Congenital and gynecological tumors: A review.

Congenital tumors are rare, and malignant congenital tumors are uncommon. Benign tu,mors might be life-threatening, depending on the location and size of the tumor. Different factors affect congenital tumors, such as maternal and placental hormones and environmental factors such as drugs, radiation, and infection. Developing fetal imaging methods and continuous follow-up during pregnancy are important factors in congenital tumor prognosis. Ultrasound is the most common method used for fetal evaluation. The complementary evaluation method is MRI. Both methods are helpful and widely spread for the detection of congenital tumors. These imaging methods help the medical team make a suitable decision about therapy. Some of these tumors regressed spontaneously, and some need surgical treatments. Treatment of tumors has developed rapidly, and recently molecular-targeted drugs have been used.

Pathogenomics model for personalized medicine in cervical cancer: Cross-talk of gene expressions and pathological images related to oxidative stress.

An increasing number of studies have shown that oxidative stress plays an important role in the development and progression of cancer. Cervical cancer (CC) is a disease of unique complexity that tends to exhibit high heterogeneity in molecular phenotypes. We aim here to characterize molecular features of cervical cancer by developing a classification system based on oxidative stress-related gene expression profiles. In this study, we obtained gene expression profiling data for cervical cancer from the TCGA (The Cancer Genome Atlas) and GEO (Gene Expression Omnibus) (GSE44001) databases. Oxidative stress-related genes used for clustering were obtained from GeneCards. Patients with cervical cancer were divided into two subtypes (C1 and C2) by non-negative matrix factorization (NMF) classification. By performing Kaplan-Meier survival analysis, differential expression analysis, and gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) between the two subtypes, we found that subtype C2 had a worse prognosis and was highly enriched for immune-related pathways as well as epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) pathways. Subsequently, we performed metabolic pathway analysis, gene mutation landscape analysis, immune microenvironment analysis, immunotherapy response analysis, and drug sensitivity analysis of the two isoforms. The results showed that the isoforms were significantly different between metabolic pathway enrichment and the immune microenvironment, and the chromosomes of subtype C1 were more unstable. In addition, we found that subtype C2 tends to respond to treatment with anti-CTLA4 agents, a conclusion that coincides with high chromosomal variation in C1, as well as C2 enrichment of immune-related pathways. Then, we screened 10 agents that were significantly susceptible to C2 subtype. Finally, we constructed pathogenomics models based on pathological features and linked them to molecular subtypes. This study establishes a novel CC classification based on gene expression profiles of oxidative stress-related genes and elucidates differences between immune microenvironments between CC subtypes, contributing to subtype-specific immunotherapy and drug therapy.

Pharmacovigilance Study of Anticancer Drugs in a Tertiary Care Teaching Hospital in North India: A Retrospective Study.

INTRODUCTION: Anticancer agents are responsible for a majority of adverse drug reactions (ADRs) in cancer patients. ADR reporting with anticancer drugs is very rare in India due to the lack of awareness and knowledge about the Pharmacovigilance Programme of India. Hence, this study was done to assess the pattern of ADRs with anticancer agents in cancer patients and to increase awareness about ADR monitoring among healthcare professionals. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This is an observational, retrospective and non-interventional study conducted in an ADR monitoring centre (AMC) in Govt. Guru Gobind Singh Medical College and Hospital, Faridkot, Punjab, North India. Voluntarily reported ADR forms with anticancer drugs as suspected drugs over a period of seven years from January 2016 to December 2022 were analyzed. Various parameters were analyzed, which include demographic details of the patients, type of ADR, department reporting ADR and suspected drug. Causality assessment, severity assessment and preventability assessment were done according to the World Health Organization Uppsala Monitoring Centre (WHO-UMC) scale, modified Hartwig and Siegel scale and modified Schumock and Thornton scale, respectively. RESULTS: The maximum numbers of ADRs were reported in the age group of 41-60 years (68.29%) and in females (59.75%). The maximum number of ADRs was reported with the use of taxanes (docetaxel and paclitaxel) (24.39%), targeted drugs (geftinib, imatinib, bortezomib, bevacizumab, rituximab and pazopanib) (24.39%) and platinum co-ordination complexes (cisplatin, oxaliplatin and carboplatin) (17.07%). Majority of the ADRs reported were shivering and ADRs on the skin. Majority of the ADRs were probable (64.70%), mild in nature (85.29%), definitely preventable (45.58%) and probably preventable (45.58%). CONCLUSION: ADR monitoring is needed to increase the outcome of anticancer drug treatment in cancer patients. The quality of treatment in cancer patients can be improved through the timely management of these ADRs. It is a need of the present era to inform healthcare professionals about the Pharmacovigilance Programme to increase the reporting of ADRs due to anticancer drugs.

Hepatocellular carcinoma cell differentiation trajectory predicts immunotherapy, potential therapeutic drugs, and prognosis of patients.

The aim of this study is to explore a novel classification and investigate the clinical significance of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cells. We analyzed integrated single-cell RNA sequencing and bulk RNA-seq data obtained from HCC samples. Cell trajectory analysis divided HCC cells into three subgroups with different differentiation states: state 1 was closely related to phosphoric ester hydrolase activity, state 2 was involved in eukaryotic initiation factor 4E binding, translation regulator activity and ribosome, and state 3 was associated with oxidoreductase activity and metabolism. Three molecular classes based on HCC differentiation-related genes (HDRGs) from HCC samples were identified, which revealed immune checkpoint gene expression and overall survival (OS) of HCC patients. Moreover, a prognostic risk scoring (RS) model was generated based on eight HDRGs, and the results showed that the OS of the high-risk group was worse than that of the low-risk group. Further, potential therapeutic drugs were screened out based on eight prognostic RS-HDRGs. This study highlights the importance of HCC cell differentiation in immunotherapy, clinical prognosis, and potential molecular-targeted drugs for HCC patients, and proposes a direction for the development of individualized treatments for HCC.

Advances and Prospects in the Treatment of Pancreatic Cancer.

Pancreatic cancer is a highly malignant and incurable disease, characterized by its aggressive nature and high fatality rate. The most common type is pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC), which has poor prognosis and high mortality rate. Current treatments for pancreatic cancer mainly encompass surgery, chemotherapy, radiotherapy, targeted therapy, and combination regimens. However, despite efforts to improve prognosis, and the 5-year survival rate for pancreatic cancer remains very low. Therefore, it's urgent to explore novel therapeutic approaches. With the rapid development of therapeutic strategies in recent years, new ideas have been provided for treating pancreatic cancer. This review expositions the advancements in nano drug delivery system, molecular targeted drugs, and photo-thermal treatment combined with nanotechnology for pancreatic cancer. It comprehensively analyzes the prospects of combined drug delivery strategies for treating pancreatic cancer, aiming at a deeper understanding of the existing drugs and therapeutic approaches, promoting the development of new therapeutic drugs, and attempting to enhance the therapeutic effect for patients with this disease.

Heterocyclic Molecular Targeted Drugs and Nanomedicines for Cancer: Recent Advances and Challenges.

Cancer is a top global public health concern. At present, molecular targeted therapy has emerged as one of the main therapies for cancer, with high efficacy and safety. The medical world continues to struggle with the development of efficient, extremely selective, and low-toxicity anticancer medications. Heterocyclic scaffolds based on the molecular structure of tumor therapeutic targets are widely used in anticancer drug design. In addition, a revolution in medicine has been brought on by the quick advancement of nanotechnology. Many nanomedicines have taken targeted cancer therapy to a new level. In this review, we highlight heterocyclic molecular-targeted drugs as well as heterocyclic-associated nanomedicines in cancer.

[Transition of Japanese clinical guidelines for myasthenia gravis].

The Japanese clinical guidelines for myasthenia gravis (MG) were revised in 2022. The major revision points in these guidelines are as follows. 1) A description of Lambert-Eaton myasthenic syndrome (LEMS) was included for the first time. 2) Revised diagnostic criteria of both MG and LEMS are proposed. 3) A high-dose oral steroid regimen with escalation and de-escalation schedule is not recommended. 4) Refractory MG is defined. 5) The use of molecular-targeted drugs is included. 6) MG is divided into six clinical subtypes. 7) Treatment algorithms for both MG and LEMS are presented.

Advances in Molecular Targeted Drugs for Hepatocellular Carcinoma / 中山大学学报(医学科学版)

Being the most common solid malignant tumor in the digestive system and the third leading cause of cancer-related death worldwide， hepatocellular carcinoma （HCC） is characterized by insidious onset， early recurrence/metastasis and poor prognosis. With the advantages of targeted precision， high specificity， minimal drug resistance， remarkable therapeutic efficacy and fewer side effects， molecular targeted drugs have become the hotspot and focus of tumor therapy research in recent years. As more is learned about the mechanism and clinical efficacy， some molecular targeted drugs have been recommended by HCC treatment guidelines. This paper reviewed the mechanism of HCC targeted therapy， molecular targeted drugs， relevant therapeutic protocols and outcomes so as to provide reference and evidence for subsequent research.

[Current Status and New Drugs Progress in the Treatment of Relapsed and Refractory Acute Myeloid Leukemia--Review].

The overall therapeutic outcome of acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is poor, and relapse and refractory are the main reasons for treatment failure. Leukemia cells of relapsed and refractory AML (R/R-AML) patients are usually resistant to conventional chemotherapy, and new treatment regimens are urgently needed to further improve the survival rate and prolong the survival time of these patients.There are no recommended unified treatment regimens other than entering clinical trials.At present,the main options are salvage chemotherapy and hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT), and HSCT is the only possible cure for R/R-AML, but the prognosis of most of these patients is still poor.In recent years,the treatment status of AML has progressed rapidly, and the new therapies are emerging, many new drugs have become the research focus. Some progress has been made in improving chemosensitivity and overcoming chemoresistance by combining the new drugs with the original chemotherapeutic drugs, which provide a new treatment option and improve the overall prognosis for R/R-AML patients. This article will review the current treatment status and the latest progress in new drug research of R/R-AML.

Resistance to Antiangiogenic Therapy in Hepatocellular Carcinoma: From Molecular Mechanisms to Clinical Impact.

Antiangiogenic drugs were the only mainstay of advanced hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) treatment from 2007 to 2017. However, primary or secondary resistance hampered their efficacy. Primary resistance could be due to different molecular and/or genetic characteristics of HCC and their knowledge would clarify the optimal treatment approach in each patient. Several molecular mechanisms responsible for secondary resistance have been discovered over the last few years; they represent potential targets for new specific drugs. In this light, the advent of checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) has been a new opportunity; however, their use has highlighted other issues: the vascular normalization compared to a vessel pruning to promote the delivery of an active cancer immunotherapy and the development of resistance to immunotherapy which leads to a better selection of patients as candidates for ICIs. Nevertheless, the combination of antiangiogenic therapy plus ICIs represents an intriguing approach with high potential to improve the survival of these patients. Waiting for results from ongoing clinical trials, this review depicts the current knowledge about the resistance to antiangiogenic drugs in HCC. It could also provide updated information to clinicians focusing on the most effective combinations or sequential approaches in this regard, based on molecular mechanisms.

Knockdown of TANK-Binding Kinase 1 Enhances the Sensitivity of Hepatocellular Carcinoma Cells to Molecular-Targeted Drugs.

The protein kinase, TANK-binding kinase 1 (TBK1), not only regulates various biological processes but also functions as an important regulator of human oncogenesis. However, the detailed function and molecular mechanisms of TBK1 in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), especially the resistance of HCC cells to molecular-targeted drugs, are almost unknown. In the present work, the role of TBK1 in regulating the sensitivity of HCC cells to molecular-targeted drugs was measured by multiple assays. The high expression of TBK1 was identified in HCC clinical specimens compared with paired non-tumor tissues. The high level of TBK1 in advanced HCC was associated with a poor prognosis in patients with advanced HCC who received the molecular-targeted drug, sorafenib, compared to patients with advanced HCC patients and a low level of TBK1. Overexpression of TBK1 in HCC cells induced their resistance to molecular-targeted drugs, whereas knockdown of TBK1 enhanced the cells' sensitivity to molecular-targeted dugs. Regarding the mechanism, although overexpression of TBK1 enhanced expression levels of drug-resistance and pro-survival-/anti-apoptosis-related factors, knockdown of TBK1 repressed the expression of these factors in HCC cells. Therefore, TBK1 is a promising therapeutic target for HCC treatment and knockdown of TBK1 enhanced sensitivity of HCC cells to molecular-targeted drugs.

Status of the Current Treatment Options and Potential Future Targets in Uterine Leiomyosarcoma: A Review.

Uterine leiomyosarcoma (uLMS) is the most common subtype of mesenchymal tumors in the uterus. This review aims to summarize the current standard therapies and the molecular properties of uLMS for novel molecular-targeted therapies. Although 65% of uLMS cases are diagnosed in stage I, the 5-year overall survival rate is less than 60%. The only effective treatment for uLMS is complete and early resection, and chemotherapy is the main treatment for unresectable advanced or recurrent cases. No chemotherapy regimen has surpassed doxorubicin monotherapy as the first-line chemotherapy for unresectable advanced or recurrent cases in terms of overall survival in phase 3 trials. As a second-line treatment, pazopanib, trabectedin, and eribulin are used, but their therapeutic effects are not sufficient, highlighting the urgent need for development of novel treatments. Recent developments in gene analysis have revealed that homologous recombination deficiency (HRD), including breast cancer susceptibility gene 2 (BRCA2) mutations, are frequently observed in uLMS. In preclinical studies and several case series, poly(adenosine diphosphate-ribose)polymerase inhibitors showed antitumor effects on uLMS cell lines with BRCA2 mutations or HRD and in recurrent or persistent cases of uLMS with BRCA2 mutations. Thus, HRD, including BRCA mutations, may be the most promising therapeutic target for uLMS.

Protein-Targeted Degradation Agents Based on Natural Products.

Natural products are an important source of drug lead compounds, and natural products with significant biological activity are constantly being discovered and used in clinical practice. At present, natural products play an important role in the targeted therapy of cancer, cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases, nervous system diseases, and autoimmune diseases. Meanwhile, in recent years, the rise of protein-targeted degradation technologies, such as proteolysis-targeting chimeras (PROTACs) and molecular glues, has provided a new solution for drug resistance caused by clinical molecular-targeting drugs. It is noteworthy that natural products and their derivatives, as important components of PROTACs and molecular glues, play an important role in the development of protein-targeting drugs. Hence, this review summarized the protein-targeted degradation agents based on natural products, such as PROTACs and molecular glues. More natural products with the potential to be used in the development of PROTACs and molecular glues as targeted protein degradation agents are still being investigated.

Treatment of some genodermatoses / 中华皮肤科杂志

Genodermatoses are a relatively independent type of skin diseases, with early onset, complex clinical manifestations and multiple system involvement. Current treatments of genodermatoses are still limited with poor therapeutic effect, and the quality of life of patients is greatly affected. This review summarizes prospective treatment methods of some hereditary skin diseases and related research progress, including innovative application of traditional medicines, biologics and small-molecule targeted drugs, stem cell therapy and gene editing, aiming to provide more reference for clinicians.

Update on Diagnosis and Treatment of Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumors / 肿瘤防治研究

In recent years, with the emergence of new research evidence, the domestic and foreign guidelines in the field of gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs) have been updated. The adjusted contents cover almost every link of GISTs management, from GISTs diagnosis, biological behavior, surgical treatment to targeted drug treatment. Since 2020, the NCCN of the United States has separated the contents related to GISTs from the clinical practice guide for soft tissue sarcoma for the first time to form 2021 V.1 versions. The CSCO has also adjusted and upgraded the previous consensus of Chinese experts on the diagnosis and treatment of GISTs to 2020 and 2021 versions of the guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of GISTs. This opens a new model of accurate diagnosis and treatment of GISTs under the guidance of evidence-based medicine. The listing of new targeted drugs afatinib and ripretinib is expected to get rid of the drug-resistant treatment dilemma of metastatic GISTs, enrich the back-line treatment camp, provide more opportunities for surgical intervention, and then bring survival benefits to patients with advanced GISTs.

Comparative safety and efficacy of molecular-targeted drugs, immune checkpoint inhibitors, hepatic arterial infusion chemotherapy and their combinations in advanced hepatocellular carcinoma: findings from advances in landmark trials.

Background: Several recent phase 3 trials have reported manageable safety profiles and promising antitumor activities of molecular-targeted drugs (MTDs; sorafenib, lenvatinib), immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs; nivolumab, pembrolizumab, atezolizumab), hepatic arterial infusion chemotherapy (HAIC) and their combinations in advanced hepatocellular carcinoma (AHCC); however, head-to-head comparisons among these regimens are lacking. Methods: We aimed to comprehensively review and compare the efficacy and safety of different MTDs, ICIs, HAIC and their combinations in AHCC. Adverse events (AEs), disease control rates (DCRs), objective response rates (ORRs), overall survival (OS) and progression-free survival (PFS) were assessed. Results: The pooled incidence rates of grade 1-5/3-5 AEs were 98.0%/48.6%, 98.3%/57.4%, 91.4%/22.0%, 96.4%/54.6%, 98.2%/61.1%, 86.3%/34.1%, 88.9%/9.4%, and 95.2%/53.2% for sorafenib, lenvatinib, nivolumab, pembrolizumab, atezolizumab plus bevacizumab, HAIC-cisplatin plus sorafenib, HAIC-oxaliplatin, and HAIC-oxaliplatin plus sorafenib, respectively, which suggested that nivolumab exhibited optimal safety regarding grade 1-5 AEs, whereas HAIC-oxaliplatin monotherapy ranked lowest regarding grade 3-5 AEs. According to RECIST1.1, lenvatinib (72.8%), atezolizumab plus bevacizumab (73.6%), HAIC-oxaliplatin (78.8%) and HAIC-oxaliplatin plus sorafenib (75.2%) showed higher DCRs than sorafenib (57.3%), nivolumab (33.9%), and pembrolizumab (62.3%), whereas only HAIC-oxaliplatin-based treatments demonstrated a higher ORR than the others. Pooled OS and PFS analysis favored the combination regimens other than sorafenib along. Conclusions: Here, we present preliminary evidence for the comparative safety and efficacy of existing MTDs, ICIs, HAIC and their combinations in AHCC, which indicated that HAIC-oxaliplatin monotherapy has acceptable toxicity and efficacy and could be the cornerstone for future combination of systemic treatments in AHCC. Our findings might provide insight into the future design of multidisciplinary treatments in AHCC.

Clinical study on the safety, efficacy, and prognosis of molecular targeted drug therapy for advanced gastric cancer.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the safety, efficacy, and prognosis of advanced gastric cancer patients treated with molecular targeted drug therapy. METHODS: A total of 200 patients with metastatic gastric cancer admitted to our hospital from March 2018 to December 2018 were randomly selected and divided into the control group, group A, group B and group C, with 50 patients in each group. Patients in the control group received surgical treatment combined with conventional chemotherapy. Patients in group A were provided with surgical treatment combined with bevacizumab, patients in group B received surgical treatment combined with apatinib, and patients in group C received surgical treatment combined with recombinant human endostatin (RHE). Clinical efficacy, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 (VEGFR-2) levels, Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors (RECIST), sentinel lymph node (SLD) metastasis, and adverse reactions were compared among different groups of patients with metastatic gastric cancer. RESULTS: There were no significant differences in treatment efficiency, VEGF and VEGFR-2 levels, RECIST, SLD metastasis value and adverse reactions among group A, group B and group C, and the results were not statistically significant (P>0.05). The levels of VEGF, VEGFR-2, SLD metastasis, and adverse reactions in group A, B, and C were significantly lower than those in the control group (P<0.05). The effective rate of treatment and RECIST in group A, B and C were significantly higher than those in the control group, and the comparison results were statistically significant (P<0.05). CONCLUSION: Molecular targeted drug therapy is effective and safe in patients with advanced gastric cancer, and the prognosis of patients is satisfactory, without the proliferation and metastasis of cancer cells.

Construction of in vitro patient-derived tumor models to evaluate anticancer agents and cancer immunotherapy.

An in vitro assay system using patient-derived tumor models represents a promising preclinical cancer model that replicates the disease better than traditional cell culture models. Patient-derived tumor organoid (PDO) and patient-derived tumor xenograft (PDX) models have been previously established from different types of human tumors to recapitulate accurately and efficiently their tissue architecture and function. However, these models have low throughput and are challenging to construct. Thus, the present study aimed to establish a simple in vitro high-throughput assay system using PDO and PDX models. Furthermore, the current study aimed to evaluate different classes of anticancer drugs, including chemotherapeutic, molecular targeted and antibody drugs, using PDO and PDX models. First, an in vitro high-throughput assay system was constructed using PDO and PDX established from solid and hematopoietic tumors cultured in 384-well plates to evaluate anticancer agents. In addition, an in vitro evaluation system of the immune response was developed using PDO and PDX. Novel cancer immunotherapeutic agents with marked efficacy have been used against various types of tumor. Thus, there is an urgent need for in vitro functional potency assays that can simulate the complex interaction of immune cells with tumor cells and can rapidly test the efficacy of different immunotherapies or antibody drugs. An evaluation system for the antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxic activity of anti-epidermal growth factor receptor antibody and the cytotoxic activity of activated lymphocytes, such as cytotoxic T lymphocytes and natural killer cells, was constructed. Moreover, immune response assay systems with bispecific T-cell engagers were developed using effector cells. The present results demonstrated that in vitro assay systems using PDO and PDX may be suitable for evaluating anticancer agents and immunotherapy potency with high reproducibility and simplicity.

Pretreatment neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio predicts treatment efficacy and prognosis of cytotoxic anticancer drugs, molecular targeted drugs, and immune checkpoint inhibitors in patients with advanced non-small cell lung cancer.

BACKGROUND: Neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) has recently attracted attention as a prognostic predictor in patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) who receive immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs). However, the utility of NLR in relation to cytotoxic anticancer drugs or molecular targeted drugs remains unclear. We determined if NLR could predict the treatment efficacy and prognosis in NSCLC patients who receive cytotoxic anticancer drugs or molecular targeted drugs, as well as ICIs, in a cross-sectional manner. METHODS: Of 658 patients with advanced NSCLC who received first-line systemic treatment in our hospital between 2008 and 2019, 312 who met the analytical criteria were included in the study. We retrospectively analyzed the ability of NLR with a cut-off value of 5 to predict time to treatment failure (TTF) and overall survival (OS) in patients who received the following treatments: first-line treatment with molecular targeted drugs (mt group, n=100); first-line treatment with cytotoxic anticancer drugs (wt group, n=212); and first-line treatment with cytotoxic anticancer drugs followed by ICIs (ICI group, n=58). RESULTS: In the high- and low-NLR mt subgroups, median TTFs were 6.7 and 14.9 months (P<0.01), respectively, and median survival times (MSTs) were 17.8 and 39.1 months (P<0.01), respectively. In the high- and low-NLR wt subgroups, median TTFs were 1.5 and 5.8 months (P<0.01), and MSTs were 6.3 and 20.7 months (P<0.01), respectively. In the high- and low-NLR ICI subgroups, median TTFs were 1.3 and 6.8 months (P<0.01), and MSTs were 9.2 and 25.8 months (P<0.01), respectively. Multivariate analysis identified NLR as a significant independent predictor of TTF [hazard ratio (HR) 1.89, P=0.01; HR 2.51, P<0.01; and HR 5.06, P<0.01 in the mt, wt, and ICI groups, respectively) and OS (HR 3.81, P<0.01; HR 2.59, P<0.01; and HR 2.48, P<0.01, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: This study showed that NLR might be a predictor of treatment efficacy and prognosis in advanced NSCLC patients who receive various systemic treatments. This finding of consistent applicability of NLR to a wide variety of systemic treatments is of great significance.

Advances in radiotherapy and comprehensive treatment of high-grade glioma: immunotherapy and tumor-treating fields.

High-grade gliomas (HGGs) are the most common primary malignant brain tumors. They have a high degree of malignancy and show invasive growth. The personal treatment plan for HGG is based on the patient's age, performance status, and degree of tumor invasion. The basic treatment plan for HGG involves tumor resection, radiotherapy (RT) with concomitant temozolomide (TMZ), and adjuvant TMZ chemotherapy. The basic radiation technology includes conventional RT, three-dimensional conformal RT, intensity-modulated RT, and stereotactic RT. As our understanding of tumor pathogenesis has deepened, so-called comprehensive treatment schemes have attracted attention. These combine RT with chemotherapy, molecular targeted therapy, immunotherapy, or tumor-treating fields. These emerging treatments are expected to improve the prospects of patients with HGG. In the present article, we review the recent advances in RT and comprehensive treatment for patients with newly diagnosed and recurrent HGG.