ABSTRACT
Extensive Monocrotophos (MCP) application in agricultural soils has led to its ubiquitous accumulation in the environment. Human health can be adversely affected by chronic exposure to produce and water from such areas, causing endocrine dysfunction, birth defects, blood and nervous disorders. This study investigated the possibility of detecting Monocrotophos-degrading bacteria in soil samples taken from a cotton cultivation field in a local area. We isolated a consortium that could tolerate and neutralize Monocrotophos upto a concentration of 2000 ppm. The consortium on 16 S rRNA sequencing were identified as Micrococcus luteus SBR2, Rhodococcus SBR5, Bacillus aryabhattai SBR8, Ochrobactrum intermedium SBK2. Significant tolerance of individual strains in the range of 500-5000 ppm was observed when incubating them in vitro with Monocrotophos in minimal salt medium. An analysis of the degrading genes opdA, mpd, and opd revealed plasmid borne opdA and mpd in the O.intermedium strain and B.aryabhattai strain. All the strains indicated genomic opdA and mpd whereas opd was not detected in plasmid or genomic DNA. The HPLC showed no peak at 2.5 min, when individual strains were incubated with Monocrotophos. The HPLC analysis of soil samples incubated with the consortium for two weeks showed complete degradation of Monocrotophos. GC-MS analysis confirmed that Monocrotophos and its solvent cyclohexamide were degraded into non-toxic compounds such as cyclotrisiloxane compounds, acetic acid, and others. This study indicates that the expression of organophosphate hydrolyzing enzymes in the consortium can greatly contribute to the neutralization of organophosphorus compounds and also serve as a bioremediation method for agricultural soils.
ABSTRACT
This study aims to evaluate the genotoxic potential of four commercial pesticides with diverse health categorizations by different world associations currently in use. We tested the fungicide mancozeb and the insecticides pirimicarb, monocrotophos and permethrin. The research was done with in vitro human peripheral blood lymphocytes using the DNA single gel electrophoresis assay and the cytokinesis-block micronucleus (MN) test, where we analysed common parameters such as the tail moment and the frequency of MN formation. We also measured other parameters like frequency of nucleoplasmic bridges, nuclear buds, apoptosis and necrosis with the MN test. Each pesticide induced significant differences in all of these parameters when compared with the negative control and showed different behaviours in the concentration-dependent response. This could be attributed to their genotoxic potential where mancozeb and monocrotophos induced the highest genetic damage, permethrin caused mainly cell death and pirimicarb had the least impact upon cells. This research provides valuable data about the harmful effects of these pesticides on human cells and may be an important contribution in the construction of a unique international classification of health and to reinforce the use of genotoxic analyses to regulate the use of pesticides.
Subject(s)
Leukocytes, Mononuclear/drug effects , Mutagens/toxicity , Pesticides/toxicity , Cells, Cultured , Comet Assay , DNA/genetics , Humans , Micronucleus TestsABSTRACT
Piaractus mesopotamicus is a freshwater native fish from rivers of the Paraná-Paraguay Basin and of the Pantanal region and has been used for repopulation programs in Brazil. Juvenile fishes were exposed to the sub-lethal dose of 1.08mg/L of the OP Azodrin®400 containing 0.43µL/L of the active principle monocrotophos for 96 h. A frequent pathology in the gills at all times of exposure was epithelial detachment, from minimal until 24 h of exposure, to intense after 48 h of contamination. Deformed pillar cells in the respiratory lamellae leading to irregular blood spaces and blood congestion, as well as hyperplasia and lamellar fusion were observed. These histopathologies suggested that 48 h after T0 was an important time when a reduction in the capability for gaseous exchange with consequent weakening of the fishes' condition could occur. This could impair growth and development of juveniles introduced in water bodies for repopulation programs.
Piaractus mesopotamicus é um peixe de água doce encontrado na Bacia Paraná-Paraguai e na região do Pantanal, tendo sido usado em programas de repovoamento no Brasil. Peixes juvenis foram expostos por 96 horas à dose sub-letal de 1.08mg/L do organofosforado (OP) Azodrin®400 que contém 0,43µL/L do principio ativo monocrotofós. A patologia freqüente nas brânquias foi o descolamento epitelial que variou de mínimo nas primeiras 24 horas a severo ou intenso após 48 horas de contaminação. Deformações e degeneração de células pilares nas lamelas respiratórias levando à formação de espaços sanguíneos irregulares e congestão sanguínea, hiperplasia e fusão lamelar também foram observadas. Sugere-se que 48 horas após o T0 é um tempo crítico após exposição a níveis subletais de OP, pois a capacidade de trocas gasosas poderá ter diminuído, levando ao enfraquecimento dos peixes. Os sintomas poderão prejudicar o desenvolvimento dos juvenis introduzidos em corpos de água em programas de repovoamento.
ABSTRACT
The objective of this study was to evaluate the comparative toxicity of the pyrethroid insecticide lambda-cyhalothrin to the velvetbean caterpillar, Anticarsia gemmatalis and to the nymphs of the southern green stink bug, Nezara virídula. The lethal dose (LD50) values were compared with the ones of the organophosphoms insecticide monocrotophos. The experiments were performed under laboratory conditions by topical application technique to 3rd instars of both caterpillars and nymphs. Mortality evaluations were made at 3, 6, 24, 48 and 72 hours after treatment. The LD50 parameters were determined by probit analyses through appropriate software. Lambda-cyhalothrin acted more rapidly than monocrotophos against the caterpillars, being approximately 140-190 times more toxic than the latter. Lambda-cyhalothrin was 20-40 times more active against the nymphs than monocrotophos. The pyrethroid insecticide was about 5-9 times more toxic to the velvetbean caterpillar than to the southern green stink bug.
O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar, através dos valores de dose letal (DL50), a toxicidade comparativa do inseticida piretróide lambda-cyalothrin à lagarta-da-soja, Anticarsia gemmatalis e à ninfas do percevejo verde, Nezara viridula, tomando-se como padrão de comparação o inseticida organofosforadomonocrotofós. Os experimentos foram realizados em condições de laboratório por técnica de aplicação tópica, sendo usadas lagartas e ninfas, ambas de 3° instar. As avaliações das mortalidades foram feitas 3, 6, 24, 48 e 72 horas após o tratamento. O parâmetro DL50 foi determinado por análises de probit através de software apropriado. Lambda-cyalothrin agiu mais rapidamente do que monocrotofós contra as lagartas, sendo cerca de 140 a 190 vezes mais tóxico para elas e de 20 a 40 vezes mais ativo contra as ninfas. O inseticida piretróide foi ainda de 5 a 9 vezes mais tóxico à lagarta-da-soja do que ao percevejo verde.
ABSTRACT
The objective of this study was to evaluate the comparative toxicity of the pyrethroid insecticide lambda-cyhalothrin to the velvetbean caterpillar, Anticarsia gemmatalis and to the nymphs of the southern green stink bug, Nezara virídula. The lethal dose (LD50) values were compared with the ones of the organophosphoms insecticide monocrotophos. The experiments were performed under laboratory conditions by topical application technique to 3rd instars of both caterpillars and nymphs. Mortality evaluations were made at 3, 6, 24, 48 and 72 hours after treatment. The LD50 parameters were determined by probit analyses through appropriate software. Lambda-cyhalothrin acted more rapidly than monocrotophos against the caterpillars, being approximately 140-190 times more toxic than the latter. Lambda-cyhalothrin was 20-40 times more active against the nymphs than monocrotophos. The pyrethroid insecticide was about 5-9 times more toxic to the velvetbean caterpillar than to the southern green stink bug.
O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar, através dos valores de dose letal (DL50), a toxicidade comparativa do inseticida piretróide lambda-cyalothrin à lagarta-da-soja, Anticarsia gemmatalis e à ninfas do percevejo verde, Nezara viridula, tomando-se como padrão de comparação o inseticida organofosforadomonocrotofós. Os experimentos foram realizados em condições de laboratório por técnica de aplicação tópica, sendo usadas lagartas e ninfas, ambas de 3° instar. As avaliações das mortalidades foram feitas 3, 6, 24, 48 e 72 horas após o tratamento. O parâmetro DL50 foi determinado por análises de probit através de software apropriado. Lambda-cyalothrin agiu mais rapidamente do que monocrotofós contra as lagartas, sendo cerca de 140 a 190 vezes mais tóxico para elas e de 20 a 40 vezes mais ativo contra as ninfas. O inseticida piretróide foi ainda de 5 a 9 vezes mais tóxico à lagarta-da-soja do que ao percevejo verde.