Information on Measles, Mumps and Rubella Vaccine in the Copenhagen School Health Records Register.

BACKGROUND: The Copenhagen School Health Record Register (CSHRR) includes health information from school examinations and is now updated with information on measles, mumps and rubella vaccines for the cohorts born from 1977 to 1994. AIM: The aim of this study is to provide a comprehensive description and validation the newly digitised vaccine information in the CSHRR. METHODS: We describe the data collection and the newly digitalised information in the CSHRR. We investigate the extent to which the full CSHRR population is representative of Copenhagen and the entire Danish population. Furthermore, we explore how the registry information on vaccination uptake based on reimbursement data matches the vaccine information obtained from CSHRR for the period during which both data are available. RESULTS: The CSHRR population matches closely the complete population of all schoolchildren in Copenhagen, and information on vaccine uptake in CSHRR matches with vaccine registry data for later cohorts. However, a sizable proportion of the immigrant children in the CSHRR have missing information on vaccination. Removing children who have had no additional immunisations enhances data quality. CONCLUSIONS: The CSHRR covers a large share of the Danish population and includes detailed vaccine information. By linking the data to other registry data, the updated CSHRR is valuable resource for future research.

Acute Pancreatitis Induced by COVID-19 Vaccine: A Systematic Review.

Acute pancreatitis, marked by sudden inflammation of the pancreas, presents a complex spectrum of causative factors including gallstone obstruction, alcohol abuse, and viral infections. Recent studies have illuminated the emergence of vaccine-induced acute pancreatitis, notably associated with COVID-19 vaccinations, presenting diverse mechanisms ranging from direct viral-mediated injury to autoimmune reactions. Understanding this link is pivotal for public health, yet challenges persist in identifying and managing cases post-vaccination. Comprehensive literature reviews employing the PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) statement outline the potential pathways and mechanisms leading to vaccine-induced pancreatitis, emphasizing the need for deeper investigations into underlying health conditions and modifications to vaccine components. Notably, the rare occurrences of vaccine-induced pancreatitis extend beyond COVID-19 vaccines, with reports also documenting associations with measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR), human papillomavirus (HPV), and other viral vaccinations. Mechanistically, hypotheses such as molecular mimicry and immunologic injury have been proposed, necessitating ongoing vigilance and exploration. Regulatory agencies play a crucial role in monitoring and communicating vaccine safety concerns, emphasizing transparency to address potential risks and maintain public trust. Understanding and communicating these rare adverse events with transparency remain integral for informed vaccination policies and to allay concerns surrounding vaccine safety.

Genetics and measles, mumps and rubella vaccine response in childhood and adolescence-A systematic review.

Measles, mumps and rubella (MMR) are contagious infectious diseases that can be prevented by immunization. However, MMR infections can occur in previously immunized individuals. The vaccine response is, among other factors, influenced by the combined effects of many genes. This systematic review investigates the genetic influence on measles, mumps and rubella antibody responses after childhood vaccination. In accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA), systematic literature searches were conducted in the medical databases PubMed, EMBASE and PsycINFO. Search strings were adjusted for each database. Citations were included if they measured and compared the immune response with immunogenetics after vaccination with a vaccine containing one or more of the following components: measles, mumps and/or rubella, MMR. The measure of vaccine response studied was antibodies after vaccination. Forty-eight articles were included in the final analysis. The results suggest that genetic determinants, including host genes, and single nucleotide polymorphisms in immune-related genes influence the MMR antibody responses after vaccination. Specifically, replicated associations were found between HLA, CD46, RARB, IRF9, EIF2AK2, cytokine genes and MMR vaccine-induced humoral immune responses. This knowledge can be useful in understanding and predicting immune responses and may have implications for future vaccine strategies.

Determinants of Equity in Coverage of Measles-Containing Vaccines in Wales, UK, during the Elimination Era.

In the context of the WHO's measles and rubella elimination targets and European Immunization Agenda 2030, this large cross-sectional study aimed to identify inequalities in measles vaccination coverage in Wales, UK. The vaccination status of individuals aged 2 to 25 years of age, alive and resident in Wales as of 31 August 2021, was ascertained through linkage of the National Community Child Health Database and primary care data. A series of predictor variables were derived from five national datasets and all analysis was carried out in the Secure Anonymised Information Linkage Databank at Swansea University. In these 648,895 individuals, coverage of the first dose of measles-containing vaccine (due at 12-13 months of age) was 97.1%, and coverage of the second dose (due at 3 years and 4 months) in 4 to 25-year-olds was 93.8%. In multivariable analysis, excluding 0.7% with known refusal, the strongest association with being unvaccinated was birth order (families with six or more children) and being born outside of the UK. Living in a deprived area, being eligible for free school meals, a lower level of maternal education, and having a recorded language other than English or Welsh were also associated with lower coverage. Some of these factors may also be associated with refusal. This knowledge can be used to target future interventions and prioritise areas for catch up in a time of limited resource.

Mitigating Vaccine Hesitancy and Building Trust to Prevent Future Measles Outbreaks in England.

Measles, a highly infectious respiratory viral infection associated with severe morbidity and mortality, is preventable when coverage with the highly effective measles, mumps and rubella vaccine (MMR) is ≥95%. Vaccine hesitancy is responsible for measles outbreaks in countries where measles had previously been eliminated, including in England, and is one of the ten threats to global public health identified by the World Health Organization (WHO). Official administrative 2012-2021 data on measles incidence and MMR coverage in England were reviewed alongside a scoping literature review on factors associated with MMR uptake in England. Whilst measles incidence has reduced significantly since 2012, sporadic measles outbreaks in England have occurred with geographic disparities and variations in MMR coverage. Over the last decade, MMR uptake has fallen across all regions with no area currently reaching the WHO target of 95% coverage of both doses of MMR necessary for herd immunity. Factors associated with MMR coverage overlap with the 3C (convenience, complacency and confidence) model of vaccine hesitancy. The COVID-19 pandemic has reinforced pre-existing vaccine hesitancy. Increasing MMR uptake by reducing vaccine hesitancy requires allocated funding for area-based and targeted domiciliary and community-specific immunisation services and interventions, public health catch-up campaigns and web-based decision aid tools.

Safety of measles, mumps, and rubella vaccine in adolescents and adults in the vaccine safety Datalink.

Background: Measles, mumps, and rubella vaccine (MMR) is routinely administered to children; however, adolescents and adults may receive MMR for various reasons. Safety studies in adolescents and adults are limited. We report on safety of MMR in this age group in the Vaccine Safety Datalink. Methods: We included adolescents (aged 9-17 years) and adults (aged ≥ 18 years) who received ≥ 1 dose of MMR from January 1, 2010-December 31, 2018. Pre-specified outcomes were identified by diagnosis codes. Clinically serious outcomes included anaphylaxis, encephalitis/myelitis, Guillain-Barré syndrome, immune thrombocytopenia, meningitis, and seizure. Non-serious outcomes were allergic reaction, arthropathy, fever, injection site reaction, lymphadenopathy, non-specific reaction, parotitis, rash, and syncope. All serious outcomes underwent medical record review. Outcome-specific incidence was calculated in pre-defined post-vaccination windows. A self-controlled risk interval design was used to determine the relative risk of each outcome in a risk window after vaccination compared to a more distal control window. Results: During the study period, 276,327 MMR doses were administered to adolescents and adults. Mean age of vaccinees was 34.8 years; 65.8 % were female; 53.2 % of doses were administered simultaneously with ≥ 1 other vaccine. Serious outcomes were rare, with incidence ≤ 6 per 100,000 doses for each outcome assessed, and none had a significant elevation in incidence during the risk window compared to the control window. Incidence of non-serious outcomes per 100,000 doses ranged from 3.4 for parotitis to 263.0 for arthropathy. Other common outcomes included injection site reaction and rash (157.0 and 112.9 per 100,000 doses, respectively). Significantly more outcomes were observed during the risk window compared to the control window for all non-serious outcomes except parotitis. Some variability was observed by sex and age group. Conclusion: Serious outcomes after MMR are rare in adolescents and adults, but vaccinees should be counseled regarding anticipated local and systemic non-serious adverse events.

Live-attenuated measles, mumps, and rubella booster vaccine in children diagnosed with rheumatic disease: A single-center study.

To evaluate the safety profile of measles, mumps and rubella (MMR) booster in children diagnosed with rheumatic diseases receiving biological agents. The study included retrospective safety data of children administered MMR booster dose receiving biologics or biologics with methotrexate. The files of 182 patients were accessed from the pediatric rheumatology biological therapy archive, and the vaccination status of these children was obtained by accessing electronic records. Of 182 patients, 14 patients were vaccinated with MMR booster dose. Thirteen of the patients were followed up with a diagnosis of juvenile idiopathic arthritis and one with colchicine-resistant familial Mediterranean fever. None of the patients had disease exacerbation after vaccination, and three patients had mild side effects consisting of rash, angioedema, joint pain, and fatigue.    Conclusion: This study supports the data regarding evidence of the safety of MMR booster dose administration in children with rheumatic diseases receiving bDMARDs. What is Known: • MMR booster is avoided in immunocompromised pediatric patients receiving bDMARDs except in specific conditions. What is New: • The MMR booster dose may be safe in children with PedRD receiving bDMARDs or bDMARDs with MTX. These bullets can be added to the manuscript.

Do social media campaigns foster vaccination adherence? A systematic review of prior intervention-based campaigns on social media.

The COVID-19 pandemic has demonstrated the importance of large-scale campaigns to facilitate vaccination adherence. Social media presents unique opportunities to reach broader audiences and reduces the costs of conducting national or global campaigns aimed at achieving herd immunity. Nonetheless, few studies have reviewed the effectiveness of prior social media campaigns for vaccination adherence, and several prior studies have shown that social media campaigns do not increase uptake rates. Hence, our objective is to conduct a systematic review to examine the effectiveness of social media campaigns and to identify the reasons for the mixed results of prior studies. Our methodology began with a search of seven databases, which resulted in the identification of 92 interventions conducted over digital media. Out of these 92 studies, only 15 adopted social media campaigns for immunization. We analyzed these 15 studies, along with a coding scheme we developed based on reviews of both health interventions and social media campaigns. Multiple coders, who were knowledgeable about social media campaigns and healthcare, analyzed the 15 cases and obtained an acceptable level of inter-coder reliability (> .80). The results from our systematic review show that only a few social media campaigns have succeeded in enhancing vaccination adherence. In addition, few campaigns have utilized known critical success factors of social media to induce vaccination adherence. Based on these findings, we discuss a set of research questions that informatics scholars should consider when identifying opportunities for using social media to resolve one of the most resilient challenges in public health. Finally, we conclude by discussing how the insights drawn from our systematic reviews contribute to advancing theories, such as social influence and the health belief model, into the realm of social media-based health interventions.

Surveillance of adverse events following immunization with combined attenuated live measles, mumps and rubella vaccines in Huzhou City from 2015 to 2021 / 预防医学

Objective@#To monitor the adverse events following immunization (AEFI) with combined attenuated live measles, mumps and rubella vaccines (MMR) in Huzhou City from 2015 to 2021, so as to provide insights into the implementation of the MMR immunization strategy.@*Methods@#All AEFI caused by MMR immunization in Huzhou City from 2015 to 2021 were captured from the AEFI Monitoring Information Management System of the Immunization Planning System of Chinese Disease Control and Prevention Information System, and the incidence, clinical features and epidemiological features of AEFI were analyzed descriptively.@*Results@#The reported incidence of AEFI caused by MMR immunization appeared a tendency towards a rise in Huzhou City from 2015 to 2021 (χ2trend=124.126, P<0.001). Totally 324 386 doses of MMR vaccines were immunized, and 317 cases with AEFI were reported, with an reported incidence rate of 9.77/104 doses. Following two-dose immunization, the reported incidence of AEFI caused by two-dose MMR immunization was significantly lower than by one-dose immunization (6.01/104 doses vs. 25.43/104 doses; χ2=113.692, P<0.001). The incidence rates of general reactions, abnormal reactions and coincidental events were 6.20/104 doses, 3.42/104 dose and 0.15/104 doses, respectively. Fever and allergic rash were predominant clinical manifestations of AEFI, and no vaccine quality accident, inoculation accident or psychogenic reaction were reported. There were 246 (77.60%) cases with AEFI within 24 hours following vaccination, and among children with AEFI, there were 173 boys (54.57%), and 200 children (63.09%) age ages of less than one year (63.09%). AEFI was reported in each quarter, and 99 cases (31.23%) were reported in the fourth quarter. The largest number of children with AEFI was reported in Wuxing District (78 cases, 24.61%).@*Conclusions@#The safety of MMR vaccination is high in Huzhou City. General reaction is the predominant AEFI, which mainly occurs within 24 hours following vaccination. Two-dose MMR vaccination does not increase the risk of AEFI.

Safety analysis of children of different ages vaccinated with measles, mumps and rubella combined attenuated live vaccine/measles and rubella combined attenuated live vaccine in Jilin Province from 2015 to 2022 / 中国生物制品学杂志

@#Objective To analyze the safety of children of different ages vaccinated with measles,mumps and rubella combined attenuated live vaccine(MMR in brief)/measles and rubella combined attenuated live vaccine(MR in brief)in Jilin Province from 2015 to 2022.Methods The actual vaccination data of MMR and MR from January 1,2015 to December 31,2022 were collected through the Jilin information management system for immunization programming,and all AEFI case information reported after vaccination with MMR and MR in this period was collected through the national adverse event following immunization(AEFI) monitoring and reporting system.The incidence rates of AEFI reports were compared among8-month-old children vaccinated with the first dose of MMR(MMR 8 group) and MR(MR8 group),18-month-old children vaccinated with the first dose of MMR(vaccinated with MR at 8 months old,MMR18-1 group) and the second dose of MMR(vaccinated with the first dose of MMR at 8 months old,MMR18-2 group) to preliminarily evaluate the safety of children vaccinated with MMR and MR at different ages.Results The reported incidence of AEFI in MMR8,MR8,MMR18-1 and MMR18-2 groups were 374.41/100 000,350.81/100 000,101.70/100 000 and 104.91/100 000,respectively,with significant difference among the four groups(χ~2=1 145.47,P=0.00);There was no significant difference between MMR8 and MR8,as well as MMR18-1 and MMR18-2 groups(χ~2=3.780 and 0.194,respectively,each P> 0.05);There were significant differences between MMR8 and MMR18-1,MMR8 and MMR18-2,as well as MR8 and MMR18-1groups(χ~2=920.440,412.110 and 1 021.120,respectively,each P=0.00).Most of the adverse reactions were general reactions,mainly fever,local redness and induration;A few were abnormal reactions,which were mainly allergic reactions(rash,papules,urticaria,etc.).Only one case of coincidence was reported in MMR8 group,and no psychogenic reaction,vaccine quality accident and vaccination accident occurred.All AEFI turned out to be improved or cured.Conclusion The differences of AEFI reported incidence of 8-month-old children vaccinated with MMR and MR were all small,and the difference of AEFI reported incidence of 18-month-old children vaccinated with the second dose of MMR was small regardless of the initial vaccination with MMR or MR.It is safe to use MMR instead of MR for the first vaccination in8-month-old children.

Evaluating vaccination coverage and timeliness in American Indian/Alaska Native and non-Hispanic White children using state immunization information system data, 2015-2017.

Comprehensive estimates of vaccination coverage and timeliness of vaccine receipt among American Indian/Alaska Native (AI/AN) children in the United States are lacking. This study's objectives were to quantify vaccination coverage and timeliness, as well as the proportion of children with specific undervaccination patterns, among AI/AN and non-Hispanic White (NHW) children ages 0-24 months in Montana, a large and primarily rural U.S. state. Data from Montana's immunization information system (IIS) for children born 2015-2017 were used to calculate days undervaccinated for all doses of seven recommended vaccine series. After stratifying by race/ethnicity, up-to-date coverage at key milestone ages and the proportion of children demonstrating specific patterns of undervaccination were reported. Among n = 3,630 AI/AN children, only 23.1% received all recommended vaccine doses on-time (i.e., zero days undervaccinated), compared to 40.4% of n = 18,022 NHW children (chi-square p < 0.001). A greater proportion of AI/AN children were delayed at each milestone age, resulting in lower overall combined 7-vaccine series completion, by age 24 months (AI/AN: 56.6%, NHW: 64.3%, chi-square p < 0.001). As compared with NHW children, a higher proportion of AI/AN children had undervaccination patterns suggestive of structural barriers to accessing immunization services and delayed starts to vaccination. More than three out of four AI/AN children experienced delays in vaccination or were missing doses needed to complete recommended vaccine series. Interventions to ensure on-time initiation of vaccine series at age 2 months, as well initiatives to encourage completion of multi-dose vaccine series, are needed to reduce immunization disparities and increase vaccination coverage among AI/AN children in Montana.

Medical factors associated with caregiver intention to vaccinate their children against COVID-19.

OBJECTIVE: To describe medical factors that are associated with caregiver intention to vaccinate their children against COVID-19. METHODS: We conducted a cross-sectional study of families receiving primary care in a mid-Atlantic pediatric healthcare system, linking caregiver-reported data from a survey completed March 19 to April 16, 2021 to comprehensive data from the child's EHR. RESULTS: 513 families were included (28% Black, 16% Hispanic, 44% public insurance, 21% rural, child age range 0-21 years). 44% of caregivers intended to vaccinate their children against COVID-19, while 41% were not sure and 15% would not. After adjusting for socio-demographics, the only medical factors that were associated with caregiver COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy were caregiver COVID-19 vaccination status at the time of the survey (aOR 3.0 if the caregiver did not receive the vaccine compared to those who did, 95% CI 1.7-5.3) and child seasonal influenza immunization history (aOR 3.3 if the child had not received the influenza vaccine in the 2020-2021 season compared to those who did, 95% CI 2.0-5.4). Other medical factors, including family medical experiences with COVID-19, other child immunization history, child health conditions like obesity and asthma, and family engagement with the healthcare system were not associated with caregiver intention to vaccinate their children against COVID-19. CONCLUSIONS: This study highlights important factors, such as general attitudes towards vaccines and understanding of COVID-19 morbidity risk factors, that healthcare providers should address when having conversations with families about the COVID-19 vaccine.

Safety and immunogenicity of combined immunization with live rotavirus vaccine (oral) and measles, mumps and rubella vaccine / 中华微生物学和免疫学杂志

Objective:To evaluate the difference in safety and immunogenicity of live rotavirus vaccine (oral) and measles, mumps and rubella (MMR) vaccine immunized alone or in combination.Methods:This study recruited 1 752 children aged 8-9 months who had not been vaccinated with live rotavirus vaccine (oral) or MMR vaccine after birth. The subjects were divided into three groups: study group (652 subjects, immunized with live rotavirus vaccine and MMR vaccine), control group 1 (723 subjects, immunized with live rotavirus vaccine) and control group 2 (377 subjects, immunized with MMR vaccine). Local and systemic adverse reactions within 30 d after vaccination were recorded. Serum samples were collected before and 35-42 d after immunization for analyzing the changes in antibodies.Results:Immunization alone or in combination with live rotavirus vaccine (oral) and MMR vaccine achieved similar results in the positive rates and concentrations of antibodies against rotavirus, measles and rubella viruses ( P>0.05). Moreover, the positive rates and the concentrations of the three antibodies were increased after vaccination. Compared with the control group 2, the concentration of antibody against mumps virus in the study group was increased ( P<0.05), but no significant difference in the positive rate of antibody against mumps virus was found between the two groups ( P>0.05). The positive rate and the concentration of antibody against mumps virus were increased after combined immunization or immunization with MMR vaccine alone. The overall incidence of fever and diarrhea was 1.54% (27/1 752) and 0.63% (11/1 752). No other abnormal reactions, incidental reactions or adverse reactions of any clinical significance were observed. Conclusions:Live rotavirus vaccine (oral) and MMR vaccine immunized alone or in combination showed good immunogenicity and safety.

Two cases of measles after vaccination with measles mumps and rubella combined live attenuated vaccine / 上海预防医学

Measles is an acute respiratory infectious disease caused by the measles virus. It is highly infectious and easy to occur in children. It causes many serious complications such as tracheitis， otitis media and pneumonia. Since the promotion of the measles vaccine in China， the measles epidemic has been effectively controlled. From June 1， 2020， the immunization procedure of measles-containing vaccine for children in Shanghai has been adjusted to one dose of measles， mumps and rubella combined live attenuated vaccine （MMR） at the age of 8 months， 18 months and 6 years. There is generally no local reaction after the injection of the MMR vaccine. A few individuals may have transient fever and scattered rash， which generally fade away by themselves. However， because it is a live vaccine， it may cause vaccine related diseases in extremely rare cases. This paper reports two cases of measles after vaccination with the MMR vaccine.

Co-administration of routine paediatric vaccines in England often deviates from the immunisation schedule.

Vaccine co-administration can facilitate the introduction of new vaccines in immunisation schedules and improve coverage. We analysed real life data to quantify the extent of routine paediatric vaccine co-administrations as recommended and as never recommended in the immunisation schedule in England, and assessed factors for recommended and never recommended vaccine co-administrations. Immunisation data for all scheduled routine paediatric vaccines between 2008 and 2018 was obtained from the Royal College of General Practitioners (RCGP) Research and Surveillance Centre (RSC). We included 6'257'828 doses administered to 1'005'827 children. Twenty-one percent of vaccines were given separately, 79% were co-administered. Sixty-four percent of vaccines scheduled for co-administration were co-administered as recommended while 15% were administered separately. Among all vaccine co-administrations, 75% happened as recommended in the schedule, 4% were never recommended, while 21% deviated from the schedule. Vaccine co-administration according to the schedule varied greatly between vaccines. Forty-eight percent of English children received at least one of their vaccine co-administrations not as recommended in the immunisation schedule, with 19% of children receiving none of their co-administered vaccines as recommended. Late administration of one or more vaccines increased the odds for deviated co-administrations (OR 1.60) and strongly increased the odds for never recommended co-administrations (OR 5.34). Differences between genders, NHS regions, and IMD quintiles were statistically significant but small. Suboptimal co-administration rates for routine paediatric vaccines are a missed opportunity and should be optimised by concerted public health action.

Intralesional measles, mumps, and rubella vaccine immunotherapy in molluscum contagiosum: A retrospective observational study from a tertiary care center in north India.

Molluscum contagiosum (MC) is a mucocutaneous viral infection, often self-limiting but untreated lesions can often last for 2 months to 2 years. Previously intralesional measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR) vaccine has been tried for the treatment of warts but no studies exist of its use in MC. We report our experience with intralesional MMR in 22 patients of MC. The study was carried out to assess the efficacy and safety of intralesional MMR vaccine in patients of MC. We retrospectively analyzed records of patients who received intralesional MMR for MC from September 2018 to September 2019. Demographic characteristics, number, size, and site of molluscum lesions, number of MMR injections given, and response were recorded. Records of 22 patients were analyzed. There were 10 males and 12 females. The age of the patients ranged from 6 to 50 years with a mean of 19.72 ± 10.92. At the end of 12 weeks, 18 patients (81.8%) had complete clearance of lesions, with 4 patients (18.18%) having a partial response of more than 50%. No patient showed less than 50% or no response. In only one patient who had giant molluscum, postinflammatory hyperpigmentation was noted. No other adverse effect was seen in any of the patients. MMR is a safe, effective, easy to administer, time-saving, and inexpensive therapy for lesions of MC.

Impact of governmental regulations on compliance with MMR immunizations in Northern California.

OBJECTIVE: California's Senate Bill 277 (SB277) was mandated to reduce the prevalence of measles by eliminating personal belief exemptions. This study evaluated seven county-level records to determine the impact of SB277 on immunizations among kindergarteners in Northern California. DESIGN: This study used a quantitative postintervention secondary data analysis. SAMPLE: This study included three kindergarten schools in seven Northern California counties during three academic years from 2015 to 2019. MEASUREMENTS: Sixty-three previously collected school measurements involving 4,626 students were included in a secondary analysis. The study used grouped logistic regression to evaluate the variations in immunization compliance records (2015-16 vs. 2017-18 and 2018-19) among kindergartners in seven counties. RESULTS: This study found no significant differences in (1) overall county-level measures and (2) the likelihood that kindergartners would be current with measles-mumps-rubella (MMR; OR = 1.12, CI = 0.79-1.62) or be up-to-date with five immunizations (OR = 1.08, CI = 0.77-1.52) post-SB277 versus pre-SB277. CONCLUSION: This study showed that SB277 had a small clinical but nonstatistically significant impact on kindergartners' up-to-date with up-to-date rates of compliance with five immunizations and those current with two doses of MMR in seven Northern California counties. Despite the passing of SB277, vaccine-hesitant parents have continued to seek alternatives to immunizations.

Mumps antibody levels after MMR vaccination in a population in Changning District of Shanghai / 上海预防医学

ObjectiveTo evaluate the dosage effect of measles， mumps and rubella combined attenuated live vaccine （MMR） vaccination on seroprevalence of mumps. MethodsA cross-sectional study was conducted among people in Changning District of Shanghai aged 1 month to 19 years old （n=1 816） in Mar.－Sep. 2017. Blood samples were analyzed for mumps antibodies using enzyme-linked immunosorbent immunoglobulin G （IgG） assays. ResultsMumps antibody seropositivity was 94.59% in 2 years old children and maintained at 98.18%-100.00% from 4 to 9 years old. The seropositivity began to decrease since 10 years， and it was 88.33% （95%CI： 81.20%-93.47%） at age of 12 years. In 12-19 years age group， individuals with 3 doses of mumps-containing vaccines had the highest seropositivity （93.88%） and individuals with 1 or 0 doses had the lowest seropositivity （68.75%）. ConclusionTwo-dose MMR immunization in Shanghai induces a sharp increase in mumps antibody levels in the corresponding age groups. The antibody levels decline gradually with time since the second dose. Vaccine dosage is positively associated with mumps IgG seropositivity and geometric mean concentrations （GMC） in 12-19 years old.

Mumps antibody levels after MMR vaccination in a population in Changning District of Shanghai / 上海预防医学

ObjectiveTo evaluate the dosage effect of measles， mumps and rubella combined attenuated live vaccine （MMR） vaccination on seroprevalence of mumps. MethodsA cross-sectional study was conducted among people in Changning District of Shanghai aged 1 month to 19 years old （n=1 816） in Mar.－Sep. 2017. Blood samples were analyzed for mumps antibodies using enzyme-linked immunosorbent immunoglobulin G （IgG） assays. ResultsMumps antibody seropositivity was 94.59% in 2 years old children and maintained at 98.18%-100.00% from 4 to 9 years old. The seropositivity began to decrease since 10 years， and it was 88.33% （95%CI： 81.20%-93.47%） at age of 12 years. In 12-19 years age group， individuals with 3 doses of mumps-containing vaccines had the highest seropositivity （93.88%） and individuals with 1 or 0 doses had the lowest seropositivity （68.75%）. ConclusionTwo-dose MMR immunization in Shanghai induces a sharp increase in mumps antibody levels in the corresponding age groups. The antibody levels decline gradually with time since the second dose. Vaccine dosage is positively associated with mumps IgG seropositivity and geometric mean concentrations （GMC） in 12-19 years old.