maneira. Identificou-se uma correlação significativa e negativa entre a variável Categoria Metafórica e o fator Culpa. Faz-se necessário reforçar que as emoções avaliadas são específicas, o que provavelmente resultou em discrepâncias com os resultados obtidos.(AU)

Moral emotions help people to differentiate moral characteristics, motivating the behavior and reveal the moral values and concern with oneself and with others. The aim of this study was to analyse relationships between moral emotions and creativity in college. The participants were 88 students attending higher education at a private university in the state of São Paulo, of both sexes and aged between 18 and 54 years. Were administered to EEM (Moral Emotions Scale) and the Test Creation Metaphors. The analysis revealed no significant differences between these measures between sexes or ages, for both the EEM and for the Test Creation Metaphors, suggesting that regardless of age or sex, people tend to express emotions and evaluated produce the same metaphors manner. It was identified a significant and negative correlation between the variable and the factor Category Metaphorical Guilt. It is necessary to emphasize that the specific emotions are assessed, which probably resulted in differences with the results obtained.(AU)

Las emociones morales ayudan a las personas a diferenciar las características morales, motivar el comportamiento y revelan los valores morales y la preocupación con uno mismo y con los demás. El objetivo de este estudio es analizar las relaciones entre las emociones morales y la creatividad en la universidad. Los participantes fueron 88 estudiantes matriculados en la educación superior en una universidad privada en el estado de São Paulo, de ambos sexos y de edades comprendidas entre 18 y 54 años fueron estudiados. Se administraron a EEM (Emociones morales escala) y la Prueba de creación Metáfora. Los análisis no revelaron diferencias significativas entre estas medidas entre los sexos o edades, tanto para la EEM, en cuanto a la prueba de creación de metáforas, lo que sugiere que, independientemente de la edad o el sexo, las personas tienden a expresar emociones y evaluados para producir las mismas metáforas manera. Se identificó una correlación significativa y negativa entre la variable Categoría metafórico y el factor de culpabilidad. Es necesario fortalecer las emociones evaluadas son específicos, lo que probablemente dio lugar a discrepancias con los resultados.(AU)