Bionomy of Mosquitoes in Bamboo Internodes in an Atlantic Forest Remnant of the State of Rio De Janeiro, Brazil.

Living bamboo stalks are one of the most specialized habitats for mosquito oviposition and immature development. Most of the mosquito species that breed in these habitats are sylvatic, and some are of importance for public health as possible vectors of pathogens. Perforated internodes are a very specialized environment due to the difficulty of access. Furthermore, due to their relatively simple fauna, they represent a valuable model for ecological studies that may be applicable to more complex environments. This study aims to assess the mosquito bionomics of species raised in bamboo internodes. Therefore, the diversity of mosquito species and the influence of abiotic variables (pH and temperature) on the distribution of mosquitoes that breed in this habitat were analyzed. The study area is a fragment of Atlantic Forest within the Association of da Armada (ATA) in Nova Iguaçu, state of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Immature mosquitoes were sampled with suction tubes (mouth aspirators) between August 2017 and July 2018. A total of 3,170 larvae were collected in 5 bamboo plants, each with 8 stalks perforated. Of these, 688 larvae reached the adult stage, representing 10 genera and 19 species. The most common species were Culex neglectus (43%), Trichoprosopon digitatum (22%), Culex iridescens (8%), Sabethes identicus (7%), and Orthopodomyia albicosta (7%). The richness of the immatures collected in the ATA was 19 species, with a diversity of 1.10 and Shannon evenness of 0.57. A diverse composition of Culicidae in bamboo stalks was found, although dominance was low.

Development of Lutzomyia evansi immature stages in peridomiciliary environment in a leishmaniasis urban focus in the Colombian Caribbean.

In the Caribbean region of Colombia, Lutzomyia evansi is recognized as the vector for Leishmania infantum and Leishmania braziliensis. Identifying breeding sites and surveying abundance of immature phlebotomine sand flies in urban foci of leishmaniasis are useful tool to design new vector control strategies. The objective of this study was to describe the natural breeding sites of Lu. evansi in peridomiciliary vegetation in a peri-urban area of the Colombian Caribbean region. Between 2013 and 2015, 466 microhabitats were sampled, collecting 621 kg of soil samples. The explored microhabitats were bases and tree holes, fallen trees, animal caves, leaf litter, domestic animal shelters, and the inside of dwellings. The immature phlebotomines were recovered by direct search under the stereoscope and incubation of soil samples. In total, 103 microhabitats, associated with 17 arboreal species, were identified as natural breeding sites. Of 422 immature sandflies detected, 98.6% were found in soils at the base of the trees. Eight species of the genus Lutzomyia were identified, of which Lu. evansi (52.6%) was the most abundant, followed by Lu. rangeliana, Lu. cayennensis cayennensis, Lu. atroclavata, Lu. micropyga, Lu. trinidadensis, Lu. dubitans and Lu. gomezi. The arboreal species Cordia alba was the most used by phlebotomines for the development of their immature stages. From 63 natural breeding sites identified 268 immatures were recovered including 176 Lu. evansi. The accumulated precipitation showed correlation (R2 = 0.643, p = 0.013) with the abundance of developmental stages, which increased in September and October. The natural breeding sites of Lu. evansi exhibited a local pattern of occurrence dependent on rainfall. The physicochemical analysis of the soil samples showed that the natural sites for C. alba were categorized as fertile loam soils. This is the first systematic study that estimates the temporal variation of immature sand flies in peridomiciliary vegetation in a peri-urban focus of leishmaniasis in Colombia.

Incubation artificial processes associated with the application of different reproductive methods in matrices semi heavy / Processos de incubação artificial associados à aplicação de diferentes métodos reprodutivos em matrizes semipesadas

The objective of this study was different reproductive methods in birds from two semiheavy lineages and evaluate their effects on the processes of artificial incubation of eggs and carcass yield of chicks. The experimental design was completely randomized factorial (2 x 2) with factors: reproductive methods (artificial insemination and natural breeding) and two semi-heavy lineages (Plymouth Barred Rock and Rhode Island Red). Were used 26 matrices (23 females and 3 males) for each factor that led to 62 eggs each, totaling 248 eggs, each egg being a repeat. The eggs were weighed before and after the incubation period to determine weight loss and performing comparative analysis between the egg weight and the weight of chick. During the incubation period was evaluated the reproductive performance of the matrices, and after birth, 8 chicks each factor were killed for analysis of carcass thereof. No significant differences (P> 0.05) were found between reproductive performance and the relationship between chick weight and egg weight. The yolk sac and liver weights were affected (P 0.05) by treatment with a Plymouth Rock Barred strain showed the best results.(AU)

O objetivo deste trabalho foi estudar diferentes métodos reprodutivos em aves de duas linhagens semipesadas e avaliar seus efeitos sobre os processos de incubação artificial dos ovos e do rendimento de carcaça dos pintainhos. O delineamento experimental foi inteiramente casualisado em esquema fatorial (2 x 2) com os fatores: métodos reprodutivos (inseminação artificial e monta natural) e duas linhagens semipesadas (Plymouth Rock Barrada e Rhode Island Red). Foram utilizadas 26 matrizes (23 fêmeas e 3 machos) para cada fator que originaram 62 ovos cada, totalizando 248 ovos, sendo cada ovo uma repetição. Os ovos foram pesados antes e após o período de incubação para determinação da perda de peso e realização de análise comparativa entre o peso do ovo e o peso do pinto. Durante o período de incubação foi avaliado o desempenho reprodutivo das matrizes, e após o nascimento, foram abatidos 8 pintos de cada fator para análise do rendimento de carcaça dos mesmos. Não foram encontradas diferenças significativas (P>0,05) entre o desempenho reprodutivo e a relação entre o peso do pinto e o peso do ovo. O peso do saco vitelino e peso do fígado foram afetados(AU)

Processos de incubação artificial associados à aplicação de diferentes métodos reprodutivos em matrizes semipesadas

The objective of this study was different reproductive methods in birds from two semi-heavy lineages and evaluate their effects on the processes of artificial incubation of eggs and carcass yield of chicks. The experimental design was completely randomized factorial (2 x 2) with factors: reproductive methods (artificial insemination and natural breeding) and two semi-heavy lineages (Plymouth Barred Rock and Rhode Island Red). Were used 26 matrices (23 females and 3 males) for each factor that led to 62 eggs each, totaling 248 eggs, each egg being a repeat. The eggs were weighed before and after the incubation period to determine weight loss and performing comparative analysis between the egg weight and the weight of chick. During the incubation period was evaluated the reproductive performance of the matrices, and after birth, 8 chicks each factor were killed for analysis of carcass thereof. No significant differences (P> 0.05) were found between reproductive performance and the relationship between chick weight and egg weight. The yolk sac and liver weights were affected (P 0.05) by treatment with a Plymouth Rock Barred strain showed the best results.

O objetivo deste trabalho foi estudar diferentes métodos reprodutivos em aves de duas linhagens semipesadas e avaliar seus efeitos sobre os processos de incubação artificial dos ovos e do rendimento de carcaça dos pintainhos. O delineamento experimental foi inteiramente casualisado em esquema fatorial (2 x 2) com os fatores: métodos reprodutivos (inseminação artificial e monta natural) e duas linhagens semipesadas (Plymouth Rock Barrada e Rhode Island Red). Foram utilizadas 26 matrizes (23 fêmeas e 3 machos) para cada fator que originaram 62 ovos cada, totalizando 248 ovos, sendo cada ovo uma repetição. Os ovos foram pesados antes e após o período de incubação para determinação da perda de peso e realização de análise comparativa entre o peso do ovo e o peso do pinto. Durante o período de incubação foi avaliado o desempenho reprodutivo das matrizes, e após o nascimento, foram abatidos 8 pintos de cada fator para análise do rendimento de carcaça dos mesmos. Não foram encontradas diferenças significativas (P>0,05) entre o desempenho reprodutivo e a relação entre o peso do pinto e o peso do ovo. O peso do saco vitelino e peso do fígado foram afetados (P 0,05) pelos tratamentos tendo a linhagem Plymouth Rock Barrada apresentado melhores resultados.

Incubation artificial processes associated with the application of different reproductive methods in matrices semi heavy / Processos de incubação artificial associados à aplicação de diferentes métodos reprodutivos em matrizes semipesadas

The objective of this study was different reproductive methods in birds from two semiheavy lineages and evaluate their effects on the processes of artificial incubation of eggs and carcass yield of chicks. The experimental design was completely randomized factorial (2 x 2) with factors: reproductive methods (artificial insemination and natural breeding) and two semi-heavy lineages (Plymouth Barred Rock and Rhode Island Red). Were used 26 matrices (23 females and 3 males) for each factor that led to 62 eggs each, totaling 248 eggs, each egg being a repeat. The eggs were weighed before and after the incubation period to determine weight loss and performing comparative analysis between the egg weight and the weight of chick. During the incubation period was evaluated the reproductive performance of the matrices, and after birth, 8 chicks each factor were killed for analysis of carcass thereof. No significant differences (P> 0.05) were found between reproductive performance and the relationship between chick weight and egg weight. The yolk sac and liver weights were affected (P 0.05) by treatment with a Plymouth Rock Barred strain showed the best results.

O objetivo deste trabalho foi estudar diferentes métodos reprodutivos em aves de duas linhagens semipesadas e avaliar seus efeitos sobre os processos de incubação artificial dos ovos e do rendimento de carcaça dos pintainhos. O delineamento experimental foi inteiramente casualisado em esquema fatorial (2 x 2) com os fatores: métodos reprodutivos (inseminação artificial e monta natural) e duas linhagens semipesadas (Plymouth Rock Barrada e Rhode Island Red). Foram utilizadas 26 matrizes (23 fêmeas e 3 machos) para cada fator que originaram 62 ovos cada, totalizando 248 ovos, sendo cada ovo uma repetição. Os ovos foram pesados antes e após o período de incubação para determinação da perda de peso e realização de análise comparativa entre o peso do ovo e o peso do pinto. Durante o período de incubação foi avaliado o desempenho reprodutivo das matrizes, e após o nascimento, foram abatidos 8 pintos de cada fator para análise do rendimento de carcaça dos mesmos. Não foram encontradas diferenças significativas (P>0,05) entre o desempenho reprodutivo e a relação entre o peso do pinto e o peso do ovo. O peso do saco vitelino e peso do fígado foram afetados

Calidad de la ejecución del Programa de Vigilancia y Control de Otros Culícidos / Quality of the implementation of the Surveillance and Control Program of Other Culicids

Se realizó una investigación sobre sistemas y servicios de salud para evaluar la calidad de la ejecución del Programa de Vigilancia y Control de otros Culícidos en las áreas de salud "XX Aniversario" y "Armando García Aspurú" del municipio de Santiago de Cuba, en el período 2009-2010. El universo estuvo constituido por 28 criaderos naturales, 10 puntos de captura específica, 11 prestadores y 60 usuarios. Las dimensiones estudiadas fueron la calidad científico-técnica (competencia profesional) y la satisfacción de prestadores y usuarios. La evaluación de la estructura reveló que fue inadecuada por déficit de personal especializado (50,0 %), por la ausencia del programa y por la escasa disponibilidad de pilas y cucharones carter; la del proceso, por baja competencia profesional e incumplimientos de tratamientos biológicos y físicos; la de los resultados, por insatisfacción con las actividades de capacitación (81,1 %) y por déficit de recursos materiales (63,6 %). El porcentaje de positividad de los criaderos resultó ser elevado, las densidades larvarias e índices de picada estuvieron fuera de parámetros permisibles y predominaron las malas condiciones de saneamiento. Se emitieron recomendaciones relacionadas con los problemas identificados.

A research on health systems and services was conducted to evaluate the quality of implementation of the Surveillance and Control Program of other culicids in "XX Aniversario" and "Armando García Aspurú" health areas of Santiago de Cuba municipality in the period 2009-2010. The sample consisted of 28 natural breeding sites, 10 specific capture points, 11 providers and 60 users. The aspects studied were scientific and technical quality (professional competence) and satisfaction of providers and users. Evaluation of the structure revealed that it was inadequate due to specialized personnel deficit (50.0 %), absence of the program and limited availability of batteries and carter buckets; evaluation of the process revealed low professional competence and failure to comply with biological and physical treatments; and that of the results showed dissatisfaction with the training activities (81.1 %) and lack of material resources (63.6 %). The percentage of positive breeding sites was found to be high, larval densities and bite rates were out of permissible parameters, and poor sanitation prevailed. Recommendations related to identified problems were given.

Identification of the natural breeding sites of sandflies (Diptera: Psychodidae: Phlebotominae), potential vectors of leishmaniasis, in the province of Chaco, Argentina

The aim of this work was to identify the natural breeding sites of sandflies in the province of Chaco, Argentina, for the first time. Preliminary studies were conducted in two different phytogeographic regions: dry Chaco (Parque Provincial Pampa del Indio), in January 2010, and humid Chaco (Resistencia, Margarita Belén and Colonia Benítez), from May-September 2010. A total of 127 samples were collected (Pampa del Indio: 15, Resistencia: 37, Margarita Belén: 36, Colonia Benítez: 39). A female of Migonemyia migonei was found in Pampa del Indio at the base of a bromeliad in the summer (January) and a pupal exuvium of a phlebotomine fly was found in Resistencia, in a place where dogs rested, in the winter (July). These findings highlighted these two sites as potential breeding sites. Because the existence of potential natural breeding sites for sandflies has been demonstrated in both forest and periurban areas, expanding the search efforts and characterising these sites will enable the development of specific study designs to gain insight into the spatial distribution of the risks posed by these vectors. The resulting information will serve as a basis for proposing and evaluating vector control measures.

Avaliação reprodutiva de touros para monta a campo: análise crítica / Reproductive evaluation of bulls for farmland mating: a critical analysis

Nesta palestra apresentaram-se os resultados parciais de pesquisa realizada através de 6586 exames andrológicos de touros para monta a campo, onde se verificou que em 5747 deles que classificaram os touros em APTOS, 2967 (51,6%) se incluíram na classe dos “Excelentes”, 2366 (41,2%) na dos “Muito Bons” e 414 (7,2%) na dos “Bons”. Dos 839 classificados como INAPTOS, 668 (79,6%) foram incluídos na classe dos “Inaptos Temporários” e 171 (20,4%) na dos “Descartes”. Para esta classificação foram consideradas as seguintes características: a circunferência escrotal (CE), cuja média de todas as idades estudadas foi de 36,41 cm; a motilidade espermática (Mot), média de 73,37%; o vigor espermático (Vig), média de 4,15; o turbilhonamento espermático (Tb), média de 1,97; os defeitos maiores (DM), média de 3,08%; os defeitos menores (dm), média de 4,82 % e o total de defeitos (TD), média de 7,90%. Foram realizados, também, 6600 testes da libido, onde os touros pontuados de zero a dois foram considerados questionáveis (Q), notas de três a seis permitiram classificá-los como bons (B), de sete a oito como muito bons (MB) e os que alcançaram nove a 10 pontos, foram considerados excelentes (E). Pela associação entre o exame andrológico e o da libido, que determinou o potencial reprodutivo (PR) do reprodutor, obtiveram-se PR = Q em 844 testes (12,79%); PR = B em 2338 testes (35,42%); PR = MB em 2633 deles (39,90%) e PR = E em 785 exames (11,89%). As proporções de vacas recomendadas por touro foram de zero para os de PR = Q, de 30 a 50 para os de PR = B, de 55 a 70 para os de PR = MB e de 80 a 100 para os de PR = E. As repetibilidades observadas para as características andrológicas foram de 66,0/ 41,5/ 38,2/ 36,7/ 57,7/ 51,5 e 63,5 para CE/ Mot/ Vig/ Tb/ DM/ dm/ e TD, respectivamente... (AU)

In this talk we describe preliminary results of 6586 andrological exams of bulls for natural breeding, where of the 5747 bulls ranked as FIT, 2967 (51.6%) were ranked “Excellent”, 2366 (41.2%) were ranked “Very Good”, and 414 (7.2%) were ranked “Good”. Out of the 839 ranked as UNFIT, 668 (79.6%) were ranked as “Temporary Unfit” and 171 (20.4%) as “discard”. The ranking system considered the following characteristics: testicular circumference (TC), with average value 36.41 cm for all ages considered; spermatic motility (Mot), average 73.37%; spermatic vigor (Vig), average 4.15; spermatic swirl (SS), average 1.97; major defects (MD), average 3.08%; minor defects (md), average 4,82 %, and total defects (TD), average 7.90%. Moreover, 6600 behavior (libido) tests were undertaken, where the bulls graded zero to two were ranked questionable (Q), three to six ranked as good (G), seven to eight as very good (VG), and nine to ten as excellent (E). The correlation between the andrological and behavior (libido) exams, which determined the bulls´ reproductive potential (RP), resulted in RP = Q in 844 cases (12.79%), RP = G in 2338 cases (35.42%), RP = VG in 2633 cases (39.90%), and RP = E (excellent) in 785 cases (11.89%). The recommended number of cows to bull were zero for those ranked RP = Q, 30 to 50 for G, 55 to 70 to VG, and 80 to 100 to E. The repeatibility of the andrological characteristics were 66.0/ 41.5/ 38.2/ 36.7/ 57.7/ 51.5 and 63.5 for TC/ Mot/ Vig/ SS/ MD/ md/ e TD, respectively...(AU)

Avaliação reprodutiva de touros para monta a campo: análise crítica / Reproductive evaluation of bulls for farmland mating: a critical analysis

Nesta palestra apresentaram-se os resultados parciais de pesquisa realizada através de 6586 exames andrológicos de touros para monta a campo, onde se verificou que em 5747 deles que classificaram os touros em APTOS, 2967 (51,6%) se incluíram na classe dos “Excelentes”, 2366 (41,2%) na dos “Muito Bons” e 414 (7,2%) na dos “Bons”. Dos 839 classificados como INAPTOS, 668 (79,6%) foram incluídos na classe dos “Inaptos Temporários” e 171 (20,4%) na dos “Descartes”. Para esta classificação foram consideradas as seguintes características: a circunferência escrotal (CE), cuja média de todas as idades estudadas foi de 36,41 cm; a motilidade espermática (Mot), média de 73,37%; o vigor espermático (Vig), média de 4,15; o turbilhonamento espermático (Tb), média de 1,97; os defeitos maiores (DM), média de 3,08%; os defeitos menores (dm), média de 4,82 % e o total de defeitos (TD), média de 7,90%. Foram realizados, também, 6600 testes da libido, onde os touros pontuados de zero a dois foram considerados questionáveis (Q), notas de três a seis permitiram classificá-los como bons (B), de sete a oito como muito bons (MB) e os que alcançaram nove a 10 pontos, foram considerados excelentes (E). Pela associação entre o exame andrológico e o da libido, que determinou o potencial reprodutivo (PR) do reprodutor, obtiveram-se PR = Q em 844 testes (12,79%); PR = B em 2338 testes (35,42%); PR = MB em 2633 deles (39,90%) e PR = E em 785 exames (11,89%). As proporções de vacas recomendadas por touro foram de zero para os de PR = Q, de 30 a 50 para os de PR = B, de 55 a 70 para os de PR = MB e de 80 a 100 para os de PR = E. As repetibilidades observadas para as características andrológicas foram de 66,0/ 41,5/ 38,2/ 36,7/ 57,7/ 51,5 e 63,5 para CE/ Mot/ Vig/ Tb/ DM/ dm/ e TD, respectivamente...

In this talk we describe preliminary results of 6586 andrological exams of bulls for natural breeding, where of the 5747 bulls ranked as FIT, 2967 (51.6%) were ranked “Excellent”, 2366 (41.2%) were ranked “Very Good”, and 414 (7.2%) were ranked “Good”. Out of the 839 ranked as UNFIT, 668 (79.6%) were ranked as “Temporary Unfit” and 171 (20.4%) as “discard”. The ranking system considered the following characteristics: testicular circumference (TC), with average value 36.41 cm for all ages considered; spermatic motility (Mot), average 73.37%; spermatic vigor (Vig), average 4.15; spermatic swirl (SS), average 1.97; major defects (MD), average 3.08%; minor defects (md), average 4,82 %, and total defects (TD), average 7.90%. Moreover, 6600 behavior (libido) tests were undertaken, where the bulls graded zero to two were ranked questionable (Q), three to six ranked as good (G), seven to eight as very good (VG), and nine to ten as excellent (E). The correlation between the andrological and behavior (libido) exams, which determined the bulls´ reproductive potential (RP), resulted in RP = Q in 844 cases (12.79%), RP = G in 2338 cases (35.42%), RP = VG in 2633 cases (39.90%), and RP = E (excellent) in 785 cases (11.89%). The recommended number of cows to bull were zero for those ranked RP = Q, 30 to 50 for G, 55 to 70 to VG, and 80 to 100 to E. The repeatibility of the andrological characteristics were 66.0/ 41.5/ 38.2/ 36.7/ 57.7/ 51.5 and 63.5 for TC/ Mot/ Vig/ SS/ MD/ md/ e TD, respectively...

Taxa de concepção de éguas submetidas a duas frequências de palpação retal (24 e 12 horas) e cobertas após a ovulação / Conception rate of mares controlled by two rectal palpation intervals (24 or 12 h)and breeeding after ovulation

Este trabalho foi realizado com o objetivo de estudar a fertilidade de éguas cobertas após a ovulação, segundo um manejo de palpação retal a cada 24 (P1) ou 12 horas (P2), e cobertas por dois garanhões (G1 e G2). O estudo utilizou 84 ciclos estrais de 50 éguas mestiças do tipo militar, distribuídos ao acaso, segundo um esquema fatorial 2 x 2. A taxa de gestação para o primeiro, segundo e terceiro ciclos estrais foram de: 29,41 por cento (5/17) e 50 por cento (4/8) para o grupo P1G1; 25 por cento (5/20), 54,54 por cento (6/11) e 100 por cento (2/2) para o grupo P2G1; 41,66 por cento (5/12) e 50 por cento (2/4) para o grupo P1G2; e de 60 por cento (6/10) para o grupo P2G2, respectivamente. A taxa de gestação total/ciclo, para cada um dos quatro tratamentos, foi de 36 por cento (9/25), 39,40 por cento (13/33), 43,75 por cento (7/16) e 60 por cento (6/10), respectivamente. A taxa de concepção por ciclo estral não diferiu (p>0,05), pelo teste Exato de Fisher. Assim, os dados foram reagrupados levando-se apenas em consideração a freqüência de palpação retal, e obteve-se 39,02 por cento (16/41) e 44,19 por cento (19/43) de taxa de concepção/ciclo e 55,20 por cento (16/29) e 63,30 por cento (19/30) de taxa de concepção total para os intervalos de palpação de 24 e 12 horas, respectivamente.(AU)

The objective of the experiment was to study the fertility of mares bred after ovulation, detected by rectal palpation every 24 (P1) or 12 hours (P2), using two stallions (G1 and G2). This study was done with 84 estrus cycles of 50 military crossbred mares, randomly assigned to four treatments. The conception rate for first, second and third estrus cycles were 29.41 percent (5/17) and 50.00 percent (4/8) for group P1G1; 25.00 percent (5/20), 54.54 percent (6/11) and 100.00 percent (2/2) for group P2G1; 41.66 percent (5/12) and 50.00 percent (2/4) for group P1G2; and 60.00 percent (6/10) for group P2G2, respectively. The conception rate for each treatment were 36.00 percent (9/25), 39.40 percent (13/33), 43.75 percent (7/16) and 60.00 percent (6/10). The conception rate by estrus cycle did not differ (p>0.05) by Fisher Test. The data obtained were regrouped considering only the rectal palpation frequency and it was obtained 39.02 (16/41) and 44.19 percent (19/43) for conception rate by estrus cycle and 55.20 percent (16/29) and 63.30 percent (19/30) for total conception rate for 24 and 12 to rectal palpation intervals, respectively.(AU)

Taxa de concepção de éguas submetidas a duas frequências de palpação retal (24 e 12 horas) e cobertas após a ovulação / Conception rate of mares controlled by two rectal palpation intervals (24 or 12 h)and breeeding after ovulation

Este trabalho foi realizado com o objetivo de estudar a fertilidade de éguas cobertas após a ovulação, segundo um manejo de palpação retal a cada 24 (P1) ou 12 horas (P2), e cobertas por dois garanhões (G1 e G2). O estudo utilizou 84 ciclos estrais de 50 éguas mestiças do tipo militar, distribuídos ao acaso, segundo um esquema fatorial 2 x 2. A taxa de gestação para o primeiro, segundo e terceiro ciclos estrais foram de: 29,41 por cento (5/17) e 50 por cento (4/8) para o grupo P1G1; 25 por cento (5/20), 54,54 por cento (6/11) e 100 por cento (2/2) para o grupo P2G1; 41,66 por cento (5/12) e 50 por cento (2/4) para o grupo P1G2; e de 60 por cento (6/10) para o grupo P2G2, respectivamente. A taxa de gestação total/ciclo, para cada um dos quatro tratamentos, foi de 36 por cento (9/25), 39,40 por cento (13/33), 43,75 por cento (7/16) e 60 por cento (6/10), respectivamente. A taxa de concepção por ciclo estral não diferiu (p>0,05), pelo teste Exato de Fisher. Assim, os dados foram reagrupados levando-se apenas em consideração a freqüência de palpação retal, e obteve-se 39,02 por cento (16/41) e 44,19 por cento (19/43) de taxa de concepção/ciclo e 55,20 por cento (16/29) e 63,30 por cento (19/30) de taxa de concepção total para os intervalos de palpação de 24 e 12 horas, respectivamente.

The objective of the experiment was to study the fertility of mares bred after ovulation, detected by rectal palpation every 24 (P1) or 12 hours (P2), using two stallions (G1 and G2). This study was done with 84 estrus cycles of 50 military crossbred mares, randomly assigned to four treatments. The conception rate for first, second and third estrus cycles were 29.41 percent (5/17) and 50.00 percent (4/8) for group P1G1; 25.00 percent (5/20), 54.54 percent (6/11) and 100.00 percent (2/2) for group P2G1; 41.66 percent (5/12) and 50.00 percent (2/4) for group P1G2; and 60.00 percent (6/10) for group P2G2, respectively. The conception rate for each treatment were 36.00 percent (9/25), 39.40 percent (13/33), 43.75 percent (7/16) and 60.00 percent (6/10). The conception rate by estrus cycle did not differ (p>0.05) by Fisher Test. The data obtained were regrouped considering only the rectal palpation frequency and it was obtained 39.02 (16/41) and 44.19 percent (19/43) for conception rate by estrus cycle and 55.20 percent (16/29) and 63.30 percent (19/30) for total conception rate for 24 and 12 to rectal palpation intervals, respectively.

Emergência de flebotomíneos (Diptera: Psychodidae) em chão de floresta de terra firme na Amazônia Central do Brasil: uso de um modelo modificado de armadilha de emergência / Emergence of phlebotomine sandflies (Diptera: Psychodidade) in non-flooded forest floor in Central Amazon, Brazil: a modified emergence trap model

Informações acerca de potenciais criadouros naturais de flebotomíneos sempre foram de fundamental interesse epidemiológico. Contudo, são poucas as informações advindas dos diversos estudos realizados até o momento. Isto se deve principalmente às dificuldades de localização e extração dos imaturos que se desenvolvem no solo e matéria orgânica do chão de florestas. No presente estudo o modelo modificado de armadilha de emergência foi testado na Vila do Pitinga, município de Presidente Figueiredo, Estado do Amazonas, a fim de localizar potenciais criadouros naturais. Vinte e sete indivíduos de nove espécies (Lutzomyia umbratilis,L. monstruosa,L. ayrozai,L. anduzei,L. trichopyga,L. davisi,L. geniculata,L. georgii e L. saulensis) foram coletados. Lutzomyia umbratilis foi a espécie com maior número de indivíduos, 10, representando 37,1 por cento do total. A produção de flebotomíneos foi estimada em 2,2 flebotomíneos por 100 m² por dia. Em setembro, mês com maior número de indivíduos, esta produção foi de 5,8.

Information concerning the potential natural breeding sites of phlebotomine sandflies are of high epidemiological importance. However, few studies have been conducted on the subject. This is due especially to the difficulties in finding as well as extracting immature sandflies that develop in the soil and organic matter of the forest floor. In the present study, a modified emergence trap model was tested in order to find potential breeding sites. This model was tested in the Pitinga Village, situated in the Presidente Figueredo municipality, in the State of Amazonas. Twenty-seven individuals belonging to nine species (Lutzomyia umbratilis,L. monstruosa,L. ayrozai,L. anduzei,L. trichopyga,L. davisi,L. geniculata,L. georgii e L. saulensis.) were collected. Lutzomyia umbratilis showed the highest number of individuals (37.1 percent) of all species captured in the area. The phlebotomine productivity was estimated as 2.2 sandflies per 100 m²/day. September showed the highest density of individuals, with a productivity of 5.8.

Emergência de flebotomíneos (Diptera: Psychodidae) em chão de floresta de terra firme na Amazônia Central do Brasil: uso de um modelo modificado de armadilha de emergência

Information concerning the potential natural breeding sites of phlebotomine sandflies are of high epidemiological importance. However, few studies have been conducted on the subject. This is due especially to the difficulties in finding as well as extracting immature sandflies that develop in the soil and organic matter of the forest floor. In the present study, a modified emergence trap model was tested in order to find potential breeding sites. This model was tested in the Pitinga Village, situated in the Presidente Figueredo municipality, in the State of Amazonas. Twenty-seven individuals belonging to nine species (Lutzomyia umbratilis,L. monstruosa,L. ayrozai,L. anduzei,L. trichopyga,L. davisi,L. geniculata,L. georgii e L. saulensis.) were collected. Lutzomyia umbratilis showed the highest number of individuals (37.1%) of all species captured in the area. The phlebotomine productivity was estimated as 2.2 sandflies per 100 m²/day. September showed the highest density of individuals, with a productivity of 5.8.

Informações acerca de potenciais criadouros naturais de flebotomíneos sempre foram de fundamental interesse epidemiológico. Contudo, são poucas as informações advindas dos diversos estudos realizados até o momento. Isto se deve principalmente às dificuldades de localização e extração dos imaturos que se desenvolvem no solo e matéria orgânica do chão de florestas. No presente estudo o modelo modificado de armadilha de emergência foi testado na Vila do Pitinga, município de Presidente Figueiredo, Estado do Amazonas, a fim de localizar potenciais criadouros naturais. Vinte e sete indivíduos de nove espécies (Lutzomyia umbratilis,L. monstruosa,L. ayrozai,L. anduzei,L. trichopyga,L. davisi,L. geniculata,L. georgii e L. saulensis) foram coletados. Lutzomyia umbratilis foi a espécie com maior número de indivíduos, 10, representando 37,1% do total. A produção de flebotomíneos foi estimada em 2,2 flebotomíneos por 100 m² por dia. Em setembro, mês com maior número de indivíduos, esta produção foi de 5,8.