Nitrogen balance and microbial protein synthesis in dairy cows fed with peanut meal to replace soybean meal.

This research was carried out to evaluate the effect of replacing dietary soybean meal with peanut meal, on intake and digestibility, microbial protein synthesis, and nitrogen balance in lactating cows. Twelve crossbred Holstein × Gyr cows at 84 days in milk (DIM) were distributed in a triple 4 × 4 Latin square. The treatments consisted of increasing peanut meal levels (0, 330, 670, and 1000 g/kg dry matter basis) in replacement of soybean meal in the diet. Replacing soybean meal with peanut meal had no effect on the intake and digestibility of dry matter and nutrients. Nitrogen balance and percentage of retained were similar among treatments. Microbial nitrogen synthesis and microbial protein synthesis efficiency were similar among treatments. Thus, in regions where its cost is lower, peanut meal can totally replace soybean meal in dairy cow diets without affecting nitrogen balance and microbial protein synthesis.

Odd-chain fatty acids as an alternative method to predict ruminal microbial nitrogen flow of feedlot Nellore steers fed grain-based diets supplemented with different nitrogen sources.

This study aimed to evaluate the use of total odd-chain fatty acids (OCFA) as a marker to estimate microbial nitrogen flow (MicN) and calculate the efficiency of microbial nitrogen synthesis (EMNS) in Nellore steers fed high-concentrate diets supplemented with different nitrogen supplements (NS). Ruminally and duodenally cannulated Nellore steers (n = 6; 354 ± 12 kg) were used in a 6 × 6 repeated switchback design balanced for residual effects. Treatments were arranged in a 3 × 3 factorial of three nitrogen (N) supplements (urea plus soybean meal; corn gluten meal; dried distillers' grains plus solubles) and three microbial markers (OCFA; double-labeled urea, 15N; microbial nucleic acid bases, MNAB). The total mixed ration was composed of fresh chopped sugarcane as the forage source in an 83:17 concentrate: forage ratio (dry matter basis). Linear regression was used to develop predictions of MicN from OCFA using 15N and MNAB as response variables. Microbial N flow was underestimated by the MNAB marker compared to 15N. Neither NS nor their respective interactions with the marker methods (MM) affected MicN or EMNS (P > 0.05). However, MicN was different for 15N and MNAB (P > 0.001 for both treatments). Marker methods affected EMNS in all energetic bases (total digestible carbohydrates P < 0.001; rumen-fermentable carbohydrates P < 0.001; organic matter truly degradable in the rumen P < 0.001). Equations that utilized OCFA as a regressor to predict MicN under different MM resulted in good fits of the data as observed by the coefficient of determination (R2; 15N = 0.78; MNAB = 0.69). Microbial N flow estimated from OCFA was overpredicted (15N by 7.46%; MNAB by 4.30%) compared with observed values. The OCFA model presented a small slope bias when methodological validation was applied (15N = 0.96%; MNAB = 3.90%), ensuring reliability of the proposed alternative method. Based on the conditions of this experiment, OCFA may be a suitable alternative to other methods that quantify MicN under different dietary conditions.

Nutritional strategies that maximize microbial nitrogen supply to the small intestine may improve cattle performance. Nevertheless, in vivo quantification generally requires sensitive or expensive methods and often yields highly variable results. In the present work, we investigated the use of duodenal odd-chain fatty acids (OCFA) as an alternative method to predict microbial nitrogen flow (MicN) and calculated its efficiency on different energetic bases under different dietary nitrogen supplements. We utilized total OCFA flow (TOCFAf) to predict MicN by two well-established conventional methods: 1) 15N, considered the gold standard and 2) microbial nucleic acid bases. Models presented a positive relationship between TOCFDf and response variables, and under validation, both demonstrated low estimation bias. Under the conditions of this experiment, OCFA appeared to serve as an alternative marker to quantify ruminal MicN for beef cattle.

Desempenho produtivo de bovinos alimentados com cana-de-açúcar com diferentes níveis de concentrado / Productive performance of cattle fed sugarcane with different concentrate levels

Foram avaliados o consumo, as digestibilidades totais e ruminais e as taxas de digestão (kd) e de passagem (kp) ruminal dos nutrientes de dietas constituídas de cana-de-açúcar in naturae diferentes níveis de concentrado. Utilizaram-se cinco bovinos mestiços, fistulados no rúmen, com peso corporal inicial de 300±50kg, distribuídos em delineamento em quadrado latino 5x5. As dietas experimentais foram constituídas de: 1) 100% cana-de-açúcar in natura(CA); 2) 80% de CA + 20% de concentrado (C); 3) 60% de CA + 40% de C; 4) 40% de CA + 60% de C; e 5) 20% de CA + 80% de C. Os dados foram analisados utilizando-se o procedimento MIXED do SAS (versão 9.1), bem como análise de regressão e 5% como nível crítico de probabilidade para o erro tipo I. O consumo de matéria seca (MS), expresso em kg/dia ou g/kg de peso corporal foi influenciado (P<0,05) pelos níveis de concentrado. Os demais consumos calculados em kg/dia também foram influenciados (P<0,05) pelos níveis de concentrado, assim como os consumos de FDNcp, FDNi e NDT, expressos em g/kg de peso corporal. O pool (kg/dia) foi aumentado linearmente à medida que se elevaram os níveis de concentrado para MS. Comportamento similar foi observado para ki (h-1) da MS e da FDNcp. As taxas de digestão (kdh-1) da MS, da MO e da FDNcp aumentaram linearmente com a elevação dos níveis de concentrado na dieta. Estimaram-se máximos fluxos omasais (kg/dia) com 52,22 e 31,45% de concentrado na dieta, respectivamente, para MS e FDNi. A digestibilidade aparente (DA) da MS também foi influenciada pelos níveis de concentrado na dieta. As digestibilidades ruminais da MS e da FDN aumentaram linearmente (P<0,05) com a adição de níveis crescentes de concentrado. Conclui-se que níveis próximos de 65% de concentrado resultam em maior ingestão de energia em dietas contendo cana-de-açúcar.(AU)

An experiment was conducted to evaluate the feed intake, total and ruminal dietary component digestibility, ruminal digestion (kd) and passage rates (kp) of cattle fed sugarcane with different levels of concentrate. Five crossbred (Holstein x Zebu) with ruminal cannulas and initial body weight of 300±50kg were used in this experiment. Steers were assigned into a 5x5 Latin Square design balanced for residual effects. The experimental periods were divided into 16 d with 8 d for adaptation and 8 d for sample collection. Four treatments were used: 1) 100% fresh sugarcane (SC); 2) 80% SC + 20% concentrate (C); 3) 60% SC + 40% C; 4) 40% SC + 60% C; 5) 20% SC + 80% C. Urea/ammonium sulfate was used at 9:1 ratio to correct the protein level of sugarcane. A regression analysis was performed using the MIXED procedure. Dry matter intake (DMI) expressed either as kg/day or g/kg of BW was affected (P<0.05) by concentrate level and the maximum intake was estimated to be 63.61 and 75.04% of concentrate respectively. Intake (kg/day) of OM, CP, NDFap, TDN, iNDF, digestible NDFap (NDFapD), and NFC were affected by concentrate level (P<0.05) and their maximum intake was estimated to be 63.21; 63.78; 53.14; 64.31; 32.49; 88.47 e 55.46% of concentrate respectively. The ruminal pool size of DM and CP as well as ki (h-1) DM, CP, OM, NDFap, and NFC increased linearly as the dietary levels of concentrate increased. The ruminal digestion rate (kg h-1) of DM and NDFap as well as the passage rate (kg h-1) of CP increased linearly as the dietary levels of concentrate increased. The maximum omasal flux (kg/day) of DM and iNDF were estimated to be 52.22 and 31.45% of dietary concentrate respectively. Apparent digestibility of DM, EE, and NFC also increased linearly (P<0.05) with the increase of concentrate levels. Data suggest that levels up to 65% of concentrate result in greater energy intake by cattle fed sugarcane based diets.(AU)

Desempenho produtivo de bovinos alimentados com cana-de-açúcar com diferentes níveis de concentrado / Productive performance of cattle fed sugarcane with different concentrate levels

Foram avaliados o consumo, as digestibilidades totais e ruminais e as taxas de digestão (kd) e de passagem (kp) ruminal dos nutrientes de dietas constituídas de cana-de-açúcar in naturae diferentes níveis de concentrado. Utilizaram-se cinco bovinos mestiços, fistulados no rúmen, com peso corporal inicial de 300±50kg, distribuídos em delineamento em quadrado latino 5x5. As dietas experimentais foram constituídas de: 1) 100% cana-de-açúcar in natura(CA); 2) 80% de CA + 20% de concentrado (C); 3) 60% de CA + 40% de C; 4) 40% de CA + 60% de C; e 5) 20% de CA + 80% de C. Os dados foram analisados utilizando-se o procedimento MIXED do SAS (versão 9.1), bem como análise de regressão e 5% como nível crítico de probabilidade para o erro tipo I. O consumo de matéria seca (MS), expresso em kg/dia ou g/kg de peso corporal foi influenciado (P<0,05) pelos níveis de concentrado. Os demais consumos calculados em kg/dia também foram influenciados (P<0,05) pelos níveis de concentrado, assim como os consumos de FDNcp, FDNi e NDT, expressos em g/kg de peso corporal. O pool (kg/dia) foi aumentado linearmente à medida que se elevaram os níveis de concentrado para MS. Comportamento similar foi observado para ki (h-1) da MS e da FDNcp. As taxas de digestão (kdh-1) da MS, da MO e da FDNcp aumentaram linearmente com a elevação dos níveis de concentrado na dieta. Estimaram-se máximos fluxos omasais (kg/dia) com 52,22 e 31,45% de concentrado na dieta, respectivamente, para MS e FDNi. A digestibilidade aparente (DA) da MS também foi influenciada pelos níveis de concentrado na dieta. As digestibilidades ruminais da MS e da FDN aumentaram linearmente (P<0,05) com a adição de níveis crescentes de concentrado. Conclui-se que níveis próximos de 65% de concentrado resultam em maior ingestão de energia em dietas contendo cana-de-açúcar.

An experiment was conducted to evaluate the feed intake, total and ruminal dietary component digestibility, ruminal digestion (kd) and passage rates (kp) of cattle fed sugarcane with different levels of concentrate. Five crossbred (Holstein x Zebu) with ruminal cannulas and initial body weight of 300±50kg were used in this experiment. Steers were assigned into a 5x5 Latin Square design balanced for residual effects. The experimental periods were divided into 16 d with 8 d for adaptation and 8 d for sample collection. Four treatments were used: 1) 100% fresh sugarcane (SC); 2) 80% SC + 20% concentrate (C); 3) 60% SC + 40% C; 4) 40% SC + 60% C; 5) 20% SC + 80% C. Urea/ammonium sulfate was used at 9:1 ratio to correct the protein level of sugarcane. A regression analysis was performed using the MIXED procedure. Dry matter intake (DMI) expressed either as kg/day or g/kg of BW was affected (P<0.05) by concentrate level and the maximum intake was estimated to be 63.61 and 75.04% of concentrate respectively. Intake (kg/day) of OM, CP, NDFap, TDN, iNDF, digestible NDFap (NDFapD), and NFC were affected by concentrate level (P<0.05) and their maximum intake was estimated to be 63.21; 63.78; 53.14; 64.31; 32.49; 88.47 e 55.46% of concentrate respectively. The ruminal pool size of DM and CP as well as ki (h-1) DM, CP, OM, NDFap, and NFC increased linearly as the dietary levels of concentrate increased. The ruminal digestion rate (kg h-1) of DM and NDFap as well as the passage rate (kg h-1) of CP increased linearly as the dietary levels of concentrate increased. The maximum omasal flux (kg/day) of DM and iNDF were estimated to be 52.22 and 31.45% of dietary concentrate respectively. Apparent digestibility of DM, EE, and NFC also increased linearly (P<0.05) with the increase of concentrate levels. Data suggest that levels up to 65% of concentrate result in greater energy intake by cattle fed sugarcane based diets.

Nitrogen metabolism and microbial synthesis in sheep fed diets containing slow release urea to replace the conventional urea / Metabolismo do nitrogênio e síntese microbiana em ovinos alimentados com dietas contendo ureia de liberação lenta em substituição à ureia convencional

This study aimed to evaluate the effects of adding slow release urea to replace conventional urea in diets for feedlot sheep on nitrogen metabolism and microbial protein synthesis. The substitution levels used as treatments were 0, 20, 40, 60 and 80%. We used 25 Santa Ines x SRD sheep distributed in the treatments in a completely randomized design. The animals were given 50% Tifton-85 hay and 50%concentrate, comprising diets with approximately 12% crude protein. The ingestion, digestion andexcretion of nitrogen were not affected by the addition of slow release urea to the diet, in which the digested nitrogen accounted for 72.98% of the ingested. The concentration of plasma urea-N showed aquadratic variation, with the maximum at the level of 72.18% substitution. The microbial protein production and conversion efficiency of the protein into total digestible nutrients were not affected by the addition of slow-release urea in the diets. The replacement of conventional urea with slow release urea inthe diet changes the concentrations of urea-N in plasma, however, does not affect the nitrogen balance, normicrobial synthesis and efficiency.(AU)

Objetivou-se avaliar os efeitos da inclusão de ureia de liberação lenta em substituição à ureia convencional em dietas para ovinos confinados sobre o metabolismo de nitrogênio e síntese microbiana. Os níveis de substituição utilizados como tratamentos foram 0; 20; 40; 60 e 80%. Foram utilizados 25 ovinos Santa Inês x SRD, distribuídos nos tratamentos na forma de delineamento inteiramente casualizado. Os animais foram alimentados com 50% de feno de capim tifton-85 e 50% de concentrado, compondo dietas de aproximadamente 12% de proteína bruta. A ingestão, excreção e digestão de nitrogênio não foram influenciadas pela inclusão de ureia de liberação lenta na dieta, em que o nitrogênio digerido representou 72,98% do ingerido. A concentração de N-ureico no plasma variou de forma quadrática, com ponto máximo no nível de 72,18% de substituição. A produção de proteína microbiana e a eficiência de conversão da proteína em nutrientes digestíveis totais não foi afetada pela inclusão de ureia de liberação lenta nas dietas. A substituição da ureia convencional pela de ureia de liberação lenta na dieta provoca variação nas concentrações de N-ureico no plasma, entretanto, não afeta o balanço de nitrogênio nem a síntese e a eficiência de síntese microbiana.(AU)

Nitrogen metabolism and microbial synthesis in sheep fed diets containing slow release urea to replace the conventional urea / Metabolismo do nitrogênio e síntese microbiana em ovinos alimentados com dietas contendo ureia de liberação lenta em substituição à ureia convencional

This study aimed to evaluate the effects of adding slow release urea to replace conventional urea in diets for feedlot sheep on nitrogen metabolism and microbial protein synthesis. The substitution levels used as treatments were 0, 20, 40, 60 and 80%. We used 25 Santa Ines x SRD sheep distributed in the treatments in a completely randomized design. The animals were given 50% Tifton-85 hay and 50%concentrate, comprising diets with approximately 12% crude protein. The ingestion, digestion andexcretion of nitrogen were not affected by the addition of slow release urea to the diet, in which the digested nitrogen accounted for 72.98% of the ingested. The concentration of plasma urea-N showed aquadratic variation, with the maximum at the level of 72.18% substitution. The microbial protein production and conversion efficiency of the protein into total digestible nutrients were not affected by the addition of slow-release urea in the diets. The replacement of conventional urea with slow release urea inthe diet changes the concentrations of urea-N in plasma, however, does not affect the nitrogen balance, normicrobial synthesis and efficiency.

Objetivou-se avaliar os efeitos da inclusão de ureia de liberação lenta em substituição à ureia convencional em dietas para ovinos confinados sobre o metabolismo de nitrogênio e síntese microbiana. Os níveis de substituição utilizados como tratamentos foram 0; 20; 40; 60 e 80%. Foram utilizados 25 ovinos Santa Inês x SRD, distribuídos nos tratamentos na forma de delineamento inteiramente casualizado. Os animais foram alimentados com 50% de feno de capim tifton-85 e 50% de concentrado, compondo dietas de aproximadamente 12% de proteína bruta. A ingestão, excreção e digestão de nitrogênio não foram influenciadas pela inclusão de ureia de liberação lenta na dieta, em que o nitrogênio digerido representou 72,98% do ingerido. A concentração de N-ureico no plasma variou de forma quadrática, com ponto máximo no nível de 72,18% de substituição. A produção de proteína microbiana e a eficiência de conversão da proteína em nutrientes digestíveis totais não foi afetada pela inclusão de ureia de liberação lenta nas dietas. A substituição da ureia convencional pela de ureia de liberação lenta na dieta provoca variação nas concentrações de N-ureico no plasma, entretanto, não afeta o balanço de nitrogênio nem a síntese e a eficiência de síntese microbiana.

Nitrogenous compounds balance and microbial protein synthesis in steers supplemented with sunflower crushed in partial replacement of soybean meal / Balanço de compostos nitrogenados e síntese de proteína microbiana em novilhos suplementados com torta de girassol em substituição parcial ao farelo de soja

Four steers in individual paddocks with Marandu grass (B. Brizantha) in 4x4 square design were used to evaluate sunflower crushed supplementation in pasture-grazing animals on nitrogen balance and microbial protein synthesis. Supplements at 6 g kg <->1 body weight comprised corn, soybean meal, and mineral and soybean meal substituted at proportions 0, 20, 40 and 60%. Diet contained averages 6.79, 6.96, 7.10 and 6.87% nitrogen respectively for substitution levels 0, 20, 40 and 60%. The inclusion of sunflower crushed (SC) increased nitrogen intake and fecal excretion of nitrogen while providing a positive balance. Animals plasma urea concentration supplemented with SC was 28.13% lower than that of supplemented animals without SC. SC inclusion did not change allantoin concentration, purine derivatives, microbial nitrogen, crude microbial protein and microbial efficiency microbial, with mean rates totaling 150.98 mmol day <->1; 158.06 mmol day <->1, 112.35 g day <->1, 702.18 g day <->1; 146.41 crude protein (CP) microbial kg <->1 of TDN. Partial replacement of soybean meal by sunflower crushed improves nitrogen balance without altering microbial protein synthesis and excretion of urea and creatinine.(AU)

Para se avaliar a suplementação de torta de girassol em novilhos mantidos a pasto, sobre o balanço de nitrogênio e a síntese de proteína microbiana, foram utilizados quatro animais em piquetes com capim Marandu (B. Brizantha), em quadrado latino 4x4. Os suplementos foram fornecidos na quantidade de 6 g kg <->1 de peso vivo dia <->1; constituídos de milho, farelo de soja e mineral, sendo o farelo de soja substituído nas proporções de 0, 20, 40, e 60%. A dieta disponível apresentava em média 6,79; 6,96; 7,10 e 6,87% de nitrogênio, para os níveis de substituição de 0, 20, 40 e 60%. A inclusão da torta de girassol (TG) elevou o N ingerido e o N fecal, proporcionando balanço positivo. A concentração plasmática de ureia dos animais suplementados com TG foi 28,13% inferior aos animais suplementados sem TG. A inclusão de TG não alterou a concentração de alantoína, os derivados de purina, o nitrogênio microbiano, proteína bruta microbiana e eficiência microbiana, apresentando valores médios de 150,98 mmol dia <->1; 158,06 mmol dia <->1; 112,35 g dia <->1; 702,18 g dia <->1; 146,41 proteína bruta microbiana kg <->1 NDT. A substituição parcial do farelo de soja pela torta de girassol melhorou o balanço de nitrogênio, sem alterar a síntese de proteína microbiana e a excreção de ureia e creatinina.(AU)

Nitrogenous compounds balance and microbial protein synthesis in steers supplemented with sunflower crushed in partial replacement of soybean meal / Balanço de compostos nitrogenados e síntese de proteína microbiana em novilhos suplementados com torta de girassol em substituição parcial ao farelo de soja

Four steers in individual paddocks with Marandu grass (B. Brizantha) in 4x4 square design were used to evaluate sunflower crushed supplementation in pasture-grazing animals on nitrogen balance and microbial protein synthesis. Supplements at 6 g kg

Para se avaliar a suplementação de torta de girassol em novilhos mantidos a pasto, sobre o balanço de nitrogênio e a síntese de proteína microbiana, foram utilizados quatro animais em piquetes com capim Marandu (B. Brizantha), em quadrado latino 4x4. Os suplementos foram fornecidos na quantidade de 6 g kg

Performance, digestibility, microbial production and carcass characteristics of feedlot young bulls fed diets containing propolis - doi: 10.4025/actascianimsci.v34i4.15167 / Performance, digestibility, microbial production and carcass characteristics of feedlot young bulls fed diets containing propolis - doi: 10.4025/actascianimsci.v34i4.15167

The objective was to evaluate the effect of propolis-based products (PBP) on performance, digestibility, microbial production and carcass characteristics of feedlot young bulls. Twenty-seven crossbred young bulls were used, with 353 ± 28 kg of body weight in a completely randomized experimental design, divided in three treatments: two diets with PBP with different dosages (PBP1= 0.018 mg g-1 and PBP2= 0.036 mg g-1 of total flavonoids in chrysin) and control diet (CON). To determine total digestibility, the indigestible dry matter was used as an internal marker, while microbial production was estimated from purine derivatives in urine, collected by the spot method. The evaluated carcass characteristics were: hot carcass weight, dressing percentage, conformation, Longissimus muscle area, fat thickness, colour, texture, marbling, pH, cushion thickness and percentages of muscle, bone and fat. The studied variables were subjected to analysis of variance with 5% probability. The addition of propolis had no effect on DM and nutrients digestibility (except the ADF, which was higher) or efficiency of microbial synthesis. Carcass characteristics were not affected by the experimental treatments. The PBP in the used dosages should be reviewed and higher dosages should be tested.

The objective was to evaluate the effect of propolis-based products (PBP) on performance, digestibility, microbial production and carcass characteristics of feedlot young bulls. Twenty-seven crossbred young bulls were used, with 353 ± 28 kg of body weight in a completely randomized experimental design, divided in three treatments: two diets with PBP with different dosages (PBP1= 0.018 mg g-1 and PBP2= 0.036 mg g-1 of total flavonoids in chrysin) and control diet (CON). To determine total digestibility, the indigestible dry matter was used as an internal marker, while microbial production was estimated from purine derivatives in urine, collected by the spot method. The evaluated carcass characteristics were: hot carcass weight, dressing percentage, conformation, Longissimus muscle area, fat thickness, colour, texture, marbling, pH, cushion thickness and percentages of muscle, bone and fat. The studied variables were subjected to analysis of variance with 5% probability. The addition of propolis had no effect on DM and nutrients digestibility (except the ADF, which was higher) or efficiency of microbial synthesis. Carcass characteristics were not affected by the experimental treatments. The PBP in the used dosages should be reviewed and higher dosages should be tested.

Performance, digestibility, microbial production and carcass characteristics of feedlot young bulls fed diets containing propolis / Desempenho, digestibilidade, produção microbiana e características de carcaça de bovinos confinados que receberam dietas contendo própolis

The objective was to evaluate the effect of propolis-based products (PBP) on performance, digestibility, microbial production and carcass characteristics of feedlot young bulls. Twenty-seven crossbred young bulls were used, with 353 ± 28 kg of body weight in a completely randomized experimental design, divided in three treatments: two diets with PBP with different dosages (PBP1= 0.018 mg g-1 and PBP2= 0.036 mg g-1 of total flavonoids in chrysin) and control diet (CON). To determine total digestibility, the indigestible dry matter was used as an internal marker, while microbial production was estimated from purine derivatives in urine, collected by the spot method. The evaluated carcass characteristics were: hot carcass weight, dressing percentage, conformation, Longissimus muscle area, fat thickness, colour, texture, marbling, pH, cushion thickness and percentages of muscle, bone and fat. The studied variables were subjected to analysis of variance with 5% probability. The addition of propolis had no effect on DM and nutrients digestibility (except the ADF, which was higher) or efficiency of microbial synthesis. Carcass characteristics were not affected by the experimental treatments. The PBP in the used dosages should be reviewed and higher dosages should be tested.

Objetivou-se avaliar o efeito de produtos à base de própolis (PBP) sobre o desempenho, digestibilidade, produção microbiana e características de carcaça de bovinos confinados. Foram utilizados 27 bovinos com 353 ± 28 kg de peso corporal em um delineamento inteiramente casualizado dividido em três tratamentos: duas dietas contendo PBP em diferentes dosagens (PBP1 = 0.018 mg g-1 e PBP2 = 0.036 mg g-1 de flavonoides totais em crisina) e dieta controle (CON) sem adição de própolis. Para a determinação da digestibilidade total, a matéria seca indigestível foi usada como marcador interno, enquanto a produção microbiana foi estimada pelos derivados de purina na urina, coletadas pelo método spot. As características de carcaça avaliadas foram: peso de carcaça quente, rendimento de carcaça quente, conformação, área de olho de lombo, espessura de gordura, coloração, textura, marmoreio, pH, espessura de coxão e percentagens de músculo, osso e gordura. As variáveis estudadas foram submetidas à análise de variância com 5% de probabilidade. A adição da própolis não teve efeito sobre a digestibilidade da MS e nutrientes (exceto para FDA, que foi maior) e eficiência de síntese microbiana. As características de carcaça não foram afetadas pelos tratamentos experimentais. As dosagens utilizadas nos PBP devem ser revistas e dosagens mais elevadas devem ser testadas.

Performance, digestibility, microbial production and carcass characteristics of feedlot young bulls fed diets containing propolis - doi: 10.4025/actascianimsci.v34i4.15167 / Performance, digestibility, microbial production and carcass characteristics of feedlot young bulls fed diets containing propolis - doi: 10.4025/actascianimsci.v34i4.15167

The objective was to evaluate the effect of propolis-based products (PBP) on performance, digestibility, microbial production and carcass characteristics of feedlot young bulls. Twenty-seven crossbred young bulls were used, with 353 ± 28 kg of body weight in a completely randomized experimental design, divided in three treatments: two diets with PBP with different dosages (PBP1= 0.018 mg g-1 and PBP2= 0.036 mg g-1 of total flavonoids in chrysin) and control diet (CON). To determine total digestibility, the indigestible dry matter was used as an internal marker, while microbial production was estimated from purine derivatives in urine, collected by the spot method. The evaluated carcass characteristics were: hot carcass weight, dressing percentage, conformation, Longissimus muscle area, fat thickness, colour, texture, marbling, pH, cushion thickness and percentages of muscle, bone and fat. The studied variables were subjected to analysis of variance with 5% probability. The addition of propolis had no effect on DM and nutrients digestibility (except the ADF, which was higher) or efficiency of microbial synthesis. Carcass characteristics were not affected by the experimental treatments. The PBP in the used dosages should be reviewed and higher dosages should be tested.

The objective was to evaluate the effect of propolis-based products (PBP) on performance, digestibility, microbial production and carcass characteristics of feedlot young bulls. Twenty-seven crossbred young bulls were used, with 353 ± 28 kg of body weight in a completely randomized experimental design, divided in three treatments: two diets with PBP with different dosages (PBP1= 0.018 mg g-1 and PBP2= 0.036 mg g-1 of total flavonoids in chrysin) and control diet (CON). To determine total digestibility, the indigestible dry matter was used as an internal marker, while microbial production was estimated from purine derivatives in urine, collected by the spot method. The evaluated carcass characteristics were: hot carcass weight, dressing percentage, conformation, Longissimus muscle area, fat thickness, colour, texture, marbling, pH, cushion thickness and percentages of muscle, bone and fat. The studied variables were subjected to analysis of variance with 5% probability. The addition of propolis had no effect on DM and nutrients digestibility (except the ADF, which was higher) or efficiency of microbial synthesis. Carcass characteristics were not affected by the experimental treatments. The PBP in the used dosages should be reviewed and higher dosages should be tested.

Intake, digestibility, ruminal parameters, and microbial protein synthesis in crossbred steers fed diets based on Brachiaria grass silage and sorghum silage / Consumo, digestibilidade, parâmetros ruminais e síntese de proteína microbiana em novilhos cruzados alimentados com dietas a base de silagem de braquiária e silagem de sorgo

A trial was carried out with four Holstein x Nellore crossbred steers (225±22kg of BW) fitted with ruminal and abomasal cannulaes in a 4 x 4 Latin Square design to evaluate the intake and the total and partial apparent digestibilities of nutrients, ruminal parameters, and microbial synthesis. Diets consisted of 60 percent silage and 40 percent concentrate formulated to be isonitrogenous (12.5 percent of crude protein, dry matter basis). Treatments consisted of different proportions of Brachiaria brizantha grass silage and sorghum silage: 100:0; 67:33; 33:67, and 0:100 percent, respectively, on dry matter basis. The intake of dry matter, organic matter, crude protein, ether extract, non-fiber carbohydrates, and total digestible nutrients linearly increased (P<0.01) as levels of sorghum silage increased. The total apparent digestibility of dry matter, organic matter, and neutral detergent fiber linearly increased with sorghum silage levels (P<0.02). The highest ruminal NH3-N (13.63mg/dL) levels occurred at 2.94h post-feeding whereas the lowest ruminal pH (5.87) was measured at 5.21h post-feeding. Microbial efficiency was not affected (P>0.05) by the treatments. The use of 67 percent of sorghum silage and 33 percent of grass silage increased intake and digestibility of nutrients without affecting ruminal pH, ruminal NH3-N, and microbial efficiency.

Realizou-se um estudo com quatro novilhos cruzados Holandês x Nelore (225±22kg de peso vivo), canulados no rúmen e abomaso, distribuídos em quadrado latino 4 x 4 para avaliar o efeito de diferentes proporções de silagem de Braquiária brizantha e silagem de sorgo sobre o consumo e a digestibilidade dos nutrientes no trato digestório total e parcial, sobre os parâmetros ruminais e sobre a eficiência microbiana. As dietas continham 60 por cento de volumoso e 40 por cento de concentrado e foram formuladas para serem isonitrogenadas (12,5 por cento de proteína bruta na matéria seca). Os tratamentos consistiram em diferentes proporções de silagens de Brachiaria brizantha e de sorgo: 100:0; 67:33; 33:67 e 0:100 por cento, respectivamente ( por cento da matéria seca). O consumo de matéria seca, matéria orgânica, proteína bruta, extrato etéreo, carboidratos não-fibrosos e nutrientes digestíveis totais aumentou linearmente (P<0,01) com o aumento da proporção de silagem de sorgo. A digestibilidade total da matéria seca, da matéria orgânica e da fibra em detergente neutro também aumentou linearmente (P<0,02) com o aumento da proporção de silagem de sorgo. A máxima concentração de N-amoniacal ruminal (13,63mg/dL) ocorreu 2,94 horas após a alimentação enquanto o menor pH foi observado às 5,21 horas após a alimentação. A eficiência microbina não foi afetada pelos tratamentos (P>0,05). O uso de 67 por cento de silagem de sorgo com 33 por cento de silagem de braquiária aumentou o consumo e a digestibilidade dos nutrientes sem afetar o pH e N-amoniacal ruminais, bem como a eficiência microbiana.

Microbial protein production in dairy cows receiving diets with coffe hull / Síntese de proteína microbiana em vacas recebendo dietas contendo casca de café

It was evaluated the microbial production by urine purine derivatives and plasmatic urea concentration (PUC) and urea excretion in lactation cows, receiving diets containing four levels of coffee hulls in total dry matter (0; 6; 12 and 18% of DM), in substitution for corn silage. Twelve Holstein cows were distributed according to the lactation period in three latin squares 4 x 4 Diets were isoproteic, with 15% of crude protein (CP), constituted of 60% of roughage (corn silage and coffee hulls) and 40% of concentrate, in dry matter basis. A linear decrease (P 0.05) were observed for the urinary excretion of alantoin, absorbed purins and microbial nitrogen compounds, being estimated a reduction of 6.48 and 6.51 mM/day and 4.7 g/day with each unit of coffee hulls added, respectively. The estimated uric acid excretion, microbial efficiency and the relation between CP and CP consumption were not influenced (P>0.05) by the coffee hulls levels in the diet, with mean values of 19.06 mM/day; 133.88 g CP/kg of TDN and 54.83, respectively. Plasmatic N-urea and daily urea and N excretion (mg/kg BW and g/day) decreased linearly (P 0.05) with coffee hulls addition, with decreases observed of 0.26 mg/dL, 5.6 g/day, 4.95 mg/ kg BW and 3.08 g/day for each unit of coffee hulls added, respectively. The inclusion of coffee hulls up to 18% on lactation dairy cows diets reduced the alantoin

Avaliaram-se a produção de proteína microbiana através dos derivados de purinas na urina e a concentração de uréia plasmática (NUP) e excreções de uréia em vacas em lactação, recebendo dietas contendo quatro níveis de casca de café na matéria seca total (0; 6; 12 e 18% da MS), em substituição à silagem de milho. Foram utilizadas 12 vacas da raça Holandesa, em três quadrados latinos 4 x 4, distribuídas de acordo com o período de lactação. As dietas foram isoprotéicas, com 15% de proteína bruta (PB), sendo constituídas de 60% de volumoso (silagem de milho e casca de café) e 40% de ração concentrada, em base da MS. Observou-se decréscimo linear (P 0,05) para as excreções urinárias de alantoína, purinas absorvidas e compostos nitrogenados microbianos, estimando-se redução de 6,48 e 6,51 mmol dia-1 e de 4,70 g dia-1 por unidade de casca de café adicionada, respectivamente. A excreção estimada de acido úrico, eficiência microbiana e a relação entre PB e consumo de PB não foram influenciadas (P>0,05) pelos níveis de casca de café nas dietas, registrando valores médios de 19,06 mmol dia-1; 133,88 g PB kg-1 de NDT e 54,83, respectivamente. O N-uréia plasmático e as excreções diárias de uréia e N na forma de uréia na urina (mg kg-1 PV e g dia-1) decresceu linearmente (P 0,05) com adição de casca de café nas dietas, sendo observados decréscimos de 0,26 mg dL-1, 5,60 g dia-1, 4,95

Microbial protein production in dairy cows receiving diets with coffe hull / Síntese de proteína microbiana em vacas recebendo dietas contendo casca de café

It was evaluated the microbial production by urine purine derivatives and plasmatic urea concentration (PUC) and urea excretion in lactation cows, receiving diets containing four levels of coffee hulls in total dry matter (0; 6; 12 and 18% of DM), in substitution for corn silage. Twelve Holstein cows were distributed according to the lactation period in three latin squares 4 x 4 Diets were isoproteic, with 15% of crude protein (CP), constituted of 60% of roughage (corn silage and coffee hulls) and 40% of concentrate, in dry matter basis. A linear decrease (P 0.05) were observed for the urinary excretion of alantoin, absorbed purins and microbial nitrogen compounds, being estimated a reduction of 6.48 and 6.51 mM/day and 4.7 g/day with each unit of coffee hulls added, respectively. The estimated uric acid excretion, microbial efficiency and the relation between CP and CP consumption were not influenced (P>0.05) by the coffee hulls levels in the diet, with mean values of 19.06 mM/day; 133.88 g CP/kg of TDN and 54.83, respectively. Plasmatic N-urea and daily urea and N excretion (mg/kg BW and g/day) decreased linearly (P 0.05) with coffee hulls addition, with decreases observed of 0.26 mg/dL, 5.6 g/day, 4.95 mg/ kg BW and 3.08 g/day for each unit of coffee hulls added, respectively. The inclusion of coffee hulls up to 18% on lactation dairy cows diets reduced the alantoin

Avaliaram-se a produção de proteína microbiana através dos derivados de purinas na urina e a concentração de uréia plasmática (NUP) e excreções de uréia em vacas em lactação, recebendo dietas contendo quatro níveis de casca de café na matéria seca total (0; 6; 12 e 18% da MS), em substituição à silagem de milho. Foram utilizadas 12 vacas da raça Holandesa, em três quadrados latinos 4 x 4, distribuídas de acordo com o período de lactação. As dietas foram isoprotéicas, com 15% de proteína bruta (PB), sendo constituídas de 60% de volumoso (silagem de milho e casca de café) e 40% de ração concentrada, em base da MS. Observou-se decréscimo linear (P 0,05) para as excreções urinárias de alantoína, purinas absorvidas e compostos nitrogenados microbianos, estimando-se redução de 6,48 e 6,51 mmol dia-1 e de 4,70 g dia-1 por unidade de casca de café adicionada, respectivamente. A excreção estimada de acido úrico, eficiência microbiana e a relação entre PB e consumo de PB não foram influenciadas (P>0,05) pelos níveis de casca de café nas dietas, registrando valores médios de 19,06 mmol dia-1; 133,88 g PB kg-1 de NDT e 54,83, respectivamente. O N-uréia plasmático e as excreções diárias de uréia e N na forma de uréia na urina (mg kg-1 PV e g dia-1) decresceu linearmente (P 0,05) com adição de casca de café nas dietas, sendo observados decréscimos de 0,26 mg dL-1, 5,60 g dia-1, 4,95