ABSTRACT
RH allele variability is caused by several types of variants, resulting in altered RhD and RhCE phenotypes. Most of the weak D phenotypes in European-derived populations are weak D types 1, 2, or 3, which are not involved in alloimmunization episodes. However, the Brazilian population is racially diverse, and the accuracy of molecular and serologic tests developed in recent years has allowed for the identification of other RH variants, that are common in the Brazilian population, such as weak D type 38 or weak partial 11, the latter involved in alloimmunization cases. Furthermore, patients with these two weak D variants must be transfused with D- red blood cell units, as do patients with weak D type 4 or DAR, which are also common D variants in Brazil. Weak D type 38 and weak partial 11 can be serologically misclassified as weak D types 1, 2, or 3 in patients, based on European experience, or as D- in donors. Additionally, pregnant women may unnecessarily be identified as requiring Rh immune globulin. RhCE phenotypes are reliable indicators of RhD variants. For individuals with the Dce phenotype, the preferred approach is to specifically search for RHD*DAR. However, when encountering DCe or DcE phenotypes, we currently lack a developed method that assists us in rapidly identifying and determining the appropriate course of action for the patient or pregnant woman. Two multiplex assays were proposed: one for the identification of RHD*weak partial 11, RHD*weak D type 38, and RHD*weak D type 3 and another for RHD*weak D type 2 and RHD*weak D type 5. The multiplex assays were considered valid if the obtained results were equivalent to those obtained from sequencing. Expected results were obtained for all tested samples. The proposed multiplex allele-specific polymerase chain reaction assays can be used in the molecular investigation of women of childbearing age, patients, and blood donors presenting a weak D phenotype with DCe or DcE haplotypes in a mixed-race population, such as Brazil.
Subject(s)
Blood Group Antigens , Rh-Hr Blood-Group System , Humans , Female , Pregnancy , Genotype , Brazil , Rh-Hr Blood-Group System/genetics , Phenotype , Blood Donors , Alleles , Reference StandardsABSTRACT
This paper intends to analyse the current political and social situation in Brazil and show how this context has influenced the management of the public health crisis generated by the COVID-19 pandemic. To this end, the authors conducted an investigation into Brazil's historical roots, which have not only engendered deep class differences but, also, social psychopathologies such as dissociation and perversion. Finally, this paper presents a symbolic analysis of social exclusion and how the mythical figure of Sophia can inspire a renewed movement of inclusion and tolerance.
Cet article se propose d'analyser la situation politique et sociale actuelle au Brésil et de montrer comment ce contexte a influencé la gestion de la crise sanitaire publique générée par la COVID-19. Dans ce but, les autrices ont conduit une enquête approfondie sur les racines historiques du Brésil, racines qui ont engendré non seulement de profondes différences de classes mais également des psychopathologies sociales, telles la dissociation et la perversion. Cet article présente en conclusion une analyse symbolique de l'exclusion sociale et montre comment le personnage mythique de Sophia peut inspirer un mouvement renouvelé d'inclusion et de tolérance.
El presente trabajo intenta analizar la situación actual política y social en Brasil y muestra como este contexto ha influenciado el manejo de la crisis de la salud pública generada por la pandemia del COVID-19. A este fin, las autoras llevaron a cabo una investigación sobre las raíces históricas de Brasil, las cuales, no solamente han generado profundas diferencias de clase, sino también psicopatologías sociales como disociación y perversión. Finalmente, el presente trabajo presenta un análisis simbólico de la exclusión social y cómo la figura mítica de Sophia puede inspirar un movimiento renovador de inclusión y tolerancia.
Subject(s)
COVID-19 , Culture , Politics , Prejudice , Psychoanalytic Theory , Brazil/ethnology , Colonialism , Enslavement , Humans , Social Inclusion , Social IsolationABSTRACT
La hallaca es un plato nacional expresión de nuestro mestizaje, nace en la civilización del maíz, de la cual el plato más representativo es el tamal. Objetivo. Conocer las características históricas, culturales, sociales y nutricionales de la hallaca. Resultados. Hay diferencias culturales, la participación del elemento afrocaribeño-africano le dio un toque diferencial en el sabor, en el aroma, en la textura y en la presentación de los alimentos caribeños. En la preparación por ejemplo, en los andes incorporan papas, garbanzos, apio, caraota, entre otros y el guiso es crudo. En el oriente se añade pescado o mejillones y en el Zulia el plátano reemplaza algunas veces al maíz. El guiso con carne de res, de cerdo o de gallina picadas, juntos o separados, los demás condimentos, el adorno de huevos, aceitunas, pasas y el envoltorio de hojas de cambur o plátano soasadas, le comunican a la hallaca un sabor único. La masa es de maíz pilado con manteca de cochino, coloreada con onoto. Desde 1960, se usa la harina precocida de maíz, que facilitó su preparación urbana y su internacionalización. Cada una aporta 700 calorías, rica en proteínas animales, vitaminas y hierro. Está teñida de simbolismos, "la mejor hallaca es la de mi mamá" y es motivo de inspiración en distintas expresiones culturales. Conclusiones. La hallaca tiene un valor familiar y todas las clases sociales del país la consumen en navidad. La hallaca, ya es internacional, junto con la arepa, ha emprendido el viaje con cada venezolano que ha tenido que emigrar(AU)
The hallaca is a national dish, an expression of our mestizaje, born in the civilization of corn, of which the most representative dish is the tamale. Objetive. Know the historical, cultural, social, and nutritional characteristics of the hallaca. Results. There are cultural differences, the participation of the Afro-Caribbean-African element gave it a differential touch in the flavor, aroma, texture, and presentation of Caribbean foods. The preparation for example, in the Andes incorporate potatoes, chickpeas, celery, beans, among others and the stew is raw. In the east fish or mussels are added and in Zulia the banana sometimes replaces the corn. The stew with minced beef, pork, or chicken, together or separately, the other condiments, the garnish of eggs, olives, raisins and the wrapping of roasted banana or plantain leaves, give the hallaca a unique flavor. The dough is mashed corn with lard, colored with onoto. Since 1960, precooked corn flour has been used, which facilitated its urban preparation and its internationalization. Each one provides 700 calories, rich in animal proteins, vitamins, and iron. It is tinged with symbolism, "the best hallaca is my mother's" and is a source of inspiration in different cultural expressions. Conclusions. The hallaca has a family value and all social classes in the country consume it at Christmas. The hallaca, already international, along with the arepa, has embarked on the journey with every Venezuelan who has had to emigrate(AU)
Subject(s)
Cultural Characteristics , Diet, Food, and Nutrition , Regional Food , Venezuela , Zea mays , Food , Anthropology, Cultural , Nutritive ValueABSTRACT
Se realizó un estudio prospectivo de cohortes durante un año en 35 fincas de caballo criollo colombiano en la sabana de Bogotá. Se hizo seguimiento a 192 potros nacidos vivos en este periodo, de los cuales se registraron los nacimientos durante todo el año de estudio, debido a las condiciones tropicales de la región evaluada, y se caracterizaron los factores de manejo de las fincas del estudio. Se determinó una tasa de morbilidad del 27,7/100/año y del 0,77/100/ año de mortalidad en los primeros 30 días vida. La tasa de incidencia de las enfermedades más observadas fueron síndrome febril (5,7/100/año), enfermedad respiratoria con fiebre (4,9/100/año) y diarrea con fiebre (3,9/100/año). También se determinó que en las primeras 48 horas de vida se presenta la mayor incidencia de enfermedad con 60,9 % potros/semana, causada en su mayoría por deformidades angulares y flexurales, síndrome febril, enfermedad respiratoria y diarrea con fiebre. Subsecuentemente, la morbilidad desciende hasta el día 30 de vida, cuando se presenta una incidencia del 11 %, sobre todo debido a casos de enfermedad respiratoria con fiebre.
A prospective cohort study was conducted for one year in 35 Colombian mixed race horse farms in the savannah of Bogota. A follow-up was made to 192 foals born alive during this period, births that were registered throughout the entire study year, due to the tropical conditions of the evaluated region, and the management factors of the studied farms were characterized. A morbidity rate of 27.7/100/year and a mortality of 0.7/100/year were determined in the first 30 days of life. The incidence rate of the most observed diseases was febrile syndrome (5.7/100/year), respiratory illness with fever (4.9/100/year) and diarrhea with fever (3.9/100/year). It was also determined that in the first 48 hours oflife the highest incidence of disease is presented with 60.9% foals/week, mostly caused by angular and flexural deformities, febrile syndrome, respiratory illness and diarrhea with fever. Subsequently, morbidity decreases until the 30th day of life, when an incidence of 11% occurs, mainly because of respiratory illness with fever.
Realizou-se um estudo prospectivo de coortes durante um ano em 35 fazendas de cavalo criollo colombiano (raça típica colombiana) na savana de Bogotá. Realizou-se seguimento a 192 potros nascidos vivos neste período, dos quais se registraram os nascimentos durante todo o ano de estudo, devido às condições tropicais da região avaliada, e se caracterizaram os fatores de manejo das fazendas aonde se realizou o estudo. Determinou-se uma taxa de morbidez de 27,7/100/ano e de 0,77/100/ano de mortalidade nos primeiros 30 dias de vida. A taxa de incidência das doenças mais observadas foi síndrome febril (5,7/100/ano), doença respiratória com febre (4,9/100/ano) e diarreia com febre (3,9/100/ano). Também se pôde determinar que nas primeiras 48 horas de vida se presenta a maior incidência de doença com 60,9 % potros/semana, causada em sua maioria por deformidades angulares e flexurais, síndrome febril, doença respiratória e diarreia com febre. Subsequentemente, a morbidez descende até o dia 30 de vida, quando se apresenta uma incidência do 11 %, sobre todo devido a casos de doença respiratória com febre.
ABSTRACT
Cet article porte sur la construction de lidentité ethnique mixte de jeunes Russo-Africains. Nous essayons de démontrer que dans une société avec un niveau de xénophobie assez important lorigine africaine devient un stigmate social, dans le sens de Goffman. La construction de lidentité ethnique est examinée tout dabord à travers lexpérience sociale de stigmatisation qui met en avant la dualité de lorigine des Russo-Africains, ainsi que leurs différences. Ensuite, cest limpossibilité dépouser pleinement lune des identités "pures", à savoir "russe" ou "africaine". Finalement, on observe le processus de bricolage identitaire: la construction dune identité « mixte » qui se produit à travers la sélection déléments distincts des deux représentations culturelles. Nous montrons ensuite comment la création des communautés et des réseaux sociaux contribuent au développement dune communauté ethnique russo-africaine, sans pour autant que lon puisse la considérer comme un véritable groupe ethnique. (AU)
Esse artigo trata da construção da identidade étnica mestiça de jovens Afro-russos. Tentamos mostrar como em uma sociedade com um elevado nível de xenofobia, a origem Africana torna-se um estigma social no sentido de Goffman. A formação da identidade étnica é aqui examinada, em primeiro lugar, como uma experiência social estigmatizada que destaca a dualidade das origens e a diferença Afro-russa. Em segundo lugar, através da consciência de não ser capaz de abraçar plenamente qualquer das identidades puras: russa ou africana. Em terceiro lugar, como um processo de bricolage em que a construção de uma identidade afrorusso mestiça é revelada através da seleção de elementos distintos de ambas as representações culturais. Nossa discussão final é que a criação de comunidades e de redes sociais contribuem ao desenvolvimento de uma comunidade étnica Afro-russa. Essa comunidade, no entanto, não pode ser considerada de fato um grupo étnico. (AU)
This paper deals with the construction of young Afro-Russians mixed ethnic identity. We try to show how in a society with a high level of xenophobia, African origin becomes a social stigma in the sense of Goffman. Ethnic identitys formation is here examined firstly as a stigmatized social experience that highlights the duality of Afro-Russians origins and difference. Secondly through the consciousness of not being able to fully embrace any of the pure identities: Russian or African. Thirdly as a process of bricolage whereby the construction of a mixed Afro-Russian identity is revealed through the selection of distinct elements from both cultural representations. Our final contention is that the creation of communities and social networks contribute to the development of an Afro-Russian ethnic community. This community, however, cannot be considered an ethnic group. (AU)
Este artículo trata de la construcción de la identidad mestiza de jóvenes Afro-rusos. Hemos analizado la formación étnica como un producto de interacciones sociales donde diferentes prácticas sociales, auto-representaciones y redes sociales han desempeñado un papel importante. Intentamos a mostrar como en una sociedad con un elevado grado de xenofobia, el origen Africano se torna un estigma social en el sentido de Goffman. La formación de la identidad étnica es aquí examinada en primer lugar como una experiencia social estigmatizada que despliega la dualidad de los orígenes y la diferencia Afro-rusa. En segundo lugar, a través de no ser capaz de abrazar plenamente cualquier de las identidades puras: rusa o africana. En tercero lugar, como un proceso de bricolaje en que la construcción de una identidad afro-rusa mestiza es revelada a través de la selección de los elementos distintos de ambas las representaciones culturales. Nuestra discusión final es que la creación de comunidades y de redes sociales contribuye para el desarrollo de una comunidad étnica Afrorusa. Esa comunidad, sin embargo, no puede ser considerada de hecho un grupo étnico. (AU)
Subject(s)
Ethnicity , Prejudice , Racism , Race RelationsABSTRACT
Cet article porte sur la construction de lidentité ethnique mixte de jeunes Russo-Africains. Nous essayons de démontrer que dans une société avec un niveau de xénophobie assez important lorigine africaine devient un stigmate social, dans le sens de Goffman. La construction de lidentité ethnique est examinée tout dabord à travers lexpérience sociale de stigmatisation qui met en avant la dualité de lorigine des Russo-Africains, ainsi que leurs différences. Ensuite, cest limpossibilité dépouser pleinement lune des identités "pures", à savoir "russe" ou "africaine". Finalement, on observe le processus de bricolage identitaire: la construction dune identité ® mixte ¼ qui se produit à travers la sélection déléments distincts des deux représentations culturelles. Nous montrons ensuite comment la création des communautés et des réseaux sociaux contribuent au développement dune communauté ethnique russo-africaine, sans pour autant que lon puisse la considérer comme un véritable groupe ethnique.
Esse artigo trata da construção da identidade étnica mestiça de jovens Afro-russos. Tentamos mostrar como em uma sociedade com um elevado nível de xenofobia, a origem Africana torna-se um estigma social no sentido de Goffman. A formação da identidade étnica é aqui examinada, em primeiro lugar, como uma experiência social estigmatizada que destaca a dualidade das origens e a diferença Afro-russa. Em segundo lugar, através da consciência de não ser capaz de abraçar plenamente qualquer das identidades puras: russa ou africana. Em terceiro lugar, como um processo de bricolage em que a construção de uma identidade afrorusso mestiça é revelada através da seleção de elementos distintos de ambas as representações culturais. Nossa discussão final é que a criação de comunidades e de redes sociais contribuem ao desenvolvimento de uma comunidade étnica Afro-russa. Essa comunidade, no entanto, não pode ser considerada de fato um grupo étnico.
This paper deals with the construction of young Afro-Russians mixed ethnic identity. We try to show how in a society with a high level of xenophobia, African origin becomes a social stigma in the sense of Goffman. Ethnic identitys formation is here examined firstly as a stigmatized social experience that highlights the duality of Afro-Russians origins and difference. Secondly through the consciousness of not being able to fully embrace any of the pure identities: Russian or African. Thirdly as a process of bricolage whereby the construction of a mixed Afro-Russian identity is revealed through the selection of distinct elements from both cultural representations. Our final contention is that the creation of communities and social networks contribute to the development of an Afro-Russian ethnic community. This community, however, cannot be considered an ethnic group.
Este artículo trata de la construcción de la identidad mestiza de jóvenes Afro-rusos. Hemos analizado la formación étnica como un producto de interacciones sociales donde diferentes prácticas sociales, auto-representaciones y redes sociales han desempeñado un papel importante. Intentamos a mostrar como en una sociedad con un elevado grado de xenofobia, el origen Africano se torna un estigma social en el sentido de Goffman. La formación de la identidad étnica es aquí examinada en primer lugar como una experiencia social estigmatizada que despliega la dualidad de los orígenes y la diferencia Afro-rusa. En segundo lugar, a través de no ser capaz de abrazar plenamente cualquier de las identidades puras: rusa o africana. En tercero lugar, como un proceso de bricolaje en que la construcción de una identidad afro-rusa mestiza es revelada a través de la selección de los elementos distintos de ambas las representaciones culturales. Nuestra discusión final es que la creación de comunidades y de redes sociales contribuye para el desarrollo de una comunidad étnica Afrorusa. Esa comunidad, sin embargo, no puede ser considerada de hecho un grupo étnico.
Subject(s)
Humans , Ethnicity , Prejudice , Race Relations , RacismABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: The goal of this project was to analyze the association between Crohn's disease, its clinical features, and the tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) -308 polymorphism. METHODS: This is a case-control and cross-sectional study that enrolled 91 patients with Crohn's disease and 91 controls. Patients with Crohn's disease were characterized according to the Montreal Classification, along with their clinical and surgical treatment history. Analysis of the TNF-α -308 polymorphism was performed using a commercial kit. A stratified analysis was applied using an OR (odds ratio) with a 95 percent confidence interval. The chi-square and Fisher's exact tests were utilized for analysis of the association between the polymorphism and the clinical features of Crohn's disease. RESULTS: The low producer predicted phenotype was present in 76.9 percent of Crohn's disease cases and 75.8 percent of controls (OR 0.94 [0.45-1.97]). The TNF2 allele and the high producer predicted phenotype were more frequent among patients with Crohn's disease penetrating behavior (p = 0.004). The TNF2 allele and the high producer predicted phenotype were also associated with a history of colectomy (p = 0.02), and the TNF2 allele was associated with small bowel resection (p = 0.03). CONCLUSIONS: The TNF-α -308 polymorphism appears to affect the severity of the disease. However, TNF-α -308 polymorphism does not appear to be important for the susceptibility in the development of Crohn's disease.
Subject(s)
Adult , Female , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Crohn Disease/genetics , Polymorphism, Genetic/genetics , Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/genetics , Age Factors , Alleles , Case-Control Studies , Cross-Sectional Studies , Crohn Disease/diagnosis , Crohn Disease/pathology , Genetic Predisposition to Disease , Genotype , Phenotype , Severity of Illness IndexABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: Genetic factors determine bone mineral density (BMD) and peak bone density between 20 and 30 years of age, as well as bone mineral loss after menopause. BMD is a predictor of fractures due to osteoporosis and the impact of genetic factors on osteoporosis. The variation in BMD for each individual is determined by an underlying genetic structure, common genetic effects, particularly with respect to compact bones as compared to those that are primarily trabecular. This article presents the correlation of BMD by anatomical site among different samples of Mexican grandmothers, mothers and granddaughters of mixed race. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The present analysis was performed of healthy employees and their healthy relatives from three different health and academic institutions: the Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social and the Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, both located in Cuernavaca, Morelos, as well as the Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México. We selected family-related female participants in order to obtain pairs of mothers and daughters and, whenever possible, grandmother-mother-daughter groups. We were able to match 591 mother-daughter pairs for analysis. Additionally, we were able to include grandmothers to create grandmother-mother-daughter triads for further analysis. Bone density measurements were performed of the non-dominant proximal femur, the lumbar spine (L1-L4) and the whole body using a dual X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) Lunar DPX NT instrument. RESULTS: This study included 591 granddaughters, 591 mothers and 69 grandmothers; mean ages were 20, 47 and 72 years old, respectively. A close relationship existed with respect to body mass index (BMI) between mothers and grandmothers (27.9 vs. 27.3). The largest proportion of body fat mass was observed in the group of mothers (28.5 percent), but was also high in grandmothers (25.7 percent) and granddaughters (21.1 percent). The percentage of lean body mass was similar...
OBJETIVO: Factores genéticos determinan la densidad mineral ósea (DMO) y el pico máximo de masa ósea entre los 20 y 30 años de edad, así como la pérdida de densidad mineral ósea después de la menopausia. La DMO es un predictor de fracturas debido a osteoporosis y el impacto de factores genéticos sobre esta. La variación en DMO para cada individuo es determinada genéticamente, en particular en lo que concierne a huesos compactos en comparación con aquellos que son principalmente trabeculares. Este artículo presenta la correlación de DMO por sitio anatómico entre abuelas, madres y nietas mexicanas. MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: El presente análisis fue realizado en empleados sanos y sus familiares sanos de tres diferentes instituciones de salud e instituciones académicas: el Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, ambos localizados en Cuernavaca, Morelos, así como la Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México. Seleccionamos a participantes femeninos relacionados para obtener los pares de madres e hijas y siempre que fuera posible a las abuelas. Nos fue posible recolectar 591 pares de madre-hija para el análisis. Además de incluir a abuelas para crear tríadas abuela-madre-hija para el análisis. Las medidas de densidad ósea fueron realizadas del fémur proximal no dominante, espina lumbar (L1-L4) y DMO total mediante el instrumento DPX DXA Lunar NT. RESULTADOS: Este estudio incluyó a 591 nietas, 591 madres y 69 abuelas; la edad promedio fue 20, 47 y 72 años. Hay una relalción entre el índice de masa corporal (BMI) entre madres y abuelas de 27.9 contra 27.3. La proporción mayor de masa grasa de cuerpo fue observada en el grupo de madres (el 28.5 por ciento), pero también se observó alto en abuelas (el 25.7 por ciento) y nietas (el 21.1 por ciento). El porcentaje de masa magra fue similar entre los tres grupos. La correlación mayor de DMO entre madres y abuelas fue para el DMO subtotal (0.44), y para caderas (0.39)...