ABSTRACT
The expansion of economic activities in coastal areas has significantly increased chemical contamination, leading to major environmental challenges. Contaminants enter the human body through the food chain, particularly via seafood and water consumption, triggering biomagnification and bioaccumulation processes. The gastrointestinal tract (GIT) acts as a selective barrier, protecting against chemical pollutants and maintaining homeostasis through a complex network of cells and immune responses. This study assessed impact of tributyltin (TBT), a highly toxic organometallic compound used in antifouling coatings for ships, on the GIT and myenteric neural plasticity in young rats. TBT exposure leads to histopathological changes, including epithelial detachment and inflammatory foci, especially at lower environmental doses. The study found that TBT causes significant reductions in villi height, increases in goblet cells and intraepithelial lymphocytes, and disrupts the myenteric plexus, with higher densities of extraganglionic neurons in exposed animals.
ABSTRACT
For the development of efficient management and conservation strategies for wild rodent species, understanding the aspects related to their reproduction, including the interaction of this physiological function with the environment, is essential. This study aimed to evaluate the impacts of weather changes derived from a semiarid region's dry and rainy seasons on the epididymal sperm characteristics of red-rumped agouti (Dasyprocta leporina), a histricognath rodent, still little studied, which inhabits the Brazilian Caatinga. The sperm from the epididymal cauda of 14 agoutis were collected, seven individuals per season (dry and rainy). Samples were evaluated for kinetic parameters, membrane structural and functional integrity, mitochondrial activity, morphology, and morphometry. The environmental variables were measured: maximum air temperature, relative humidity, wind speed, solar radiation, and the total rainfall for dry and rainy seasons were, respectively, 36.2 and 34.1 °C, 66.8 and 80.1%, 4.0 and 1.9 m/s, 527.3 and 441.8 W/m2, and 0.2 and 517.7 mm. There were strong correlations between some sperm parameters and environmental variables, mainly those related to the acquisition of sperm mobility. Sperm concentration and the number of sperm collected were higher in the dry (1028.7 sperm/mL × 106 and 1361.2 × 106 sperm) than in the rainy season (758.9 sperm × 106/mL and 714.6 sperm × 106). During the rainy season, there were fewer sperm defects, higher sperm metrics, and higher membrane structural integrity with mitochondrial activity. Regarding motility patterns, the increases during the rainy season stand out in total and progressive motility, VAP, VSL, VCL, and subpopulations of rapid sperm. In summary, our results suggest that the adverse climatic conditions of the dry season in the semiarid region, mainly high solar radiation and temperature, considerably impair the epididymal sperm quality of red-rumped agoutis. On the contrary, the largest amount of sperm was obtained during this season, probably due to compensatory and adaptive mechanisms of the species to enable its reproduction throughout the year.
Subject(s)
Seasons , Spermatozoa , Male , Animals , Brazil , Sperm Motility , DasyproctidaeABSTRACT
Chirostoma estor (Jordan, 1879) is an endemic freshwater species with a high potential for aquaculture; however, as in many other fish, larviculture of this species is the most critical stage, in which the higher mortality rates. Therefore, it is necessary to fully describe the development of the digestive system to establish better feeding protocols in the larval culture of C. estor, both for aquaculture and restoration purposes. In the present study, larviculture was carried out from hatching to 20 days after hatching (DAH). The organisms were fed with the rotifer Brachionus plicatilis from 2 to 14 DAH, and nauplii of Artemia sp. from 15 to 20 DAH. A total of 12 organisms (0, 3, 5, 10, 15, and 20 DAH) were taken for size and weight growth and histological and histochemical analysis. The histological analysis indicated that after 3 DAH, the opening of the mouth and anus was observed, coinciding with the beginning of exogenous feeding. In addition, the digestive system developed, with differentiation of the oropharyngeal sections, esophagus, and intestine, folding of the intestinal mucosa, as well as associated organs (liver and pancreas) that reach their maximum development at 20 DAH. Thus, C. estor at this stage of development can digest and absorb nutrients despite being an agastric fish. The results obtained in this study will facilitate a better understanding of the ontogenetic morphophysiological development processes, associated with the transition of larvae to exogenous feeding, which ensures a higher percentage of survival during larval development and of course, adds to the diversity ontogenetics of teleostean.
ABSTRACT
This study aimed to investigate sexual dimorphism in stillborn hawksbill sea turtles (Eretmochelys imbricata) through gonadal morphological characterizations. Macroscopic, light microscopy, and transmission electron analyses were performed for 30 gonad-mesonephros complexes. Female gonads were spindle-shaped and present a translucent whitish appearance with a grainy texture. Male gonads were approximately ovoid with a smooth opaque white surface. A primary sexual difference concerns different marrow structures, with females presenting organized cellularity featuring oocytes, lacunae, and blood vessels, while males presented a distinct organizational medulla pattern marked by testicular cords extending throughout the gonad length. Ultrastructurally, female's stroma presented interstitial cells and an abundant cytoplasm rich in electrodense droplets and large oval germline cells, with a conspicuous and noncentral nucleus. Males, on the other hand, presented testicular cord cells containing small amounts of heterochromatin and approximately triangular apical and basal cytoplasms with an evident nucleolus characteristic of support cells. Additionally, there were cells with a large spherical nucleus compared with the cell size and a relatively scarce cytoplasm, identified as gonocytes. These findings indicate that macroscopic, microscopic, and ultrastructural evaluations are effective and reliable techniques for the sexual identification of stillborn E. imbricata hatchlings.
Subject(s)
Turtles , Animals , Male , Female , Gonads , Ovary , Oocytes , Ovarian FollicleABSTRACT
This study evaluated the effect of dietary supplementation with glutamine and glutamic acid (Gln+Glu) on performance, intestinal morphometry, and carcass characteristics of broiler quails. Eight hundred birds were used, distributed in an entirely randomized design with 20 birds per experimental unit, and given five treatments (0.0; 0.2; 0.4; 0.6; and 0.8% Gln+Glu supplementation) with eight replicates. At 1-21 days of age, lower (P < 0.05) feed intake at 0.6 and 0.8% Gln+Glu supplementation and lower weight gain at 0.8% Gln+Glu supplementation compared to the control treatment were observed. By regression analysis, excluding the control treatment, there was an increasing linear effect (P < 0.05) for feed intake at 22 to 42 days of age. For intestinal morphometry, Gln+Glu supplementation only favored the villus development of the ileum (P < 0.05), giving it greater height at 0.2, 0.6, and 0.8% supplementation. Carcass characteristics, cuts, and edible viscera of the birds at 42 days were not affected (P > 0.05) by Gln+Glu supplementation levels. Thus, the glutamine and glutamic acid supplementation affected the performance and intestinal morphology of 21-d-old quails, decreasing feed intake and weight gain associated with the improvement of ileum morphology; conversely, performance and carcass characteristics at 42 days were not affected by amino acid supplementation.
Objetivou-se avaliar o efeito da suplementação dietética de glutamina e ácido glutâmico (Gln+Glu) sobre o desempenho, a morfometria intestinal e as características de carcaça de codornas de corte. Foram utilizadas 800 aves, distribuídas em delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com cinco tratamentos (0,0; 0,2; 0,4; 0,6 e 0,8% de suplementação de Gln+Glu) e oito repetições com 20 aves por unidade experimental. Na fase de um a 21 dias, constatou-se menor (P < 0,05) consumo de ração aos níveis de 0,6 e 0,8% de Gln+Glu e menor ganho de peso ao nível 0,8% de Gln+Glu em comparação ao tratamento controle; e, pela análise de regressão, excluindo-se o tratamento controle, houve efeito linear crescente (P < 0,05) para consumo de ração na fase 22 a 42 dias de idade. Para morfometria intestinal, a suplementação de Gln+Glu apenas favoreceu o desenvolvimento vilos do íleo (P < 0,05), conferindo-lhe maior altura aos níveis de 0,2; 0,6 e 0,8% de suplementação. As características de carcaça, cortes e vísceras comestíveis das aves aos 42 dias não foram afetadas (P > 0,05) pelos níveis de suplementação de Gln+Glu. Assim, a suplementação de glutamina e ácido glutâmico influenciou o desempenho e a morfometria intestinal de codornas de corte aos 21 dias de idade, promovendo redução do consumo de ração e do ganho, associado ao aumento morfométrico do íleo; por outro lado, o desempenho das aves e as suas características de carcaça aos 42 dias não foram afetados pela suplementação dos aminoácidos.
Subject(s)
Animals , Glutamic Acid , Dietary Supplements , Coturnix/growth & development , Diet/veterinary , GlutamineABSTRACT
Morphological study of the tongue is an interesting way of understanding evolutionary processes associated with feeding habits. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to describe the tongue morphology of the Antillean manatee and to understand possible morphological relationships with its way of capturing food. Macroscopic dissections and light and scanning electron microscopy analyses of seven manatee tongues were performed. The tongue in Antillean manatees is a muscular and robust organ, divided into apex, body, and root. It is firmly adhered to the floor of the oral cavity. Lingual papillae were distributed over the entire tongue surface. They were identified as filiform papillae concentrated in the apex. Fungiform papillae were present on the apex and lateral regions. Foliate papillae were located on the dorsolateral portion of the root. Lentiform papillae were located across the dorsal tongue surface. The mucosa was lined by a keratinized stratified squamous epithelium presenting compound tubuloacinar glands and taste buds in the foliate papillae. The tongue of the Antillean manatee is similar to other Sirenia species, both of which share a completely herbivorous diet.
Subject(s)
Taste Buds , Trichechus manatus , Animals , Tongue/anatomy & histology , Taste Buds/anatomy & histology , Microscopy, Electron, Scanning , MouthABSTRACT
Managed honey bees are daily exposed in agricultural settings or wild environments to multiple stressors. Currently, fungicide residues are increasingly present in bees' pollen and nectar and can harm colonies' production and survival. Therefore, our study aimed to evaluate the effects of the fungicide pyraclostrobin on the fat body and pericardial cells of Africanized honey bees. The foragers were divided into three experimental treatment groups and two controls: pyraclostrobin 0.125 ng/µL (FG1), 0.025 ng/µL (FG2), 0.005 ng/µL (FG3), untreated control (CTL), and acetone control (CAC). After five days of oral exposure (ad libitum), the bees were dissected and prepared for histopathological and morphometric analysis. The FG1-treated bees showed extensive cytoarchitecture changes in the fat body and pericardial cells, inducing cell death. Bees from the FG2 group showed disarranged oenocytes, peripheral vacuolization, and pyknotic nuclei of pericardial cells, but the cytoarchitecture was not compromised as observed in FG1. Additionally, immune system cells were observed through the fat body in the FG1 group. Bees exposed to FG3 demonstrated only oenocytes vacuolization. A significant decrease in the oenocyte's surface area for bees exposed to all pyraclostrobin concentrations was observed compared to the CTL and CAC groups. The bees from the FG1 and FG2 treatment groups presented a reduced surface area of pericardial cells compared to the controls and the FG3 group. This study highlighted the harmful effects of fungicide pyraclostrobin concentrations at the individual bee cellular level, potentially harming the colony level on continuous exposure.
ABSTRACT
One of the largest accidents with mine tailings happened in Brazil in 2015, with the rupture of the Fundão dam, and the physical characteristics of these tailings make it difficult to recover degraded areas. Hymenaea courbaril is a tree species native to Brazil that has low nutritional and water requirements, besides its capacity for survival in contaminated environments. In this study we hypothesized that inoculation with diazotrophs would improve the growth and physiology of H. courbaril in tailings, favoring the reforestation process aiming the recovery of the accident site. Every 20 days for 60 days, we investigated the morphophysiology of H. courbaril grown in iron mine tailings or soil, with the addition of nitrate (N-positive control), non-inoculation (negative control) or inoculation with native diazotrophic bacteria previously isolated from the tailings (UNIFENAS100-569; UNIFENAS100-654 and UNIFENAS100-638). We found that H. courbaril has survival capacity under mine tailings, with no growth alteration in the tailings, although there were signs of reduced ability for photoprotective responses. Inoculation with diazotrophic bacteria improved physiological aspects of H. courbaril and strain UNIFENAS100-638 was the most effective in favoring total growth of plants, net photosynthetic rate and root morphology under mine tailings. The survival capacity and growth of H. courbaril indicates the possibility of its use for reforestation in areas degraded by mine tailings. Further studies are necessary in field conditions and with a larger experimental period to more thoroughly understand H. courbaril tolerance.
Subject(s)
Hymenaea , Seedlings , Bacteria , Iron/analysis , Seedlings/chemistry , SoilABSTRACT
Morphological studies concerning the digestive system can further information on animal diets, thus aiding in the understanding of feeding behavior. Given the scarcity of information on sea turtle digestive system morphology, the aim of the present study was to describe the digestive tube (DT) morphology of Eretmochelys imbricata hatchlings to further understand the diet of these individuals in the wild. DT samples from 10 stillborn turtles (undefined sex) were analyzed at the macro and microscopic levels. The esophagus, stomach, small intestine (SI), and large intestine (LI) are described. Histologically, the DT is formed by four tunics, the mucosa, submucosa, muscular, and adventitia or serosa. The esophagus is lined by keratinized stratified squamous epithelium, while the remainder of the DT is lined by a simple columnar epithelium. The esophagus mucosa is marked by conical, pointed papillae. The stomach comprises three regions, the cardiac, fundic, and pyloric and is covered by neutral mucous granular cells. The intestinal mucosa presents absorptive cells with microvilli, neutral and acidic goblet cells, and mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue. The SI is significantly longer than the LI (p value = 0.006841). These morphological findings are strong indications of adaptations to a carnivorous diet in this hawksbill turtle age group.
ABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Comparative studies of kidney morphophysiology in nonhuman primates can help us investigate interspecies differences in growth and aging patterns. METHODS: We tested the effect of age and sex in renal morphophysiology in 21 Alouatta caraya and 21 Sapajus apella (age range = 0.5-26 years) by ultrasound, red blood cell (RBC) count, and kidney function tests. RESULTS: A. caraya had greater growth rate and absolute renal volume than S. apella, but the latter showed a greater relative renal volume and RBC count. There was a negative relationship between RBC and age, a positive relationship between creatinine and body mass, and an apparent negative relationship between creatinine and age only in S. apella. CONCLUSIONS: Our results indicate that A. caraya has a faster aging mechanism than S. apella, and the higher relative kidney volume in S. apella is suggestive of high metabolic demands in this species.
Subject(s)
Alouatta caraya , Alouatta , Alouatta/physiology , Animals , Creatinine , Kidney/diagnostic imaging , Kidney/physiology , Primates , Sapajus apellaABSTRACT
Bee colony health is declining as a result of several factors, including exposure to pesticides. The development and strength of honey bee colonies depend on the reproductive success of queen bees. Because flowers are sources of food for bees, foragers can accidentally collect and carry contaminated pollen and nectar to their hives; and this may compromise the longevity and the life span of individuals. Thus, the present study aimed to observe the action of imidacloprid in the midgut and ovaries of Apis mellifera queens, as well as the effects on sperm stored in their spermatheca. To this end, the apiary was divided into three experimental groups: control, commercial imidacloprid, and active ingredient imidacloprid. For toxicity assays, a sucrose solution containing 1 µg/L of imidacloprid was offered to the colonies for 42 days. A control group received only food in the same period. In both treatments with imidacloprid, the midgut of queens showed modifications in the external musculature and cellular alterations. Such changes could lead to the nonrecovery of the epithelium and subsequently malabsorption of nutrients. Moreover, the digestive cells of queen bees exposed to the commercial imidacloprid presented pyknotic nuclei, suggesting a cell death process. The main alterations observed in the ovaries of these reproductive bees treated with commercial imidacloprid were degeneration and resorption of the ovariole content, which probably affected their fertilization and colony development. There were no significant changes in the spermatozoa morphology for both treatments with imidacloprid, but this insecticide may interfere with the development and reproductive success of A. mellifera colonies because it affects the morphology and function of essential organs for the survival of queens. Environ Toxicol Chem 2022;41:1637-1648. SETAC.
Subject(s)
Insecticides , Ovary , Animals , Bees , Female , Insecticides/toxicity , Male , Neonicotinoids/toxicity , Nitro Compounds/toxicity , Seeds , Spermatozoa/physiologyABSTRACT
Pfaffia glomerata possesses potential pharmacological and medicinal properties, mainly owing to the secondary metabolite 20-hydroxyecdysone (20E). Increasing production of biomass and 20E is important for industrial purposes. This study aimed to evaluate the influence of irradiance on plant morphology and production of 20E in P. glomerata grown in vitro. Nodal segments of accessions 22 and 43 (Ac22 and Ac43) were inoculated in culture medium containing MS salts and vitamins. Cultures were maintained at 25 ± 2 °C under a 16-h photoperiod and subjected to irradiance treatments of 65, 130, and 200 µmol m-2 s-1 by fluorescent lamps. After 30 days, growth parameters, pigment content, stomatal density, in vitro photosynthesis, metabolites content, and morphoanatomy were assessed. Notably, Ac22 plants exhibited 10-fold higher 20E production when cultivated at 200 µmol m-2 s-1 than at 65 µmol m-2 s-1, evidencing the importance of light quantity for the accumulation of this metabolite. 20E production was twice as high in Ac22 as in Ac43 plants although both accessions responded positively to higher irradiance. Growth under 200 µmol m-2 s-1 stimulated photosynthesis and consequent biomass accumulation, but lowered carotenoids and anthocyanins. Furthermore, increasing irradiance enhanced the number of palisade and spongy parenchyma cells, enhancing the overall growth of P. glomerata. Graphical abstract.
Subject(s)
Amaranthaceae/chemistry , Photosynthesis/genetics , In Vitro TechniquesABSTRACT
Bats belong to the order Chiroptera, family Phyllostomidae, and present a wide diversity of reproductive strategies. However, information on the reproductive biology of male bats is scarce, mainly in the Northeast Region of Brazil. Thus, this study evaluated the seasonal testicular histomorphometry of the bat Carollia perspicillata in fragments of the Atlantic Forest in Pernambuco state. To this end, adult males were collected, euthanized for removal of the testicles, and later submitted to a routine histological technique. Histomorphometric analysis included assessment of the areas of tubular and intertubular compartment occupation, as well as quantification of spermatocytes, rounded spermatids, elongated spermatids, and Sertoli and Leydig cells. Results indicated that this bat species presents reproductive seasonality, because significantly higher averages of the testicular parameters were observed in the rainy season, which is a period of greater availability of food resources. Such inferences indicate that there is a synchrony between peak spermatogenesis and hormonal inversion in the months of high precipitation; furthermore, a higher carrying capacity of the Sertoli cells is noted. C. perspicillata males possibly present greater sperm and androgenic activity in the rainy season, associated with increased tubular area and number of spermatogenic cells, as well as with the intertubular area and number of Leydig cells, respectively.(AU)
Os morcegos pertencem a ordem Chiroptera, família Phyllostomidae, e apresentam ampla diversidade de estratégias reprodutivas. Entretanto, as informações relacionadas à biologia reprodutiva dos machos são escassas, principalmente no Nordeste do Brasil. Dessa forma, o trabalho avaliou a histomorfometria sazonal testicular de Carollia perspicillata em fragmentos de Mata Atlântica de Pernambuco. Para tanto, os machos adultos foram coletados, eutanasiados para a remoção dos testículos, e posteriormente submetidos à técnica histológica de rotina. As análises histomorfométricas avaliaram as áreas de ocupação do compartimento tubular e intertubular, assim como a quantificação dos espermatócitos, espermátides arredondadas, espermátides alongadas, células de Sertoli e de Leydig. Os resultados indicaram que a espécie apresenta sazonalidade reprodutiva, visto que maiores médias significativas dos parâmetros testiculares foram encontradas na estação chuvosa, que é um período de maior disponibilidade de recursos alimentares. Tais inferências indicam que existe uma sincronia entre o pico de espermatogênese e investimento hormonal nos meses de alta precipitação, atrelado a isso, nota-se ainda, uma maior capacidade de suporte das células de Sertoli. Os machos de C. perspicillata possivelmente apresentam uma maior atividade espermática e androgênica na estação chuvosa, associadas ao aumento da área tubular e do número de células espermatogênicas, assim como da área intertubular e do número das células de Leydig, respectivamente.(AU)
Subject(s)
Animals , Seasons , Chiroptera/anatomy & histology , Chiroptera/physiologyABSTRACT
Bats belong to the order Chiroptera, family Phyllostomidae, and present a wide diversity of reproductive strategies. However, information on the reproductive biology of male bats is scarce, mainly in the Northeast Region of Brazil. Thus, this study evaluated the seasonal testicular histomorphometry of the bat Carollia perspicillata in fragments of the Atlantic Forest in Pernambuco state. To this end, adult males were collected, euthanized for removal of the testicles, and later submitted to a routine histological technique. Histomorphometric analysis included assessment of the areas of tubular and intertubular compartment occupation, as well as quantification of spermatocytes, rounded spermatids, elongated spermatids, and Sertoli and Leydig cells. Results indicated that this bat species presents reproductive seasonality, because significantly higher averages of the testicular parameters were observed in the rainy season, which is a period of greater availability of food resources. Such inferences indicate that there is a synchrony between peak spermatogenesis and hormonal inversion in the months of high precipitation; furthermore, a higher carrying capacity of the Sertoli cells is noted. C. perspicillata males possibly present greater sperm and androgenic activity in the rainy season, associated with increased tubular area and number of spermatogenic cells, as well as with the intertubular area and number of Leydig cells, respectively.(AU)
Os morcegos pertencem a ordem Chiroptera, família Phyllostomidae, e apresentam ampla diversidade de estratégias reprodutivas. Entretanto, as informações relacionadas à biologia reprodutiva dos machos são escassas, principalmente no Nordeste do Brasil. Dessa forma, o trabalho avaliou a histomorfometria sazonal testicular de Carollia perspicillata em fragmentos de Mata Atlântica de Pernambuco. Para tanto, os machos adultos foram coletados, eutanasiados para a remoção dos testículos, e posteriormente submetidos à técnica histológica de rotina. As análises histomorfométricas avaliaram as áreas de ocupação do compartimento tubular e intertubular, assim como a quantificação dos espermatócitos, espermátides arredondadas, espermátides alongadas, células de Sertoli e de Leydig. Os resultados indicaram que a espécie apresenta sazonalidade reprodutiva, visto que maiores médias significativas dos parâmetros testiculares foram encontradas na estação chuvosa, que é um período de maior disponibilidade de recursos alimentares. Tais inferências indicam que existe uma sincronia entre o pico de espermatogênese e investimento hormonal nos meses de alta precipitação, atrelado a isso, nota-se ainda, uma maior capacidade de suporte das células de Sertoli. Os machos de C. perspicillata possivelmente apresentam uma maior atividade espermática e androgênica na estação chuvosa, associadas ao aumento da área tubular e do número de células espermatogênicas, assim como da área intertubular e do número das células de Leydig, respectivamente.(AU)
Subject(s)
Animals , Seasons , Chiroptera/anatomy & histology , Chiroptera/physiologyABSTRACT
The morphology of the ruminal and omasal mucosa and hepatic parenchyma of 44 young bulls submitted to four types of concentrates were evaluated by varying the inclusion level of crude Glycerin - CG (0, 6, 12 and 18%). The variables evaluated were number of ruminal papillae per cm² of wall; area of the papillae and total absorption surface per cm² of wall; Mitotic index - MI, height and area of ruminal and omasal papillae; and hepatic morphology. The samples processed for inclusion in paraffin and stained with Hematoxylin-Eosin. The different levels of inclusion of CG in the diet did not interfere either in the number of papillae per cm2 of rumen wall (P= 0,70) or in the ruminal absorptive surface area (P= 0,89). Animals that received diets with levels 12 and 18% had higher MI of the ruminal epithelium (P< 0.01), but higher cell proliferation wasn't reflected in height gain and papillary area (P= 0,82). The omasal mucosa wasn't influenced by the inclusion of CG (MI e height gain and papillary area, P= 0,43, P= 0,56 e P= 0,9, respectively). The inclusion of GB in up to 18% of diet dry matter didn't alter the morphology of the rumen and omaso mucosa; and the integrity hepatic parenchyma.(AU)
Subject(s)
Animals , Cattle , Omasum/anatomy & histology , Rumen/anatomy & histology , Ruminants/anatomy & histology , Glycerol/administration & dosage , Liver/anatomy & histologyABSTRACT
Introducción: La necesidad de la educación científica de todos los profesionales de la salud, para situarlos a la altura de la época en que viven, exige prestar atención explícita a la educación en el trabajo. Existe consenso en que no abundan los ejemplos de trabajos que expresen las exigencias que debe cumplir la educación en el trabajo en el primer año de la carrera de medicina para lograr la vinculación de los contenidos de la asignatura Morfofisiología I con la situación de salud de la comunidad. Objetivo: Proponer el diseño de una estrategia metodológica para la vinculación de los contenidos de la asignatura Morfofisiología I con la situación de salud durante la educación en el trabajo en el primer año de la carrera de medicina. Métodos: Se emplearon modelos de investigación cuantitativos y cualitativos. Se utilizaron métodos empíricos y teóricos y procedimientos estadísticos. El universo estuvo constituido los profesores que impartieron docencia a primer año en los consultorios del Policlínico Norte en el municipio Sancti Spìritus durante el curso 2015-2016. La propuesta se sustentó teóricamente en las concepciones psicológicas y pedagógicas actuales, se constató que existen dificultades de carácter metodológico. Resultados: La propuesta se presentó en forma de acciones a desarrollar por los profesores para la vinculación de los contenidos de la asignatura Morfofisiología I con la situación de salud de la comunidad. Las acciones propuestas se establecen en los tres momentos de la actividad docente: planificación, ejecución y control. Conclusiones: Se caracterizó la educación en el trabajo del primer año de la carrera de medicina, en el área de salud del policlínico Norte de la ciudad de Sancti Spíritus en el curso 2015-2016, lo que permitió identificar los elementos a tener en cuenta en la integración de los conocimientos y habilidades de la asignatura Morfofisiología I con la situación de salud de la comunidad(AU)
Introduction: The need for scientific education of all health professionals, in order to set their performance based on the quality of current times, requires explicit attention to education at work. There is a consensus that there are not many examples of works that show the demands that education at work must meet in the first academic year of the medical major aimed at attaining the association between the contents of the subject Morphophysiology I and the health situation of the community. Objective: To propose the design of a methodological strategy for linking the contents of the subject Morphophysiology I with the health situation during education at work in the first academic year of the medical major. Methods: Quantitative and qualitative research models were used. Empirical and theoretical methods as well as statistical procedures were used. The study population was made up by the professors who taught in the first academic year in the family doctor offices of Policlínico Norte in Sancti Spíritus Municipality during the academic year 2015-2016. The proposal was based theoretically on current psychological and pedagogical conceptions, while methodological difficulties were found. Results: The proposal was presented as actions to be developed by the professors in order to link the contents of the subject Morphophysiology I with the health situation of the community. The proposed actions are established in the three moments of the teaching activity: planning, execution and control. Conclusions: Education at work of the first academic year of the medical major was characterized in the health area of ââPoliclínico Norte of Sancti Spíritus in the academic year 2015-2016, which allowed identifying the elements to be taken into account in the integration of knowledge and skills from the subject Morphophysiology I with the health situation of the community(AU)
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Physiology , Diagnosis of Health Situation , Biological Science Disciplines/educationABSTRACT
The Rhipicephalus sanguineus is considered a species of medical and veterinary importance. The feeding process of these animals occurs due to the combined action of their mouthparts and the saliva produced by the salivary glands, vital organs for the biological success of the ticks. In addition, these glands act as storage sites for the pathogens transmitted to the host through the inoculation of the saliva. In this sense, the present study had the objective to analyze the behavior of male Wistar rat hepatic cells submitted to in vivo application of the salivary gland extract (SGE) obtained from R. sanguineus female ticks. The study involved five groups (four male adults each): CG (non-inoculated individuals); PBS1 (one phosphate buffer saline injection); PBS2 (two PBS injections); SGE1 (one injection of SGE at 0.04 µg/µL) and SGE2 (two injections of SGE at 0.04 µg/µL). After the exposures, the livers were removed and submitted to the following histological and histochemical stains: HE, toluidine blue, Xylidine Ponceau, alcian blue/PAS, and osmium-imidazole. The results showed that both the PBS and the SGE caused hepatic moderate alterations, such as: (a) emergence of lipid plaques among the hepatic cords; (b) cytoplasmic vacuolation of the hepatic cells; (c) hepatocytes showing pyknotic nuclei; (d) presence of homogeneous or granular secretion in the cytoplasm of the hepatocytes. Despite the slight morphological alterations observed in the hepatic cells and tissue, the latter did not show signs of disorganization after the exposure to the extracts.
Subject(s)
Hepatocytes/pathology , Rhipicephalus sanguineus/metabolism , Saliva/metabolism , Salivary Glands/metabolism , Tissue Extracts/administration & dosage , Animals , Cell Nucleus/pathology , Female , Liver/pathology , Male , Rats , Rats, Wistar , Vacuoles/pathologyABSTRACT
Apis mellifera perform important pollination roles in agroecosystems. However, there is often intensive use of systemic pesticides in crops, which can be carried to the colony by forage bees through the collection of contaminated pollen and nectar. Inside the colony, pollen loads are stored by bees that add honey and several enzymes to this pollen. Nevertheless, intra-colonial chronic exposure could induce sublethal effects in young bees exposed to a wide range of pesticides present in these pollen loads. This study was aimed to both determine the survival rate and evaluate the sublethal effects on the hepato-nephrocitic system in response to continuous oral exposure to lower concentrations of neonicotinoid thiamethoxam (TXT) and picoxystrobin fungicide (PXT). Exposure to a single chemical and co-exposure to both pesticides were performed in newly emerged honeybee workers. A significant decrease in the bee survival rates was observed following exposure to TXT (0.001 ng a.i./µL) and PXT (0.018 ng a.i./µL), as well as following co-exposure to TXT+PXT/2. After five days of continuous exposure, TXT induced sub-lethal effects in the organs involved in the detoxification of xenobiotics, such as the fat body and pericardial cells, and it also induced a significant increase in the hemocyte number. Thus, the hepato-nephrocitic system (HNS) reached the greatest level of activity of pericardial cells as an attempt to eliminate this toxic compound from hemolymph. The HNS was activated at low levels by PXT without an increase in the hemocyte number; however, the mobilization of neutral glycoconjugates from the trophocytes of the fat body was prominent only in this group. TXT and PXT co-exposure induced intermediary morphological effects in trophocytes and pericardial cells, but oenocytes from the fat body presented with atypical cytoplasm granulation only in this group. These data showed that the realistic concentrations of these pesticides are harmful to newly emerged Africanized honeybees, indicating that intra-colonial chronic exposure drastically reduces the longevity of bees exposed to neonicotinoid insecticide (TXT) and the fungicide strobilurin (PXT) as in single and co-exposure. Additionally, the sublethal effects observed in the organs constituting the HNS suggest that the activation of this system, even during exposure to low concentrations of theses pesticides, is an attempt to maintain homeostasis of the bees. These data together are alarming because these pesticides can affect the performance of the entire colony.
Subject(s)
Bees/drug effects , Digestive System/drug effects , Longevity/drug effects , Neonicotinoids/toxicity , Nitro Compounds/toxicity , Oxazines/toxicity , Strobilurins/toxicity , Thiazoles/toxicity , Animals , Crops, Agricultural/chemistry , Fat Body/chemistry , Hemolymph/chemistry , Pericardium/chemistry , Pericardium/cytology , Pesticides/toxicity , Pollen/chemistry , ThiamethoxamABSTRACT
Throughout pregnancy, maternal hemodynamic adaptation is needed to ensure proper uterine perfusion and fetal development. When the uteroplacental vascular system is formed, starting with reduced resistance to uterine arterial flow, this results in decreased total vascular resistance, an activation of neuroendocrine vasoactive peptides, an increase in circulating blood and changes in the cardiovascular system morphophysiology to respond to the increasing demands of uterine perfusion. There has been considerable study of hemodynamic adaptation in pregnant women and this assessment has become a diagnostic tool for fatal obstetric disorders. However, in bitches the available information in this regard is limited; therefore a parallel was drawn between other species of animals and women, in order to subsidize the paucity of information about this process and facilitate the understanding of maternal-fetal hemodynamic adaptation in pregnant bitches. This review and literature analysis aimed/ to discuss morphophysiological cardiovascular adaptations during pregnancy and the possible disorders that can affect this process in pregnant female dogs.
Durante a gestação, a adaptação hemodinâmica materna é necessária para garantir adequada perfusão uterina e desenvolvimento fetal. A formação de um leito vascular uteroplacentário a partir da redução na resistência ao fluxo da artéria uterina reflete na diminuição da resistência vascular total, ativação de fatores neuroendócrinos vasoativos, aumento do volume de sangue circulante e modificações na morfofisiologia do sistema cardiovascular para responder as demandas crescentes de perfusão uterina. Em mulheres gestantes o estudo da adaptação hemodinâmica encontra-se bastante desenvolvido e esta avaliação tem se convertido em uma ferramenta diagnóstica de desordens obstétricas que podem comprometer a relação do binômio materno-fetal. Não obstante, em cadelas a informação disponível a este respeito é limitada e por isso traçou-se um paralelo entre outras espécies de animais e mulheres, de maneira que subsidiassem a carência de informações a este respeito e facilitassem o processo de compreensão da adaptação hemodinâmica materno-fetal em cadelas gestantes. Esta revisão e análise da literatura visa abordar a adaptação morfofisiológica cardiovascular frente à gestação e as possíveis desordens que possam acometer este processo em cães.
Subject(s)
Female , Animals , Pregnancy , Dogs , Placental Circulation , Hemodynamics , Uterus/anatomy & histology , Uterus/blood supplyABSTRACT
Throughout pregnancy, maternal hemodynamic adaptation is needed to ensure proper uterine perfusion and fetal development. When the uteroplacental vascular system is formed, starting with reduced resistance to uterine arterial flow, this results in decreased total vascular resistance, an activation of neuroendocrine vasoactive peptides, an increase in circulating blood and changes in the cardiovascular system morphophysiology to respond to the increasing demands of uterine perfusion. There has been considerable study of hemodynamic adaptation in pregnant women and this assessment has become a diagnostic tool for fatal obstetric disorders. However, in bitches the available information in this regard is limited; therefore a parallel was drawn between other species of animals and women, in order to subsidize the paucity of information about this process and facilitate the understanding of maternal-fetal hemodynamic adaptation in pregnant bitches. This review and literature analysis aimed\ to discuss morphophysiological cardiovascular adaptations during pregnancy and the possible disorders that can affect this process in pregnant female dogs.(AU)
Durante a gestação, a adaptação hemodinâmica materna é necessária para garantir adequada perfusão uterina e desenvolvimento fetal. A formação de um leito vascular uteroplacentário a partir da redução na resistência ao fluxo da artéria uterina reflete na diminuição da resistência vascular total, ativação de fatores neuroendócrinos vasoativos, aumento do volume de sangue circulante e modificações na morfofisiologia do sistema cardiovascular para responder as demandas crescentes de perfusão uterina. Em mulheres gestantes o estudo da adaptação hemodinâmica encontra-se bastante desenvolvido e esta avaliação tem se convertido em uma ferramenta diagnóstica de desordens obstétricas que podem comprometer a relação do binômio materno-fetal. Não obstante, em cadelas a informação disponível a este respeito é limitada e por isso traçou-se um paralelo entre outras espécies de animais e mulheres, de maneira que subsidiassem a carência de informações a este respeito e facilitassem o processo de compreensão da adaptação hemodinâmica materno-fetal em cadelas gestantes. Esta revisão e análise da literatura visa abordar a adaptação morfofisiológica cardiovascular frente à gestação e as possíveis desordens que possam acometer este processo em cães.(AU)