Contaminação ambiental de uma agroindústria familiar de queijo colonial no sudoeste paranaense / Environmental contamination of a family colonial cheese agroindustry in the southwest of Parana

As falhas na higienização em um estabelecimento de alimentos podem refletir em problemas causando a contaminação ou deterioração do produto produzido. Esta pesquisa foi motivada por reclamações de consumidores informando que os queijos apresentaram fungos, mesmo estando dentro do prazo de validade e por solicitação do Serviço de Inspeção Municipal. O objetivo desta pesquisa foi avaliar a contaminação ambiental em uma agroindústria da agricultura familiar produtora de queijo colonial no Sudoeste Paranaense. Foram realizadas a contagem para aeróbios mesófilos em equipamentos e superfícies que entram em contato com o alimento e análise microbiológica ambiental de bolores e leveduras na sala de secagem dos queijos. A coleta foi realizada com método de esfregaço de suabe estéril para aeróbios mesófilos e semeadas em placas de Petri com Ágar Padrão de Contagem. Para a coleta ambiental foram expostas placas de Petri com ágar Saboraund durante 15 minutos. Os resultados demonstraram ausência de contaminação nas superfícies, mas foram encontrados bolores e leveduras de forma acentuada na sala de secagem dos queijos, o que pode contribuir para a deterioração do produto, diminuindo sua validade. Para minimizar as perdas por contaminação é necessário que o processo de higienização dos ambientes seja realizado de forma eficiente.

Failures in hygiene in a food establishment can result in problems causing contamination or deterioration of the product produced. This research was motivated by complaints from consumers reporting that the cheeses had mold, even though they were within their expiration date and at the request of the Municipal Inspection Service. This research was to evaluate environmental contamination in an agroindustry in the family farm producing colonial cheese in Southwest Paraná. For the microbiological assessment of environmental contamination, counting for mesophilic aerobes was carried out on equipment and surfaces that come into contact with food and, environmental microbiological analysis of molds and yeast in the cheese drying room. The collection was carried out using the sterile swab smear for mesophilic aerobes and seeded in Petri dishes with Counting Standard Agar. For environmental collection, sheets of Petri with Saboraund agar for 15 minutes. The results demonstrated absence of contamination on surfaces. But the presence of molds and yeasts in the drying room cheeses, which can contribute to the deterioration of the product and thus reduce the validity. To minimize losses due to contamination, it is It is necessary that the process of cleaning and disinfecting environments is carried out efficiently.

Small Intestinal Bacterial Overgrowth (SIBO), a clinically overdiagnosed entity? / Sobrecrecimiento bacteriano del intestino delgado (SIBO), ¿una entidad clínica sobrediagnosticada?

Small intestinal bacterial overgrowth (SIBO) is a clinical entity recognized since ancient times; it represents the consequences of bacterial overgrowth in the small intestine associated with malabsorption. Recently, SIBO as a term has been popularized due to its high prevalence reported in various pathologies since the moment it is indirectly diagnosed with exhaled air tests. In the present article, the results of duodenal/jejunal aspirate culture testing as a reference diagnostic method, as well as the characteristics of the small intestinal microbiota described by culture-dependent and culture-independent techniques in SIBO, and their comparison with exhaled air testing are presented to argue about its overdiagnosis.

Infectious keratitis associated with contact lens wear: REGINFECOR multicenter study.

This 32-centre multicentre study addresses the lack of knowledge about the prevalence and significance of microbial keratitis (MK) associated with contact lens (CL) wear in Spain. A total of 304 cases recruited from 32 hospitals were studied and showed that infectious keratitis associated with contact lens wear mainly affects young women during the summer months. In this study, soft lenses with monthly replacement and single solution cleaning were most commonly used, purchased and fitted in opticians' shops. Common risk factors were identified among users, such as topping off solutions, prolonging the life of lenses, and frequently sleeping, swimming and showering with lenses. Overnight lens wear was significantly associated with a higher incidence of corneal opacities, and the presence of Pseudomonas aeruginosa in bacterial cultures was associated with more severe sequelae and a greater need for corneal transplantation. Although most cases were benign, the time taken to heal was long, which poses a problem for working patients. This study provides valuable epidemiological, microbiological and risk factor information and estimates the incidence of CL related MK in Spain to be approximately 1 case per 30,000 inhabitants per year.

Microbiological etiology and current resistance patterns in acute calculous cholecystitis.

INTRODUCTION: The current treatment for acute calculous cholecystitis (ACC) is early laparoscopic cholecystectomy, in association with appropriate empiric antibiotic therapy. In our country, the evolution of the prevalence of the germs involved and their resistance patterns have been scarcely described. The aim of the study was to analyze the bacterial etiology and the antibiotic resistance patterns in ACC. METHODS: We conducted a single-center, retrospective, observational study of consecutive patients diagnosed with ACC between 01/2012 and 09/2019. Patients with a concomitant diagnosis of pancreatitis, cholangitis, postoperative cholecystitis, histology of chronic cholecystitis or carcinoma were excluded. Demographic, clinical, therapeutic and microbiological variables were collected, including preoperative blood cultures, bile and peritoneal fluid cultures. RESULTS: A total of 1104 ACC were identified, and samples were taken from 830 patients: bile in 89%, peritoneal fluid and/or blood cultures in 25%. Half of the bile cultures and less than one-third of the blood and/or peritoneum samples were positive. Escherichia coli (36%), Enterococcus spp (25%), Klebsiella spp (21%), Streptococcus spp (17%), Enterobacter spp (14%) and Citrobacter spp (7%) were isolated. Anaerobes were identified in 7% of patients and Candida spp in 1%. Nearly 37% of patients received inadequate empirical antibiotic therapy. Resistance patterns were scrutinized for each bacterial species. The main causes of inappropriateness were extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing bacteria (34%) and Enterococcus spp (45%), especially in patients older than 80 years. CONCLUSIONS: Updated knowledge of microbiology and resistance patterns in our setting is essential to readjust empirical antibiotic therapy and ACC treatment protocols.

Un padre olvidado de la Microbiología: Louis Joblot / A forgotten father of Microbiology

El microscopista francés Louis Joblot (1645-1723), contemporáneo de Antoine van Leeuwenhoek y Robert Hooke, puede ser considerado uno de los padres de la protistología/microbiología. Su obra titulada "Descripciones y usos de varios microscopios nuevos" de 1718 contiene varias extraordinarias imágenes de protozoos en movimiento y en división binaria. Lamentablemente, algunas imágenes de dicha obra contenían figuras fantásticas, por lo que su legado fue rápidamente obscurecido. Sus experimentos sobre el fenómeno de generación espontánea marcaron un hito en el desarrollo de este debate y se adelantaron en casi siglo y medio a los experimentos de Louis Pasteur.

The French microscopist Louis Joblot (1645-1723), a contemporary of Antoine van Leeuwenhoek and Robert Hooke, he can be considered one of the fathers of protistology/microbiology. His work entitled "Descriptions and uses of various new microscopes" of 1718 contains several extraordinary images of protozoa in motion and in binary division. Unfortunately, some images of this work contained fantastic figures, so his legacy was quickly obscured. His experiments on the phenomenon of spontaneous generation marked a milestone in the development of this debate and anticipated Louis Pasteur's experiments by almost a century and a half.

Análisis bibliométrico de la producción científica española en Enfermedades Infecciosas y en Microbiología (2014-2021) / Bibliometric analysis of the Spanish scientific production in Infectious Diseases and Microbiology (2014-2021)

Introducción: El profundo impacto que ha tenido la pandemia de COVID-19 junto a otros factores como la globalización o el cambio climático, ha enfatizado la relevancia creciente que tienen las Enfermedades Infecciosas y la Microbiología. Métodos: Se ha analizado la producción científica española en ambas categorías de la Web of Science a lo largo del periodo 2014-2021. Resultados: Se han identificado 8.037 documentos en Enfermedades Infecciosas y 12.008 documentos en Microbiología (6° país más productivo a nivel mundial en ambos casos, con tasas de crecimiento de 41% y 46,2%, respectivamente). Ambas áreas presentan una elevada colaboración internacional (45-48% de los documentos) y entre 45-66% de los documentos han sido publicados en revistas de excelencia (primer cuartil) según los ránquines del Journal Citation Reports. Conclusiones: España se sitúa en una destacada posición a nivel mundial en ambas áreas, con una gran producción científica en revistas de elevada visibilidad e impacto.(AU)

Introduction: The profound impact of the COVID-19 pandemic, together with other factors such as globalisation and climate change, has emphasised the growing relevance of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology. Methods: The Spanish scientific production in both categories of the Web of Science databases over the period 2014-2021 has been analysed. Results: 8037 documents have been identified in Infectious Diseases and 12008 documents in Microbiology (6th most productive country worldwide in both cases, with growth rates of 41% and 46.2%, respectively). Both areas present a high degree of international collaboration (45-48% of the documents) and between 45-66% of the documents have been published in journals of excellence (first quartile) according to the rankings of the Journal Citation Reports. Conclusions: Spain is in a prominent position worldwide in both areas, with an outstanding scientific production in journals of high visibility and impact.(AU)

Bibliometric analysis of the Spanish scientific production in Infectious Diseases and Microbiology (2014-2021).

INTRODUCTION: The profound impact of the Covid-19 pandemic, together with other factors such as globalisation and climate change, has emphasised the growing relevance of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology. METHODS: The Spanish scientific production in both categories of the Web of Science databases over the period 2014-2021 has been analysed. RESULTS: 8037 documents have been identified in Infectious Diseases and 12008 documents in Microbiology (6th most productive country worldwide in both cases, with growth rates of 41% and 46.2%, respectively). Both areas present a high degree of international collaboration (45-48% of the documents) and between 45-66% of the documents have been published in journals of excellence (first quartile) according to the rankings of the Journal Citation Reports. CONCLUSIONS: Spain is in a prominent position worldwide in both areas, with an outstanding scientific production in journals of high visibility and impact.

Mycobacterium abscessus keratitis after LASIK surgery / Ceratite por Mycobacterium abscessus após cirurgia LASIK

ABSTRACT A 33-year-old male presented with unilateral subacute infectious keratitis 4 weeks after surgery. Corneal inflammation was resistant to standard topical antibiotic regimens. During diagnostic flap lifting and sampling, the corneal flap melted and separated. Through flap lifting, corneal scraping, microbiological diagnosis of atypical mycobacteria, and treatment with topical fortified amikacin, clarithromycin, and systemic clarithromycin, clinical improvement was achieved.

RESUMO Paciente do sexo masculino, 33 anos, apresentou ceratite infecciosa subaguda unilateral 4 semanas após a cirurgia. A inflamação da córnea foi resistente aos regimes de antibióticos tópicos padrão. A aba da córnea foi derretida e seccionada durante o levantamento e amostragem para diagnóstico. A melhora clínica só foi alcançada após levantamento do retalho, raspagem e diagnóstico microbiológico de micobactérias atípicas e tratamento com amicacina fortificada tópica, claritromicina e claritromicina sistêmica.

Microbial keratitis in Sao Paulo, Brazil: a 10-year review of laboratory results, epidemiological features, and risk factors / Ceratite microbiana em São Paulo, Brasil: uma revisão de 10 anos dos resultados de laboratório, características epidemiológicas e fatores de risco

ABSTRACT Purpose: To study epidemiological data, laboratory results, and risk factors associated with microbial keratitis. Methods: We conducted a retrospective study of corneal sample cultures from patients with microbial keratitis from January 2010 to December 2019. Results were analyzed according to the etiological diagnosis of bacterial, mycotic, or parasitic infection and were associated with related risk factors. Results: We analyzed 4810 corneal samples from 4047 patients (mean age 47.79 ± 20.68 years; male 53.27%). The prevalence of bacterial, fungal, and Acanthamoeba infections were 69.80%, 7.31%, and 3.51%, respectively. The most frequently isolated bacteria were coagulase-negative Staphylococcus (CoNS) (45.14%), S. aureus (10.02%), Pseudomonas spp. (8.80%), and Corynebacterium spp. (6.21%). Among CoNS, the main agent was S. epidermidis (n=665). For mycotic keratitis, Fusarium spp. (35.42%) and Candida parapsilosis (16.07%) were the most common agents among filamentous and yeasts isolates, respectively. Contact lens use was associated with a positive culture for Acanthamoeba spp. (OR = 19.04; p < 0.001) and Pseudomonas spp. (OR = 3.20; p < 0.001). Previous ocular trauma was associated with positive fungal cultures (OR = 1.80; p = 0.007), while older age was associated with positive bacterial culture (OR = 1.76; p = 0.001). Conclusions: Our findings demonstrated a higher positivity of corneal sample cultures for bacteria. Among those, CoNS was the most frequently identified, with S. epidermidis as the main agent. In fungal keratitis, Fusarium spp. was the most commonly isolated. Contact lens wearers had higher risks of positive cultures for Acanthamoeba spp. and Pseudomonas spp. Ocular trauma increased the risk of fungal infection, while older age increased the risk of bacterial infection.

RESUMO Objetivo: Estudar os dados epidemiológicos, resultados laboratoriais e fatores de risco associados às ceratites infecciosas. Métodos: Estudo retrospectivo das amostras de cultura de córnea em pacientes com ceratites infecciosas entre Janeiro/2010 a Dezembro/2019. Os resultados foram analisados de acordo com o diagnóstico etiológico de infecção bacteriana, fúngica ou parasitária e correlacionado com os fatores de risco relacionados. Resultados: Quatro mil, oitocentas e dez amostras corneanas de 4047 pacientes (média de idade de 47,79 ± 20,68 anos; homens em sua maioria (53,7%) foram incluídas. A prevalência de infecções por bactéria, fungo e Acanthamoeba foram de 69.80%, 7,31%, and 3,51%, respectivamente. A maioria das bactérias mais frequentemente isoladas foram Staphylococcus coagulase-negativo (CoNS) (45,14%), S. aureus (10,02%), Pseudomonas spp. (8,80%), e Corynebacterium spp. (6,21%). Dentre CoNS, o principal agente foi S. epidermidis (n = 665). Nas ceratites fúngicas, Fusarium spp. (35,42%) e Candida parapsilosis (16,07%) foram os agentes mais comuns entre os filamentosos e leveduriformes, respectivamente. O uso de lentes de contato foi associado à cultura positiva para Acanthamoeba spp. (OR = 19,04; p < 0,001) e Pseudomonas spp (OR = 3,20; p < 0,001). Trauma ocular prévio foi associado a culturas positivas para fungo (OR = 1,80; p = 0,007), e idade avançada foi associada a culturas positivas para bactéria (OR = 1,76; p = 0,001). Conclusões: Nossos achados demonstraram uma maior positividade para bactérias em amostras de cultura corneana. Dentre estas, CoNS foi mais frequentemente identificado, sendo S. epidermidis o principal agente. Nas ceratites fúngicas, Fusarium spp. Foi o mais comumente isolado. O risco de positividade para Acanthamoeba spp. e Pseudomonas spp. foi maior em usuários de lentes de contato. Trauma ocular aumentou o risco de cultura positiva para fungo, ao passo que idade mais avançada aumentou o risco de infecção bacteriana.

Evaluation of pathogen from the FilmArray meningitis/encephalitis panel and recommendations on atypical findings / Avaliação do patógeno do painel de meningite/encefalite FilmArray e recomendações sobre achados atípicos

Abstract Background Infectious meningoencephalitis is a potentially fatal clinical condition that causes inflammation of the central nervous system secondary to the installation of different microorganisms. The FilmArray meningitis/encephalitis panel allows the simultaneous detection of 14 pathogens with results in about one hour. Objective This study is based on retrospectively evaluating the implementation of the FilmArray meningitis/encephalitis panel in a hospital environment, highlighting the general results and, especially, analyzing the consistency of the test results against the clinical and laboratory conditions of the patients. Methods Data were collected through the results reported by the BioFire FilmArray system software from the meningitis/encephalitis panel. The correlated laboratory tests used in our analysis, when available, included biochemical, cytological, direct and indirect microbiological tests. Results In the analyzed period, there were 496 samples with released results. Of the total of 496 samples analyzed, 88 (17.75%) were considered positive, and 90 pathogens were detected, and in 2 of these (2.27%) there was co-detection of pathogens. Viruses were the agents most frequently found within the total number of pathogens detected. Of the 496 proven samples, 20 (4.03%) were repeated, 5 of which were repeated due to invalid results, 6 due to the detection of multiple pathogens and 9 due to disagreement between the panel results and the other laboratory tests and/or divergence of the clinical-epidemiological picture. Of these 20 repeated samples, only 4 of them (20%) maintained the original result after repeating the test, with 16 (80%) being non-reproducible. The main factor related to the disagreement of these 16 samples during retesting was the detection of bacterial agents without any relationship with other laboratory tests or with the patients' clinical condition. Conclusion In our study, simply reproducing tests with atypical results from the FilmArray meningitis/encephalitis panel proved, in most cases, effective and sufficient for interpreting these results.

Resumo Antecedentes A meningoencefalite infecciosa é uma condição clínica potencialmente fatal que causa inflamação do sistema nervoso central secundária à instalação de diversos microrganismos. O painel de meningite/encefalite FilmArray permite a detecção simultânea de 14 patógenos, com resultados em cerca de uma hora. Objetivo Este estudo baseia-se em avaliar retrospectivamente a implementação do painel de meningite/encefalite FilmArray em ambiente hospitalar, destacando os resultados gerais e, principalmente, analisando a consistência dos resultados do teste frente às condições clínicas e laboratoriais dos pacientes. Métodos Os dados foram coletados por meio dos resultados relatados pelo software do sistema BioFire FilmArray do painel de meningite/encefalite. Os exames laboratoriais correlacionados utilizados em nossa análise, quando disponíveis, incluíram exames bioquímicos, citológicos, microbiológicos diretos e indiretos. Resultados No período analisado, foram 496 amostras com resultados divulgados. Do total de 496 amostras analisadas, 88 (17,75%) foram consideradas positivas e 90 patógenos foram detectados, sendo que em duas destas (2,27%) houve codetecção de patógenos. Os vírus foram os agentes mais frequentemente encontrados dentro do total de patógenos detectados. Das 496 amostras analisadas, 20 (4,03%) foram repetidas, sendo 5 repetidas por resultado inválido, 6 pela detecção de múltiplos patógenos e 9 por discordância dos resultados do painel com os demais exames laboratoriais e/ou divergência do quadro clínico-epidemiológico. Destas 20 amostras repetidas, apenas 4 delas (20%) mantiveram o resultado original após a repetição do teste, sendo 16 (80%) não reprodutíveis. O principal fator relacionado à discordância destas 16 amostras na retestagem foi a detecção de agentes bacterianos sem qualquer relação com os demais exames laboratoriais ou com o quadro clínico dos pacientes. Conclusão Em nosso estudo, a simples repetição dos testes com resultados atípicos do painel de meningite/encefalite FilmArray mostrou-se, na maior dos casos, efetiva e suficiente para a interpretação destes achados.

Micro duelo: adaptação do jogo Yu-Gi-Oh para o ensino da Microbiologia / Micro duel: adaptation of the game Yu-Gi-Oh for teaching Microbiology / Micro duelo: adaptación del juego Yu-Gi-Oh para la enseñanza de Microbiología

Objetivo: Relatar a experiência de professores tutores e professores da Educação Básica, participantes do curso EAD Ensino de Ciências para a Promoção de Saúde na Escola Básica, na construção de um material didático-pedagógico para ser utilizado em sala de aula. Método: Para diversificar a rotina de aulas no ensino de Ciências e Biologia, direcionadas para alunos do ensino médio, os professores da Educação Básica que trabalharam os conteúdos do módulo de Saúde e Educação, desenvolveram um jogo de cartas que aborda a microbiologia, inspirado em Yu-Gi-Oh, uma série animada de mangá (histórias japonesas em quadrinhos), onde os jogadores usam cartas para duelar, em uma batalha simulada. Resultados: O material didático descreve os principais conceitos utilizados nojogo (duelo, pontos de vida, tipos de cartas etc.), as fases do duelo e os passos para iniciar o jogo. As cartas foram adaptadas para os assuntos abordados na microbiologia e continham nome do agente, tipo, descrição, atributo em cores, nível de ação em estrelas, número da carta e os pontos de ataque e de defesa. Conclusão: Espera-se estimular a interação e o aprendizado dos estudantes, através da aquisição de habilidades indispensáveis ao desenvolvimento intelectual e facilitação dos conceitos relacionados à microbiologia.

Objective: Report the experience of tutors and Basic Education teachers, participants in the EAD course Teaching Science for Health Promotion in Basic Schools, in the construction of didactic-pedagogical material to be used in the classroom. Method: To diversify the routine of teaching Science and Biology classes, aimed at high school students, the Basic Education teachers who worked on the contents of the Health and Education module, developed a card game that addresses microbiology, inspired by Yu-Gi-Oh, an animated manga series (Japanese comic books), where players use cards to duel in a simulated battle. Results: The teaching material describes the main concepts used in the game (duel, life points, types of cards, etc.), the phases of the duel and the steps to start the game. The cards were adapted to the subjects covered in microbiology and contained the agent's name, type, description, attribute in colors, action level in stars, card number and attack and defense points. Conclusion: It is expected to stimulate student interaction and learning, through the acquisition of skills essential for intellectual development and facilitation of concepts related to microbiology.

Objetivo: Reportar la experiencia de tutores y docentes de Educación Básica, participantes del curso EADEnseñanza de Ciencias para la Promoción de la Salud en Escuelas Básicas, en la construcción de material didáctico-pedagógico para ser utilizado en aula. Método: Para diversificar la rutina de enseñanza de las clases de Ciencias y Biología, dirigidas a estudiantes de secundaria, los docentes de Educación Básica que trabajaron los contenidos Salud y Educación desarrollaron un juego de cartas que aborda la microbiología, inspirado en Yu-Gi-Oh, una serie animada de manga (cómics japoneses), donde los jugadores usan cartas para batirse en duelo en una batalla simulada. Resultados: El material didáctico describe los principales conceptos utilizados en el juego (duelo, puntos de vida, tipos de cartas, etc.), las fases del duelo y los pasos para iniciar el juego. Las tarjetas estaban adaptadas a los temas tratados en microbiología y contenían el nombre del agente, tipo, descripción, atributo en colores, nivel de acción en estrellas, número de tarjeta y puntos de ataque y defensa. Conclusión: Se espera estimular la interacción y el aprendizaje de los estudiantes, a través de la adquisición de habilidades esenciales para el desarrollo intelectual y la facilitación de conceptos relacionados con la microbiología.

Estudo microbiológico da ostra invasora Saccostrea cucullata: variação sazonal de coliformes totais e termotolerantes no Complexo Estuarino de Cananéia durante a temporada de 2018-2019 / Microbiological study of the invasive oyster Saccostrea cucullata: seasonal variation of total and thermotolerant coliforms in the Cananéia Estuarine Complex during the 2018-2019 season

No complexo estuarino lagunar de Cananéia, estado de São Paulo, região sudeste, há o consumo in natura da ostra invasora Saccostrea cucullata, principalmente no verão, alta temporada. Trata-se de um molusco filtrador que apresenta riscos de graves patologias do sistema gastrointestinal devido ao risco de armazenamento de agentes microbiológicos que afetam o ser humano. A falta de monitoramento, boas práticas de fabricação, qualidade da água e medidas de controle para garantir a segurança e qualidade do consumo de ostras é necessária para a prevenção de patógenos na saúde pública. Este estudo realizou análises microbiológicas de amostras de ostras, com foco em bactérias mesófilas, bactérias psicrotróficas e fungos/leveduras. Além disso, investigou-se as concentrações sazonais de coliformes totais e termotolerantes em amostras de ostras coletadas ao longo de um ano. As contagens de bactérias mesófilas nas ostras variaram de 1,45±0,22 a 3,32±0,28 log UFC g­1, com valores médios de 2,24±0,86 log UFC g­1. Para bactérias psicrotróficas nas amostras de ostras variou entre 1,34±0,29 e 3,12±0,45 log UFC g­1. Os dados revelaram que as contagens de fungos e leveduras variaram de 2,65±0,23 a 3,57±0,22 log UFC g­1. A contagem máxima de S. aureus foi de 1,24 log UFC g­1, e 83,5% das amostras apresentaram resultado negativo para este microrganismo. Não foi detectada presença de Salmonella spp. nas amostras analisadas. Esses resultados fornecem insights importantes sobre a variação sazonal e as contagens microbiológicas em amostras de ostras, destacando a relevância da monitorização e controle microbiológico em produtos alimentícios marinhos.

In the estuarine lagoon complex of Cananéia, state of São Paulo, southeast region, there is fresh consumption of the invasive oyster Saccostrea cucullata, mainly in summer, high season. It is a filter-feeding mollusk that presents a risk of serious pathologies of the gastrointestinal system due to the risk of storing microbiological agents that affect humans. The lack of monitoring, good manufacturing practices, water quality and control measures to ensure the safety and quality of oyster consumption is necessary for the prevention of pathogens in public health. This study carried out microbiological analyzes of oyster samples, focusing on mesophilic bacteria, psychrotrophic bacteria and fungi/yeasts. Furthermore, seasonal concentrations of total and thermotolerant coliforms were investigated in oyster samples collected over a year. Counts of mesophilic bacteria in oysters ranged from 1.45±0.22 to 3.32±0.28 log CFU g­1, with average values of 2.24±0.86 log CFU g­1. For psychrotrophic bacteria in oyster samples it ranged between 1.34±0.29 and 3.12±0.45 log CFU g­1. The data revealed that fungal and yeast counts ranged from 2.65±0.23 to 3.57±0.22 log CFU g­1. The maximum S. aureus count was 1.24 log CFU g­1, and 83.5% of the samples tested negative for this microorganism. No presence of Salmonella spp. was detected in the analyzed data. These results provide important insights into seasonal variation and microbiological counts in oyster samples, highlighting the relevance of microbiological monitoring and control in marine food products.

Relevance of the correlation between tomography findings and laboratory test results in the accuracy of the diagnosis of pulmonary tuberculosis / Relevância da correlação entre achados tomográficos e laboratoriais na precisão diagnóstica da tuberculose pulmonar

Abstract Objective: To evaluate the correlation between multidetector computed tomography (MDCT) findings and laboratory test results in patients with pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB). Materials and Methods: A total of 57 patients were evaluated. Patients with suspected PTB were divided into groups according to the final diagnosis (confirmed or excluded), and the groups were compared in terms of sociodemographic variables, clinical symptoms, tomography findings, and laboratory test results. Results: Among the patients with a confirmed diagnosis of PTB, small pulmonary nodules with a peribronchovascular distribution were significantly more common in the patients with a positive sputum smear microscopy result (47.4% vs. 8.3%; p = 0.046), as were a miliary pattern (36.8% vs. 0.0%; p = 0.026), septal thickening (84.2% vs. 41.7%; p = 0.021), and lymph node enlargement (52.6% vs. 8.3%; p = 0.020). Small pulmonary nodules with a centrilobular distribution were significantly more common among the culture-positive patients (75.0% vs. 35.7%; p = 0.045), as was a tree-in-bud pattern (91.7% vs. 42.9%; p = 0.014). A tree-in-bud pattern, one of the main tomography findings characteristic of PTB, had a sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value of 71.0%, 73.1%, 75.9%, and 67.9%, respectively. Conclusion: MDCT presented reliable predictive values for the main tomography findings in the diagnosis of PTB, being a safe tool for the diagnosis of PTB in patients with clinical suspicion of the disease. It also appears to be a suitable tool for the selection of patients who are candidates for more complex, invasive examinations from among those with high clinical suspicion of PTB and a negative sputum smear microscopy result.

Resumo Objetivo: Avaliar a correlação entre os achados na tomografia computadorizada multidetectores (TCMD) comparativamente aos resultados laboratoriais em pacientes com tuberculose pulmonar (TBP). Materiais e Métodos: Amostra de 57 pacientes foi avaliada. Pacientes com suspeita clínica de TBP foram divididos de acordo com a positividade do diagnóstico, e as variáveis sociodemográficas, sintomas clínicos e achados tomográficos e laboratoriais foram comparados. Resultados: Nos pacientes com TBP e baciloscopia positiva, foram verificadas frequências significativas para pequenos nódulos pulmonares com distribuição peribroncovascular (47,4% vs. 8,3%; p = 0,046) e miliar (36,8% vs. 0,0%; p = 0,026), espessamento septal (84,2% vs. 41,7%; p = 0,021) e linfonodomegalias (52,6% vs. 8,3%; p = 0,020). Em relação à cultura, os pequenos nódulos pulmonares com distribuição centrolobular (75,0% vs. 35,7%; p = 0,045) e opacidades em árvore em brotamento (91,7% vs. 42,9%; p = 0,014) apresentaram frequências significativamente superiores. Medidas de sensibilidade, especificidade, valor preditivo positivo e valor preditivo negativo para árvore em brotamento, um dos principais achados tomográficos característicos da TBP, foram, respectivamente, 71.0%, 73,1%, 75,9% e 67,9%. Conclusão: A TCMD apresentou medidas preditivas confiáveis para os principais achados tomográficos no diagnóstico de TBP, sendo uma ferramenta segura para o diagnóstico da doença em pacientes com suspeita clínica. Também se mostrou adequada para selecionar os pacientes para exames mais complexos e invasivos entre os com alta suspeita clínica de TBP e baciloscopia negativa.

Comportamiento de la osteomielitis en pacientes pediátricos

Introducción: La osteomielitis es una infección ósea, que afecta con frecuencia a pacientes en edades pediátricas, con comportamiento variado en dependencia de la vía de llegada al hueso, tipo de germen y respuesta del huésped. Objetivo: Describir el comportamiento de un grupo de pacientes pediátricos con osteomielitis. Método: Se realizó estudio observacional descriptivo en 39 pacientes atendidos en el Hospital Pediátrico Provincial "Dr. Eduardo Agramonte Piña" de la ciudad de Camagüey, en el periodo comprendido desde el primero de enero de 2018 al 31 de diciembre del año 2022, y un total de 60 meses con diagnóstico de osteomielitis. Resultados: De los 39 pacientes investigados predominó el sexo masculino sobre el femenino (2,2:1). La edad promedio fue de 9 años. El promedio de estadía hospitalaria fue de 14,8 días. Las zonas más afectadas fueron las manos, el fémur y tibia distal. Predominó el tratamiento quirúrgico (2,2:1) con relación al conservador. La vía hematógena de llegada al hueso fue la más frecuente en el 86,4 % de los casos. El paso a la cronicidad fue la complicación más encontrada (el 33 %). El germen aislado con mayor frecuencia fue el Staphylococcus aureus(en el 85 % de los enfermos). Los antimicrobianos más indicados fueron la cefazolina, amikacina y fosfocina. Conclusiones: Los resultados obtenidos en la investigación aportan elementos importantes desde el punto de vista epidemiológico en pacientes pediátricos que sufren de osteomielitis, lo que permite implementar estrategias de diagnósticas y terapéuticas en este grupo de pacientes.

Introduction: Osteomyelitis is an infection in the bone, most frequently affecting patients in pediatric ages, with a variety of behavior on how to reach the bone, type of germ and host response. Objective: To describe the behavior of a group of pediatric patients affected with osteomyelitis. Method: A descriptive observational study was conducted in 39 patients attended at the Hospital Provincial Pediátrico Dr. Eduardo Agramonte Piña in the city of Camagüey, from January 1 2018 to December 31 2022. Patients diagnosed with osteomyelitis throughout 60 months in total. Results: Of the 39 patients studied, the male sex predominated over the female (2.2 to 1). The average age was 9 years old. The average lenght of hospital stay was 14.8 days. The most affected areas were the hands, femur and distal tibia. Surgical treatment predominated (2.2 to 1) in relation to conservative treatment. In the 86.4% of cases, hematogenous osteomyelitis was the most frequent infection. The transition to chronic osteomyelitis was the most common complication (33%). The most common isolated germ was staphylococcus aureus (in 85 % of the patients). The most indicated antimicrobials agents were cefazolin, amikacin and fostomycin (Fosfocin). Conclusions: The results of this research provided some important elements base on the epidemiological point of view for pediatric patients with osteomyelitis, also allowed the implementation of diagnostic and therapeutic strategies in this group of patients.

Introdução: A osteomielite é uma infeção óssea, que afecta frequentemente afecta frequentemente doentes do grupo etário pediátrico, com um comportamento variado, dependendo da via de entrada no osso, do tipo de germe e da resposta do hospedeiro. Objectivo: Mostrar o comportamento de um grupo de doentes pediátricos com osteomielite. Método: Foi realizado um estudo observacional descritivo em 39 pacientes tratados no Hospital Pediátrico Provincial Dr. Eduardo Agramonte Piña, na cidade de Camagüey, no período de 1 de janeiro de 2018 a 31 de dezembro de 2022, e um total de 60 meses com diagnóstico de osteomielite. Resultados: Dos 39 pacientes investigados, o sexo masculino predominou sobre o feminino (2,2 para 1). A idade média foi de 9 anos. A média de permanência hospitalar foi de 14,8 dias. As regiões mais acometidas foram as mãos, o fêmur e a tíbia distal. O tratamento cirúrgico predominou (2,2 para 1) sobre o tratamento conservador. A via hematogénica para o osso foi a mais frequente em 86,4% dos casos. A transição para a cronicidade é a complicação mais frequentemente encontrada (33%). O germe mais frequentemente isolado foi o Staphylococcus aureus (em 85% dos doentes). Os antimicrobianos mais frequentemente indicados foram a cefazolina, a amicacina e a fosfocina. Conclusões: Os resultados obtidos na pesquisa fornecem elementos importantes do ponto de vista epidemiológico em pacientes pediátricos portadores de osteomielite, permitindo a implementação de estratégias diagnósticas e terapêuticas neste grupo de pacientes.

Microbiología de la colecistitis aguda y selección de antibióticos basado en el perfil de sensibilidad / Microbiology of acute cholecystitis and antibiotic selection based on sensitivity profile

OBJETIVO: determinar la microbiología y la prevalencia de cultivos de bilis positivos en la Colecistitis Aguda (CA). METODOLOGÍA DE LA INVESTIGACIÓN: serie de casos consecutivos anidados en una cohorte RESULTADOS: se han incluido 196 pacientes con un promedio de edad de 46,5 años (DE± 14,735 años) distribuidos por género en 88 pacientes del género femenino (44,9%) y 108 del género masculino (55,1%). El promedio de leucocitosis fue de 10.000 x mm3 con desvío izquierdo (80% de segmentados promedio). La prevalencia de cultivos positivos durante la CA fue de 64 pacientes (32,65%). El germen más cultivado fue la E. Coli en 28 pacientes con (43,75 %). En la sensibilidad del antibiograma, amoxicilina y Acido clavulánico presenta 53,12% de resistencia cuando están asociadas y 25,56% cuando se usa amoxicilina sola. La amikacina, ceftriaxona, cefepime, imipemen, cloranfenicol, ciprofloxacina, cotrimoxazol y gentamicina tienen sensibilidad superior al 50%. En las formas edematosas el cultivo fue de 19,7%, hidrops vesicular 31,25%, en piocolecisto el porcentaje de cultivos positivos fue de 50% y en abscesos retrovesiculares fue de 79,16%. CONCLUSIONES: la prevalencia de cultivo positivo en CA es de 32,65% con la E. Coli como germen más frecuente. La elección del antibiótico debe estar basada en el conocimiento de la microbiología del Hospital y de la sensibilidad determinada por los cultivos y antibiograma

AIM: to determine the microbiology and prevalence of positive bile culture un acute Cholecystitis. RESEARCH METODOLOGY: Consecutive case series nested in a cohort RESULTS: 196 patients with a mean age of 46,5 años (DE± 14,735 años) were included, distributed by gender 88 female patients (44,9%) and 108 male patients (55,1%). The mean leukocytosis was 10.000 x mm3 with 80% of neutrophils. The prevalence of positive bile culture in AC was in 64 patients (32,65%). The most cultivated germ was E. Coli in 28 patients (43,75 %). In the sensitivity of the antibiogram amoxilin with clavulanic acid shows 53,12% of resistence and when is used amoxicillin alone is 25,56%. Amikacin, ceftriaxon, cefepim, imipemen, chloranphenicol, ciprofloxacin, cotrimoxazole and gentamicin have sensitivity greater to 50%. In edematous AC the positive culture was 19,7%, hydrops gallblader 31,25%, in piocolecyst 50% and in retro gallbalder abscess was 79,16%. CONCLUSIONS: the prevalence positive bile culture was 32,65% with E. Coli as the most frequent germ. The choice of antibiotic should be based on the knowledge of the hospital´s microbiology and the sensitivity determinated by cultures and antibiogram

Detección de Staphylococcus aureus en teléfonos móviles de estudiantes de último año de odontología / Detection of Staphylococcus aureus in mobile phones of final year dental students

Objetivo: El propósito de este estudio fue detectar la incidencia de Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) en pantallas de teléfonos móviles de estudiantes de último año de odontología mediante técnicas microbiológicas. Métodos: Estudio observacional de tipo transversal descriptivo. Se tomaron 92 muestras de pantallas de teléfonos móviles, se realizó la identificación de S. aureus mediante pruebas microbiológicas: fermentación del manitol, reacciones positivas a las pruebas de desoxirribonucleasa, catalasa y coagulasa. Resultados: Se aisló 16 cepas de S. aureus 16/92 (17,4%) en pantallas de teléfonos móviles. El 100% de las cepas aisladas dieron reacciones positivas a las pruebas de desoxirribonucleasa, catalasa y coagulasa. Conclusiones: Se evidencia la presencia de S. aureus en pantallas de celulares de los teléfonos móviles de los estudiantes de último año lo que representa un riesgo para la diseminación de este patógeno.

Objective: The purpose of this study was to detect the incidence of S. aureus on mobile phone screens of last-year dental students using microbiological techniques. Methodology: Descriptive cross-sectional observational study. 92 samples were taken from mobile phone screens, S. aureus was identified by microbiological tests: mannitol fermentation, positive reactions to deoxyribonuclease, catalase and coagulase tests. Results: 16 strains of S. aureus 16/92 (17.4%) were isolated on mobile phone screens. 100% of the strains emerged positive reactions to deoxyribonuclease, catalase and coagulase tests. Conclusions: The presence of S. aureus is evidenced in cell phone screens of senior students' mobile phones, which represents a risk for the spread of this pathogen.

Considerations on the implementation of the Clinical Microbiology and Parasitology training program in Spanish hospitals: A national survey.

INTRODUCTION: The specialty of Microbiology and Parasitology is a four-year multidisciplinary training with a central role in the diagnosis and epidemiological surveillance of infectious diseases. The aim of this study is to analyze the degree of implementation of the official program and the degree of satisfaction of residents with their training. METHODS: We conducted an online survey distributed in eight sections to which active residents of the Specialty of Clinical Microbiology and Parasitology had access. RESULTS: A total of 69 responses were received, with a predominance of residents from the regions of Madrid (43.5%) and of FIR admission route (55%). The areas in which the residents feel best prepared correspond to systematic bacteriology, antimicrobials and clinical aspects of microbiology. The areas with the worst preparation, on the other hand, are mycology, parasitology and microbiological emergencies. There are significant differences between the clinical rotation time for residents with MIR access pathway with respect to residents with other degrees. Respondents perceive a high degree of responsibility and a medium agreement with the quality of teaching. Attendance at clinical sessions and external rotations is frequent. Research activity is perceived as complicated, both at the level of doctoral studies and with respect to entering research lines and the publication of scientific results. CONCLUSION: Some points of improvement of the training itinerary have been identified that need to be reinforced. Likewise, it would be interesting to seek a better balance between care, teaching and research activities.

[Factors related with microbiological contamination of surgical site in patients undergoing tracheotomy]. / Factores relacionados con la contaminación microbiológica de sitio quirúrgico en pacientes traqueotomizados.

Background: Tracheotomy is a common technique; however, microbiological contamination of the surgical site can increase morbimortality. Up to 90% of patients present a positive culture of the airway. Among the most important related factors is the lack of tracheal cannula replacement and lower airway infections. It is convenient to identify microbiological contamination of surgical site in tracheal secretions samples and the specific microorganism associated. Objective: To determine the factors related to microbiological contamination of surgical site. Material and methods: A prospective cohort study which included patients undergoing tracheotomy was carried out. Tracheal secretion was sampled by direct swabbing for culture during surgery and from the surgical site 5 days after. Results: The initial report showed contamination of samples in 58.3%, and 5 days after in 80.6%, with an incidence of contamination of 22.3%. Initially the main agents identified were Pseudomonas aeruginosa in 13.9% of the cultures, Klebsiella pneumoniae in 11.1% and Enterobacter spp. in 11%. On day 5, the most common agents were Klebsiella pneumoniae in 25% of the cases, Acinetobacter baumannii in 11.1% and Pseudomonas aeruginosa in 11.1. Conclusions: The frequency of microbiological contamination is high. The main agents were Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. No risk factors for the presence of post-tracheotomy contamination were identified.

Introducción: la traqueotomía es un procedimiento común; sin embargo, la contaminación microbiológica del sitio quirúrgico puede aumentar la morbimortalidad. Hasta el 90% de los pacientes presentan un cultivo positivo de la vía respiratoria. Como factores relacionados, resaltan la falta de recambio de cánulas traqueales y las infecciones de vías aéreas bajas. Es conveniente identificar la contaminación microbiológica de secreción traqueal del sitio quirúrgico y el microorganismo asociado. Objetivo: determinar los factores relacionados con la contaminación microbiológica del sitio quirúrgico. Material y métodos: se hizo un estudio de cohorte prospectiva que incluyó a pacientes sometidos a traqueotomía. Se tomó cultivo por hisopado directo de secreción traqueal durante la cirugía y del sitio quirúrgico 5 días después. Resultados: la muestra inicial mostró contaminación en 58.3% de los pacientes y a los 5 días postquirúrgicos en 80.6%, con incidencia de contaminación de 22.3%. Inicialmente se aisló Pseudomonas aeruginosa en 13.9% de los casos, Klebsiella pneumoniae en 11.1% y Enterobacter spp. en 11%. Al quinto día se aisló Klebsiella pneumoniae en 25% de los casos, Acinetobacter baumannii en 11.1% y Pseudomonas aeruginosa en 11.1%. Conclusiones: la frecuencia de contaminación microbiológica es alta y se encontraron principalmente Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae y Pseudomonas aeruginosa. No se identificaron factores de riesgo para la contaminación postquirúrgica.

Prevalência de fungos anemófilos no Brasil e a correlação com doenças respiratórias e infecções fúngicas / Prevalence of airborne fungi in Brazil and correlations with respiratory diseases and fungal infections

Resumo Fungos anemófilos se dispersam na natureza através do ar atmosférico. O presente estudo objetivou caracterizar a prevalência da microbiota fúngica anemófila no Brasil e correlacionar o crescimento fúngico com doenças respiratórias e quadros infecciosos. Este trabalho é uma revisão integrativa de literatura construída a partir da busca nas bases de dados PubMed, BIREME, SciELO e LILACS, com inclusão de trabalhos brasileiros publicados entre 2000 e 2022, em língua portuguesa ou inglesa com texto online integral. O universo do estudo foi constituído por 147 publicações, das quais 25 compuseram a amostra por atenderem aos critérios de inclusão. Os gêneros de fungos aerotransportados mais prevalentes no Brasil são: Aspergillus sp., Penicillium sp., Cladosporium sp., Curvularia sp. e Fusarium sp. Os locais de origem dos estudos incluem Maranhão, Ceará, Piauí, Sergipe, Mato Grosso, Pernambuco, Rio Grande do Sul, Santa Catarina, Rio de Janeiro, São Paulo, Minas Gerais. Além disso, foi possível determinar a relação dos fungos com parâmetros meteorológicos e sazonalidade, a sensibilização de indivíduos atópicos aos fungos e as principais micoses nosocomiais relatadas na literatura. Assim, o trabalho destaca a importância da manutenção da qualidade microbiológica do ar com vistas a se prevenir possíveis doenças transmitidas pelo ar.

Abstract Airborne fungi are dispersed through the air. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of airborne fungi in Brazil and understand the relationship between fungal growth and respiratory diseases and infections. We conducted an integrative literature review of studies conducted in Brazil based on searches of the PubMed, MEDLINE-BIREME, SciELO, and LILACS databases for full-text articles published between 2000 and 2022. The searches returned 147 studies, of which only 25 met the inclusion criteria. The most prevalent genera of airborne fungi in Brazil are Aspergillus, Penicillium, Cladosporium, Curvularia, and Fusarium. The studies were conducted in the states of Maranhão, Ceará, Piauí, Sergipe, Mato Grosso, Pernambuco, Rio Grande do Sul, Santa Catarina, Rio de Janeiro, São Paulo, and Minas Gerais. The findings also show the relationship between fungi and meteorological factors and seasonality, the sensitivity of atopic individuals to fungi, and the main nosocomial mycoses reported in the literature. This work demonstrates the importance of maintaining good microbiological air quality to prevent potential airborne diseases.

Endocarditis infecciosa en pacientes pediátricos de Andalucía (España), 2008-2020 / Infective endocarditis in paediatric patients from Andalusia (Spain), 2008-2020

Introducción: La endocarditis infecciosa (EI) pediátrica es un cuadro grave con mortalidad significativa. La información en España es limitada y procede de series de casos de centros únicos. El objetivo fue describir la epidemiología, la clínica, la microbiología y los resultados de la EI pediátrica en Andalucía. Pacientes y métodos: Estudio descriptivo observacional retrospectivo multicéntrico de pacientes <18años con diagnóstico de EI en 6 hospitales andaluces durante el periodo 2008-2020. Resultados: Se identificaron 44 episodios de EI (41 pacientes) con mediana de edad de 103 meses (RIQ 37-150 meses). Las cardiopatías congénitas (CC) fueron el principal factor predisponente, presente en 34 casos (77%). Un total de 21 (48%) episodios de EI ocurrieron en pacientes con material protésico. Estos tuvieron una mayor tasa de CC (p=0,002) y disfunción orgánica (p=0,04) que aquellos con válvula nativa. La fiebre fue un síntoma prácticamente universal asociada con insuficiencia cardíaca en el 23% de los episodios. Staphylococcus aureus (25%), estafilococos coagulasa negativos (18%) y Streptococcus viridans (14%) fueron los microorganismos aislados con mayor frecuencia y tres (7%) pacientes portadores de catéter venoso central tuvieron una infección fúngica. Se observaron complicaciones tromboembólicas en el 30% de los episodios, y tuvieron requerimientos quirúrgicos el 48% de casos. La mortalidad fue del 9%. El material protésico y la PCR >140mg/l fueron predictores independientes de EI complicada. Conclusiones: Los hallazgos del estudio subrayan la elevada morbilidad de la EI pediátrica. La información generada podría favorecer la identificación de los perfiles epidemiológicos y clínicos de los niños con EI y formas complicadas.(AU)

Introduction: Paediatric infective endocarditis (IE) is a serious condition associated with significant mortality. Information in Spain is limited and comes from case series from single centres. The aim was to describe the epidemiology, clinical features, microbiology and outcome of paediatric IE in Andalusia. Patients and methods: Multi-centre descriptive observational retrospective study of patients <18years old with a diagnosis of IE who were admitted to six Andalusian hospitals during 2008-2020. Results: 44 episodes of IE (41 patients) with a median age of 103months (IQR 37-150 months) were identified. Congenital heart disease (CHD) was the main predisposing factor, identified in 34 cases (77%). A total of 21 (48%) episodes of IE occurred in patients with prosthetic material. These had higher rate of CHD (P=.002) and increased end organ dysfunction (P=.04) compared to those with native valve. Fever was an almost universal symptom, associated in 23% of the episodes with heart failure. Staphylococcus aureus (25%) followed by coagulase-negative staphylococci (18%) and Streptococcus viridans (14%) were the most frequently isolated microorganisms, and three (7%) patients with central venous catheters had a fungal infection. Thromboembolic events were observed in 30% of the episodes, surgical intervention was required in 48% of cases. Mortality rate was 9%. Prosthetic material and CRP >140mg/L were independent predictors of complicated IE. Conclusions: Our findings emphasise the high morbidity of paediatric IE. The information provided could be useful for the identification of epidemiological and clinical profiles of children with IE and complicated forms.(AU)