Evaluation of fisheries management strategies using a biotic integrity index in floodplain lakes in the lower Solimões River, Amazonas, Brazil / Avaliação da estratégia de manejo pesqueiro usando um índice de integridade biótica em lagos de várzea no baixo Rio Solimões, Amazonas, Brasil

Fisheries is an important activity in the Amazon basin and potentially has a high impact on ichthyofauna. With the aim of achieving sustainability in fisheries of target species, protected areas were established within a fisheries management framework known as the Amazon Lakes Management System (ALMS). With the aim to evaluate the effect of ALMS on fish assemblages as a whole, we compared floodplain lakes with different levels of fish management in the lower Solimões River, in the Brazilian Amazon, developing an index of biotic integrity, named ALMS-IBI. We sampled fish in three lake categories: protected (PR), managed (MN), and commercially fished (CM). The ALMS-IBI was developed by selecting and testing fish assemblage metrics based on samplings carried out in 2017 and 2018, using gillnets with different mesh sizes. We captured 4565 fish of 113 species and seven trophic categories. The final index is composed of seven metrics related to species richness, trophic structure, and fish abundance, and characterized the fish assemblage in the PR and MN lakes as acceptable, and in the CM lakes as poor. Our results indicate that the ALMS-IBI can be an efficient method to monitor the whole fish assemblage in Amazonian floodplain lakes, and can be used as a complementary tool in the ALMS to assess environmental sustainability.(AU)

A pesca é uma atividade importante na bacia amazônica e tem alto impacto potencial sobre a ictiofauna. Com o objetivo de alcançar sustentabilidade na atividade pesqueira de espécies focais, foram estabelecidas áreas protegidas no marco de um plano de manejo pesqueiro conhecido como Sistema de Manejo dos Lagos da Amazônia (ALMS). Com o objetivo de avaliar o efeito do ALMS sobre toda a assembleia de peixes, nós comparamos lagos de várzea com diferentes níveis de manejo pesqueiro no baixo rio Solimões, na Amazônia brasileira, desenvolvendo um índice de integridade biótica, denominado ALMS-IBI. Amostramos peixes em três categorias de lagos: protegidos (PR), manejados (MN) e de pesca comercial (CM). O ALMS-IBI foi desenvolvido por meio da seleção e teste de métricas das assembleias de peixes, com base em amostragens realizadas em 2017 e 2018, usando redes de emalhar com diferentes tamanhos de malha. Capturamos 4565 peixes de 113 espécies e sete categorias tróficas. O índice final está composto de sete métricas relacionadas à riqueza de espécies, estrutura trófica e abundância de peixes, e caracterizou a assembleia de peixes como regular nos lagos PR e MN, e como pobre nos lagos CM. Nossos resultados indicam que o ALMS-IBI pode ser um método eficiente para monitorar a assembleia de peixes como um todo em lagos de várzea amazônicos, e pode ser usado como uma ferramenta complementar para avaliar a sustentabilidade ambiental no ALMS.(AU)

Temporal Variability of Macroinvertebrate Assemblages in a Mediterranean Coastal Stream: Implications for Bioassessment.

Macroinvertebrates from a small forest stream in central-south Chile were sampled monthly from September 2017 to August 2018 to assess temporal variability in the assemblage and the effects of that variability on ecological indicators. Higher precipitation and flows occurred in winter months, and water quality varied among months. We collected 59 macroinvertebrate taxa, finding higher taxa richness and abundances in summer months than in winter months. Four taxa demonstrated marked seasonality, being abundant in some months and then decreasing in following months (Limnoperla jaffueli (Navás), Nousia maculata (Demoulin), Smicridea sp. (McLachlan), Chironomidae spp.). The scores of the family Hilsenhoff Biotic Index (HBI), Hilsenhoff Species-level Biotic Index (HSBI), Multimetric Macroinvertebrate Index (MMI), and Chilean Biological Monitoring Working Party (ChBMWP) index varied throughout the year reflecting natural variability. However, only HBI and HSBI scores were significantly different among seasons, ranging across three water quality classes (excellent, very good, and good), showing the lowest water classes in spring, coinciding with higher abundances of tolerant species. The MMI and ChBMWP indicated good and very good site conditions throughout the year, respectively. Shannon-Weaver diversity ranged between 2.59 (April) and 1.78 (February); however, Pielou evenness had high values throughout the year (> 0.62), except in February. Changes in macroinvertebrates composition throughout the year were explained primarily by discharge, water temperature, and conductivity. Our findings indicate that natural monthly variability in macroinvertebrate assemblages influences the scores of biological indices throughout the year. Therefore, we recommend that natural stream variability be accounted for in biomonitoring programs. We also emphasize the need to use caution when interpreting biological index scores to avoid misinterpretations in stream quality classification.

A predictive multimetric index based on macroinvetebrates for Atlantic Forest wadeable streams assessment / Índice Multimétrico Preditivo baseado em macroinvertebrados para avaliação de riachos vadeáveis da Mata Atlântica

Abstract: Multimetric Indices (MMIs) have been widely applied for ecological assessment in freshwater ecosystems. Most MMIs face difficulties when scaling up from small spatial scales because larger scales usually encompass great environmental variability. Covariance of anthropogenic pressures with natural environmental gradients can be a confounding factor in assessing biologic responses to anthropogenic pressures. This study presents the development and validation of a predictive multimetric index to assess the ecological condition of Atlantic Forest wadeable streams using benthic macroinvertebrates. To do so, we sampled 158 sites for the index development. We adjusted each biological metric to natural variation through multiple regression analyses (stepwise-forward) and considered that the residual distribution describes the metric variation in the absence of natural environmental influence. For metric selection we considered normal distribution, variation explained by the models, redundancy between metrics and sensitivity to differentiate reference from impaired sites. We selected five metrics to the final index: total richness, %MOLD, %Coleoptera, EPT richness and Chironomidae abundance. The residuals were transformed into probabilities and the final index was obtained through the mean of these probabilities. This index performed well in discriminating the impairment gradient and it showed a high correlation (r = 0.85, p <0.001) with a specific index developed for a particular basin indicating a similar sensitivity. This index can be used to assess wadeable streams ecological condition in Atlantic Forest biome, so we believe that this type of approach represents an important step towards the application of biomonitoring tools in Brazil.

Resumo: Índices Multimétricos (MMIs) são ferramentas amplamente aplicadas ao monitoramento ecológico de ecossistemas aquáticos continentais. A maior dificuldade na utilização dos MMIs em amplas escalas espaciais consiste no aumento da variabilidade ambiental associado ao aumento da escala. A covariância entre os impactos antropogênicos e o gradiente ambiental natural pode atuar como fator de confusão, dificultando a avaliação das respostas biológicas às pressões antropogênicas. Este estudo consiste no desenvolvimento e validação de um índice multimétrico preditivo para avaliar a condição ecológica de riachos vadeáveis da Mata Atlântica, utilizando macroinvertebrados bentônicos. Todas as métricas biológicas foram ajustadas a variação natural através da análise de regressão múltipla ("stepwise-forward") e a distribuição dos resíduos foi utilizada para descrever variação de cada métrica na ausência de gradiente ambiental natural. Para a seleção das métricas foram considerados critérios de normalidade da distribuição, variação explicada pelos modelos, redundância entre métricas e sensibilidade para diferenciar gradiente de impacto. Foram selecionadas cinco métricas para compor o índice final: riqueza total, %MOLD (Mollusca+Diptera), %Coleoptera, riqueza de EPT (Ephemeroptera+Plecoptera+Trichoptera) e abundância de Chironomidae. Os resíduos das métricas selecionadas foram transformados em probabilidades e o valor final do índice foi obtido através da média dessas probabilidades. O índice teve ótimo desempenho em discriminar o gradiente de impacto e mostrou alta correlação (r = 0.85, p <0.001) com um índice desenvolvido especificamente para uma das bacias, indicando sensibilidade similar. O índice desenvolvido nesse trabalho pode ser utilizado em todo o estado do Rio de Janeiro e acreditamos que este tipo de abordagem constitui uma contribuição importante para o desenvolvimento e implementação de um programa de monitoramento biológico no Brasil.

Metrics derived from fish assemblages as indicators of environmental degradation in Cerrado streams

The development of effective monitoring tools depends on finding sensitive metrics that are capable of detecting the most important environmental impacts at a given region. We assessed if metrics derived from stream fish assemblages reflect physical habitat degradation and changes in land cover. We sampled the ichthyofauna and environmental characteristics of 16 stream sites of first and second order in the Upper Tocantins River basin. The streams were classified according to their environmental characteristics into reference (n = 5), intermediate (n = 4), and impacted (n = 7). A total of 4,079 individuals in five orders, 12 families, and 30 species were collected. Of the 20 metrics tested, eight were non-collinear and were tested for their performance in discriminating among groups of streams. Three metrics were sensitive to the gradient of degradation: Berger-Parker dominance index, percentage of characiform fish, and percentage of rheophilic individuals. Some commonly used metrics did not reflect the disturbances and many others were redundant with those that did. These results indicate that the metrics derived from fish assemblages may be informative for identifying the conservation status of streams, with the potential to be used in biomonitoring.(AU)

Metrics derived from fish assemblages as indicators of environmental degradation in Cerrado streams

The development of effective monitoring tools depends on finding sensitive metrics that are capable of detecting the most important environmental impacts at a given region. We assessed if metrics derived from stream fish assemblages reflect physical habitat degradation and changes in land cover. We sampled the ichthyofauna and environmental characteristics of 16 stream sites of first and second order in the Upper Tocantins River basin. The streams were classified according to their environmental characteristics into reference (n = 5), intermediate (n = 4), and impacted (n = 7). A total of 4,079 individuals in five orders, 12 families, and 30 species were collected. Of the 20 metrics tested, eight were non-collinear and were tested for their performance in discriminating among groups of streams. Three metrics were sensitive to the gradient of degradation: Berger-Parker dominance index, percentage of characiform fish, and percentage of rheophilic individuals. Some commonly used metrics did not reflect the disturbances and many others were redundant with those that did. These results indicate that the metrics derived from fish assemblages may be informative for identifying the conservation status of streams, with the potential to be used in biomonitoring.

Development of a benthic multimetric index for biomonitoring of a neotropical watershed / Desenvolvimento de um Índice Multimétrico Bentônico para o biomonitoramento de uma bacia hidrográfica neotropical

Biotic indices are important tools for evaluating water quality in Biomonitoring Programmes of river basins. The objective of this study was to develop a Benthic Multimetric Index (BMI) to evaluate the water quality in a neotropical catchment in southeastern Brazil. Thirty metrics were evaluated and six were selected to calculate the BMI: family richness, percent Oligochaeta, percent Chironomidae + Oligochaeta ( percent CHOL), percent EPT (Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera and Trichoptera), percent Collector-gatherers, and BMWP-CETEC biotic index. Sampling was carried in triplicate at 21 sampling sites (8 in the river channel and 13 in the tributaries) during 4 annual collecting trips from June 2004 to November 2007, making a total of 945 samples. Scores (5, 3 or 1) were attributed to each chosen metric and were added up to establish the water quality criteria (a score of 6-12 - poor; 13-18 - intermediate; 19-24 - good; and 25-30 - very good water quality). Our results indicated that 48 percent of the sampling sites analysed in the catchment basin presented very good water quality, 14 percent good quality, 19 percent regular, and 19 percent poor water quality. This methodology proved to be an efficient tool for evaluating water quality in the Biomonitoring Programme of the Velhas River basin, and that it may serve to evaluate water quality in other river basins in South America.

Índices bióticos bentônicos são importantes ferramentas na avaliação da qualidade de água em programas de biomonitoramento de bacias hidrográficas. O objetivo deste estudo foi desenvolver um Índice Multimétrico Bentônico (IMB) para avaliar a qualidade das águas em uma bacia hidrográfica no sudeste do Brasil. Trinta métricas foram avaliadas e 6 foram selecionadas para compor o IMB: riqueza de famílias, por cento Oligochaeta, por cento Chironomidae + Oligochaeta ( por cento CHOL), por cento EPT (Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera e Trichoptera), por cento Coletores-catadores e índice BMWP-CETEC. Foram realizadas amostragens em triplicatas em 21 estações amostrais (8 na calha do rio e 13 nos tributários) em 4 coletas anuais de junho de 2004 a novembro de 2007, totalizando 945 amostras. Foram atribuídos escores (5, 3 ou 1) a cada métrica selecionada e somados para o estabelecimento do critério de qualidade de água (escore de 6 -12 - águas de qualidade ruim; 13-18 - regular; 19-24 - boa; 25-30 - muito boa). Nossos resultados mostraram que 48 por cento das estações de amostragem analisadas na bacia apresentaram águas de muito boa qualidade, 14 por cento de qualidade boa, 19 por cento regular e 19 por cento de qualidade ruim. Esta metodologia apresentou-se como eficiente ferramenta de avaliação da qualidade de água no programa de biomonitoramento da bacia hidrográfica do Rio das Velhas e poderá contribuir para a avaliação da qualidade de água de outras bacias hidrográficas na América do Sul.

Development of a benthic multimetric index for biomonitoring of a neotropical watershed

Biotic indices are important tools for evaluating water quality in Biomonitoring Programmes of river basins. The objective of this study was to develop a Benthic Multimetric Index (BMI) to evaluate the water quality in a neotropical catchment in southeastern Brazil. Thirty metrics were evaluated and six were selected to calculate the BMI: family richness, % Oligochaeta, % Chironomidae + Oligochaeta (% CHOL), % EPT (Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera and Trichoptera), % Collector-gatherers, and BMWP-CETEC biotic index. Sampling was carried in triplicate at 21 sampling sites (8 in the river channel and 13 in the tributaries) during 4 annual collecting trips from June 2004 to November 2007, making a total of 945 samples. Scores (5, 3 or 1) were attributed to each chosen metric and were added up to establish the water quality criteria (a score of 6-12 - poor; 13-18 - intermediate; 19-24 - good; and 25-30 - very good water quality). Our results indicated that 48% of the sampling sites analysed in the catchment basin presented very good water quality, 14% good quality, 19% regular, and 19% poor water quality. This methodology proved to be an efficient tool for evaluating water quality in the Biomonitoring Programme of the Velhas River basin, and that it may serve to evaluate water quality in other river basins in South America.

Índices bióticos bentônicos são importantes ferramentas na avaliação da qualidade de água em programas de biomonitoramento de bacias hidrográficas. O objetivo deste estudo foi desenvolver um Índice Multimétrico Bentônico (IMB) para avaliar a qualidade das águas em uma bacia hidrográfica no sudeste do Brasil. Trinta métricas foram avaliadas e 6 foram selecionadas para compor o IMB: riqueza de famílias, % Oligochaeta, % Chironomidae + Oligochaeta (% CHOL), % EPT (Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera e Trichoptera), % Coletores-catadores e índice BMWP-CETEC. Foram realizadas amostragens em triplicatas em 21 estações amostrais (8 na calha do rio e 13 nos tributários) em 4 coletas anuais de junho de 2004 a novembro de 2007, totalizando 945 amostras. Foram atribuídos escores (5, 3 ou 1) a cada métrica selecionada e somados para o estabelecimento do critério de qualidade de água (escore de 6 -12 - águas de qualidade ruim; 13-18 - regular; 19-24 - boa; 25-30 - muito boa). Nossos resultados mostraram que 48% das estações de amostragem analisadas na bacia apresentaram águas de muito boa qualidade, 14% de qualidade boa, 19% regular e 19% de qualidade ruim. Esta metodologia apresentou-se como eficiente ferramenta de avaliação da qualidade de água no programa de biomonitoramento da bacia hidrográfica do Rio das Velhas e poderá contribuir para a avaliação da qualidade de água de outras bacias hidrográficas na América do Sul.

índice de estad limnológico (iel)para evaluar as condiciones ecológicas de laas ciénagas del canal del dique, Colomiia / Limnological State Index (LSI) to Evaluate Ecological Conditions of the Canal del Dique Wetlands, Colombia.

Determinar el estado o salud ecológica de un ecosistema brinda herramientas útiles para su gestión y conservación. En Colombia no existen registros de índices que combinen en un solo parámetro las variables físicas, químicas y biológicas de los sistemas acuáticos, de manera que la evaluación de su estado ecológico ha sido fragmentaria o incompleta. En este trabajo se presenta un Índice de Estado Limnológico (IEL) para las ciénagas del Canal del Dique, ecosistemas sometidos a constante presión por parte de las comunidades humanas. Para la construcción de este índice multimétrico se elaboraron gráficas de calidad de las variables seleccionadas y se les asignaron valores de importancia. Para construir el IEL se empleó la teoría de los multiatributos considerando 12 variables. También se realizó un análisis de componentes principales de las variables seleccionadas. Se diseñó una versión simplificada (IEL parcial -IELP) en la que se excluyeron cuatro de las variables biológicas. Finalmente, se construyó una escala de interpretación de los valores obtenidos con estos índices. El IEL y el IELP se aplicaron a las ciénagas del Canal del Dique para establecer su condición ecológica actual. Los datos muestran que el estado limnológico de la mayoría de ciénagas de esta región es aceptable, lo que sugiere que estos ecosistemas lénticos se encuentran dentro de los límites admisibles de funcionamiento, aunque no están excentos de procesos de deterioro.

Determining the ecological state or health of an ecosystem offers useful tools for its management and conservation. In Colombia, indexes of aquatic systems that combine in a single parameter the physical, chemical and biological variables have not been published, and the evaluation of water bodies’ ecological state has been fragmentary or incomplete. In this work a Limnological State Index (LSI) for wetlands of the Canal del Dique, ecosystems under constant pressure by the human communities, is presented. For the construction of this multi-metric index, graphs of quality of the selected variables were constructed and values of importance were assigned to them. The theory of the multi-attributes was used to construct the LSI, which considers 12 variables. A Principal Components Analysis was realized with these chosen parameters. A simplified version was designed (partial LSI -PLSI) in which four of the biological variables were excluded. Finally, an interpretation scale of the values obtained with these indices was built. The LSI and the PLSI were applied to wetlands of the Canal del Dique to establish their current ecological condition. Data show that the limnological state of most wetlands is acceptable, which suggests that these lentic ecosystems are within tolerable limits of function, although they are not exempt from deterioration processes.