Transdermal microneedle patches as a promising drug delivery system for anti-obesogenic molecules.

Obesity, characterized by excessive storage of lipids, has become a global pandemic with high incidence levels, and its forecast is not encouraging. Currently, there are different strategies to treat obesity; however, these conventional methods have various limitations. Lifestyle changes may result in poor outcomes due to the complexity of obesity causes, pharmaceutic treatments produce severe side effects, and bariatric surgery is highly invasive. In the search for alternative treatments to fight obesity, transdermal drug delivery systems of anti-obesogenic molecules have gained particular attention. However, the diffusion of molecules through the skin is the main drawback due to the characteristics of different layers of the skin, principally the stratum corneum and its barrier-like behavior. In this sense, microneedles patches (MP) have emerged to overcome this limitation by piercing the skin and allowing drug delivery inside the body. Although MP have been studied for some years, it was not until about 2017 that their potential as anti-obesogenic treatment was reported. This article aims to summarize and analyze the strategies employed to produce MP and to embed the active molecules against obesity. Special attention is focused on the microneedle's material, geometry, array, and additional delivery strategies, like nanoencapsulation. MP are a promising tool to develop an easy-access treatment, avoiding the digestive tract and with the capacity to enhance the anti-obesogenic activity by delivering one or more active molecules.

Effect of Swimming at Low Temperature on Uncoupling Protein Gene Expression in Skeletal Muscle of Wistar Rats / Efecto de la Natación a Baja Temperatura sobre la Expresión del Gen de la Proteína de Desacoplamiento en el Músculo Esquelético de Ratas Wistar

SUMMARY: As the economy develops and living standards improve, overweight and obesity are increasingly prevalent. Currently, weight-loss medications are primarily administered orally or intravenously, which can result in poor targeting, low bioavailability, frequent administration, and high toxicity and side effects. The study aimed to address these challenges by preparing polylactic acid- polyethylene glycol staple fibers that carry the browning drug pioglitazone hydrochloride using electrostatic spinning and freeze-cutting techniques. Animal experiments were conducted to test the effectiveness of these fibers. Additionally, the study investigated the expression of uncoupling protein genes in rats exposed to different water temperatures by measuring changes in serum urea nitrogen and mRNA expression levels of skeletal muscle uncoupling protein genes. The physiological and genetic effects of low-temperature swimming exercise on changes in energy metabolism in rats were also analyzed at both the individual and molecular levels. The results revealed that serum urea nitrogen remained more stable in hypothermic swimming rats compared to rats in the swimming group. Furthermore, the study observed an induced up-regulation of uncoupling proteins in the skeletal muscle of Wistar rats in response to external temperature stimulation, and the expression of mRNA for skeletal muscle uncoupling proteins significantly increased as the temperature decreased. And the prepared short nanofibers also had a significant promotive effect on uncoupling protein gene, COX7A1, while suppressing the expression of lipogenic gene.

A medida que la economía se desarrolla y los niveles de vida mejoran, el sobrepeso y la obesidad son cada vez más frecuentes. Actualmente, los medicamentos para bajar de peso se administran principalmente por vía oral o intravenosa, lo que puede resultar en una mala focalización, baja biodisponibilidad, administración frecuente y alta toxicidad y efectos secundarios. El estudio tuvo como objetivo abordar estos desafíos mediante la preparación de fibras cortadas de ácido poliláctico y polietilenglicol que transportan el fármaco pardo clorhidrato de pioglitazona mediante técnicas de hilado electrostático y liofilización. Se realizaron experimentos con animales para probar la eficacia de estas fibras. Además, el estudio investigó la expresión de genes de proteínas desacopladoras en ratas expuestas a diferentes temperaturas del agua midiendo los cambios en el nitrógeno ureico sérico y los niveles de expresión de ARNm de genes de proteínas desacopladoras del músculo esquelético. También se analizaron los efectos fisiológicos y genéticos del ejercicio de natación a baja temperatura sobre los cambios en el metabolismo energético en ratas, tanto a nivel individual como molecular. Los resultados revelaron que el nitrógeno ureico sérico permaneció más estable en ratas nadadoras hipotérmicas en comparación con las ratas del grupo de natación. Además, el estudio observó una regulación positiva inducida de las proteínas desacopladoras en el músculo esquelético de ratas Wistar en respuesta a la estimulación de la temperatura externa, y la expresión de ARNm para las proteínas desacopladoras del músculo esquelético aumentó significativamente a medida que disminuía la temperatura. Además, las nanofibras cortas preparadas también tuvieron un efecto promotor significativo sobre el gen de la proteína de desacoplamiento, COX7A1, al tiempo que suprimieron la expresión del gen lipogénico.

Microbiota dynamics preceding bariatric surgery as obesity treatment: a comprehensive review.

The review present data on the intricate relationship between bariatric surgery, gut microbiota, and metabolic health in obesity treatment. Bariatric surgery, is recognized as an effective intervention for managing morbid obesity, including various techniques with distinct mechanisms of action, efficacy, and safety profiles including Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass (RYGB), Sleeve Gastrectomy (SG), Laparoscopic Adjustable Gastric Banding (LAGB), and Biliopancreatic Diversion (BPD). RYGB and SG are the most prevalent procedures globally, inducing gut microbiota changes that influence microbial diversity and abundance. Post-surgery, alterations in bacterial communities occur, such as the increased of Escherichia coli inversely correlated with fat mass and leptin levels. During digestion, microbiota produce physiologically active compounds like bile acids (Bas) and short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs). SCFAs, derived by microbial fermentation, influence appetite, energy metabolism, and obesity-related pathways. Bas, altered by surgery, modulate glucose metabolism and insulin sensitivity. Furthermore, SG and RYGB enhance incretin secretion, particularly glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1). Therefore, understanding microbiota changes after bariatric surgery could be crucial for predicting metabolic outcomes and developing targeted interventions for obesity management.

Revisión bibliográfica: cirugía bariátrica en adolescentes / Bibliographic review: bariatric surgery in adolescents

La obesidad en la infancia y adolescencia es un problema de salud mundial que ha ido en aumento, esto es preocupante no sólo por el riesgo de comorbilidades cardiovasculares, sino que también las psicosociales. La cirugía bariátrica se ha convertido en una alternativa para los casos de obesidad severa en adolescentes. Se trata de un método invasivo que requiere evaluación cuidadosa, no sólo en el aspecto físico, sino que también en el psicológico y social. El objetivo de este trabajo es conocer la evidencia disponible sobre las consecuencias que conlleva la cirugía bariátrica en adolescentes. Se realizó una búsqueda en la literatura en base de datos como PubMed, ScienceDirect y Scopus, utilizando palabras clave como "cirugía bariátrica", "obesidad en adolescentes", "efectos psicosociales" y "salud mental". Se han identificado diversos efectos negativos, entre los cuales destacan las deficiencias nutricionales que afectan al sistema nervioso central, los impactos en la salud mental y el riesgo de psicopatología. Sin embargo, la mayor cantidad de información e investigación se centra en los efectos positivos de la cirugía bariátrica. Aún faltan estudios en población adolescente, especialmente de carácter prospectivo y documentación de los posibles efectos negativos en la salud.

Obesity in childhood and adolescence is a global health problem that has been on the rise, and it is highly concerning due to the risk of cardiovascular and psychosocial comorbidities. Bariatric surgery has become an alternative for cases of severe obesity in adolescents. It is an invasive method that requires careful evaluation, not only in the physical aspect but also in the psychological and social aspects. The aim of this study is to understand the available evidence regarding the consequences of bariatric surgery in adolescents. A literature search was conducted in databases such as PubMed, ScienceDirect, and Scopus, using keywords such as "bariatric surgery," "obesity in adolescents", "psychosocial effects," and "mental health." Among the negative effects found, complications related to nutritional deficiencies affecting the central nervous system, effects on mental health, and the risk of psychopathology are evident. However, most of the information and research focus on the positive effects of bariatric surgery. There is a lack of studies in the adolescent population, especially those of a prospective nature, and documentation of potential negative health effects.

Ingestion of Bean Leaves Reduces Metabolic Complications and Restores Intestinal Integrity in C57BL/6 Mice with Obesity Induced by a High-Fat and High-Fructose Diet.

Consumption of foods with fiber and compounds can promote gastrointestinal health and reduce obesity complications. Therefore, treatment with common bean leaves (BL) against obesity was evaluated in mice with a high-fat and high-fructose diet (HFFD) for 14 weeks. The bromatological and phytochemical characterization of BL were determined. Afterwards, the animals were supplemented with BL (10%) or a standard diet (SD) as a strategy to encourage a healthy diet for 12 additional weeks. Changes in body composition, lipid profile, and intestinal integrity were analyzed. The characterization of BL stood out for its content of 27.2% dietary fiber, total phenolics (475.04 mg/100 g), and saponins (2.2 mg/100 g). The visceral adipose tissue (VAT) decreased in the BL group by 52% compared to the HFFD group. Additionally, triglyceride levels were 23% lower in the BL consumption group compared to the HFFD group. The improvement in lipid profile was attributed to the 1.77-fold higher fecal lipid excretion in the BL consumption group compared to the HFFD group and the inhibition of pancreatic lipase by 29%. Furthermore, BL supplementation reduced the serum levels of IL-6 (4.4-fold) and FITC-dextran by 50% compared with those in the HFFD group. Metabolic endotoxemia was inhibited after BL supplementation (-33%) compared to the HFFD group. BL consumption as a treatment in obese mice reduces adipose tissue accumulation and improves the lipid profile. Furthermore, we report for the first time that BL consumption improves intestinal integrity.

Impact of Metabolic Surgery on Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus, Cardiovascular Risk Factors, and Mortality: A Review.

BACKGROUND: The association between obesity and a reduction in life expectancy is well established, and cardiovascular disease is a leading cause of mortality. Bariatric surgery has long been established as the most effective and durable intervention for obesity, and is the only intervention for obesity that consistently improves multiple comorbidities, reduces cardiovascular disease and long-term mortality. The purpose of this review is to describe the impact of metabolic/bariatric surgery on type 2 diabetes mellitus and cardiometabolic parameters, including cardiovascular mortality. METHODS: A systematic literature search of Pubmed, MEDLINE, and Cochrane Central Register was performed. We included randomized controlled trials, meta-analysis, case-control trials, and cohort studies that contain data on reductions in cardiovascular risk factors and cardiovascular mortality in subjects who underwent metabolic/bariatric surgery from January 1, 2005 to June 1, 2020. CONCLUSION: There is sufficient evidence from randomized controlled trials that metabolic/bariatric surgery is associated with a significant improvement of all cardiovascular risk factors. Although studies are showing a reduction of macrovascular events and cardiovascular mortality, these findings come from observational studies and should be confirmed in randomized clinical trials.

Intragastric Balloon: a Retrospective Evaluation of 5874 Patients on Tolerance, Complications, and Efficacy in Different Degrees of Overweight.

BACKGROUND: Endoscopic methods, especially the intragastric balloon (IGB), have been shown to be effective for the treatment of excess weight. This study aimed to assess the tolerance, complications, and efficacy of excess weight treatment with a non-adjustable IGB during 6 months. METHODS: A total of 5874 patients treated with a liquid-filled IGB (600-700 mL) and followed up by a multidisciplinary team were evaluated. Participants presented an initial body mass index (BMI) ≥ 25 kg/m2 and were stratified according to sex and degree of overweight (overweight and obesity grades I, II, and III). RESULTS: The incidence of complications was 7.32% (n = 430): 6.10% (n = 357) early IGB removal, 0.20% (n = 12) gas production inside the balloon, 0.54% (n = 32) leakage, 0.32% (n = 19) pregnancy, 0.07% (n = 4) gastric perforation, 0.05% (n = 3) upper digestive bleeding, 0.01% (n = 1) Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome due to excessive vomiting, and 0.02% each (n = 1) pancreatitis and esophagus perforation. The 5444 remaining patients (4081 women, 38 ± 38 years) presented a weight loss of 19.13 ± 8.86 kg and a BMI decreased significantly (p < 0.0001) (36.94 ± 5.67 vs. 30.08 ± 5.06 kg/m2). The % total weight loss (%TWL) was 18.42 ± 7.25%, and the % excess weight loss (%EWL) was 65.66 ± 36.24%. The treatment success rate (%TWL ≥ 10%) was 85%. The %EWL was higher in the pre-obese group (122.19%), followed by obesity grades I (76.67%), II (56.01%), and III (45.45%), with p < 0.0001 for each group. %EWL was higher in women (69.71%) than in men (53.39), with p < 0.0001 for each group. There was also a statistical difference between the TWL and EWL groups, with p < 0.001 for all analyses. CONCLUSION: Endoscopic IGB treatment for excess weight is an excellent therapeutic option for patients with different degrees of overweight.

Cirugía bariátrica en adolescentes con obesidad severa: recomendaciones de la Rama de Nutrición, Sociedad Chilena de Pediatría / Bariatric surgery in adolescents with severe obesity: recommendations of the Nutrition Branch, Chilean Pediatric Society

Resumen: En los últimos años, la obesidad severa en adolescentes ha aumentado a nivel mundial y Chile no es la excepción a este fenómeno. Es conocido que esta condición aumenta exponencialmente los riesgos para la salud y se asocia a mortalidad prematura. Desde el año 2008, diversas guías de tratamiento de obesidad pediátrica han incluido a la cirugía bariátrica como una estrategia de tratamiento para adolescentes obesos severos seleccionados. Estos procedimientos han mostrado ser seguros y eficaces en adultos. Un cuerpo emergente de evidencia demuestra que, en centros especializados, en el corto y mediano plazo se obtendrían resultados similares en adolescentes. Sin embargo, en este grupo de pacientes, la cirugía bariátrica tiene implícitos otros riesgos inherentes a la etapa de desarrollo en que se encuentran, y los resultados y complicaciones especialmente de largo plazo en gran medida son aún desconocidos. Por lo anterior y para el logro de los resultados esperados, es muy importante que la selección de pacientes, la cirugía y el seguimiento, sean realizados por equipos multidisciplinarios calificados, en centros hospitalarios que cuenten con la infraestructura adecuada, siendo imprescin dible la adherencia de por vida al seguimiento médico y nutricional. El objetivo de este documento es presentar la postura de la Rama de Nutrición de la Sociedad Chilena de Pediatría (SOCHIPE) frente a las diversas aristas a considerar para la adecuada indicación de estos procedimientos en adolescentes obesos severos.

Abstract: In recent years, severe obesity in adolescents has been rising worldwide, and Chile is no exception to this phenomenon. This condition exponentially increases health risks and it is associated with prema ture mortality. Since 2008, several guidelines on pediatric obesity treatment have included bariatric surgery as a treatment strategy for certain severely obese adolescents. These procedures have proven to be safe and efficient in adults. Recent evidence shows that, when done in specialized centers, the re sults would be similar in adolescents in the short and medium term. Nonetheless, in this group of pa tients, bariatric surgery has risks related to their stage of development, and data on long-term results and complications are still lacking. Therefore, to achieve the expected results, the patient selection, surgery, and follow-up must be carried out by qualified multidisciplinary teams, in hospitals centers that have the appropriate infrastructure, It is essential for the patients a life-long adherence to medi cal and nutritional monitoring. The objective of this document is to present the position statement of the Nutrition Branch of the Chilean Society of Pediatrics on the different issues to be considered for the adequate indication of these procedures in severely obese adolescents.

Effects of the juçara fruit supplementation on metabolic parameters in individuals with obesity: a double-blind randomized controlled trial.

Adipose tissue inflammation has been proposed as a central mechanism connecting obesity with its metabolic and vascular complications due to the imbalance in the expression of several hormones and adipokines. Berries rich in polyphenols and unsaturated fatty acids have been able to prevent both obesity and adipose tissue inflammation, improving metabolic functions in human subjects and animal models of obesity. Juçara has been considered a super fruit owing to its nutritional composition and relevant biological activities with an interesting response in animals. Thus, we aimed to verify the potential antiobesogenic effect of juçara supplementation in humans. We conducted a double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized trial with 35 adults with obesity of both sexes. They were assessed for resting metabolic rate, anthropometry and body composition, blood pressure, metabolic parameters and adipokines. Subsequently, they were randomized into two groups to use or not (placebo) 5 g lyophilized juçara for 6 weeks. Supplementation with juçara was significantly effective in reducing body fat, increasing high-density lipoprotein cholesterol and doubling serum adiponectin. Besides, juçara supplementation, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol and neck circumference were predictors to explain the enhancement in adiponectin. Juçara supplementation was determinant to improve adiponectin levels, and it may be considered a novel strategy for the treatment of obesity-related metabolic diseases.

Effectiveness of the Diabetes Prevention Program for Obesity Treatment in Real World Clinical Practice in a Middle-Income Country in Latin America.

The Diabetes Prevention Program (DPP) is effective for the prevention of type 2 diabetes by weight loss with diet and physical activity. However, there is little evidence as to whether this program could be translated into real-world clinical practice in Latin American countries. The objective of this work was to evaluate the effectiveness of the DPP for the management of overweightness and obesity at 6 and 12 months in clinical practice in Mexico. This was a non-controlled intervention study implemented in five public clinics in northern Mexico. Two hundred and thirty-seven adults aged 45.7 ± 9.9 years with a Body Mass Index (BMI) of 34.4 ± 5.4 kg/m2 received group sessions with an adaptation of the DPP, in addition to nutrition counseling. One hundred and thirty-three (56%) participants concluded the 6 month phase. They showed a significant weight loss, ranging from 2.76 ± 4.76 to 7.92 ± 6.85 kg (p ≤ 0.01) in the clinics. The intention-to-treat analysis showed a more conservative weight loss. Participant retention at the end of 12 months was low (40%). The implementation of the DPP in different public clinics in Mexico was effective in the management of obesity in the short term, but better strategies are required to improve participant retention in the long term.

Maintenance Following a Randomized Trial of a Clinic and Home-based Behavioral Intervention of Obesity in Preschoolers.

OBJECTIVE: To assess maintenance of improved weight outcomes in preschoolers with obesity 6 and 12 months following a randomized clinical trial comparing a home- and clinic-based behavioral intervention (Learning about Activity and Understanding Nutrition for Child Health [LAUNCH]) to motivational interviewing and standard care. STUDY DESIGN: Randomized controlled trial with children between the ages of 2 and 5 years above the 95th percentile for body mass index for age and sex recruited from 27 pediatrician offices across 10 recruitment cycles between March 12, 2012, and June 8, 2015, were followed 6 and 12 months post-treatment. Child and caregiver weight, height, and caloric intake, child physical activity, and home environment were assessed. The primary outcome was maintenance of greater reduction of percent over the 50th percentile body mass index (BMI%50th) by LAUNCH compared with motivational interviewing and standard care at the 6- and 12-month follow-up. RESULTS: Significantly lower child BMI%50th was maintained for LAUNCH compared with motivational interviewing at 12-month follow-up and to standard care at the 6-month follow-up; however, the effect sizes were maintained for comparison with standard care at 12-month follow-up. LAUNCH had significantly lower daily caloric intake compared with motivational interviewing and standard care at both follow-ups and maintained significantly fewer high-calorie foods in the home compared with standard care at 6 and 12 months and compared with motivational interviewing at 12 months. However, caloric intake increased by 12% from post-treatment. LAUNCH caregivers did not maintain improved BMI at follow-up. CONCLUSIONS: LAUNCH showed success in reducing weight in preschoolers. However, maintaining treatment gains post-treatment is more difficult. Treatment may need to last longer than 6 months to achieve optimal results. TRIAL REGISTRATION: Clinicaltrials.gov: NCT01546727.

Multidisciplinary obesity treatment program improved health-related quality of life and positively correlated with anthropometric and body composition but not with cardiorespiratory fitness parameters in adolescents.

PURPOSE: The aim of the present study was to verify the effects of a 16-week multidisciplinary obesity treatment program (MOTP) on health-related quality of life (HRQoL) in adolescents with weight excess. In addition, we verified a possible association between changes on HRQoL and anthropometric, body composition, and cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) parameters. METHODS: Two hundred four adolescents aged from 15 to 18 years were distributed in control group (CG) and intervention group (IG). They underwent a 16-week MOTP composed by nutritional, psychological, and health-related physical activity group sessions. Moreover, they performed physical exercise sessions three times per week during the whole 16-week program. Data on HRQoL, body composition, CRF and anthropometry were collected using standard protocols and validated questionnaires. RESULTS: The MOTP promoted significant enhancements in all HRQoL domains, except for the school domain in IG. Furthermore, positive correlations between HRQoL and body weight (BW), body fat (BF), waist circumference (WC), and body mass index (BMI) z-score were verified. Higher scores of HRQoL might be achieved by improving these variables. CONCLUSIONS: The 16-week MOTP was effective to improve HRQoL in adolescents with weight excess. This improvement has a positive correlation with enhancements in BW, BMI z-score, WC, and BF. Nevertheless, these findings have not reached a consensus on literature and still need to be further enlightened.

Cirugía bariátrica en adolescentes / Bariatric surgery in adolescents

Resumen: La epidemia de obesidad afecta en forma transversal a todo el ciclo vital. En particular, en las últimas décadas se ha observado un incremento de la obesidad severa en adolescentes. En esta etapa de la vida caracterizada por profundos cambios físicos, emocionales y gran vulnerabilidad, la obesidad severa tiene pocas opciones efectivas de tratamiento. En adolescentes, los resultados del tratamiento centrado en modificaciones del estilo de vida son modestos y el arsenal farmacológico muy acotado y de poca efectividad. La Cirugía Bariátrica (CB) ha surgido como una opción terapéutica viable para un grupo seleccionado de adolescentes. El objetivo de esta revisión es presentar una visión actualizada respecto a indicaciones, contraindicaciones, complicaciones y resultados de estos procedimientos en población adolescente.

Abstract: The obesity epidemic affects transversally the entire life cycle. Particularly in recent decades, an in crease in severe obesity has been observed in adolescents. At this stage of life, characterized by deep physical and emotional changes, and great vulnerability, severe obesity has few effective treatment options. In adolescents, the treatment results focused on lifestyle modifications are poor and the pharmacological options are very limited and ineffective. Bariatric Surgery (BS) has emerged as a via ble therapeutic option for a selected group of adolescents. The objective of this review is to update the current view regarding indications, contraindications, complications, and results of these procedures in the adolescent population.

Experiences of Obese Adolescents trying to Reach a Healthy Weight: Considerations for the Development of a Curriculum Guide.

OBJECTIVE: Obesity, almost all around the world, has been described by the medical authorities as the most common pediatric illness in children and youngsters. The purpose of this study is to explore, describe, and analyze the experiences of obese adolescents on being obese and trying to reach a healthy weight. DESIGN AND METHODS: A convenience sample of eight obese adolescents from 15 to 17 years old of both genders from three high schools of the educational region of San Juan, Puerto Rico was obtained. A phenomenological multiple-case study was conducted using a semi structured interview. RESULTS: The experience of trying to reach a healthy weight is difficult because it requires a lot of physical effort to do exercises and physical activities, they lack the support of parents and trainers, and because of the availability of food with low nutritional value in their environment. Participants also pointed out that it is difficult due to the negative feelings that adolescents experience while performing the activities to lose weight. CONCLUSION: The goal to reach a healthy weight is difficult. It is recommended that agencies that work with overweight and obesity problems provide people with the knowledge, strategies, alternatives, and needed activities from a biopsychosocial perspective to help adolescents with this health condition to be successful in reaching and keeping a healthy weight.

Supplementation-Dependent Effects of Vegetable Oils with Varying Fatty Acid Compositions on Anthropometric and Biochemical Parameters in Obese Women.

Fatty acid (FA) composition is a determinant of the physiological effects of dietary oils. This study investigated the effects of vegetable oil supplementation with different FA compositions on anthropometric and biochemical parameters in obese women on a hypocaloric diet with lifestyle modifications. Seventy-five women (body mass index, BMI, 30⁻39.9kg/m²) were randomized based on 8-week oil supplementation into four experimental groups: the coconut oil group (CoG, n = 18), the safflower oil group (SafG, n = 19), the chia oil group (ChG, n = 19), and the soybean oil placebo group (PG, n = 19). Pre- and post-supplementation weight, anthropometric parameters, and body fat (%BF), and lean mass percentages (%LM) were evaluated, along with biochemical parameters related to lipid and glycidemic profiles. In the anthropometric evaluation, the CoG showed greater weight loss (Δ% = -8.54 ± 2.38), and reduced BMI (absolute variation, Δabs = -2.86 ± 0.79), waist circumference (Δabs = -6.61 ± 0.85), waist-to-height ratio (Δabs = -0.041 ± 0.006), conicity index (Δabs = -0.03 ± 0.016), and %BF (Δabs = -2.78 ± 0.46), but increased %LM (Δabs = 2.61 ± 1.40) (p < 0.001). Moreover, the CoG showed a higher reduction in biochemical parameters of glycemia (Δabs = -24.71 ± 8.13) and glycated hemoglobin (Δabs = -0.86 ± 0.28) (p < 0.001). The ChG showed a higher reduction in cholesterol (Δabs = -45.36 ± 0.94), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDLc; Δabs = -42.53 ± 22.65), and triglycerides (Δabs = -49.74 ± 26.3), but an increase in high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDLc; abs = 3.73 ± 1.24, p = 0.007). Coconut oil had a more pronounced effect on abdominal adiposity and glycidic profile, whereas chia oil had a higher effect on improving the lipid profile. Indeed, supplementation with different fatty acid compositions resulted in specific responses.

Emotional eating behavior hinders body weight loss in women after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass surgery.

OBJECTIVE: Successful weight loss and maintenance after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) may be related to eating behavior. The aim of this study was to assess the eating behavior domains that prevail in women during the RYGB postoperative period and their associations with surgery outcome. METHODS: This cross-sectional study investigated eating behavior in 95 women (47.3 ± 9.8 y old) ≥ 2 y after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass. Patients were grouped according to surgery outcome: successful group (SG; n = 67), defined as having lost ≥ 50% of the preoperative excess weight loss (EWL), and an unsuccessful group (UG; n = 28). Mean postoperative time was 59.5 ± 21.2 mo (55.7 ± 19.9 in the SG and 68.6 ± 21.9 in the UG). The short version of the Three-Factor Eating Questionnaire was used to assess cognitive restraint, emotional eating, and uncontrolled eating behaviors. Multivariate analysis was used to investigate associations between eating behavior scores and EWL. RESULTS: The highest score in both groups was for the cognitive restraint domain, followed by emotional and uncontrolled eating. Emotional eating was negatively associated with percentage of EWL (ß = -0.286; P = 0.033), regardless of age, educational attainment, and postoperative time. CONCLUSION: The cognitive restraint domain was the main type of eating behavior observed, and patients with higher emotional eating score were at a higher risk for having insufficient weight loss after RYGB. These results indicate the relevance of monitoring emotional components during the long-term nutritional follow-up of bariatric patients to achieve better surgery outcomes.

Clinic and Home-Based Behavioral Intervention for Obesity in Preschoolers: A Randomized Trial.

OBJECTIVE: To test the hypotheses that an innovative skills-based behavioral family clinic and home-based intervention (LAUNCH) would reduce body mass index z score (BMIz) compared with motivational interviewing and to standard care in preschool-aged children with obesity. STUDY DESIGN: Randomized controlled trial with children between the ages of 2 and 5 years above the 95th percentile for body mass index for age and sex recruited from 27 pediatrician offices across 10 recruitment cycles between March 12, 2012 and June 8, 2015. Children were randomized to LAUNCH (an 18-session clinic and home-based behavioral intervention), motivational interviewing (delivered at the same frequency as LAUNCH), or standard care (no formal intervention). Weight and height were measured by assessors blinded to participant assignment. The primary outcome, BMIz at month 6 after adjusting for baseline BMIz, was tested separately comparing LAUNCH with motivational interviewing and LAUNCH with standard care using regression-based analysis of covariance models. RESULTS: A total of 151 of the 167 children randomized met intent-to-treat criteria and 92% completed the study. Children were 76% White and 57% female, with an average age of 55 months and BMI percentile of 98.57, with no demographic differences between the groups. LAUNCH participants demonstrated a significantly greater decrease in BMIz (mean = -0.32, SD = ±0.33) compared with motivational interviewing (mean = -0.05, SD = ±0.27), P < .001, ω2 = 0.74 and compared with standard care (mean = -0.13, SD = ±0.31), P < .004, ω2 = 0.75. CONCLUSIONS: In preschool-age children, an intensive 6-month behavioral skills-based intervention is necessary to reduce obesity. TRIAL REGISTRATION: Clinicaltrials.gov NCT01546727.

The excessive caloric intake and micronutrient deficiencies related to obesity after a long-term interdisciplinary therapy.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to assess the effectiveness of a long-term interdisciplinary lifestyle modification therapy on food intake, body composition, and anthropometric measurements of obese women. METHODS: Seventy obese women (age 41 ± 5.9 y) attended the interdisciplinary therapy, with nutrition, physical exercise, physiotherapy, and psychological support during the course of 1 y. Usual food intake was estimated by 3-d dietary record. Dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry was performed to determine body fat and fat-free mass. Waist and hip circumferences also were measured. Student's t test and Wilcoxon test were used for comparisons among categories; P < 0.05 was considered significant. RESULTS: The assessment of dietary intake showed significant changes after interdisciplinary therapy. A reduction in intake of total calories (18.3%), carbohydrates (15.6%), and total fats (13.1%) was observed. Total micronutrient intake did not change positively after therapy, as the intake level of 16 micronutrients was still lower than recommended. The therapy was effective in reducing significantly body weight (5.9%), body mass index (6.1%), body fat (4.7%), and waist (5.2%) and hip (3.8%) circumferences. CONCLUSIONS: Long-term interdisciplinary therapy was effective in decreasing the intake of calories, carbohydrates, and fats. The therapy positively changed the body composition and reduced anthropometric measurements. However, the intake of some micronutrients after therapy was still significantly lower than recommended. These results demonstrated that the proposed interdisciplinary methodology can be effective in treating obesity; however, the present study reinforced the need to address the micronutrient deficiency in the target population.

Recomendaciones de padres de niños obesos en tratamiento para el equipo de salud: estudio cualitativo / Recommendations from parents of obese children in treatment to the health-care team: qualitative study

Introducción: La familia tiene un rol fundamental en la adherencia y efectividad del tratamiento de la obesidad infantil; conocer la experiencia de los cuidadores es una herramienta valiosa a considerar. Objetivo: Describir las recomendaciones para el equipo de salud que efectúan los padres cuidadores de niños(as) en tratamiento por obesidad. Pacientes y Método: Estudio transversal, descriptivo, con enfoque cualitativo y muestreo intencionado. En el primer semestre del año 2015 se entrevistó a nueve padres de niños de 4 a 10 años de edad, en tratamiento por su obesidad y con al menos tres controles durante el año previo. El análisis de datos se basó en los planteamientos de la Grounded Theory, mediante codificación abierta. El estudio tuvo aprobación ética y se utilizó consentimiento informado. Resultados: Los datos fueron agrupados en cinco categorías principales: a) Relación equipo de salud-cuidador, b) Relación equipo de salud-niño(a), c) Promover la participación familiar, d) Motivar adherencia terapéutica en el niño(a) y e) Frecuencia de controles. Conclusiones: Desde la perspectiva de este grupo de padres de niños con obesidad, el rol del equipo de salud debe basarse en establecer un vínculo terapéutico cercano con los niños(as) y sus padres durante el proceso de tratamiento, además de promover la participación del grupo familiar. Se destaca la importancia de desarrollar intervenciones terapéuticas que consideren la perspectiva del sistema consultante.

Introduction: The family plays an essential role in the adherence and effectiveness in the treatment of childhood obesity. Caregivers’ experience is fundamental for proper guidance. Aim: To describe the recommendations for the health-care team made by parents of children that are being treated for obesity. Patients and Method: Cross-sectional and descriptive study with a qualitative approach and purposeful sampling. In the first semester of 2015, interviews were conducted with nine parents of children from 4 to 10 years old that were being treated for obesity ad who had at least three medical appointments in the previous year. The data analysis was based on the Grounded Theory Approach through open coding. The study was ethically approved and informed parental consent was obtained. Results: The results were grouped in the following main categories: a) Health-care team-caregiver relationship, b) Health-care team-child relationship, c) Encouraging family participation, d) Encouraging therapeutic adherence in the child and e) Frequency of medical appointments. Conclusion: From the perspective of this group of parents of obese children, the health-care team should establish a close therapeutic bond with the children and their parents during the treatment process, in addition to encouraging family participation. The importance of developing therapeutic interventions that consider the perspective of the patient’s system is emphasized.

Algunos aspectos de interés sobre la cirugía bariátrica en la infancia y la adolescencia / Some aspects of interest about bariatric surgery applied in childhood and adolescence

Antecedentes: un porcentaje significativo de los niños y adolescentes afectados por la obesidad desarrollarán obesidad mórbida en algún momento de su vida adulta. Actualmente, el empleo de la cirugía bariátrica en estos pacientes es un tema polémico, por lo que resulta de interés conocer sus aspectos más relevantes, así como sus resultados en esta etapa de la vida. Objetivo: describir algunos aspectos de interés sobre la cirugía bariátrica en la infancia y la adolescencia. Desarrollo: se exponen y comentan los principales riesgos asociados a la obesidad en la niñez y adolescencia, los objetivos del tratamiento y los criterios de inclusión en un programa de cirugía bariátrica. Se enfatiza en el tiempo de tratamiento previo para valorar la necesidad de la intervención, la edad, el índice de masa corporal, la madurez sexual, ósea y psicológica del paciente, entre otros criterios, para autorizarla. También, se describen las contraindicaciones y medidas preoperatorias, ya que su conocimiento y cumplimiento posibilitarían la obtención de los resultados esperados. Se hace mención de las vías y técnicas quirúrgicas empleadas, así como algunos de sus resultados y complicaciones. Consideraciones finales: se exponen algunos aspectos de interés sobre cirugía bariátrica en la infancia y la adolescencia, con hincapié en los elementos más controversiales, lo que permite seleccionar a los pacientes que mejor evolución puedan tener con este tipo de intervención(AU)

Background: a significant percentage of obese children and adolescents develop morbid obesity at some time of their adulthood. The use of bariatric surgery in these patients is a controversial issue at present, so it is interesting to find out its most relevant aspects and results in this stage of life. Objective: to describe some aspects of interest on bariatric surgery applied in childhood and adolescence. Development: this review sets forth and comments on the main risks associated to obesity in childhood and adolescence, the objectives of the treatment and the inclusion criteria to be met in a bariatric surgery program. Emphasis was made on length of previous treatment to assess the need for intervention, age, body mass index, sexual, bone and psychological maturity of the patient, among other criteria, for giving authorization. Counterindications and preoperative measures were also described since knowing and complying with them would facilitate the expected results. Mention was made to the surgical paths and techniques as well as some results and complications of the bariatric surgery. Final thoughts: some aspects of interest on bariatric surgery in childhood and adolescence were explained, with emphasis on the most controversial elements, which will allow selecting the patients that could present better evolution with this type of intervention(AU)