The hidden link: How oral and respiratory microbiomes affect multiple sclerosis.

BACKGROUND: Extensive research has explored the role of gut microbiota in multiple sclerosis (MS). However, the impact of microbial communities in the oral cavity and respiratory tract on MS is an emerging area of investigation. PURPOSE: We aimed to review the current literature related to the nasal, oral, and lung microbiota in people with MS (PwMS). METHODS: We conducted a narrative review of clinical and preclinical original studies on PubMed that explored the relationship between the bacterial or viral composition of the nasal, lung, and oral microbiota and MS. Additionally, to find relevant studies not retrieved initially, we also searched for references in related review papers, as well as the references cited within the included studies. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS: Thirteen studies were meticulously reviewed in three sections; oral microbiota (n = 8), nasal microbiota (n = 3), and lung microbiota (n = 2), highlighting considerable alterations in the oral and respiratory microbiome of PwMS compared to healthy controls (HCs). Genera like Aggregatibacter and Streptococcus were less abundant in the oral microbiota of PwMS compared to HCs, while Staphylococcus, Leptotrichia, Fusobacterium, and Bacteroides showed increased abundance in PwMS. Additionally, the presence of specific bacteria, including Streptococcus sanguinis, within the oral microbiota was suggested to influence Epstein-Barr virus reactivation, a well-established risk factor for MS. Studies related to the nasal microbiome indicated elevated levels of specific Staphylococcus aureus toxins, as well as nasal glial cell infection with human herpes virus (HHV)-6 in PwMS. Emerging research on lung microbiome in animal models demonstrated that manipulating the lung microbiome towards lipopolysaccharide-producing bacteria might suppress MS symptoms. These findings open avenues for potential therapeutic strategies. However, further research is crucial to fully understand the complex interactions between the microbiome and MS. This will help identify the most effective timing, bacterial strains, and modulation techniques.

Epidemiological investigation of foot-and-mouth disease outbreaks in a Vietnamese bear rescue centre.

Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) outbreaks affecting Asiatic black bears (Ursus thibetanus) and a Malayan sun bear (Helarctos malayanus) were previously reported in 2011 in two housing facilities at a Vietnamese bear rescue centre. In this study, demographic data of all animals housed in the centre at the time of the outbreaks (n = 79) were collected. Blood samples drawn from 23 bears at different timepoints were tested for FMDV-specific antibodies targeting using a non-structural protein (NSP) ELISA and by virus neutralisation test (VNT). The relationship between seroconversion and clinical signs was explored and epidemic curves and transmission diagrams were generated for each outbreak, where FMD cases were defined as animals showing FMD clinical signs. Outbreak-specific attack rates were 18.75 and 77.77%, with corresponding basic reproduction numbers of 1.11 and 1.92, for the first and second outbreaks, respectively. Analyses of risk factors showed that after adjusting for sex there was strong evidence for a decrease in odds of showing clinical signs per year of age. All samples collected from bears before the outbreak tested negative to NSP and VNT. All cases tested positive to VNT following onset of clinical signs and remained positive during the rest of the follow up period, while only 6 out of 17 cases tested positive to NSP after developing clinical signs. Six animals without clinical signs were tested post outbreaks; five seroconverted using VNT and three animals were seropositive using NSP ELISA. This study provides initial epidemiological parameters of FMD in captive bears, showing that FMDV is easily spread between bears in close proximity and can cause clinical and subclinical disease, both of which appear to induce rapid and long-lasting immunity.

A Rare Case of Sublingual Lipoma.

Lipomas are benign soft tissue tumors that are ubiquitous in nature. Available literature suggests that benign tumors are harmless unless they increase in size, resulting in compression of vital structures. This case report discusses the case of a 52-year-old man who presented to the clinic with a painless, growing lump on the right side of his mouth. The patient's symptoms included difficulty swallowing and speaking, which led the doctors to recommend surgical excision of the mass. There were no issues during the mass removal surgery, and the incision healed without compromising the lingual or hypoglossal nerves or Wharton's duct, as observed during follow-up visits. Patient history, symptoms, preoperative examination, treatment strategy, and surgical technique are all included in this case study, which focuses on the extremely unusual development of lipomas in the oral cavity, particularly on the floor of the mouth.

Accuracy and time efficiency of conventional and digital outlining of extensions of denture foundation on preliminary casts.

PURPOSE: The purpose of this diagnostic study was to assess the accuracy and time efficiency of a digital method to draw the denture foundation extension outline on preliminary casts compared with the conventional technique. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 28 preliminary edentulous casts with no anatomical landmarks were digitized using a laboratory scanner. The outlining of the entire basal seat of the denture was performed on preliminary casts and digitized. Casts with no extension outline were digitized and outlines were drawn using software (DWOS, Straumann). The accuracy of the extension outlined between both techniques was evaluated in the software (GOM Inspect; GOM GmbH) by file superimposition. Specificity and sensitivity tests were applied to measure accuracy. The paired t-test (95% CI) was used to compare the mean total area and the working time. RESULTS: The accuracy ranged from 0.57 to 0.92. The buccal and labial frenulum showed a lower value in the maxilla (0.57); while the area between the retromolar pad and buccal frenulum (0.64) showed a lower score in the mandible. The maxillary denture foundation and the working time for both arches were significantly longer for the digital method (P < .001). CONCLUSION: The denture foundation extension outline exhibited a sufficiently excellent accuracy for the digital method, except for the maxillary anterior region. However, the digital method required a longer working time.

Safety of propofol-assisted deep extubation in the dental treatment of children-a retrospective, observational study.

PURPOSE: Awake extubation and deep extubation are commonly used anesthesia techniques. In this study, the safety of propofol-assisted deep extubation in the dental treatment of children was assessed. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Children with severe caries who received dental treatment under general anesthesia and deep extubation between January 2017 and June 2023 were included in this study. Data were collected on the following variables: details and time of anesthesia, perioperative vital signs, and incidence of postoperative complications. The incidence of laryngeal spasm (LS) was considered to be the primary observation indicator. RESULTS: The perioperative data obtained from 195 children undergoing dental treatment was reviewed. The median age was 4.2 years (range: 2.3 to 9.6 years), and the average duration of anesthesia was 2.56 h (range 1 to 4.5 h). During intubation with a videoscope, purulent mucus was found in the pharyngeal cavity of seven children (3.6%); LS occurred in five of them (2.6%), and one child developed a fever (T = 37.8 °C) after discharge. Five children (2.6%) experienced emergence agitation (EA) in the recovery room. Also, 13 children (6.7%) experienced epistaxis; 10 had a mild experience and three had a moderate experience. No cases of airway obstruction (AO) and hypoxemia were recorded. The time to open eyes (TOE) was 16.3 ± 7.2 min. The incidence rate of complications was 23/195 (11.8%). Emergency tracheal reintubation was not required. Patients with mild upper respiratory tract infections showed a significantly higher incidence of complications (P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Propofol-assisted deep extubation is a suitable technique that can be used for pediatric patients who exhibited non-cooperation in the outpatient setting. Epistaxis represents the most frequently encountered complication. Preoperative upper respiratory tract infection significantly increases the risk of complications. The occurrence of EA was notably lower than reported in other studies.

First detection of multiple cases related to CV-A16 strain of B1c clade in Beijing in 2022.

Coxsackievirus A16 (CV-A16) is a significant etiologic agent of hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD) and herpangina (HA), with the capacity to progress to severe complications, including encephalitis, aseptic meningitis, acute flaccid paralysis, myocarditis, and other critical conditions. Beijing's epidemiological surveillance system, established in 2008, encompasses 29 hospitals and 16 district disease control centers. From 2019 to 2021, the circulation of CV-A16 was characterized by the co-circulation of B1a and B1b clades. Multiple cases of HFMD linked to clade B1c has not been reported in Beijing until 2022. This study enrolled 400 HFMD and 493 HA cases. Employing real-time RT-PCR, 368 enterovirus-positive cases were identified, with 180 selected for sequencing. CV-A16 was detected in 18.89% (34/180) of the cases, second only to CV-A6, identified in 63.33% (114/180). Full-length VP1 gene sequences were successfully amplified and sequenced in 22 cases, revealing the presence of clades B1a, B1b, and B1c in 14, 3, and 5 cases, respectively. A cluster of five B1c clade cases occurred between June 29 and July 17, 2022, within a 7-km diameter region in Shunyi District. Phylogenetic analysis of five complete VP1 gene sequences and two full-genome sequences revealed close clustering with the 2018 Indian strain (GenBank accession: MH780757.1) within the B1c India branch, with NCBI BLAST results showing over 98% similarity. Comparative sequence analysis identified three unique amino acid variations (P3S, V25A, and I235V). The 2022 Shunyi District HFMD cases represent the first instances of spatiotemporally correlated CV-A16 B1c clade infections in Beijing, underscoring the necessity for heightened surveillance of B1c clade CV-A16 in HFMD and HA in this region.

Oral discomfort and health behavior of patients with typical vs. atypical antipsychotic drugs.

Introduction: Psychiatric patients suffer from oral diseases and side effects of antipsychotic medication. In particular, the typical antipsychotic drugs may cause severe hyposalivation with subsequent oral symptoms. We therefore aimed to compare oral health behavior and oral side effects of in-hospital patients taking typical vs. atypical antipsychotic drugs with the hypothesis that the former drugs cause more oral pain than the newer drugs. Methods: This cross-sectional questionnaire and interview study investigated subjective oral symptoms and their health behavior in 170 hospitalized psychiatric patients, comparing those taking typical vs. atypical antipsychotic drugs. Cross-tabulations and chi-square tests were used for analyses. Results: Persistent oral pain lasting throughout the day was reported by 46% in the typical, and 5% in the atypical antipsychotic group patients, respectively. In both groups, the pain was mainly in the tongue and buccal mucosa and was described as a burning sensation. A significantly higher prevalence of xerostomia was reported in the typical antipsychotic medication group (66%) compared with the atypical antipsychotic medication group (53%, p<0.01). Self-assessed dental health was assessed as poor by two-thirds of the patients of whom 69% reported toothbrushing once daily. Approximately half of them reported having had a visit to a dentist within the previous year. Of the women 28%, and of the men 17%, respectively, had received professional consultations for oral symptoms. Conclusion: The current results on psychiatrically hospitalized patients emphasize the need for awareness of oral discomfort and its subsequent effects on the quality of life in this challenging patient group. Focus should also be placed on a wide range of support encouraging the patients to maintain good daily oral hygiene and seek professional dental help when needed.

Economic losses due to foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) in Ethiopian cattle.

Ethiopia's cattle population is among the largest in Africa and is burdened by frequent foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) outbreaks. FMD is caused by several distinct and highly contagious viral strains that can result in acute disease in cattle, causing losses in productivity and impeding international trade. This economic simulation study considered four main sources of losses due to FMD in cattle: reduced milk yield, draft power yield, fertility, and increased mortality. Economic losses were estimated per case across age-sex strata in 89 Ethiopian administrative zones for the years 2010-2021 using a wide range of data to estimate distributions for 30 input variables in a series of Monte Carlo simulations. It was estimated that an average case of FMD in Ethiopian cattle results in losses (mean values reported followed 95 % confidence intervals in brackets) of US dollars (USD) 11 (USD 7-USD 16) per case. Losses resulting from an average outbreak were estimated to be USD 2300 (USD 1400-USD 3300), while national annual losses were estimated to be USD 0.9 Mil. (USD 0.2 Mil.-USD 2.3 Mil.). Per cow-year, based on a national cow population of approximately 39 Mil. head, these estimated annual losses are equivalent to losses of only USD 0.02 (USD 0.01-USD 0.06). Nationally, these losses were significantly less than previously estimated in the literature, with currently estimated losses more accurately reflecting the economic burden of FMD in Ethiopian cattle over the past decade. The relatively small estimated losses suggest that control efforts based on widespread vaccination in countries with primarily extensive cattle production systems, such as Ethiopia, are unlikely to be economically sound. Sensitivity analyses suggested losses would be far greater in intensive systems, and that certainty surrounding incidence rates is paramount to the formulation of economically sound animal healthpolicy in regions with endemic FMD.

Soft tissue inflammation around upper third molar cause limited mouth opening: common but overlooked.

OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to explore inflammation of soft tissue around the upper third molar as a prevalent cause of limited mouth opening, identify the clinical and radiographic features, and summarize the therapeutic effectiveness of tooth extraction. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A retrospective analysis of data from 264 patients with limited mouth opening over the last five years was performed. RESULTS: Among the 264 patients, 24 (9.1%) had inflammation of the soft tissue around the upper third molar, which was the second most common cause of limited mouth opening. Twenty-one of the twenty-four affected patients, with an average mouth opening of 19.1 ± 7.6 mm, underwent upper third molar extraction. Gingival tenderness around the upper third molar or maxillary tuberosity mucosa was a characteristic clinical manifestation (p < 0.05). The characteristic features on maxillofacial CT included soft tissue swelling around the upper third molar and gap narrowing between the maxillary nodules and the mandibular ascending branch. Post extraction, the average mouth opening increased to 31.4 ± 4.9 mm (p < 0.05), and follow-up CT demonstrated regression of the inflammatory soft tissue around the upper third molar. CONCLUSIONS: Inflammation of soft tissue around the upper third molar is a common cause of limited mouth opening. Symptoms of pain associated with the upper third molar and distinctive findings on enhanced maxillofacial CT scans are crucial for diagnosis. Upper third molar extraction yields favorable therapeutic outcomes. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Inflammation of the soft tissue around the maxillary third molar commonly causes limited mouth opening, but this phenomenon has long been overlooked. Clarifying this etiology can reduce the number of misdiagnosed patients with restricted mouth opening and enable more efficient treatment for patients.

State of art of micronuclei assay in exfoliative cytology as a clinical biomarker of genetic damage in oral carcinogenesis: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is the most common oral malignancy, often preceded by oral potentially malignant disorders (OPMDs). Currently, no clinical biomarker exists to predict malignancy, necessitating OPMD follow-up. Habits and environmental factors, such as smoking, and alcohol consumption, influence OSCC onset. Increased micronuclei (MNs) formation has been observed in the development of OSCC. Non-invasive diagnostic tests like exfoliative cytology offer painless and regular monitoring options. This study evaluates the impact of tobacco, alcohol, and pesticide exposure on MNs occurrence in exfoliative cytology-collected oral mucosal cells, assessing their potential as non-invasive biomarker for OSCC development prediction and monitoring in high-risk patients. Despite results from this meta-analysis supporting the existence of a stepwise increase from controls to patients with OPMD to OSCC, the translation of these findings into clinical practice is limited due to intra- and inter-individual heterogeneity, as well as methodological variability in MNs quantification. Various factors contribute to this heterogeneity, including demographic variables, methodological variability of different laboratories, staining techniques, sample collection location, and patient characteristics. All these points were discussed to provide further insights and improve standardization for future studies.

Evaluation of commercial ELISA kits' diagnostic specificity for FAST diseases in wild animals.

Wild animals, sharing pathogens with domestic animals, play a crucial role in the epidemiology of infectious diseases. Sampling from wild animals poses significant challenges, yet it is vital for inclusion in disease surveillance and monitoring programmes. Often, mass surveillance involves serological screenings using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) tests, typically validated only for domestic animals. This study assessed the diagnostic specificity of commercially available ELISA tests on 342 wild ruminant serum samples and 100 from wild boars. We evaluated three tests for foot-and-mouth disease: two for Peste des petits ruminants, two for Rift Valley fever and one for Capripox virus. Diagnostic specificity was calculated using the formula True Negative/(False Positive + True Negative). Cohen's kappa coefficient measured agreement between tests. Results showed high specificity and agreement across all tests. Specificity for foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) ranged from 93.89% for Prionics to 100% for IDEXX, with IDvet showing 99.6%. The highest agreement was between FMD IDvet and IDEXX at 97.1%. Rift Valley fever (RVF) tests, Ingezim and IDvet, achieved specificities of 100% and 98.83%, respectively. The optimal specificity was attained by retesting single reactors and inactivating the complement.Contribution: Commercially available ELISA kits are specific for foot-and-mouth disease and similar transboundary animal diseases and can be used for highly specific wild animal testing.

An evidence based immunohistochemical panel for diagnosing oral lymphoma along with a case series.

Oral lymphomas are rare and present a diagnostic challenge. Immunophenotyping is essential to decipher their biology and identify therapeutic targets. Histopathology can prove to be diagnostically difficult to type these lesions, and hence, immunohistochemistry (IHC) proves useful in deciphering their biology. Here, we present an evidence-based approach using a novel immunohistochemical marker panel to diagnose oral lymphomas by discussing four unique cases.

Capturing the smile: Exploring embodied and social acts of smiling.

Smiling is an embodied and complex social act. Smiling is presented as facilitating individual health and wellbeing, but the value placed on smiling raises questions about structural conditions acting on the body. While smiling has been considered sociologically, psychologically and historically, we argue that further exploration of the embodied smile offers fruitful avenues for future research. This article attempts to advance understanding of the smile and its importance by: (I) Bringing together literature on smiling as a social act and smiling as embodied. (II) Systematically identifying key themes, which recognise sociological insights and the relevance of oral health. (III) Pointing to useful directions for future sociological research into smiling. In this article, we review literature on body techniques; impression management and social interaction; gender, race and smiling; and emotional, aesthetic and affective labour. We move on to embodiment, considering the mouth as a body project and in relation to the ageing body, before reflecting on the significance of oral health and dentistry. We highlight future directions for sociological research on smiling, building on eight interrelated and cross-cutting themes: norms and expectations, aesthetic ideals, self and identity, health and wellbeing, body work, commodification and labour, inclusion and exclusion and resistance.

Biomarkers of epithelial-mesenchymal transition: E-cadherin and beta-catenin in malignant transformation of oral lesions.

Objective: Detecting oral lesions at high risk of becoming cancer may enable early interventions to prevent oral cancer. The diagnosis of dysplasia in an oral lesion is used to predict this risk but is subject to interobserver and intraobserver variability. Studying biomarkers or molecular markers that reflect underlying molecular alterations can serve as an additional and objective method of risk assessment. E-cadherin and beta-catenin, molecular markers of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), potentially contribute to early malignant progression in oral tissue. This narrative review provides an overview of EMT, its relation to oral cancer, and the interaction among E-cadherin, beta-catenin, and the Wnt pathway in malignant progression of oral tissue. Methods: Full-text literature on EMT, E-cadherin, beta-catenin, oral epithelial dysplasia, and oral cancer was retrieved from PubMed and Google Scholar. Results: Sixty original research articles, reviews, and consensus statements were selected for review. Discussion: EMT, a biological mechanism characterized by epithelial and mesenchymal changes, can contribute to cancer development. Molecular markers of EMT including TWIST, vimentin, and N-cadherin may serve as prognostic markers of oral cancer. Dependent on Wnt pathway activity and the loss of membranous E-cadherin, E-cadherin and beta-catenin can play various roles along the spectrum of malignant progression, including tumour inhibition, early tumour progression, and late-stage tumour progression. Cross-sectional immunohistochemical research has found changes in expression patterns of E-cadherin and beta-catenin from normal oral tissue, oral epithelial dysplasia, to oral squamous cell carcinoma. Conclusion: Future research should explore the longitudinal role of EMT markers in predicting malignant progression in oral tissue.

Objectif: La détection de lésions buccales présentant un risque élevé d'évoluer en cancer peut permettre des interventions précoces pour prévenir le cancer de la bouche. Le diagnostic de dysplasie dans le cas de lésions buccales sert à prédire ce risque, mais il est soumis à une variabilité d'un observateur à l'autre et avec le même observateur. L'étude de marqueurs biologiques ou de marqueurs moléculaires correspondant à des altérations moléculaires sous-jacentes peut constituer une méthode objective supplémentaire d'évaluation des risques. L'E-cadhérine et la bêta-caténine, des marqueurs moléculaires de la transition épithélio-mésenchymateuse (TEM), pourraient contribuer aux premières étapes de l'évolution maligne du tissu buccal. Cette revue narrative donne un aperçu de la TEM, de ses liens avec le cancer de la bouche et de l'interaction entre l'E-cadhérine, la bêta-caténine et la voie de signalisation Wnt dans l'évolution maligne du tissu buccal. Méthodes: On a obtenu le texte intégral d'études portant sur la TEM, l'E-cadhérine, la bêta-caténine, la dysplasie épithéliale buccale et le cancer de la bouche sur PubMed et Google Scholar. Résultats: Soixante articles sur des études originales, des revues et des déclarations de consensus ont été sélectionnés aux fins d'examen. Discussion: La TEM, un mécanisme biologique caractérisé par des changements épithéliaux et mésenchymateux, peut contribuer à l'apparition d'un cancer. Les marqueurs moléculaires de la TEM, notamment TWIST, la vimentine et la N-cadhérine, peuvent servir de marqueurs pronostiques du cancer de la bouche. En fonction de l'activité de la voie de signalisation Wnt et de la perte de l'E-cadhérine membraneuse, l'E-cadhérine et la bêta-caténine peuvent jouer divers rôles dans le spectre de l'évolution maligne, notamment l'inhibition tumorale, la progression tumorale précoce et l'évolution tumorale avancée. Des études transversales d'immunohistochimie ont révélé des changements dans les modèles d'expression de l'E-cadhérine et de la bêta-caténine avec le passage du tissu buccal normal, de la dysplasie épithéliale buccale au carcinome squameux de la bouche. Conclusion: À l'avenir, des études devraient explorer le rôle longitudinal des marqueurs de la TEM dans la prévision de l'évolution maligne dans les tissus buccaux.

Controversies regarding oral lichen planus and lichenoid-dysplastic lesions.

Objective: Oral lichen planus (OLP) is an immune-mediated condition featuring chronic inflammation. The World Health Organization classifies OLP as potentially malignant, but it is believed that the malignant transformation of OLP occurs in lesions with both lichenoid and dysplastic features (LD). This review discusses the issues surrounding OLP and LD, including their malignancy, classification, and categorization, and whether lichenoid inflammation causes dysplastic changes in LD or vice versa. Methods: English full-text literature on OLP, LD and/or dysplasia was retrieved from PubMed, CINAHL, and Google Scholar. Results: Thirty-six publications including original research articles, reviews, meta-analyses, books, reports, letters, and editorials were selected for review. Discussion: Research suggests that OLP has malignant potential, although small, and that LD should not be disregarded, as dysplasia presenting with or without lichenoid features may develop into cancer. There is also disagreement over the classification and categorization of LD. Different terms have been used to classify these lesions, including lichenoid dysplasia, OLP with dysplasia, and dysplasia with lichenoid features. Moreover, in LD, it is not clear if dysplasia or lichenoid infiltration appears first, and if inflammation is a response to dysplasia or if dysplasia is a response to the persistent inflammation. The main limitation in the literature is the inconsistency and subjective nature of histological diagnoses, which can lead to interobserver and intraobserver variation, ultimately resulting in the inaccurate diagnosis of OLP and LD. Conclusion: Although further research is required to understand OLP and LD, both lesions should be considered potentially malignant and should not be disregarded.

Objectif: Le lichen plan buccal (LPB) est une pathologie auto-immune qui se présente sous la forme d'une inflammation chronique. Selon la classification de l'Organisation mondiale de la santé, le LPB est une pathologie potentiellement maligne. Toutefois, on soupçonne que la transformation maligne du LPB se produit dans des lésions présentant à la fois des caractéristiques lichénoïdes et dysplasiques (LD). Cet examen porte sur les questions relatives au LPB et aux LD, notamment leur malignité, leur classification et leur catégorisation, et pour savoir si l'inflammation du lichénoïde entraîne des changements dysplasiques des LD ou vice versa. Méthodes: On a utilisé le texte intégral de documents rédigés en anglais sur le LPB, les LD et la dysplasie issus de PubMed, de CINAHL et de Google Scholar. Résultats: Trente-six publications, notamment des articles sur des études originales, des revues, des méta-analyses, des livres, des rapports, des lettres et des éditoriaux, ont été sélectionnées aux fins d'examen. Discussion: Des études suggèrent que le LPB est potentiellement malin, bien que ce potentiel soit faible, et que les LD ne doivent pas être ignorés : en effet, une dysplasie peut évoluer en cancer, qu'elle présente des caractéristiques lichénoïdes ou non. On constate également un désaccord quant à la classification et à la catégorisation des LD. Différents termes ont été utilisés pour la classification de ces lésions, notamment « dysplasie lichénoïde ¼, « LPB dysplasique ¼ et « dysplasie à caractéristiques lichénoïdes ¼. De plus, dans le cas des LD, on ne sait pas avec certitude si la dysplasie ou l'infiltration lichénoïde apparaît en premier, ni si l'inflammation découle de la dysplasie ou si la dysplasie est une conséquence de l'inflammation persistante. La principale limite de la littérature est due aux incohérences et à la nature subjective des diagnostics histologiques, qui peut entraîner des variations d'un observateur à l'autre ou même avec un même observateur, ce qui entraîne à terme des diagnostics erronés de LPB et de LD. Conclusion: Bien que d'autres études soient nécessaires pour comprendre le LPB et les LD, les lésions de ces 2 catégories doivent être considérées comme potentiellement malignes et ne doivent pas être ignorées.

Unmasking the Culprits: A Case of Epstein-Barr Virus-Associated Hemophagocytic Lymphohistiocytosis Presenting With Mouth Ulcers and Nosebleeds.

Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH) is an aggressive syndrome of excessive immune activation. It usually occurs in children, mainly during the first year of life. Primary hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis is more common and usually occurs in immunocompromised patients. Secondary hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis, on the other hand, is less common, especially in immunocompetent patients. Here, we intend to present a case of a 55-year-old male patient who had no known immune deficiency, presented with epistaxis, and was found to have Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-induced hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis.

A ferritin-based nanoparticle displaying a neutralizing epitope for foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) confers partial protection in guinea pigs.

BACKGROUND: Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is a devastating disease affecting cloven-hoofed animals, that leads to significant economic losses in affected countries and regions. Currently, there is an evident inclination towards the utilization of nanoparticles as powerful platforms for innovative vaccine development. Therefore, this study developed a ferritin-based nanoparticle (FNP) vaccine that displays a neutralizing epitope of foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) VP1 (aa 140-158) on the surface of FNP, and evaluated the immunogenicity and protective efficacy of these FNPs in mouse and guinea pig models to provide a strategy for developing potential FMD vaccines. RESULTS: This study expressed the recombinant proteins Hpf, HPF-NE and HPF-T34E via an E. coli expression system. The results showed that the recombinant proteins Hpf, Hpf-NE and Hpf-T34E could be effectively assembled into nanoparticles. Subsequently, we evaluated the immunogenicity of the Hpf, Hpf-NE and Hpf-T34E proteins in mice, as well as the immunogenicity and protectiveness of the Hpf-T34E protein in guinea pigs. The results of the mouse experiment showed that the immune efficacy in the Hpf-T34E group was greater than the Hpf-NE group. The results from guinea pigs immunized with Hpf-T34E showed that the immune efficacy was largely consistent with the immunogenicity of the FMD inactivated vaccine (IV) and could confer partial protection against FMDV challenge in guinea pigs. CONCLUSIONS: The Hpf-T34E nanoparticles stand out as a superior choice for a subunit vaccine candidate against FMD, offering effective protection in FMDV-infected model animals. FNP-based vaccines exhibit excellent safety and immunogenicity, thus representing a promising strategy for the continued development of highly efficient and safe FMD vaccines.

Oral Mucosa and Saliva Alterations Related to Vape.

OBJECTIVES: Electronic nicotine delivery systems (e-cigarette, pod, and vape) are currently among the tobacco consumption of adolescents and young adults. The aim is to show oral mucosa and saliva alterations related to vape. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A vape-user patient, presenting a white plaque in the posterior region of the hard palate, underwent clinical examination, sialometry, pH evaluation, and excisional biopsy of the white lesion. Molecular changes in saliva and vape liquid were analyzed by vibrational spectroscopy. RESULTS: The histopathological analyses showed hyperparakeratosis without dysplasia. Formaldehyde, ketones, and aromatic hydrocarbon species were identified in e-cig liquid by the FTIR. CONCLUSIONS: The use of vape may be related to the development of hyperkeratotic lesions in the oral mucosa as well as significantly modify the patient's salivary patterns as the vape liquid presents carcinogenic and cytotoxic components in its composition.

Factors influencing the cruisers in recommending onshore excursions in Gran Canaria.

This paper investigates which elements are the ones that most influence the cruise passenger to recommend the onshore excursions, offering relevant information that could help all stakeholders (cruise firms, local operators, politicians, etc.) to better design/adapt shore excursions to the expectations of the cruise passengers, increasing the positive impact of this activity in the destination. The latter is essential for the existence of a good harmony between the cruise ships visiting a destination and the population living there. To this aim, an ordered logit model was estimated using a sample of 1,059 questionnaires obtained during the period 2018-2020. The results have shown that cruise passengers are more likely to recommend the onshore excursions if their expectations regarding the excursion have been covered, they have perceived a good quality/price ratio and have had a satisfactory tour guide service. Moreover, the fact that the cruisers aged between 45 and 55 are less likely to recommend excursions could suggest that the design of existing excursions could be improved by being tailored by demographic characteristics (i.e., aged-oriented) or even by offering different alternatives for each group during the shore excursion when possible. The results could be useful to all stakeholders when designing excursions to increase the positive impact of this activity on the destination.