ABSTRACT
Soybeans (Glycine max L.), originating in China, were introduced to South America in the late 19th century after passing through North America. South America is now a major soybean-producing region, accounting for approximately 40% of the global soybean production. Crops like soybeans gradually adapt to the local climate and human-selected conditions, resulting in beneficial variations during cultivation in different regions. Comparing the phenotypic and genetic variations in soybeans across different regions is crucial to determining the variations that may enhance soybean productivity. This study identified seed-related traits and conducted a genetic diversity analysis using 46 breeding soybean varieties from China and Uruguay. Compared to the Chinese soybean germplasm, the Uruguayan equivalent had a lower 100-grain weight, higher oil content, lower protein content, and higher soluble sugar content. Using ZDX1 gene chips, genetic typing was performed on the 46 breeding varieties. Cluster analysis based on SNP sites revealed significant differences in the genetic basis of Sino-Uruguayan soybean germplasm. Selection analysis, including nucleotide polymorphism (π) and fixation indexes (Fst), identified several genomic regions under selection between Sino-Uruguayan soybean germplasm. The selected intervals significantly enriched gene ontology (GO) terms related to protein metabolism. Additionally, differentiation occurred in genes associated with the oil content, seed weight, and cyst nematodes between Sino-Uruguayan soybean germplasm, such as GmbZIP123 and GmSSS1. These findings highlight the differences in seed-related phenotypes between Sino-Uruguay soybean germplasm and provide genomic-level insights into the mechanisms behind phenotypic differences, offering valuable references for understanding soybean evolution and molecular breeding.
ABSTRACT
Genetic diversity within a germplasm collection plays a vital role in the success of breeding programs. However, comprehending this diversity and identifying accessions with desirable traits pose significant challenges. This study utilized publicly available data to investigate SNP markers associated with protein and oil content in Brazilian soybeans. Through this research, twenty-two new QTLs (Quantitative Trait Loci) were identified, and we highlighted the substantial influence of Roanoke, Lee and Bragg ancestor on the genetic makeup of Brazilian soybean varieties. Our findings demonstrate that certain markers are being lost in modern cultivars, while others maintain or even increase their frequency. These observations indicate genomic regions that have undergone selection during soybean introduction in Brazil and could be valuable in breeding programs aimed at enhancing protein or oil content.
ABSTRACT
Cucurbita moschata D. seed oil contains approximately 75% unsaturated fatty acids, with high levels of monounsaturated fatty acids and antioxidant compounds such as vitamin E and carotenoids, constituting a promising food in nutritional terms. In addition, the Brazilian germplasm of C. moschata exhibits remarkable variability, representing an important source for the genetic breeding of this vegetable and other cucurbits. The present study evaluated the productivity and profile of the seed oil of 91C. moschata accessions from different regions of Brazil maintained in the Vegetable Germplasm Bank of the Federal University of Viçosa (BGH-UFV). A field experiment was conducted between January and July 2016. The accessions showed high genetic variability in terms of characteristics related to seed oil productivity (SOP), such as the weight of seeds per fruit and productivity of seeds, providing predicted selection gains of 29.39 g and 0.26 t ha-1, respectively. Based on the phenotypic and genotypic correlations, a greater SOP can be achieved while maintaining a high oleic acid concentration and low linoleic acid concentration, providing oil of better nutritional and chemical quality. In the variability analysis, the accessions were clustered into five groups, which had different averages for SOP and fatty acid concentration of seed oil, an approach that will guide the use of appropriate germplasm in programs aimed at genetic breeding for SOP and seed oil profile. Per se analysis identified BGH-4610, BGH-5485A, BGH-6590, BGH-5556A, BGH-5472A, and BGH-5544A as the most promising accessions in terms of SOP, with an average (µ + g) of approximately 0.20 t ha-1. The most promising accessions for a higher oleic acid concentration of seed oil were BGH-5456A, BGH-3333A, BGH-5361A, BGH-5472A, BGH-5544A, BGH-5453A, and BGH-1749, with an average (µ + g) of approximately 30%, almost all of which were also the most promising in terms of a lower linoleic acid concentration of the seed oil, with an average (µ + g) of approximately 45%. Part of the C. moschata accessions evaluated in the present study can serve as a promising resource in genetic breeding programs for SOP and fatty acid profile, aiming at the production of oil with better nutritional and physicochemical quality.
ABSTRACT
Sunflower is suitable for family farmers from Northeast Brazil who are benefited by the production of grain and oil and is adequate for crop rotation and for honey production. The need for irrigation in this region leads to the realization of this study for evaluating the production components of four sunflower genotypes irrigated with different levels of water salinity. The study was carried out in the municipality of Remigio, Paraíba, Brazil, using a randomized block with split plots experimental design in a 5 x 4 factorial arrangement. Treatments consisted of five electrical conductivity levels of the irrigation water at 25 °C (L1 - 0.14 (reservoir water), L2 - 1.50, L3 - 2.50, L4 - 3.50, and L5 - 4.50 dS m- 1), and four sunflower genotypes (C1 - Embrapa 122-V2000, C2 - Olisun 03, C3 - AG 963, and C4 - Multissol) with three replicates. The irrigation water salinity levels tested did not influence the variables studied. Different values of the variables among sunflower genotypes were due to characteristics inherent to each genotype. Sunflower genotype Olisun 03 presented the highest oil content, while the lowest content was observed in Multissol.
Subject(s)
Saline Waters , Agricultural Irrigation , HelianthusABSTRACT
Soybean is a major source of edible protein and oil. Oil content is a quantitative trait that is significantly determined by genetic and environmental factors. Over the past 30 years, a large volume of soybean genetic, genomic, and transcriptomic data have been accumulated. Nevertheless, integrative analyses of such data remain scarce, in spite of their importance for crop improvement. We hypothesized that the co-occurrence of genomic regions for oil-related traits in different studies may reveal more stable regions encompassing important genetic determinants of oil content and quality in soybean. We integrated publicly available data, obtained with distinct techniques, to discover and prioritize candidate genes involved in oil biosynthesis and regulation in soybean. We detected key fatty acid biosynthesis genes (e.g., BCCP2 and ACCase, FADs, KAS family proteins) and several transcription factors, which are likely regulators of oil biosynthesis. In addition, we identified new candidates for seed oil accumulation and quality, such as Glyma.03G213300 and Glyma.19G160700, which encode a translocator protein homolog and a histone acetyltransferase, respectively. Further, oil and protein genomic hotspots are strongly associated with breeding and not with domestication, suggesting that soybean domestication prioritized other traits. The genes identified here are promising targets for breeding programs and for the development of soybean lines with increased oil content and quality.
Subject(s)
Glycine max/genetics , Soybean Oil/biosynthesis , Soybean Oil/genetics , Gene Expression Profiling/methods , Genes, Plant/genetics , Genome, Plant/genetics , Genome-Wide Association Study/methods , Genomics/methods , Plant Breeding/methods , Plant Oils , Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide/genetics , Proteomics/methods , Quantitative Trait Loci/genetics , Seeds/geneticsABSTRACT
Twelve species of indigenous plants have been studied in order to valorize some natural resources of Burundi (Eastern Africa) to investigate possibilities of vegetable oil production. Physicochemical properties and oil contents were determined from seeds harvested through five ecogeographic zones. From oilcake extracts, total sugars contents, proteins (TPrC), polyphenolic (TPhC), and flavonoids were quantified using spectrophotometry. Furthermore, antioxidant activity of oilcake extracts was assessed by 2, 2-diphenyl-b-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical-scavenging and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assays. All oil contents obtained were found to be quite similar to those of common oleaginous seeds. The two highest were found in Parinari curatellifolia (61.44 ± 4.81% Dry Matter) and Myrianthus arboreus (48.26 ± 5.96% DM). More than half of the species have shown TPrC ranging from 10 to 24% dry matter of oilcake (DM). Brachystegia longifolia was revealed exceptionally stronger antioxidant potential: effectiveness antiradical of 163.06 ± 26.29 mL/g.min (DPPH assay) and reducing power of 2618.21 ± 161.22 GAE/100 g DM (FRAP assay). TPhC were positively correlated (p 0.05) to the antioxidant activity. This pioneering work on these wild species highlight the potential for producing vegetable oil and valuable biomolecule sources likely for food, cosmetics, pharmacy and industry.(AU)
Doze espécies de plantas indígenas foram estudadas para valorizar alguns recursos naturais do Burundi (África Oriental), para investigar as possibilidades de produção de óleo vegetal. As propriedades físico-químicas e o conteúdo de óleo foram determinados com base em sementes colhidas em cinco zonas ecogeográficas. A partir de extratos de bagaço de óleo, os teores de açúcares totais, proteínas (TPrC), polifenólicos (TPhC) e flavonoides foram quantificados por espectrofotometria. Além disso, a atividade antioxidante dos extratos de bagaços foi avaliada por ensaios de 2,2-difenil-b-picrilhidrazil (DPPH) e antioxidante redutor de ferro (FRAP). Todos os conteúdos de óleo obtidos foram encontrados para ser bastante semelhantes aos das sementes oleaginosas comuns. Os dois maiores foram encontrados em Parinari curatellifolia (61,44 ± 4,81% de matéria seca [MS]) e Myrianthus arboreus (48,26 ± 5,96% de MS). Mais da metade das espécies mostrou TPrC variando de 10% a 24% de MS de tortas. Brachystegia longifolia revelou um potencial antioxidante excepcionalmente mais forte: eficácia antirradical de 163,06 ± 26,29 mL/g.min (DPPH assay) e poder redutor de 2.618,21 ± 161,22 GAE/100 g de MS (ensaio FRAP). TPhC correlacionaram-se positivamente (p 0,05) com a atividade antioxidante. Este trabalho pioneiro sobre essas espécies selvagens destaca o potencial para a produção de óleo vegetal e fontes valiosas de biomoléculas para alimentos, cosméticos, farmácia e indústria.(AU)
Subject(s)
Plant Oils , Antioxidants , BurundiABSTRACT
Abstract Twelve species of indigenous plants have been studied in order to valorize some natural resources of Burundi (Eastern Africa) to investigate possibilities of vegetable oil production. Physicochemical properties and oil contents were determined from seeds harvested through five ecogeographic zones. From oilcake extracts, total sugars contents, proteins (TPrC), polyphenolic (TPhC), and flavonoids were quantified using spectrophotometry. Furthermore, antioxidant activity of oilcake extracts was assessed by 2, 2-diphenyl-b-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical-scavenging and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assays. All oil contents obtained were found to be quite similar to those of common oleaginous seeds. The two highest were found in Parinari curatellifolia (61.44 ± 4.81% Dry Matter) and Myrianthus arboreus (48.26 ± 5.96% DM). More than half of the species have shown TPrC ranging from 10 to 24% dry matter of oilcake (DM). Brachystegia longifolia was revealed exceptionally stronger antioxidant potential: effectiveness antiradical of 163.06 ± 26.29 mL/μg.min (DPPH assay) and reducing power of 2618.21 ± 161.22 GAE/100 g DM (FRAP assay). TPhC were positively correlated (p < 0.05) to the antioxidant activity. This pioneering work on these wild species highlight the potential for producing vegetable oil and valuable biomolecule sources likely for food, cosmetics, pharmacy and industry.
Resumo Doze espécies de plantas indígenas foram estudadas para valorizar alguns recursos naturais do Burundi (África Oriental), para investigar as possibilidades de produção de óleo vegetal. As propriedades físico-químicas e o conteúdo de óleo foram determinados com base em sementes colhidas em cinco zonas ecogeográficas. A partir de extratos de bagaço de óleo, os teores de açúcares totais, proteínas (TPrC), polifenólicos (TPhC) e flavonoides foram quantificados por espectrofotometria. Além disso, a atividade antioxidante dos extratos de bagaços foi avaliada por ensaios de 2,2-difenil-b-picrilhidrazil (DPPH) e antioxidante redutor de ferro (FRAP). Todos os conteúdos de óleo obtidos foram encontrados para ser bastante semelhantes aos das sementes oleaginosas comuns. Os dois maiores foram encontrados em Parinari curatellifolia (61,44 ± 4,81% de matéria seca [MS]) e Myrianthus arboreus (48,26 ± 5,96% de MS). Mais da metade das espécies mostrou TPrC variando de 10% a 24% de MS de tortas. Brachystegia longifolia revelou um potencial antioxidante excepcionalmente mais forte: eficácia antirradical de 163,06 ± 26,29 mL/μg.min (DPPH assay) e poder redutor de 2.618,21 ± 161,22 GAE/100 g de MS (ensaio FRAP). TPhC correlacionaram-se positivamente (p < 0,05) com a atividade antioxidante. Este trabalho pioneiro sobre essas espécies selvagens destaca o potencial para a produção de óleo vegetal e fontes valiosas de biomoléculas para alimentos, cosméticos, farmácia e indústria.
Subject(s)
Phenols/analysis , Plant Oils , Burundi , Plant Extracts , AntioxidantsABSTRACT
Among the main factors that affect the productivity of crops is deficiency of nutrients. Boron (B) is an essential micronutrient for plants, and sunflower is one of the most sensitive plants to deficiency of the element. Its inadequate supply can impair sunflower plants' metabolism and grain and oil yield. The objective of this study was to assess the effect of different boron doses on the production of sunflower grains and the content and quality of the oil obtained from them. The experimental design was randomized blocks in a factorial scheme with three cultivars (Helio251, BRS323, BRS324) and four B doses (0, 2.5, 5.0, 8.0 kg ha-1). Two harvests were performed, the first in the R5 reproductive stage and the second at the end of the R9 cycle. In both cases, the levels of B in the capitulum were measured. At the end of the cycle, the grain yield, crude protein and oil content in the grains and fatty acid profile were analyzed. The cultivars responded differently to the treatments with B. The boron fertilization influenced the grain yield and oil content, but was not correlated with the profile of the majority unsaturated fatty acids and crude protein in the grains. Variations were observed in the fatty acid profile between the cultivars, an important aspect that needs to be evaluated according to the purpose of the production. In soil with lower availability of B, cultivar BRS323 was most efficient in B uptake, grain yield and oil content and quality.
Dentre os principais fatores que afetam a produtividade das culturas está a deficiência de nutrientes. O Boro (B) é um micronutriente essencial para plantas, e o girassol é uma das mais sensíveis à deficiência desse elemento. Seu fornecimento inadequado pode prejudicar o metabolismo, a produção de óleo e grãos das plantas de girassol. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o efeito de diferentes doses de boro na produção de grãos, conteúdo a qualidade do óleo de girassol. O experimento foi conduzido em delineamento de blocos ao acaso em esquema fatorial com três cultivares (Helio251, BRS323, BRS324) e quatro doses de B (0; 2,5; 5,0; 8,0 kg ha-1). Foram realizadas duas coletas, a primeira na fase reprodutiva R5 e a segunda no final do ciclo R9. Em ambos os casos, os níveis de B no capítulo foram medidos. No final do ciclo, foram analisados a produção de grãos, teor de proteína bruta e óleo nos grãos e perfil de ácidos graxos. Os cultivares responderam diferentemente aos tratamentos com B. A adubação com boro influenciou o rendimento de grãos e teor de óleo, mas não se correlacionou com o perfil da maioria dos ácidos graxos insaturados e da proteína bruta nos grãos. Foram observadas variações no perfil de ácidos graxos entre cultivares, um aspecto importante que precisa ser avaliado de acordo com a finalidade da produção. No solo com menor disponibilidade de B, o cultivar BRS323 foi mais eficiente na absorção de B, rendimento de grãos, teor e qualidade de óleo.
Subject(s)
Boron , Linoleic Acid , HelianthusABSTRACT
Agricultural expansion requires the deployment of stress-tolerant crops like safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.). In safflower breeding, oil improvement in early generations requires indirect selection through simply inherited traits. The oil quality is mostly related to the fatty acid profile, which is determined by the OL locus. The aim of this research was to identify simple easy-to-measure traits that indirectly explain oil content variation and its interaction with yield components, and also to generate an effective tool for genotyping the OL locus. A field experiment with F5 and pure lines was carried out to correlate the oil content with 18 traits including yield components, and phenological and morphological characteristics. KASP technology using primers designed according to the ctFAD2-1 gene sequence was applied for OL locus genotyping and validated through fatty acids phenotyping. Hull content, the length:width ratio of the grain, and plant height were identified as the most promising selection tools for increasing oil content, and grains per capitulum was the best yield component for increasing yield without decreasing the oil content. KASP genotyping successfully worked as a MAS tool, identifying oleic and linoleic genotypes. These tools enhance options for improving oil content and quality for safflower breeding.
ABSTRACT
Abstract Twelve species of indigenous plants have been studied in order to valorize some natural resources of Burundi (Eastern Africa) to investigate possibilities of vegetable oil production. Physicochemical properties and oil contents were determined from seeds harvested through five ecogeographic zones. From oilcake extracts, total sugars contents, proteins (TPrC), polyphenolic (TPhC), and flavonoids were quantified using spectrophotometry. Furthermore, antioxidant activity of oilcake extracts was assessed by 2, 2-diphenyl-b-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical-scavenging and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assays. All oil contents obtained were found to be quite similar to those of common oleaginous seeds. The two highest were found in Parinari curatellifolia (61.44 ± 4.81% Dry Matter) and Myrianthus arboreus (48.26 ± 5.96% DM). More than half of the species have shown TPrC ranging from 10 to 24% dry matter of oilcake (DM). Brachystegia longifolia was revealed exceptionally stronger antioxidant potential: effectiveness antiradical of 163.06 ± 26.29 mL/g.min (DPPH assay) and reducing power of 2618.21 ± 161.22 GAE/100 g DM (FRAP assay). TPhC were positively correlated (p 0.05) to the antioxidant activity. This pioneering work on these wild species highlight the potential for producing vegetable oil and valuable biomolecule sources likely for food, cosmetics, pharmacy and industry.
Resumo Doze espécies de plantas indígenas foram estudadas para valorizar alguns recursos naturais do Burundi (África Oriental), para investigar as possibilidades de produção de óleo vegetal. As propriedades físico-químicas e o conteúdo de óleo foram determinados com base em sementes colhidas em cinco zonas ecogeográficas. A partir de extratos de bagaço de óleo, os teores de açúcares totais, proteínas (TPrC), polifenólicos (TPhC) e flavonoides foram quantificados por espectrofotometria. Além disso, a atividade antioxidante dos extratos de bagaços foi avaliada por ensaios de 2,2-difenil-b-picrilhidrazil (DPPH) e antioxidante redutor de ferro (FRAP). Todos os conteúdos de óleo obtidos foram encontrados para ser bastante semelhantes aos das sementes oleaginosas comuns. Os dois maiores foram encontrados em Parinari curatellifolia (61,44 ± 4,81% de matéria seca [MS]) e Myrianthus arboreus (48,26 ± 5,96% de MS). Mais da metade das espécies mostrou TPrC variando de 10% a 24% de MS de tortas. Brachystegia longifolia revelou um potencial antioxidante excepcionalmente mais forte: eficácia antirradical de 163,06 ± 26,29 mL/g.min (DPPH assay) e poder redutor de 2.618,21 ± 161,22 GAE/100 g de MS (ensaio FRAP). TPhC correlacionaram-se positivamente (p 0,05) com a atividade antioxidante. Este trabalho pioneiro sobre essas espécies selvagens destaca o potencial para a produção de óleo vegetal e fontes valiosas de biomoléculas para alimentos, cosméticos, farmácia e indústria.
ABSTRACT
O objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar o efeito de diferentes ambientes e densidades de semeadura em cultivares de soja, no Estado do Tocantins. Foram realizados cinco ensaios de competição de cultivares, semeados entre os meses de novembro/2012 e janeiro/2013, em que cada um representou um ambiente distinto: três em Gurupi-TO e, dois em Palmas-TO. O delineamento experimental foi de blocos ao acaso, com nove tratamentos e três repetições. Os tratamentos foram dispostos em esquema fatorial 3 x 3: três cultivares (P98Y70, M8766RR, M9144RR) e; três densidades de semeadura (6, 10 e 14 plantas m-1). A colheita das plantas foi realizada uma semana após o estágio R8 em que na área útil da parcela foram avaliadas a produtividade de grãos (kg ha-1), teor de óleo (%) e rendimento de óleo (kg ha-1). A semeadura em época inadequada promoveu redução de aproximadamente 50% na produtividade de grãos e, de 64%, no rendimento de óleo. Os cultivares apresentaram teores de óleo entre 18,90% (P98Y70) e 20,99% (MSOY 9144RR), com rendimento de óleo entre 513,94 (P98Y70) a 579,31 kg ha-1 (MSOY 9144RR). A mudança do ambiente promoveu maior influência nos atributos avaliados que a densidade de plantas. O cultivar M9144RR apresentou características favoráveis para a produção de biodiesel.(AU)
The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of different environments and sowing densities in soybean cultivars on Tocantins State. They were conducted five field experiments, they were seeding between November/2012 e January/2013, and each field experiment was considered a distinct environment. Three experiments were conducted in Gurupi-TO, and two were conducted in Palmas-TO. The experimental design was a randomized blocks, with nine treatments and three replications. The treatments were disposed in a 3 x 3 factorial: three soybean genotypes (P98Y70, M8766RR and M9144RR) and; three seeding densities (6, 10 and 14 plants m-1). The harvest was done one week after the R8 stage and in the utility area they were evaluated the grain yield (kg ha-1), oil content (%) and oil yield (kg ha-1). The grain and oil yield had shown decrease of 50% and 64%, respectively, with the late sowing date. The genotypes had shown oil contents between 18.90% (P98Y70) and 20.99% (MSOY 9144RR), and oil yield between 513.94 (P98Y70) and 579.31 (MSOY 9144RR) kg ha-1. The change of environment had shown more influence than seeding density in the traits. The genotype M9144RR had shown favorable traits for the biodiesel production.(AU)
ABSTRACT
O objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar o efeito de diferentes ambientes e densidades de semeadura em cultivares de soja, no Estado do Tocantins. Foram realizados cinco ensaios de competição de cultivares, semeados entre os meses de novembro/2012 e janeiro/2013, em que cada um representou um ambiente distinto: três em Gurupi-TO e, dois em Palmas-TO. O delineamentoexperimental foi de blocos ao acaso, com nove tratamentos e três repetições. Os tratamentos foram dispostos em esquema fatorial 3 x 3: três cultivares (P98Y70, M8766RR, M9144RR) e; três densidades de semeadura (6, 10 e 14 plantas m-1). A colheita das plantas foi realizada uma semana após o estágio R8 em que na área útil da parcela foram avaliadas a produtividade de grãos (kg ha-1), teor de óleo (%) e rendimento de óleo (kg ha-1). A semeadura em época inadequada promoveu redução de aproximadamente 50% na produtividade de grãos e, de 64%, no rendimento de óleo. Os cultivares apresentaram teores de óleo entre 18,90% (P98Y70) e 20,99% (MSOY 9144RR), com rendimento de óleo entre 513,94 (P98Y70) a 579,31 kg ha-1 (MSOY 9144RR). A mudança do ambiente promoveu maiorinfluência nos atributos avaliados que a densidade de plantas. O cultivar M9144RR apresentou características favoráveis para a produção de biodiesel.(AU)
The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of different environments and sowing densities in soybean cultivars on Tocantins State. They were conducted five field experiments, they were seeding between November/2012 e January/2013, and each field experiment was considered a distinct environment. Three experiments were conducted in Gurupi-TO, and two were conducted in Palmas-TO. The experimental design was a randomized blocks, with nine treatments and three replications. The treatments were disposed ina 3 x 3 factorial: three soybean genotypes (P98Y70, M8766RR and M9144RR) and; three seeding densities (6, 10 and 14 plants m-1). The harvest was done one week after the R8 stage and in the utility area they were evaluated the grain yield (kg ha-1), oil content (%) and oil yield (kg ha-1). The grain and oil yield had shown decrease of 50% and 64%, respectively, with the late sowing date. The genotypes had shown oil contents between 18.90% (P98Y70) and 20.99% (MSOY 9144RR), and oil yield between 513.94 (P98Y70) and 579.31 (MSOY 9144RR) kg ha-1. The change of environment had shown more influence than seeding density in the traits. The genotype M9144RR had shown favorable traits for the biodiesel production.(AU)
Subject(s)
Glycine max/physiology , 24444 , Biofuels/analysis , Soybean Oil/biosynthesis , BrazilABSTRACT
Background: Assessments of genetic diversity are essential for germplasm characterization and exploitation. Molecular markers are valuable tools for exploring genetic variation and identifying germplasm. They play key roles in a Xanthoceras sorbifolia breeding program. Results: We analyzed the genetic diversity of populations of this species using 23 simple sequence repeat (SSR) loci and data on kernel oil content. The 11 populations included in the study were distributed across a large geographic range in China. The kernel oil content differed significantly among populations. The SSR marker analysis detected high genetic diversity among the populations. All SSRs were polymorphic, and we identified 80 alleles across the populations. The number of alleles at each locus ranged from two to six, averaging 3.48 per primer pair. The polymorphism information content values ranged from 0.35 to 0.70, averaging 0.51. Expected heterozygosity, observed heterozygosity, and Shannon's information index calculations detected large genetic variations among populations of different provenance. The high average number of alleles per locus and the allelic diversity observed in the set of genotypes analyzed indicated that the genetic base of this species was relatively wide. The statistically significant positive correlation between genetic and geographic distances suggested adaptations to local conditions. Conclusions: Microsatellite markers can be used to efficiently distinguish X. sorbifolia populations and assess their genetic diversity. The information we have provided will contribute to the conservation and management of this important plant genetic resource.
Subject(s)
Genetic Variation , Microsatellite Repeats , Sapindaceae/genetics , Phenotype , Polymorphism, Genetic , Seeds/genetics , Plant Oils , Genetic Markers , China , Polymerase Chain Reaction , DNA, PlantABSTRACT
Jatropha curcas L. (Euphorbiaceae) is a shrub native to Mexico and Central America, which produces seeds with a high oil content that can be converted to biodiesel. The genetic diversity of this plant has been widely studied, but it is not known whether the diversity of the seed oil chemical composition correlates with neutral genetic diversity. The total seed oil content, the diversity of profiles of fatty acids and phorbol esters were quantified, also, the genetic diversity obtained from simple sequence repeats was analyzed in native populations of J. curcas in Mexico. Using the fatty acids profiles, a discriminant analysis recognized three groups of individuals according to geographical origin. Bayesian assignment analysis revealed two genetic groups, while the genetic structure of the populations could not be explained by isolation-by-distance. Genetic and fatty acid profile data were not correlated based on Mantel test. Also, phorbol ester content and genetic diversity were not associated. Multiple linear regression analysis showed that total oil content was associated with altitude and seasonality of temperature. The content of unsaturated fatty acids was associated with altitude. Therefore, the cultivation planning of J. curcas should take into account chemical variation related to environmental factors.
Subject(s)
Fatty Acids/analysis , Genetic Variation , Jatropha/chemistry , Biofuels , Environment , Fatty Acids/genetics , Mexico , Microsatellite Repeats , Phorbol Esters/analysis , Plant Oils/chemistry , Seeds/chemistryABSTRACT
Abstract Twelve species of indigenous plants have been studied in order to valorize some natural resources of Burundi (Eastern Africa) to investigate possibilities of vegetable oil production. Physicochemical properties and oil contents were determined from seeds harvested through five ecogeographic zones. From oilcake extracts, total sugars contents, proteins (TPrC), polyphenolic (TPhC), and flavonoids were quantified using spectrophotometry. Furthermore, antioxidant activity of oilcake extracts was assessed by 2, 2-diphenyl-b-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical-scavenging and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assays. All oil contents obtained were found to be quite similar to those of common oleaginous seeds. The two highest were found in Parinari curatellifolia (61.44 ± 4.81% Dry Matter) and Myrianthus arboreus (48.26 ± 5.96% DM). More than half of the species have shown TPrC ranging from 10 to 24% dry matter of oilcake (DM). Brachystegia longifolia was revealed exceptionally stronger antioxidant potential: effectiveness antiradical of 163.06 ± 26.29 mL/g.min (DPPH assay) and reducing power of 2618.21 ± 161.22 GAE/100 g DM (FRAP assay). TPhC were positively correlated (p 0.05) to the antioxidant activity. This pioneering work on these wild species highlight the potential for producing vegetable oil and valuable biomolecule sources likely for food, cosmetics, pharmacy and industry.
Resumo Doze espécies de plantas indígenas foram estudadas para valorizar alguns recursos naturais do Burundi (África Oriental), para investigar as possibilidades de produção de óleo vegetal. As propriedades físico-químicas e o conteúdo de óleo foram determinados com base em sementes colhidas em cinco zonas ecogeográficas. A partir de extratos de bagaço de óleo, os teores de açúcares totais, proteínas (TPrC), polifenólicos (TPhC) e flavonoides foram quantificados por espectrofotometria. Além disso, a atividade antioxidante dos extratos de bagaços foi avaliada por ensaios de 2,2-difenil-b-picrilhidrazil (DPPH) e antioxidante redutor de ferro (FRAP). Todos os conteúdos de óleo obtidos foram encontrados para ser bastante semelhantes aos das sementes oleaginosas comuns. Os dois maiores foram encontrados em Parinari curatellifolia (61,44 ± 4,81% de matéria seca [MS]) e Myrianthus arboreus (48,26 ± 5,96% de MS). Mais da metade das espécies mostrou TPrC variando de 10% a 24% de MS de tortas. Brachystegia longifolia revelou um potencial antioxidante excepcionalmente mais forte: eficácia antirradical de 163,06 ± 26,29 mL/g.min (DPPH assay) e poder redutor de 2.618,21 ± 161,22 GAE/100 g de MS (ensaio FRAP). TPhC correlacionaram-se positivamente (p 0,05) com a atividade antioxidante. Este trabalho pioneiro sobre essas espécies selvagens destaca o potencial para a produção de óleo vegetal e fontes valiosas de biomoléculas para alimentos, cosméticos, farmácia e indústria.
ABSTRACT
Jatropha curcas L. (Euphorbiaceae), known as physic nut, is an oil seed species suitable as feedstock for biodiesel production, among other possible industrial applications. It is also considered tolerant to water restriction and is thus suitable for cultivation in semi-arid regions. However, the lack of uniformity in fructification and seed maturation hinders the harvest and processing of fruits and seeds and the yields from both oil and seed, as well as obtaining seed lots with good physiological qualities as propagule. Thus, the aim of this study was to characterise the physiological profile during the development and maturation of J. curcas seeds and to identify the best time to harvest the fruits and seeds based on morphological and physiological aspects. Fruit and seed development was monitored and the fruits were harvested at the end of the maturation phase. Then, they were visually classified in six distinct stages of maturation based on the size and colour of the exocarp, whereas the seeds were classified into 13 distinct stages based on the appearance of the fruit and colour of the tegument. The overall analysis of the parameters indicated that the best harvest time was when the fruits were brown and brown-dry and the seeds presented maximum dry matter accumulation, lower moisture content, the highest germination and vigour, higher lipid content and stable length and...(AU)
Jatropha curcas L. (Euphorbiaceae) conhecida como pinhão manso, possui sementes oleaginosas adequadas como matéria-prima para a produção de biodiesel, dentre outras aplicações industriais. É uma espécie tolerante à restrição hídrica e por isso apropriada ao cultivo em regiões semiáridas. As irregularidades na frutificação e maturação dificultam a colheita e o processamento de frutos e sementes, o rendimento em sementes e óleo, assim como a obtenção de lotes de sementes com boa qualidade fisiológica para fins de propágulo. O objetivo deste trabalho consistiu em caracterizar o perfil fisiológico durante a maturação de sementes de pinhão manso e identificar a melhor época de colheita baseando-se em aspectos morfológicos e fisiológicos. O desenvolvimento dos frutos e sementes foi monitorado no campo e, ao final da safra, os frutos foram colhidos numa única etapa e classificados visualmente em seis estádios distintos de desenvolvimento e maturação, conforme coloração do exocarpo. As sementes foram classificadas em treze estádios baseando-se no aspecto do fruto e na coloração da testa. Os parâmetros analisados indicam que a melhor época de colheita é quando os frutos estão secos e com coloração marrom, e as sementes apresentaram máximo acúmulo de matéria seca, menor teor de umidade, maior germinação e vigor, maior teor de lipídeos e dimensões estabilizadas em comprimento e largura...(AU)
Subject(s)
Jatropha/growth & development , Jatropha/physiology , GerminationABSTRACT
Almond (Prunus dulcis (Miller) D.A. Webb) genetic resources (Marcona, Guara, Non Pareil, IXL, AI, Martinelli C, Emilito INTA, Cáceres Clara Chica, Javier INTA) were studied during two consecutive crop years in order to evaluate variations in kernel oil yield and composition, and oil oxidative parameters. Total oil, oleic acid, α-tocopherol and squalene contents were found to range between 48.0% and 57.5%, 65% and 77.5%, 370 and 675 µg/g oil, and 37.9 and 114.2 µg/g oil, respectively. The genotype was the main variability source for all these chemical traits. The α-tocopherol content seems to be the most important contributor to both the radical scavenging capacity and the oxidative stability of almond oils analysed. Results obtained from the local genotypes namely Martinelli C, Emilito INTA and Javier INTA may be of interest for almond breeding focused to improve kernel oil yield and composition.
Subject(s)
Phytochemicals/chemistry , Plant Oils/chemistry , Prunus dulcis/chemistry , ArgentinaABSTRACT
Jatropha curcas L. (Euphorbiaceae), known as physic nut, is an oil seed species suitable as feedstock for biodiesel production, among other possible industrial applications. It is also considered tolerant to water restriction and is thus suitable for cultivation in semi-arid regions. However, the lack of uniformity in fructification and seed maturation hinders the harvest and processing of fruits and seeds and the yields from both oil and seed, as well as obtaining seed lots with good physiological qualities as propagule. Thus, the aim of this study was to characterise the physiological profile during the development and maturation of J. curcas seeds and to identify the best time to harvest the fruits and seeds based on morphological and physiological aspects. Fruit and seed development was monitored and the fruits were harvested at the end of the maturation phase. Then, they were visually classified in six distinct stages of maturation based on the size and colour of the exocarp, whereas the seeds were classified into 13 distinct stages based on the appearance of the fruit and colour of the tegument. The overall analysis of the parameters indicated that the best harvest time was when the fruits were brown and brown-dry and the seeds presented maximum dry matter accumulation, lower moisture content, the highest germination and vigour, higher lipid content and stable length and...
Jatropha curcas L. (Euphorbiaceae) conhecida como pinhão manso, possui sementes oleaginosas adequadas como matéria-prima para a produção de biodiesel, dentre outras aplicações industriais. É uma espécie tolerante à restrição hídrica e por isso apropriada ao cultivo em regiões semiáridas. As irregularidades na frutificação e maturação dificultam a colheita e o processamento de frutos e sementes, o rendimento em sementes e óleo, assim como a obtenção de lotes de sementes com boa qualidade fisiológica para fins de propágulo. O objetivo deste trabalho consistiu em caracterizar o perfil fisiológico durante a maturação de sementes de pinhão manso e identificar a melhor época de colheita baseando-se em aspectos morfológicos e fisiológicos. O desenvolvimento dos frutos e sementes foi monitorado no campo e, ao final da safra, os frutos foram colhidos numa única etapa e classificados visualmente em seis estádios distintos de desenvolvimento e maturação, conforme coloração do exocarpo. As sementes foram classificadas em treze estádios baseando-se no aspecto do fruto e na coloração da testa. Os parâmetros analisados indicam que a melhor época de colheita é quando os frutos estão secos e com coloração marrom, e as sementes apresentaram máximo acúmulo de matéria seca, menor teor de umidade, maior germinação e vigor, maior teor de lipídeos e dimensões estabilizadas em comprimento e largura...
Subject(s)
Germination , Jatropha/growth & development , Jatropha/physiologyABSTRACT
O pinhão manso tem atraído bastante interesse nos últimos anos por apresentar elevado potencial de fornecer óleo para produção de biocombustível e isso tem provocado a expansão rápida das áreas de cultivo em todo mundo. Este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar a influência da irrigação com água de diferentes condutividades elétricas (CEa) e doses de fósforo sobre os componentes de produção de pinhão manso durante o terceiro ano de produção. Usou-se o delineamento em blocos casualizados em um fatorial (5x2) com quatro repetições, sendo cinco níveis de salinidade (CEa - 0,6 testemunha; 1,2; 1,8; 2,4 e 3,0dS m-1) da água de irrigação e duas doses de P2O5 (135 e 200g planta 1 ano-1), em que a água de 0,6dS m-1 refere-se à água de abastecimento e à dose de 135g planta-1, a recomendação para o pinhão manso. As plantas foram cultivadas em vasos com capacidade de 200L e irrigados a cada três dias. O número de dias para inflorescência, número de cachos planta-1, produtividade de sementes e o teor de óleo das sementes de pinhão manso foram afetados negativamente pelo o aumento da salinidade da água de irrigação. A cultura do pinhão manso irrigado com água com condutividade elétrica de 1,3dS m-1 reduz 10% da produtividade das sementes e consequentemente do teor de óleo em suas sementes. Somente o número de dias para inflorescência foi afetado pelas doses de fósforo. Verificou-se correlação positiva e significativa entre o peso de 100 sementes e o teor de óleo das sementes que, respectivamente, foram 90,26g e 36,39% no tratamento irrigado com a água de menor condutividade elétrica.
The physic nut has attracted considerable interest in recent years because of the high potential to provide oil for biofuel production and this has caused the rapid expansion of cultivated area worldwide. This research aimed to evaluate the influence of irrigation with water of different electrical conductivity (ECw) and two doses of phosphorus on the production components of physic nut during the third year of production. A randomized block design in a factorial (5x2) was adopted with four repetitions, with five levels of salinity (ECw - 0.6 control; 1.2; 1.8; 2.4 and 3.0dS m-1) of the irrigation water and two doses of P2O5 (135 and 200g plant-1 year-1), in which the water of 0.6dS m-1 refers to municipal supply water and the dose of 135g plant-1 is the recommended dose for physic nut. Plants were cultivated in recipient of 200L and irrigated at intervals of three days. The number of days for inflorescence, number of clusters plant-1, grain yield and oil content of physic nut seeds were negatively affected by the increasing salinity of the irrigated water. The cultivation of physic nut irrigated with electrical conductivity of 1.3dS m-1 reduces the productivity by 10% and consequently the seed oil content. Only the number of days for inflorescence was affected by phosphorus doses. A positive and significant correlation between weight of 100 seeds and oil content of seeds was observed and in the treatment with the lowest ECw the values obtained were respectively 90.26g and 36.39%.
ABSTRACT
The physic nut has attracted considerable interest in recent years because of the high potential to provide oil for biofuel production and this has caused the rapid expansion of cultivated area worldwide. This research aimed to evaluate the influence of irrigation with water of different electrical conductivity (ECw) and two doses of phosphorus on the production components of physic nut during the third year of production. A randomized block design in a factorial (5x2) was adopted with four repetitions, with five levels of salinity (ECw - 0.6 control; 1.2; 1.8; 2.4 and 3.0dS m-1) of the irrigation water and two doses of P2O5 (135 and 200g plant-1 year-1), in which the water of 0.6dS m-1 refers to municipal supply water and the dose of 135g plant-1 is the recommended dose for physic nut. Plants were cultivated in recipient of 200L and irrigated at intervals of three days. The number of days for inflorescence, number of clusters plant-1, grain yield and oil content of physic nut seeds were negatively affected by the increasing salinity of the irrigated water. The cultivation of physic nut irrigated with electrical conductivity of 1.3dS m-1 reduces the productivity by 10% and consequently the seed oil content. Only the number of days for inflorescence was affected by phosphorus doses. A positive and significant correlation between weight of 100 seeds and oil content of seeds was observed and in the treatment with the lowest ECw the values obtained were respectively 90.26g and 36.39%.
O pinhão manso tem atraído bastante interesse nos últimos anos por apresentar elevado potencial de fornecer óleo para produção de biocombustível e isso tem provocado a expansão rápida das áreas de cultivo em todo mundo. Este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar a influência da irrigação com água de diferentes condutividades elétricas (CEa) e doses de fósforo sobre os componentes de produção de pinhão manso durante o terceiro ano de produção. Usou-se o delineamento em blocos casualizados em um fatorial (5x2) com quatro repetições, sendo cinco níveis de salinidade (CEa - 0,6 testemunha; 1,2; 1,8; 2,4 e 3,0dS m-1) da água de irrigação e duas doses de P2O5 (135 e 200g planta 1 ano-1), em que a água de 0,6dS m-1 refere-se à água de abastecimento e à dose de 135g planta-1, a recomendação para o pinhão manso. As plantas foram cultivadas em vasos com capacidade de 200L e irrigados a cada três dias. O número de dias para inflorescência, número de cachos planta-1, produtividade de sementes e o teor de óleo das sementes de pinhão manso foram afetados negativamente pelo o aumento da salinidade da água de irrigação. A cultura do pinhão manso irrigado com água com condutividade elétrica de 1,3dS m-1 reduz 10% da produtividade das sementes e consequentemente do teor de óleo em suas sementes. Somente o número de dias para inflorescência foi afetado pelas doses de fósforo. Verificou-se correlação positiva e significativa entre o peso de 100 sementes e o teor de óleo das sementes que, respectivamente, foram 90,26g e 36,39% no tratamento irrigado com a água de menor condutividade elétrica.