Your browser doesn't support javascript.
loading
Show: 20 | 50 | 100
Results 1 - 20 de 422
Filter
1.
Int J Cancer ; 2024 Jul 25.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-39049799

ABSTRACT

Head and neck squamous cell carcinomas (HNSCCs) are linked to tobacco smoking, opium use, and human papillomavirus (HPV) infection. However, little is known about the association of HPV infection with risk factors of HNSCCs, including opium and tobacco use. This cross-sectional analysis of a national multi-center case-control study in Iran included 498 HNSCC cases and 242 controls. We investigated the association of opium and tobacco use with α- (n = 21), ß- (n = 46), and γ-HPV (n = 52) types in saliva samples using type-specific bead-based multiplex genotyping assays (TS-MPG). We found that α-HPV positivity was significantly associated with tobacco smoking (OR = 10.35; 95% CI = 1.15, 93; p = .03), but not with opium use (OR = 1.06; 95% CI = 0.41, 2.76; p = .89). Additionally, tobacco smoking correlated with an elevated risk of ß-species 2 HPV infection (OR = 1.28; 95% CI = 1.04, 1.58; p = .020). Conversely, opium use showed a positive association with γ-species 12 HPV infection (OR = 5.67; 95% CI = 1.43, 22.44; p = .013). These findings indicate that tobacco and opium use may influence the risk of HPV infection in different ways depending on the HPV genus and species. Further studies are needed to replicate these findings in other populations.

2.
BMC Plant Biol ; 24(1): 700, 2024 Jul 24.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-39048937

ABSTRACT

Among plant-derived secondary metabolites are benzylisoquinoline alkaloids (BIAs) that play a vital role in medicine. The most conspicuous BIAs frequently found in opium poppy are morphine, codeine, thebaine, papaverine, sanguinarine, and noscapine. BIAs have provided abundant clinically useful drugs used in the treatment of various diseases and ailments With an increasing demand for these herbal remedies, genetic improvement of poppy plants appears to be essential to live up to the expectations of the pharmaceutical industry. With the advent of clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)/CRISPR-associated9 (Cas9), the field of metabolic engineering has undergone a paradigm shift in its approach due to its appealing attributes, such as the transgene-free editing capability, precision, selectivity, robustness, and versatility. The potentiality of the CRISPR system for manipulating metabolic pathways in opium poppy was demonstrated, but further investigations regarding the use of CRISPR in BIA pathway engineering should be undertaken to develop opium poppy into a bioreactor synthesizing BIAs at the industrial-scale levels. In this regard, the recruitment of RNA-guided genome editing for knocking out miRNAs, flower responsible genes, genes involved in competitive pathways, and base editing are described. The approaches presented here have never been suggested or applied in opium poppy so far.


Subject(s)
Benzylisoquinolines , CRISPR-Cas Systems , Gene Editing , Papaver , Papaver/genetics , Papaver/metabolism , Benzylisoquinolines/metabolism , Metabolic Engineering/methods , Genome, Plant
3.
Scand J Gastroenterol ; : 1-12, 2024 Jul 25.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-39054596

ABSTRACT

OBJECTIVE: Chronic diarrhea affects approximately 5% of the population. Opioids inhibit gastrointestinal motility, and opium tincture has shown anti-propulsive effects in healthy, but no controlled studies of its clinical efficacy exist. We aimed to investigate the anti-propulsive and central nervous system (CNS) effects of opium tincture in patients with chronic diarrhea. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The study was a randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled, cross-over trial in subjects with chronic diarrhea refractory to standard treatment. Participants received opium tincture or placebo during two intervention periods, each lasting seven days. Bowel movements were recorded daily, and gastrointestinal transit time was investigated with the wireless motility capsule system. Gastrointestinal symptoms, health-related quality of life, and CNS effects (pupil size, reaction time, memory, and general cognition) were also investigated, along with signs of addiction. RESULTS: Eleven subjects (mean age: 45 ± 17 years, 46% males) with a median of 4.7 daily bowel movements were included. The number of daily bowel movements was reduced during opium tincture treatment to 2.3 (p = 0.045), but not placebo (3.0, p = 0.09). Opium tincture prolonged the colonic transit time compared to placebo (17 h vs. 12 h, p < 0.001). In both treatment arms, there were no changes in self-reported gastrointestinal symptoms, health-related quality of life, or CNS effects, and no indication of addiction was present. CONCLUSION: Opium tincture induced anti-propulsive effects in patients with chronic diarrhea refractory to standard treatment. This indicates that opium tincture is a relevant treatment strategy for selected patients with chronic diarrhea. Moreover, no evidence of opioid-induced sedation or addiction was found.Trial Registration Number: NCT05690321 (registered 2023-01-10).

4.
Bladder Cancer ; 10(1): 47-59, 2024.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38993529

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND: Bladder cancer is a malignancy greatly affected by behavioral habits. The aim of this study was to examine the effect of opium on changes in the expression of OCT4 and SOX2 in the bladder tissue of rats. METHOD: Thirty six rats were divided into six groups: 24 rats in the addicted group received morphine and opium for 4 months with 12 rats in the control group. Blood testing was done for the evaluation of CBC, MDA, and TAC. The bladder tissue was removed and checked by histopathological examination. All total RNA was extracted, then cDNAs were synthesized and the OCT4 and SOX2 gene expressions were evaluated by Real-time PCR. RESULTS: The OCT4 mRNA expression level in the opium group of rats was significantly increased compared to the control group (13.5 and 6.8 fold in males and females respectively). Also, in the morphine group, similar augmentation was detected (3.8 and 6.7 fold in males and females respectively). The SOX2 mRNA over-expression level was seen in the morphine group of both genders as compared to the control group (3.7 and 4.2 fold in male and female respectively) but in the opium group, enhancement of mRNA level was seen only in males (6.6 fold). Opium increases both OCT4 and SOX2 expression more than morphine in male rats, but in female rats, SOX2 is increased more by morphine. CONCLUSION: Over expression of OCT4 and SOX2 was observed in rats treated with opium and morphine. Increased OCT4 and SOX2 expression was seen in opium-treated male rats, but in female rats, SOX2 was increased more by morphine.

5.
Gastroenterol Hepatol Bed Bench ; 17(2): 104-120, 2024.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38994503

ABSTRACT

Aim: The current systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to assess the association between Gastrointestinal (GI) cancers and opium use. Background: GI malignancies are a global public health issue and are associated with many risk factors including genetic and lifestyle factors. Methods: PubMed, Web of Science, Embase and Scopus and the Google Scholar search engine in addition to Persian databases including Magiran and SID were searched using relevant keywords. The associations of opium use, long duration of opium use, high daily amount opium use and high cumulative opium use and GI cancer and various subtypes of GI cancers were estimated and pooled in format of odds ratios (OR) and their corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CI) with a random effects model. Results: 22 articles that were published between 1983 and 2022 entered the analyses. There were significant relationships between opium use based on crude effect sizes (OR: 2.53, 1.95-3.29) and adjusted effect sizes (OR: 2.64, 1.99-3.51), high daily opium use (or: 3.41, 1.92-6.06), long duration of opium use (OR: 3.03, 1.90-4.84) and high cumulative opium use (OR: 3.88, 2.35-6.41), all compared to never opium use, and GI cancer. The results were not sensitive to sensitivity analyses and no influential publication biases were found in these analyses. Conclusion: Our meta-analysis showed that opium use could be associated with increased risk of overall and some particular GI cancers including oropharyngeal, gastric, pancreatic and colorectal cancers. Opium use as a potentially modifiable factor, therefore, should be more emphasized.

6.
BMC Pharmacol Toxicol ; 25(1): 37, 2024 Jul 01.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38951926

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND: We investigated acute poisonings resulting from medications affecting the nervous system and illicit substances at Loghman Hakim Hospital in Tehran. METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed patient records at Iran's largest tertiary toxicology referral center between January 2010 and December 2015. We analyzed the prevalence, trend, age and gender distribution of acute poisoning caused by nervous system agents. RESULTS: The present study included 16,657 (57.27%) males and 12,426 (42.73%) females, resulting in 29,083 patients. The median age of men and women was 29 and 26 years, respectively (p < 0.0001). There were 12,071 (72.47%) men and 10,326 (83.10%) women under the age of 40 (p < 0.001). Most cases were intentional (69.38% in men and 79.00% in women, p < 0.001) and 44.10% had a history of poisoning. The proportions of men and women varied significantly between different age groups and nervous system agents. For women, the most common agent was alprazolam, whereas for men, methadone. The overall trend of acute poisoning with drug used in addictive disorders, opioids and alcohol was increasing but decreasing with benzodiazepines and antidepressants. Acute poisoning by nervous system agents led to more deaths in men (1.95% vs. 0.56%; p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Methadone intoxication was common especially among young men and most of these intoxications were intentional. Women and men aged 20-29 most frequently suffer poisoning from alprazolam and clonazepam, respectively. Women over 60 and men over 30 used opium. Illicit drugs caused more than half of the deaths, and opium dominated. This study may create awareness and develop educational and preventive gender and age-specific local programs.


Subject(s)
Poisoning , Humans , Female , Adult , Male , Middle Aged , Young Adult , Iran/epidemiology , Adolescent , Poisoning/epidemiology , Retrospective Studies , Aged , Age Factors , Child , Sex Factors , Child, Preschool , Infant , Prevalence
7.
J Exp Bot ; 2024 Jul 24.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-39046316

ABSTRACT

Opium poppy is a crop of great commercial value as a source of several opium alkaloids for the pharmaceutical industries including morphine, codeine, thebaine, noscapine and papaverine. Most enzymes involved in benzylisoquinoline alkaloids (BIAs) biosynthesis in opium poppy have been functionally characterized, and opium poppy currently serves as a model system to study BIA metabolism in plants. BIA biosynthesis in opium poppy involves two biosynthetic gene clusters associated respectively with the morphine and noscapine branches. Recent reports have shown that genes in the same cluster are co-expressed, suggesting they might also be co-regulated. However, the transcriptional regulation of opium poppy BIA biosynthesis is not well studied. Opium poppy BIA biosynthesis involves three cell types associated with the phloem system: companion cells, sieve elements and laticifers. The transcripts and enzymes associated with BIA biosynthesis are distributed across cell types, requiring the translocation of key enzymes and pathway intermediates between cell types. Together, these suggest that the regulation of BIA biosynthesis in opium poppy is multilayered and complex, involving biochemical, genomic, and physiological mechanisms. In this review, we highlight recent advances in genome sequencing and single cell and spatial transcriptomics with a focus on how these efforts can improve our understanding of the genomic and cell-specific regulation of BIA biosynthesis. Such knowledge is vital for opium poppy genetic improvement and metabolic engineering efforts targeting the modulation of alkaloid yield and composition.

8.
J Forensic Sci ; 2024 Jul 10.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38984820

ABSTRACT

Opium poppy, coca and cannabis are raw materials for three notorious illicit drugs. For a long time, drug lords have been growing and smuggling these drugs in a variety of ways and channels and are continually finding new ways of trafficking their wares, which has led to the increasing difficulty of global drug enforcement. In the present paper, we propose an innovative pollen identification system for these important drug plants, which provides a tool for screening and detection of the drugs to aid in drug enforcement. By utilizing the characteristics of these fine particles, their abundant production, and high resistance to decay, we believe this tool could be applied in the following scenarios: detecting and dynamically monitoring drug cultivation activities; determining whether a suspect has been to fields of drug plants and determining whether the site has ever been planted with a drug plant and/or was involved in drug production. In the future, combined with microscope automatic image acquisition technology and intelligent image recognition technology, this pollen identification system is expected to be used to screen three notorious illicit drug plants, thus enhancing the efficiency of drug related crime investigations.

9.
Nat Prod Res ; : 1-8, 2024 Jun 25.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38919055

ABSTRACT

Morphine withdrawal increases locomotor sensitisation, relapse and impair regulation of serotonin system. We evaluated the effectiveness of Raha syrup on the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) serotonin levels following locomotor sensitisation in morphine-withdrawn rats receiving the opium tincture (OT). Morphine withdrawal rats gavaged daily with OT and Raha syrup (for 30 days) and then challenged with morphine and evaluated for locomotor activity and CSF serotonin levels before morphine challenge and 2 weeks after cessation of treatment. Raha syrup attenuated locomotor activity, increased the CSF serotonin after morphine challenge, and continued 2 weeks after cessation of treatment in rats receiving OT. Whereas, rats receiving OT alone after morphine challenge exhibited a relative decrease in locomotor activity, without changing CSF serotonin. Raha syrup attenuated locomotor sensitisation in morphine-withdrawn rats receiving OT probably by increasing serotonin. Therefore, administration of Raha syrup along with OT may benefit to treatment relapse in addicts receiving OT maintenance treatment.

10.
Caspian J Intern Med ; 15(2): 318-327, 2024.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38807734

ABSTRACT

Background: Opioid dependence, is one of the world's most critical health problems. Deaddicta is a herbal product considered an effective treatment for opioid addiction. Deaddicta's efficacy in the maintenance treatment of patients with opioid use disorder has recently been demonstrated through a double-blind randomized controlled trial (RCT). This study aimed to evaluate the permanence of Deaddicta's efficacy six months after the end of the maintenance treatment for opioid dependence. Methods: This study was performed following the previous RCT on the maintenance treatment of opioid addicts. Out of 41 participants who completed the study for three months in the previous research, 15 from the intervention group (Deaddicta capsules, 1500 mg/day) returned for follow-up. They all previously fulfilled the DSM-IV criteria for addiction, were aged 18 to 65, and had discontinued Deaddicta for six months. The outcome measures included addiction severity, depression and anxiety levels, and craving score. The scores of each parameter were compared in three phases: before intervention; after three months of intervention; and six months after the end of the study. Results: Depression, anxiety, and craving scores decreased six months after the end of the previous study. This decrease was significant in the craving score (P = 0.011). No significant increase was observed in the frequency of use. The regression analysis showed a negative relationship between craving and the progression of phases. Conclusion: The Deaddicta product may have desirable and effective properties in decreasing temptation and, as a result, the maintenance treatment of opioid dependence.

11.
Foods ; 13(10)2024 May 07.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38790733

ABSTRACT

This paper discusses the development of rapid, reliable, and accurate polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays for detecting opium poppy (Papaver somniferum L.) in food. Endpoint, quantitative, and digital PCRs were compared based on the amplification of a newly developed DNA marker targeting the NADPH-dependent codeinone reductase (COR) gene. Designed assays were shown to be highly specific and sensitive in discriminating opium poppy from other plant species, even in heat-treated and food samples. Digital PCR was the most sensitive, with a detection limit of up to 5 copies, i.e., approximately 14 pg of target DNA per reaction. Quantitative and digital PCR further allowed the quantification of opium poppy in up to 1.5 ng and 42 pg (15 copies) of target DNA in a sample, respectively. In addition, two duplex PCRs have been developed for the simultaneous detection of opium poppy DNA and representatives of (i) the Papaveraceae family or (ii) the Plantae kingdom. Finally, all designed assays were successfully applied for analysis of 15 commercial foodstuffs; two were suspected of being adulterated. The study results have an important impact on addressing food fraud and ensuring the safety and authenticity of food products. Beyond food adulteration, the study may also have significant implications for forensics and law enforcement.

13.
Transl Clin Pharmacol ; 32(1): 52-62, 2024 Mar.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38586125

ABSTRACT

There are few theories and little empirical evidence about the bilateral impact of substance use and coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), so a logical and accurate picture of this area is required. We investigated the effects of opium use on severity of disease on hospitalized COVID-19 patients in east of Iran. Demographic and clinical characteristics, vital signs, laboratory tests, mortality rate, type and duration of opium consumption in hospitalized patients who recovered from COVID-19 in the follow-up after 3 months were evaluated. In this study, 60 (20%) participants were the opium user and 251 (80%) were the non-user patients. Based on clinical symptoms, hypertension and systolic blood pressure in opium user were significantly higher than non-user patients (p < 0.05). In the laboratory tests, only the level of urea was higher in the opium positive group (37 [26.5-48.5] vs. 32 [23-43], respectively) and the percent of lymphocytes were lower in the opium positive (17 [8.2-25.8] vs. 18.7 [13.85-26.35], respectively). The initial therapies of both opium positive and negative infected patients showed not any significant changes (p > 0.05). Among the studied groups, one deceased case with COVID-19 was related to a drug user patient. Although, uses of opium reduced the levels of some risk factors, vital signs at admission and initial therapies during hospitalization in COVID-19 patients but it increased lung and heart diseases. Also, the severity of COVID-19 including hospitalization and mortality were associated with opium consumption.

14.
Indian J Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg ; 76(2): 1819-1824, 2024 Apr.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38566636

ABSTRACT

Reinke's edema (RE) is a benign pathological non-inflammatory disorder of the vocal folds with a wide range of clinical manifestations. We aim to investigate the relationship between Reinke's edema and some common inhalant abuse. In this case-control study, subjective consisted of 23 patients with RE (the cases), and 50 patients with sinusitis (control) who underwent surgery in the Department of Otolaryngology, between 2015 and 2020. Demographic characteristics, history of some related disease, methods, and the duration of cigarette, and opium consumption were collected through the patients' files. The chi-square (χ²) test was run to analyze the differences in the categorical and, and the Independent Sample T-test was used to compare two sample means from unrelated groups. A significant level (p-value) was considered less than 0.05. The mean age was 54 ± 12 years, and 42 ± 11 years, respectively for Reinke's edema and sinusitis. More women had been recorded in the RE group, compared to men. Allergy, unprincipled use of voice and talkativeness, history of laryngeal surgery, and type of disease were correlated to RE (p < 0.05). Also, cigarette smoking was significantly correlated with Reinke's edema. The average number of cigarettes per day, the duration of smoking, and opium consumption were more frequent in RE (P < 0.05). 90% of the RE and 4% of sinusitis patients were opium consumers. There was a statistically significant difference in the methods of substance use in the two groups of cases and control (p < 0.0001). Among the different methods, the poker and stone method was the most common (69.6%), and the opium smoking pipe was the second most common method. This study also confirmed the hazardous effects of smoking and inhaling opiates in the formation of lesions of the pharynx and larynx. In particular, longer use of these substances will be associated with more serious side effects. Therefore, it seems that people who are addicted to opiates should undergo periodic visits and counseling to reduce and stop their use.

15.
Front Plant Sci ; 15: 1377318, 2024.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38633462

ABSTRACT

Benzylisoquinoline alkaloids (BIAs) produced in opium poppy have been evidenced to heal patients suffering from various diseases. They, therefore, hold an integral position in the herbal drug industry. Despite the adoption of several approaches for the large-scale production of BIAs, opium poppy remains the only platform in this purpose. The only disadvantage associated with producing BIAs in the plant is their small quantity. Thus, recruiting strategies that boost their levels is deemed necessary. All the methods which have been employed so far are just able to enhance a maximum of two BIAs. Thus, if these methods are utilized, a sizable amount of time and budget must be spent on the synthesis of all BIAs. Hence, the exploitation of strategies which increase the content of all BIAs at the same time is more commercially effective and time-saving, avoiding the laborious step of resolving the biosynthetic pathway of each compound. Exposure to biotic and abiotic elicitors, development of a synthetic auto-tetraploid, overexpression of a WRKY transcription factor, formation of an artificial metabolon, and suppression of a gene in the shikimate pathway and miRNA are strategies that turn opium poppy into a versatile bioreactor for the concurrent and massive production of BIAs. The last three strategies have never been applied for BIA biosynthetic pathways.

16.
Turk J Biol ; 48(1): 80-90, 2024.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38665780

ABSTRACT

We examined the proteomic profiles of three registered opium poppy cultivars (Papaver somniferum L.) with varying alkaloid contents. The study was conducted on both the stem and capsule organs. A high number of differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) were identified between the cultivars and the organs. We analyzed DEPs for their contribution in GO terms and KEGG pathways. The upregulated DEPs were significantly enriched in photosynthesis and translation for morphine-rich and noscapine-rich cultivars, respectively. The data indicated that photosynthesis is crucial for benzylisoquinoline alkaloid (BIA) biosynthesis, but different processes are also effective in morphine and noscapine biosynthesis, which occur at different branches in the biosynthetic pathway. The proteomics profiles revealed that energy demand is more effective in morphine biosynthesis, while translational control plays a leading role in noscapine biosynthesis. This study represents the first report demonstrating organ-based and cultivar-based protein expression differences in mature poppy plants.

17.
Glob Heart ; 19(1): 38, 2024.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38681970

ABSTRACT

Background: Opium consumption has been an overlooked health issue in the Iranian population, and the prognostic role of opium consumption in patients undergoing coronary revascularization is unknown. Hypothesis: We aimed to assess the association between opium consumption and long-term cardiovascular outcomes after percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). Methods: We screened 2203 consecutive patients who underwent elective PCI between April 2009 and April 2010 at Tehran Heart Center. Exclusion criteria were unsuccessful PCI, non-elective PCI, and missing opium use data. Opium consumption was defined as self-reported ever use of any traditional opium substances. Outcomes of interest were all-cause mortality and a composite of major adverse cardiac and cerebrovascular events (MACCE). The association between opium use and study outcomes was evaluated using the inverse probability of treatment weighting (IPTW) method. Cumulative hazard curves were demonstrated to further assess the association visually. Furthermore, the effect of opium consumption on individual components of MACCE was evaluated in a competing risk setting. Results: A total of 2025 elective PCI patients were included (age: 58.7 ± 10.67, 29.1% women), among whom 297 (14.6%) patients were opium users. After a median follow-up of 10.7 years, opium consumption was associated with a higher risk of all-cause mortality (IPTW-hazard ratio [HR] = 1.705, 95% CI: 1.125-2.585; P = 0.012) and MACCE (IPTW-HR = 1.578, 95% CI: 1.156-2.153; P = 0.004). The assessment of MACCE components suggested a non-significant borderline trend for higher non-fatal myocardial infarction (IPTW-sub-distribution HR [SHR] = 1.731, 95% CI: 0.928-3.231; P = 0.084) and mortality (IPTW-SHR = 1.441, 95% CI: 0.884-2.351; P = 0.143) among opium users. Conclusions: Opium consumption is associated with a more than 50% increase in long-term risk of mortality and MACCE in patients undergoing PCI. These findings accentuate the importance of preventive strategies to quit opium addiction in this population.


Subject(s)
Opium , Percutaneous Coronary Intervention , Humans , Male , Female , Middle Aged , Iran/epidemiology , Follow-Up Studies , Time Factors , Opium Dependence/epidemiology , Risk Factors , Coronary Artery Disease/epidemiology , Aged , Retrospective Studies , Survival Rate/trends
18.
Forensic Sci Int ; 357: 111974, 2024 Apr.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38447346

ABSTRACT

Afghanistan and Myanmar are two overwhelming opium production places. In this study, rapid and efficient methods for distinguishing opium from Afghanistan and Myanmar were developed using infrared spectroscopy (IR) coupled with multiple machine learning (ML) methods for the first time. A total of 146 authentic opium samples were analyzed by mid-IR (MIR) and near-IR (NIR), within them 116 were used for model training and 30 were used for model validation. Six ML methods, including partial least squares discriminant analysis (PLS-DA), orthogonal PLS-DA (OPLS-DA), k-nearest neighbour (KNN), support vector machine (SVM), random forest (RF), and artificial neural networks (ANNs) were constructed and compared to get the best classification effect. For MIR data, the average of precision, recall and f1-score for all classification models were 1.0. For NIR data, the average of precision, recall and f1-score for different classification models ranged from 0.90 to 0.94. The comparison results of six ML models for MIR and NIR data showed that MIR was more suitable for opium geography classification. Compared with traditional chromatography and mass spectrometry profiling methods, the advantages of MIR are simple, rapid, cost-effective, and environmentally friendly. The developed IR chemical profiling methodology may find wide application in classification of opium from Afghanistan and Myanmar, and also to differentiate them from opium originating from other opium producing countries. This study presented new insights into the application of IR and ML to rapid drug profiling analysis.


Subject(s)
Opium , Spectroscopy, Near-Infrared , Spectroscopy, Near-Infrared/methods , Afghanistan , Myanmar , Spectrophotometry, Infrared , Discriminant Analysis , Least-Squares Analysis , Support Vector Machine
19.
Physiol Rep ; 12(5): e15975, 2024 Mar.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38480374

ABSTRACT

Opium abuse and exposure to heavy metals elevate the risk of coronary artery disease (CAD). Therefore, we aimed to determine the association between opium abuse and blood lead levels (BLLs) and the CAD complexity. We evaluated patients with acute coronary symptoms who underwent coronary angiography, and those with >50% stenosis in at least one of the coronary arteries were included. Furthermore, Synergy between PCI with Taxus and Cardiac Surgery I (SYNTAX I) score and BLLs were measured. Based on the opium abuse, 95 patients were subdivided into opium (45) and control (50) groups. Differences in demographics and CAD risk factors were insignificant between the two groups. The median BLLs were remarkably higher in the opium group than in controls (36 (35.7) and 20.5 µg/dL (11.45), respectively, p = 0.003). We also revealed no significant differences in SYNTAX score between the two groups (15.0 (9.0) and 17.5 (14.0), respectively, p = 0.28). Additionally, we found no significant correlation between BLLs and the SYNTAX scores (p = 0.277 and r = -0.113). Opium abuse was associated with high BLLs. Neither opium abuse nor high BLLs were correlated with the complexity of CAD. Further studies are warranted to establish better the relationship between opium abuse, BLLs, and CAD.


Subject(s)
Coronary Artery Disease , Opium Dependence , Percutaneous Coronary Intervention , Humans , Coronary Artery Disease/diagnostic imaging , Coronary Artery Disease/epidemiology , Coronary Artery Disease/etiology , Lead/adverse effects , Opium Dependence/complications , Opium Dependence/epidemiology , Opium/adverse effects , Severity of Illness Index
20.
J Exp Orthop ; 11(1): e12003, 2024 Jan.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38455452

ABSTRACT

Purpose: Illicit drug abuse is a global epidemic afflicting millions worldwide. Several studies have investigated the contribution of this dependence as a risk factor for fracture, but its impacts on fracture severity have been rarely studied. The present study primarily aims to determine the relationship between illicit drug abuse and the severity of tibial shaft fractures. Methods: This retrospective study consecutively included patients aged ≥18 years with tibial shaft fracture who attended Sina Tertiary Hospital, Tehran, Iran, between 2016 and 2021. The fracture patterns were assessed according to the Arbeitsgemeinschaft für Osteosynthesefragen Foundation/Orthopaedic Trauma Association classification. Participants were divided into three individual specialists into groups: simple (A), wedge (B) and multifragmentary (C) fractures. The association of illicit drug abuse and other recorded variables, including age, sex, body mass index (BMI), comorbidities, physical activity, smoking habits and mechanism of injury, was also examined and assessed in multivariate logistic regression. Results: Of 219 patients, 26 were drug abusers, and 193 had no history of use. A total of 20 out of 26 drug abusers experienced a complex fracture, yielding a rate of 76.9%, while this rate for nonusers was 50.3% (97 out of 193), indicating a statistically significant difference between the two subgroups (p = 0.011). The smoking history also influenced the fracture pattern (p = 0.027) based on univariate analysis; however, using adjusted multivariate analysis yielded only illicit drug abuse (odds ratio = 3.495; confidence interval = 1.144-10.680) as a risk factor for more complex fractures. Conclusion: The evidence from this study suggests that complexity and fracture patterns can depend on illicit drug abuse history. Level of Evidence: Level III.

SELECTION OF CITATIONS
SEARCH DETAIL
...