Multi-criterion analysis of the effect of physico-chemical microbiological agents on Legionella detection in hotel water distribution systems in Crete.

Introduction: Water distribution systems in hotels have been related to outbreaks caused by Legionella spp. Certain measures, including disinfection by chlorination, maintaining increased temperatures are usually undertaken to prevent Legionella outbreaks. However, these preventive strategies are not always effective, since there are several factors (e.g., synergistic interactions with other microbes, physico-chemical factors, biofilm formation, availability of nutrients) that promote survival and proliferation of the pathogen in water pipes., Accordingly, there is a need of a holistic approach in development of preventive models for Legionella outbreaks associated with water distribution systems. Methods: Water samples were collected from hotel water systems and were tested for the presence of Legionella, E. coli, total coliforms, total mesophilic count and Pseudomonas. In each sample, temperature and chlorine were also tested. Other epidemiological factors were additionally recorded including number of rooms, stars, proximity of sampling point to the boiler, etc. Data were processed by generalized linear analysis, and modeling based on logistic regression analysis to identify independent predictive factors associated with the presence of Legionella in hotel water systems. Results: According to the generalized linear model, temperature affected (p<0.05) the presence of Legionella regardless of the species or the water supply (hot or cold). Additionally, opportunistic (P. aeruginosa) or non-opportunistic (E. coli, coliforms) pathogens were significantly associated (p<0.05) with the presence of all Legionella species. Temperature also exhibited a positive effect to all pathogens tested except for Pseudomonas according to the linear model. Multivariate analysis showed that Pseudomonas, total coliforms, HPC and temperature had a statistically significant effect on the presence of Legionella. Based on a binomial model, cold water had a positive effect on Legionella. Type of sampling and proximity of the sample to the boiler seemed to pose different effect on Legionella depending on the cfu/L. The number of hotel stars and rooms did not appear to have any effect in all tested models. Discussion: Collectively, these results indicate the need for development of individualized water safety plans tailored by the presence of other microbiological agents, and unique physico-chemical factors, which could facilitate the survival of Legionella.in hotel water systems.

Research progress on relationship between intestinal flora and common gastrointestinal diseases and treatments of Chinese materia medica and microecological preparations / 中草药

Based on intestinal microorganism, this paper reviews the etiology, characteristics, and relative effective treatments of three common gastrointestinal diseases, namely diarrhea, constipation, and irritable bowel syndrome. The treatments include Chinese materia medica and microbiological agents, which have been proved to be safe and effective in clinic. The article aims to explore the role and mechanism of Chinese materia medica and microecological preparations in gastrointestinal diseases by taking diarrhea, constipation, and irritable bowel syndrome as examples, and to provide a reference for the treatment of gastrointestinal diseases more reasonably and effectively.

Caracterización epidemiológica de las infecciones nosocomiales en un hospital de tercer nivel de atención de la ciudad de Medellín, Colombia: enero 2005 – junio 2009 / Characterization of hospital-acquired infections in a third-level hospital in Medellin, Colombia: January 2005-June 2009

Objetivo: describir las características epidemiológicas de las infecciones nosocomiales reportadas en un hospital universitario de tercer nivel de complejidad en Medellín, Colombia, durante enero 2005 –junio 2009.Metodología: estudio observacional descriptivo. Se obtuvo información de las infecciones nosocomiales mediante las bases de datos manejadas por el Comité de Vigilancia Epidemiológica de la institución en las historias clínicas de los pacientes. Se realizó un análisis descriptivo por medio de medidas de tendencia central y porcentajes.Resultados: se identificaron 1 136 infecciones nosocomiales en 953 pacientes diferentes, para una tasa global de infección intrahospitalaria de 2.2 casos por cada 100 egresos. Un 63.7% de los pacientes estaba compuesto por mujeres, la medianade la edad fue 37 años (RIQ 21–60.3), la mediana de estancia hospitalaria de 11 días (RIQ 5–24) días. Las infecciones nosocomiales más comunes fueron la del sitio operatorio (25.9%), y la del tracto urinario (16.3%). Los microorganismos aislados más comunes fueron: Escherichia coli (27.9%), Staphylococcus aureus (17.9%), y Klebsiella pneumoniae (11.1%).En general, no se encontró que el aumento en el número de camas se viera acompañado de un aumento en la tasa de infecciones nosocomiales.Conclusión: las infecciones nosocomiales son relativamente poco comunes en la institución estudiada, cuando se compara con instituciones similares tanto nacional como internacional.

Objective: the purpose of the following study was to perform an epidemiological characterization of hospital-acquired Infectionsreported in a third level of complexity university hospital in Colombia, from January 2005- June 2009. Methods: we conducted an observational and descriptive study. Information regarding the occurrence of Hospital-AcquiredInfections was initially obtained from the Hospital’s Epidemiologic Surveillance Committee Databases, additional details of every patient were obtained from their respective clinical records. A descriptive analysis was conducted using measures ofcentral tendency and percentages.Results: a total of 1 136 hospital-acquired infections occurring in 953 patients were included, for an overall risk of 2.2 infections per 100 hospital discharges. Most patients were female, 63.7%, with a median age of 37 years (IQR 21–60.3) and a median length of hospital stay of 11 (IQR 5–24) days. The most common infections, along with their relative frequencies, were: surgicalsite infections (25.9%), and urinary tract infections (16.3%). The most commonly isolated microorganisms were: Escherichia coli (27.9%), Staphylococcus aureus (17.9%), and Klebsiella pneumoniae (11.1%). In general, we did not find that the increasein the number of beds was accompanied by an increase in the rate of nosocomial infections. Conclusion: nosocomial infections are relatively rare in the studied institution, when compared with similar institutions both nationally and internationally.