Turmeric essential oil improves intestinal integrity, immunological parameters, and performance of broiler chickens under cyclic heat stress.

This study aimed to examine whether dietary supplementation of broiler chickens with turmeric essential could mitigate the effects of cyclic heat stress conditions. Intestinal and immunological parameters and gene expression were evaluated during the grower phase. A total of 320 21-day-old male Cobb 500 broilers were distributed according to a completely randomized design with a 4 (diet) × 2 (environment) factorial arrangement and eight replications of five birds each. Dietary treatments consisted of a basal diet without essential oil (EO, negative control) and three diets containing low (100 mg kg-1), intermediate (200 mg kg-1), or high (300 mg kg-1) levels of turmeric EO. In the heat stress group, dietary supplementation with turmeric EO at 100 and 200 mg kg-1 improved body weight, feed conversion, breast yield, and relative liver weight. These supplementation levels reduced villus width, increased villus/crypt ratio, reduced the H/L ratio, and improved hepatic (HSP70 and SREBP1) and intestinal (OCLN) gene expression in birds under heat stress. These findings support the hypothesis that turmeric EO can be used to improve or restore intestinal integrity, modulate inflammation parameters, and, consequently, enhance the performance of broilers challenged by cyclic heat stress.

Fetal Programming Influence on Microbiome Diversity and Ruminal and Cecal Epithelium in Beef Cattle.

We explored the influence of maternal nutritional strategies on the development of the rumen and cecum in offspring. Additionally, we investigated the potential repercussions of prenatal nutrition on the rumen and fecal microbiota composition, utilizing metagenomic 16S techniques, to understand the effects of fetal programming (FP) in Nellore cattle. A total of 63 bulls submitted to different prenatal nutrition strategies, namely, non-programming (NP), partial programming (PP), and complete programming (CP), were evaluated. The rumen epithelium was methodically evaluated based on the presence of rumenitis and structural irregularities. The assessment of cecum lesions was conducted post-evisceration, whereby all thoroughly cleaned ceca were methodically evaluated. Samples from 15 animals of rumen fluid at slaughter and feces during the finishing phase were collected, respectively. All DNA extraction were carried out using the Macherey Nagel NucleoSpin Tissue®, and 16S sequencing was conducted using the V4 primers on the MiSeq platform. Within the ruminal ecosystem, an estimated range of 90 to 130 distinct amplicon sequence variants was discerned, as distributed across 45,000 to 70,000 sequencing reads. Our metagenomic exploration unveils microbial communities that distinctly mirror gastrointestinal tract microenvironments and dietary influences. In sum, this comprehensive study advances our comprehension of FP, highlighting the interplay of maternal nutrition, gastrointestinal development, and microbial communities, contributing significantly to the fields of animal science.

Human Nutrition Research in the Data Era: Results of 11 Reports on the Effects of a Multiple-Micronutrient-Intervention Study.

Large datasets have been used in molecular and genetic research for decades, but only a few studies have included nutrition and lifestyle factors. Our team conducted an n-of-1 intervention with 12 vitamins and five minerals in 9- to 13-year-old Brazilian children and teens with poor healthy-eating indices. A unique feature of the experimental design was the inclusion of a replication arm. Twenty-six types of data were acquired including clinical measures, whole-genome mapping, whole-exome sequencing, and proteomic and a variety of metabolomic measurements over two years. A goal of this study was to use these diverse data sets to discover previously undetected physiological effects associated with a poor diet that include a more complete micronutrient composition. We summarize the key findings of 11 reports from this study that (i) found that LDL and total cholesterol and fasting glucose decreased in the population after the intervention but with inter-individual variation; (ii) associated a polygenic risk score that predicted baseline vitamin B12 levels; (iii) identified metabotypes linking diet intake, genetic makeup, and metabolic physiology; (iv) found multiple biomarkers for nutrient and food groups; and (v) discovered metabolites and proteins that are associated with DNA damage. This summary also highlights the limitations and lessons in analyzing diverse omic data.

A multi-omics approach to understand the influence of polyphenols in ovarian cancer for precision nutrition: a mini-review.

The impact of polyphenols in ovarian cancer is widely studied observing gene expression, epigenetic alterations, and molecular mechanisms based on new 'omics' technologies. Therefore, the combination of omics technologies with the use of phenolic compounds may represent a promising approach to precision nutrition in cancer. This article provides an updated review involving the current applications of high-throughput technologies in ovarian cancer, the role of dietary polyphenols and their mechanistic effects in ovarian cancer, and the current status and challenges of precision nutrition and their relationship with big data. High-throughput technologies in different omics science can provide relevant information from different facets for identifying biomarkers for diagnosis, prognosis, and selection of specific therapies for personalized treatment. Furthermore, the field of omics sciences can provide a better understanding of the role of polyphenols and their function as signaling molecules in the prevention and treatment of ovarian cancer. Although we observed an increase in the number of investigations, there are several approaches to data acquisition, analysis, and integration that still need to be improved, and the standardization of these practices still needs to be implemented in clinical trials.

Omics: a new vision for breast cancer treatment / Omics: una nueva visión del tratamiento del cáncer de mama

ABSTRACT Breast cancer is an extremely heterogeneous disease with diverse morphologies, molecular characteristics, and clinical behaviour whose causes include interactions of both genetic and environmental factors. Currently, more than 2,261,419 cases and 684,996 deaths are reported each year worldwide and although great strides have been made, available treatments are inadequate for its most intractable forms. Therefore, knowing the associated molecular bases is essential to improve the prognosis and survival. The omics are high performance technologies utilized to quantify cellular components at a large scale. In this regard, this article presents genomic, epigenomic, transcriptomic, and proteomic research on breast cancer, in an attempt to understand and identify potential therapeutic molecular targets.

RESUMEN El cáncer de mama es una enfermedad extremadamente heterogénea con diversas morfologías, características moleculares, y comportamiento clínico, cuyas causas incluyen interacciones tanto de factores genéticos como ambientales. Actualmente, se reportan más de 2,261,419 casos y 684,996 muertes cada año en todo el mundo y, aunque se han realizado grandes avances, los tratamientos disponibles son inadecuados para sus formas más intratables. Por tanto, conocer las bases moleculares asociadas es imprescindible para mejorar el pronóstico y la supervivencia. Las ómicas son tecnologías de alto rendimiento, utilizadas para cuantificar componentes celulares a gran escala. En ese sentido, este artículo expone investigaciones genómicas, epigenómicas, transcriptómicas, y proteómicas sobre el cáncer de mama, en un intento por comprender e identificar posibles blancos moleculares terapéuticos.

10­Gingerol, a novel ginger compound, exhibits antiadipogenic effects without compromising cell viability in 3T3­L1 cells.

Obesity is defined as excessive fat accumulation that can be detrimental to health and currently affects a large part of the global population. Obesity arises from excessive energy intake along with a sedentary lifestyle and leads to adipocytes with aggravated hypertrophy. Strategies have been designed to prevent and treat obesity. Nutrigenomics may serve a role in prevention of obesity using bioactive compounds present in certain foods with anti-obesogenic effects. Ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe) contains gingerols, key bioactive compounds that inhibit hypertrophy and hyperplasia of adipocytes. The present study aimed to evaluate the antiadipogenic activity of 10-gingerol (10-G) in the 3T3-L1 cell line. Three study groups were formed: Negative (3T3-L1 preadipocytes) and positive control (mature 3T3-L1 adipocytes) and 10-G (3T3-L1 preadipocytes stimulated with 10-G during adipogenic differentiation). Cell viability and lipid content were evaluated by MTT assay and Oil Red O staining, respectively. mRNA expression of CCAAT enhancer-binding protein α (C/ebpα), peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (Pparγ), mechanistic target of rapamycin complex (Mtor), sterol regulatory element binding transcription factor 1 (Srebf1), acetyl-coenzyme A carboxylase (Acaca), fatty acid binding protein 4 (Fabp4), and 18S rRNA (Rn18s), was quantified by quantitative PCR. The protein expression of C/EPBα was analyzed by western blot. In the 10-G group, lipid content was decreased by 28.83% (P<0.0001) compared with the positive control; notably, cell viability was not affected (P=0.336). The mRNA expression in the 10-G group was higher for C/ebpα (P<0.001) and lower for Acaca (P<0.001), Fabp4 (P<0.001), Mtor (P<0.0001) and Srebf1 (P<0.0001) compared with the positive control group, while gene expression of Pparγ did not present significant changes. The presence of 10-G notably decreased C/EBPα protein levels in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. In summary, the antiadipogenic effect of 10-G during the differentiation of 3T3-L1 cells into adipocytes may be explained by mRNA downregulation of adipogenic transcriptional factors and lipid metabolism-associated genes.

Role of long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids, eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic, in the regulation of gene expression during the development of obesity: a systematic review.

Introduction: There exists a correlation between obesity and the consumption of an excessive amount of calories, with a particular association between the intake of saturated and trans fats and an elevated body mass index. Omega-3 fatty acids, specifically eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acids, have been identified as potential preventive nutrients against the cardiometabolic hazards that are commonly associated with obesity. The objective of this comprehensive review was to elucidate the involvement of long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids, specifically eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid, in the modulation of gene expression during the progression of obesity. Methods: The present analysis focused on primary studies that investigated the association between long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids, gene expression, and obesity in individuals aged 18 to 65 years. Furthermore, a comprehensive search was conducted on many databases until August 2023 to identify English-language scholarly articles utilizing MeSH terms and textual content pertaining to long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids, gene expression, obesity, and omega-3. The protocol has been registered on PROSPERO under the registration number CRD42022298395. A comprehensive analysis was conducted on a total of nine primary research articles. All research collected and presented quantitative data. Results and Discussion: The findings of our study indicate that the incorporation of eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acid may have potential advantages and efficacy in addressing noncommunicable diseases, including obesity. This can be attributed to their anti-inflammatory properties and their ability to regulate genes associated with obesity, such as PPARγ and those within the ALOX family. Systematic Review Registration: https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/display_record.php?ID=CRD42022298395, CRD42022298395.

The Influence of Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms On Body Weight Trajectory After Bariatric Surgery: A Systematic Review.

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: To conduct a systematic review to summarize the results of studies on this subject and to identify whether single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) are good prognostic markers for body weight trajectory after bariatric surgery. RECENT FINDINGS: A considerable number of events can influence the body weight trajectory after bariatric surgery, and in the post-genomic era, genetic factors have been explored. This study is registered with PROSPERO (CRD42021240903). SNPs positively associated with poor weight loss after bariatric surgery were rs17702901, rs9939609, rs1360780, rs1126535, rs1137101, rs17782313, rs490683, and rs659366. Alternatively, SNPs rs2229616, rs5282087, rs490683, rs9819506, rs4771122, rs9939609, rs4846567, rs9930506, rs3813929, rs738409, rs696217, rs660339, rs659366, rs6265, rs1801260, and rs2419621 predicted a higher weight loss after bariatric surgery. Six studies performed with a genetic risk score (GRS) model presented significant associations between GRS and outcomes following bariatric surgery. This systematic review shows that, different SNPs and genetic models could be good predictors for body weight trajectory after bariatric surgery. Based on the results of the selected studies for this Systematic Review is possible to select SNPs and metabolic pathways of interest for the GRS construction to predict the outcome of bariatric surgery to be applied in future studies.

Sulforaphane Combined with Vitamin D Induces Cytotoxicity Mediated by Oxidative Stress, DNA Damage, Autophagy, and JNK/MAPK Pathway Modulation in Human Prostate Tumor Cells.

Prostate cancer ranks second in incidence worldwide. To date, there are no available therapies to effectively treat advanced and metastatic prostate cancer. Sulforaphane and vitamin D alone are promising anticancer agents in vitro and in vivo, but their low bioavailability has limited their effects in clinical trials. The present study examined whether sulforaphane combined with vitamin D at clinically relevant concentrations improved the cytotoxicity of the compounds alone towards DU145 and PC-3 human prostate tumor cells. To assess the anticancer activity of this combination, we analyzed cell viability (MTT assay), oxidative stress (CM-H2DCFDA), autophagy (fluorescence), DNA damage (comet assay), and protein expression (Western blot). The sulforaphane-vitamin D combination (i) decreased cell viability, induced oxidative stress, DNA damage, and autophagy, upregulated BAX, CASP8, CASP3, JNK, and NRF2 expression, and downregulated BCL2 expression in DU145 cells; and (ii) decreased cell viability, increased autophagy and oxidative stress, upregulated BAX and NRF2 expression, and downregulated JNK, CASP8, and BCL2 expression in PC-3 cells. Therefore, sulforaphane and vitamin D in combination have a potential application in prostate cancer therapy, and act to modulate the JNK/MAPK signaling pathway.

Effect of Cow-Calf Supplementation on Gene Expression, Processes, and Pathways Related to Adipogenesis and Lipogenesis in Longissimus thoracis Muscle of F1 Angus × Nellore Cattle at Weaning.

The aim of this study was to identify differentially expressed genes, biological processes, and metabolic pathways related to adipogenesis and lipogenesis in calves receiving different diets during the cow-calf phase. Forty-eight uncastrated F1 Angus × Nellore males were randomly assigned to two treatments from thirty days of age to weaning: no creep feeding (G1) or creep feeding (G2). The creep feed offered contained ground corn (44.8%), soybean meal (40.4%), and mineral core (14.8%), with 22% crude protein and 65% total digestible nutrients in dry matter. After weaning, the animals were feedlot finished for 180 days and fed a single diet containing 12.6% forage and 87.4% corn-based concentrate. Longissimus thoracis muscle samples were collected by biopsy at weaning for transcriptome analysis and at slaughter for the measurement of intramuscular fat content (IMF) and marbling score (MS). Animals of G2 had 17.2% and 14.0% higher IMF and MS, respectively (p < 0.05). We identified 947 differentially expressed genes (log2 fold change 0.5, FDR 5%); of these, 504 were upregulated and 443 were downregulated in G2. Part of the genes upregulated in G2 were related to PPAR signaling (PPARA, SLC27A1, FABP3, and DBI), unsaturated fatty acid synthesis (FADS1, FADS2, SCD, and SCD5), and fatty acid metabolism (FASN, FADS1, FADS2, SCD, and SCD5). Regarding biological processes, the genes upregulated in G2 were related to cholesterol biosynthesis (EBP, CYP51A1, DHCR24, and LSS), unsaturated fatty acid biosynthesis (FADS2, SCD, SCD5, and FADS1), and insulin sensitivity (INSIG1 and LPIN2). Cow-calf supplementation G2 positively affected energy metabolism and lipid biosynthesis, and thus favored the deposition of marbling fat during the postweaning period, which was shown here in an unprecedented way, by analyzing the transcriptome, genes, pathways, and enriched processes due to the use of creep feeding.

Impacts of Different Prenatal Supplementation Strategies on the Plasma Metabolome of Bulls in the Rearing and Finishing Phase.

This study investigated the effects of maternal nutrition on the plasma metabolome of Nellore bulls in the rearing and finishing phases, and metabolic differences between these phases. For this study, three nutritional approaches were used in 126 cows during pregnancy: NP-(control) mineral supplementation; PP-protein-energy supplementation in the final third; and FP-protein-energy supplementation during the entire pregnancy. We collected blood samples from male offspring in the rearing (450 ± 28 days old) and finishing phases (660 ± 28 days old). The blood was processed, and from plasma samples, we performed the targeted metabolome analysis (AbsoluteIDQ® p180 Kit). Multiple linear regression, principal component analysis (PCA), repeated measures analysis over time, and an enrichment analysis were performed. PCA showed an overlap of treatments and time clusters in the analyses. We identified significant metabolites among the treatments (rearing phase = six metabolites; finishing phase = three metabolites) and over time (21 metabolites). No significant metabolic pathways were found in the finishing phase, however, we found significant pathways in the rearing phase (Arginine biosynthesis and Histidine metabolism). Thus, prenatal nutrition impacted on plasma metabolome of bulls during the rearing and finishing phase and the different production stages showed an effect on the metabolic levels of bulls.

What do we know about nutrient-based strategies targeting molecular mechanisms associated with obesity-related fatty liver disease?

Obesity is a risk factor for developing nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), and the associated molecular mechanisms could be targeted with nutrient-based strategies. Therefore, it is necessary to review the current mechanisms to propose further treatments. Obesity facilitates the onset of insulin resistance, lipidic abnormalities, hepatic fat accumulation, lipid peroxidation, mitochondrial dysfunction, excessive reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, and inflammation, all related to further steatosis progression and fibrosis. Microbiota alterations can also influence liver disease by the translocation of pathogenic bacteria, energy extraction from short chain fatty acids (SCFAs), intestinal suppression of the expression of fasting-induced adipose factor (FIAF), reduction of bile acids, and altered choline metabolism. There are also genetic polymorphisms in metabolic proteins that predispose to a higher risk of liver diseases, such as those found in the patatin-like phospholipase domain-containing 3 (PNPLA3), transmembrane 6 superfamily member 2 (TM6SF2), membrane-bound O-acyltransferase domain-containing 7 (MBOAT7) or also known as lysophosphatidylinositol acyltransferase 1 (LPIAT1), transmembrane channel-like 4 genes (TMC4), fat mass and obesity-associated protein (FTO), the b Klotho (KLB) and carboxylesterase (CES1). No clear dietary guidelines target all mechanisms related to NAFLD development and progression. However, energy and carbohydrate intake restriction, regular physical exercise, supplementation of antioxidants, and restoration of gut microbiota seem to have beneficial effects on the new proposed features of NAFLD.

Bioética e medicina personalizada no envelhecimento: explorando complexidades / Bioethics and concierge medicine in aging: exploring complexities / Bioética y medicina personalizada en el envejecimiento: explorar las complejidades

Resumo A medicina personalizada surgiu como uma abordagem promissora para fornecer tratamentos exclusivos e personalizados para doenças usando ferramentas genômicas. No campo dos estudos do envelhecimento, a medicina personalizada tem grande potencial para transformar o tratamento e a prevenção de doenças associadas à idade e relacionadas à nutrigenômica e à farmacogenômica. No entanto, o uso de dados genômicos na medicina personalizada levanta preocupações bioéticas significativas, incluindo questões como privacidade, consentimento, equidade e potencial uso indevido de dados genômicos para fins discriminatórios. Portanto, é crucial considerar cuidadosamente os aspectos biomédicos, sociais e éticos da medicina personalizada no contexto de condições relacionadas à idade. Esta revisão tem o objetivo de explorar os principais aspectos da medicina personalizada concernentes a doenças relacionadas à idade nos dados farmacogenômicos e nutrigenômicos, abordando as preocupações bioéticas envolvidas no uso desses dados.

Abstract Concierge medicine emerged as a promising approach to offer exclusive and personalized treatments using genomic tools. In aging studies, concierge medicine has the potential to transform the treatment and prevention of age-associated and related diseases through pharmacogenetics and nutrigenomics; however, its use of genomic data raises important bioethical concerns, including privacy, consent, equity issues and potential misuse of these data for discriminatory purposes. Hence, careful consideration should be given to the biomedical, social, and ethical aspects of concierge medicine in aging contexts. Our review explores the main aspects of age-related pharmacogenetics and nutrigenomics data in concierge medicine, discussing the bioethical concerns involved in its use.

Resumen La medicina personalizada surgió como un enfoque prometedor con el fin de proporcionar tratamientos únicos y personalizados a enfermedades utilizando herramientas genómicas. En los estudios de envejecimiento, la medicina personalizada puede transformar el tratamiento y la prevención de enfermedades asociadas a la edad y relacionadas con la nutrigenómica y la farmacogenómica. Sin embargo, el uso de datos genómicos en medicina personalizada plantea importantes preocupaciones bioéticas, incluidos temas como la privacidad, el consentimiento, la equidad y el posible uso indebido de los datos genómicos con fines discriminatorios. Así, es fundamental ponderar cuidadosamente los aspectos biomédicos, sociales y éticos de la medicina personalizada en el contexto de las afecciones relacionadas con la edad. Esta revisión pretende explorar los principales aspectos de la medicina personalizada sobre las enfermedades relacionadas con la edad en los datos farmacogenómicos y nutrigenómicos al abordar las preocupaciones bioéticas involucradas en el uso de estos datos.

Anthocyanin-rich extract from black beans exerts anti-diabetic effects in rats through a multi-genomic mode of action in adipose tissue.

Black beans (BB) are an important source of a range of plant bioactive compounds including polyphenols, particularly anthocyanins. Several studies support that consumption of BB is associated with health benefits, including prevention of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). However, molecular mechanisms underlying the potential health properties of BB on adipose tissue (AT) are still largely unknown. The purpose of this study was to investigate multi-genomic effects of BB intake and identify regulatory networks potentially mediating T2DM on AT. Male Wistar diabetic rats consumed an anthocyanin-rich black bean extract for 5 weeks. Global gene expression from AT, protein coding and non-coding RNA profiles were determined using RNAseq. Biological function analyses were performed using a variety of bioinformatic tools. The evaluation of global gene expression profiles exhibited significant change following BB consumption with 406 significantly differentially expressed genes, 33 miRNA and 39 lncRNA and 3 snRNA. Functional analyses indicated that these genes play an important role in regulation of PI3K signaling, NIN/NF-kB signaling, insulin secretion, and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) organization. Interestingly, transcription factors such as GATA2, or POU2AF1 demonstrated to modulate their activity by BB extract by direct interaction with polyphenol metabolites, or by interactions with cell signaling proteins, like PKB, AKT or PI3K, that could control transcription factor activity and as a result impact on adipogenesis regulation. Therefore, the constant consumption of an anthocyanin-rich black bean extract may have anti-diabetic protective effects by modulating gene expression, resulting in a promising alternative for T2DM patients.

Diallyl Disulfide Induces Chemosensitization to Sorafenib, Autophagy, and Cell Cycle Arrest and Inhibits Invasion in Hepatocellular Carcinoma.

Hepatocellular carcinoma is the seventh most common type of cancer in the world, with limited treatment options. A promising strategy to treat cancer is to associate chemotherapeutics and plant bioactive compounds. Here, we examined whether diallyl disulfide (DADS; 50-200 µM) and sorafenib (SORA; 8 µM), either alone or in combination, were toxic to hepatocellular carcinoma cells (HepG2) in vitro. We assessed whether DADS and/or SORA induced cell death (LIVE/DEAD assay and autophagy) and cell cycle changes (flow cytometry), altered expression of key genes and proteins (RT-qPCR and Western blot), and modulated tumorigenesis signatures, such as proliferation (clonogenic assay), migration (wound healing), and invasion (inserts). The DADS + SORA combination elicited autophagic cell death by upregulating LC3 and NRF2 expression and downregulating FOS and TNF expression; induced the accumulation of cells in the G1 phase which thereby upregulated the CHEK2 expression; and inhibited invasion by downregulating the MMP2 expression. Predictive analysis indicated the participation of the MAPK pathway in the reported results. The DADS + SORA combination suppressed both cell invasion and clonogenic survival, which indicated that it dampened tumor growth, proliferation, invasion, and metastatic potential. Therefore, the DADS + SORA combination is a promising therapy to develop new clinical protocols.

Omega-3 pleiad: The multipoint anti-inflammatory strategy.

Omega 3 (ω3) fatty acids have been described since the 1980s as promising anti-inflammatory substances. Prostaglandin and leukotriene modulation were exhaustively explored as the main reason for ω3 beneficial outcomes. However, during the early 2000s, after the human genome decoding advent, the nutrigenomic approaches exhibited an impressive plethora of ω3 targets, now under the molecular point of view. Different G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) recognizing ω3 and its derivatives appear to be responsible for blocking inflammation and insulin-sensitizing effects. A new class of ω3-derived substances, such as maresins, resolvins, and protectins, increases ω3 actions. Inflammasome disruption, the presence of GPR120 on immune cell surfaces, and intracellular crosstalk signaling mediated by PPARγ compose the last discoveries regarding the multipoint anti-inflammatory targets for this nutrient. This review shows a detailed mechanistic proposal to understand ω3 fatty acid action over the inflammatory environment in the background of several chronic diseases.

Multi-Omics Nutritional Approaches Targeting Metabolic-Associated Fatty Liver Disease.

Currently, metabolic-associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD) is a leading global cause of chronic liver disease, and is expected to become one of the most common indications of liver transplantation. MAFLD is associated with obesity, involving multiple mechanisms such as alterations in lipid metabolism, insulin resistance, hyperinflammation, mitochondrial dysfunction, cell apoptosis, oxidative stress, and extracellular matrix formation. However, the onset and progression of MAFLD is variable among individuals, being influenced by intrinsic (personal) and external environmental factors. In this context, sequence structural variants across the human genome, epigenetic phenomena (i.e., DNA methylation, histone modifications, and long non-coding RNAs) affecting gene expression, gut microbiota dysbiosis, and metabolomics/lipidomic fingerprints may account for differences in MAFLD outcomes through interactions with nutritional features. This knowledge may contribute to gaining a deeper understanding of the molecular and physiological processes underlying MAFLD pathogenesis and phenotype heterogeneity, as well as facilitating the identification of biomarkers of disease progression and therapeutic targets for the implementation of tailored nutritional strategies. This comprehensive literature review highlights the potential of nutrigenetic, nutriepigenetic, nutrimetagenomic, nutritranscriptomics, and nutrimetabolomic approaches for the prevention and management of MAFLD in humans through the lens of precision nutrition.

Influence of a Polyherbal Choline Source in Dogs: Body Weight Changes, Blood Metabolites, and Gene Expression.

Choline chloride is used to provide choline in dog foods; however, in other domestic species, it has been replaced with a polyherbal containing phosphatidylcholine. A polyherbal containing Achyrantes aspera, Trachyspermum ammi, Citrullus colocynthis, Andrographis paniculata, and Azadirachta indica was evaluated in adult dogs through body weight changes, subcutaneous fat thickness, blood metabolites, and gene expression. Forty dogs (4.6 ± 1.6 years old) who were individually housed in concrete kennels were randomly assigned to the following treatments: unsupplemented diet (377 mg choline/kg), choline chloride (3850 mg/kg equivalent to 2000 mg choline/kg diet), and polyherbal (200, 400, and 800 mg/kg) for 60 days. Blood samples were collected on day 59 for biochemistry, biometry, and gene expression analysis through microarray assays. Intake, final body weight, and weight changes were similar for the two choline sources. Feed intake variation among dogs (p = 0.01) and dorsal fat (p = 0.03) showed a quadratic response to herbal choline. Dogs that received the polyherbal diet had reduced blood cholesterol levels (Quadratic, p = 0.02). The gene ontology analysis indicated that 15 biological processes were modified (p ≤ 0.05) with implications for preventing cardiovascular and metabolic diseases, cancer prevention, inflammatory and immune response, and behavior and cognitive process. According to these results that were observed in a 60 day trial, the polyherbal form could replace choline chloride in dog diets at a concentration of 400 mg/kg.

Effects of dietary electrolyte balance on performance, energy balance, and expression of genes related to acid-basic balance, absorption, and transport of nutrients in broilers.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of dietary electrolyte balance (DEB) levels on performance characteristics (feed intake, FI; body weight gain, BWG; and feed efficiency, FE), energy balance (retained energy, RE; metabolizable energy ingested, MEI; heat production, HP; and energy retention efficiency, ERE), and the expression of genes related to acid-base balance, nutrient absorption, and transport in broilers from 1 to 21 days of age. A total of 245 male Cobb chickens were used in a completely randomized design with five DEB levels (110, 175, 240, 305, and 370 mEq/kg) and seven replicates of seven birds each. The inclusion of DEB levels influenced FE; 110 mEq/kg provided the better values for this characteristic both in the pre-initial phase and in the initial phase but was different only concerning 175 mEq/kg (1-7 days) and 240 mEq/kg (1-21 days). Birds that ingested diets with a level of 240 mEq/kg of DEB had a higher MEI and HP. This DEB level caused a lesser and greater expression of the SLC12A2 gene in the liver and the ATP1A1 gene in the intestine, respectively. On the other hand, the ATP1A1 gene was less expressed in the liver and kidney of broilers supplemented with 370 mEq/kg compared to a level of 110 mEq/kg. In general, a level of 110 mEq/kg DEB in the ration seems to be the most suitable for good performance, energy balance, and gene expression of broilers from 1 to 21 days of age.

Personalized Dietary Recommendations Based on Lipid-Related Genetic Variants: A Systematic Review.

Background: Obesity and dyslipidemias are risk factors for developing cardiovascular diseases, the leading causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide. The pathogenesis of these diseases involves environmental factors, such as nutrition, but other aspects like genetic polymorphisms confer susceptibility to developing obesity and dyslipidemias. In this sense, nutrigenetics is being used to study the influence of genetic variations on the circulating lipid responses promoted by certain nutrients or foods to provide specific dietary strategies considering the genetic factors in personalized nutrition interventions. Objective: To identify throughout a systematic review the potential nutrigenetic recommendations that demonstrate a strong interaction between gene-diet and circulating lipid variations. Methods: This systematic review used the PRISMA-Protocol for manuscript research and preparation using PubMed and ScienceDirect databases. Human studies published in English from January 2010 to December 2020 were included. The main results were outcomes related to gene-diet interactions and plasmatic lipids variation. Results: About 1,110 articles were identified, but only 38 were considered to fulfill the inclusion criteria established based on the reported data. The acquired information was organized based on gene-diet interaction with nutrients and components of the diet and dietary recommendation generated by each interaction: gene-diet interaction with dietary fats, carbohydrates or dietary fiber, gene-diet interaction with nutraceutical or dietary supplementation, and gene-diet interaction with proteins. Conclusion: Findings included in this systematic review indicated that a certain percentage of dietary macronutrients, the consumption of specific amounts of polyunsaturated or monounsaturated fatty acids, as well as the ingestion of nutraceuticals or dietary supplements could be considered as potential strategies for the development of a wide range of nutrigenetic interventions since they have a direct impact on the blood levels of lipids. In this way, specific recommendations were identified as potential tools in developing precision diets and highlighted the importance of personalized nutrition. These recommendations may serve as a possible strategy to implement as dietary tools for the preventive treatment and control alterations in lipid metabolism. Systematic Review Registration: https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/display_record.php?ID=CRD42021248816, identifier [CRD42021248816].