Effects of different addition levels of CHM-JM113 on growth performance, antioxidant capacity, organ index, and intestinal health of AA broilers.

The purpose of the present study was to investigate the effects of different levels of a Chinese herbal medicine formulation combined with JM113 (CHM-JM113) on growth performance, antioxidant capacity, organ index, and intestinal health of AA broilers. The AA broiler chicks were randomly allocated to 5 treatments as follows: a basic diet for the control group, the basic diet supplemented with 0.25% CHM-JM113, 0.5% CHM-JM113, 1% CHM-JM113 and 2% CHM-JM113 for the treatment group, respectively. The results showed that the addition of CHM-JM113 to the diet significantly reduced the mortality (p < 0.01) and improved the European Broiler Index (EBI) (p < 0.05), whereas it had no significance on growth performance of AA broilers (p > 0.05). Comparing the control group, 0.5 and 1% CHM-JM113 group significantly improved the organ index of liver, spleen and bursa (p < 0.05). In terms of intestinal morphology and structure, the addition of different levels of CHM-JM113 increased VH and VH/CD ratio, decreased CD in the small intestine compared to the control group, with 1 and 2% of the additive dose being more effective (p < 0.05). Chinese herbal medicine and probiotics as natural antioxidants also significantly increased the content of SOD in serum of 21-day-old broilers (p < 0.01), and significantly decreased the content of MDA in serum (p < 0.01). At 42 days of age, the addition of 1 and 2% CHM-JM113 significantly increased the content of SOD (p < 0.01) and significantly decreased the content of MDA in the organism (p < 0.01), accompanied by a significant increase in T-AOC and CAT content. In the study of the effect of CHM-JM113 on intestinal immunity, compared with the control group, we found that 1% or 2% CHM-JM113 had a better effect on the expression of occludin and claudin-1 in the intestinal segments of broilers (p < 0.05). For the expression of GATA-3, 0.5% CHM-JM113 may have a better effect (p < 0.05). CHM-JM113 may be used as an antibiotic alternative in broiler production.

Intestinal Histopathological Aberrations in Oreochromis niloticus Juveniles upon Dietary Florfenicol Administration.

The aquaculture use of antibiotics can cause detrimental effects on fish organs and gut microbial dysbiosis. The impact of florfenicol (FFC) on fish intestinal histology, an approved antibiotic, remains unclear. This study aimed to investigate the effects of FFC on Oreochromis niloticus juveniles by administering FFC at 10 mg and 30 mg/kg biomass/day for 30 consecutive days to mimic long-term use. A dose-dependent reduction in feed intake, survival and biomass, with an upsurge in mortalities was observed. Even the therapeutic dose instigated mortalities on day 30 of FFC dosing (FD). Histopathological analysis revealed mild to moderate alterations, including loss of absorptive regions, epithelial degeneration, necrotized areas, intercellular enterocytic space and swollen laminar propria. Post-dosing, the observation of the detachment of lamina propria from the epithelium indicated imminent irritability. Goblet cells reduced drastically on day 30 FD, accompanied by an increase in intraepithelial lymphocytes. However, cessation of dosing for 13 days resulted in the reclamation of goblet cells and absorptive regions, indicating that the intestinal tissues underwent considerable repair after lifting antibiotic pressure. These findings suggested that O. niloticus can tolerate dietary FFC but emphasize the need for responsible use of antibiotics in aquaculture.

Effect of Feeding Level on Growth and Slaughter Performance, and Allometric Growth of Tissues and Organs in Female Growing Saanen Dairy Goats.

This study aimed to investigate the effect of feeding level on the growth and slaughter performance, and allometric growth of tissues and organs in female growing dairy goats. The trial included 10-20 and 20-30 kg weight stages with 48 female goat kids. The 24 goat kids in each stage were divided into 8 blocks based on weight, with 3 kids per block. Then, three kids from each block were randomly assigned to one of the three treatments, namely ad libitum (AL100), 70% of ad libitum (AL70), or 40% of ad libitum (AL40). The slaughter trial was conducted when the AL100 kids reached the target weight of 20 or 30 kg. The results showed that the ADG and feed conversion rate showed a linear decline as the feed level decreased (p < 0.05). Compared with the AL70 and AL100 groups, the AL40 group exhibited lower shrunk body weight, empty body weight, hot carcass weight, net meat rate, carcass meat rate, and visceral fat weight (p < 0.05) in both stages. Moreover, the AL40 group showed lower weights for skin and mohair, blood, rumen, small intestine, large intestine, mammary gland, and uterus than the AL70 and AL100 groups (p < 0.05) in both stages. However, feeding level did not affect organ indices in the two stages (p > 0.05). The bone, skin and mohair were isometric (b ≈ 1), but the muscle, visceral fat, and most internal organs were positive (b > 1) in both stages. In conclusion, feeding level affects the growth and development of dairy goats, which vary depending on the body weight stage and specific tissues and organs.

Extraction of Naringin from Pomelo and Its Therapeutic Potentials against Hyperlipidemia.

Pomelo peel is a natural plant product with numerous pharmacological effects and is used in traditional Chinese medicine. In the present study, we extracted naringin from pomelo peel and aimed to decipher its therapeutic potential against hyperlipidemia. We used ultrasonic-assisted extraction to obtain naringin prior to identifying its structure, to evaluate its ability in binding sodium glycine cholate and sodium bovine cholate in vitro by simulating the gastrointestinal environment, so as to evaluate its blood lipid-lowering activity. The hyperlipidemia mouse model was established. Following the intragastric administration of naringin for 5 weeks, we measured the weight change, organ index, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), serum total cholesterol (TC), serum triglycerides (TG), liver superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) level, malondialdehyde (MDA), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) level of mice in the normal control and high-fat diet groups in addition to the high-, medium-, and low-dose naringin groups. The pathological changes in the liver were observed under a light microscope. The total RNA of the liver was extracted, and the mRNA expression level of lipid metabolism-related factors in mouse liver was detected via a fluorescence quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Naringin significantly (p < 0.01) reduced the body weight, organ index, serum TG, LDL-C, and TC levels of hyperlipidemic mice, but increased the serum HDL-C levels (p < 0.01). Furthermore, naringin increased GSH Px and SOD activity (p < 0.01), while decreasing MDA, ALT, and AST levels, as well as the liver index (p < 0.01). There was no statistically significant difference in the brain, heart, spleen, kidney, and other indicators (p > 0.05). A histopathological analysis of mouse liver showed that naringin could alleviate the degenerative damage of fatty liver cells in hyperlipidemic mice. Naringin could significantly (p < 0.01) reduce the expression of FAS and SREBP-1c mRNA, and simultaneously increase PPARα mRNA expression. This study shows that naringin has the strong effect of lowering lipids and protecting the liver in hyperlipidemic mice. Our findings underscore the anti-hyperlipidemia potential of naringin and increase the scientific understanding of its anti-hyperlipidemia effects, that may lead to its potential application as a dietary strategy for hyperlipidemia management in the future.

An optimal dietary sodium chloride supplemental level of broiler chicks fed a corn-soybean meal diet from 1 to 21 days of age.

Sodium chloride (NaCl) is usually added to diets to meet the Na and Cl requirements of broilers in the Chinese poultry industry, but the optimal dietary NaCl supplemental level was not well-established. The present study was conducted to estimate the optimal dietary NaCl supplemental level of broilers fed a corn-soybean meal diet from 1 to 21 days of age. A total of 490, 1-day-old Arbor Acres male broilers were fed a NaCl-unsupplemented corn-soybean meal basal diet (control) and the basal diet supplemented with 0.10, 0.20, 0.30, 0.40, 0.50 or 0.60% NaCl for 21 days. Regression analysis was conducted to evaluate the optimal dietary NaCl level using the best fitted broken-line or asymptotic models. As dietary supplemental NaCl levels increased, average daily gain (ADG), average daily feed intake (ADFI), blood partial pressure of CO2, total CO2, base excess and anion gap, blood concentrations of HCO3, Na and Cl, serum Na concentration, jejunal villus height (VH) and tibia ash content increased linearly and quadratically (P < 0.05), while feed/gain ratio, relative weights of heart, liver and kidney, blood K concentration, serum concentrations of K, uric acid and glucose, and osmotic pressure decreased linearly and quadratically (P < 0.05). The estimates of optimal dietary NaCl levels were 0.20-0.22% based on the best fitted broken-line or asymptotic models (P < 0.0001) of ADG, ADFI and feed/gain ratio, and 0.08-0.24% based on the best fitted broken-line or asymptotic models (P < 0.0001) of blood gas indices, serum parameters, jejunal VH, tibia ash content and organ indices. These results suggested that the optimal dietary NaCl supplemental level would be 0.24% for broilers fed the corn-soybean meal diet from 1 to 21 days of age, which is lower than the current dietary NaCl supplemental level (0.30%) in the Chinese broiler production.

Effects of Chinese yam polysaccharides on the immune function and serum biochemical indexes of broilers.

The purpose of this experiment was to investigate the effects of Chinese yam polysaccharides (CYP) in diets on the immune function of broilers. A total of 360 (1-day-old, sex balance) healthy growing broilers with similar body weight (39.54 ± 0.51 g) were randomly divided into control (0.00 g/kg), CYP I (0.25 g/kg), CYP II (0.50 g/kg), and CYP III (1.00 g/kg) groups. Each group contains 3 replicates with 30 broilers in each replicate, and the feeding trial lasted 48 d. The results showed that compared with the control group, the CYP II group had higher thymus index, serum IgA, complement C3, C4, IGF-I, T3, T4, INS, GH, IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, and TNF-α levels (P < 0.05) at 28, 48 d, respectively. In addition, the spleen index, serum IgM and IgG concentrations in CYP II group were higher than those in the control group at 28 d (P < 0.05). Results indicated that 0.50 g/kg CYP supplementation improved the immune function of broilers, and the CYP has a potential biological function as a green additive in broilers.

Ameliorative mechanisms of turmeric-extracted curcumin on arsenic (As)-induced biochemical alterations, oxidative damage, and impaired organ functions in rats.

Arsenic (As) is known for its carcinogenic and hepatorenal toxic effects causing serious health problems in human beings. Turmeric (Curcuma longa L.) extracted curcumin (Cur) is a polyphenolic antioxidant which has ability to combat hazardous environmental toxicants. This study (28 days) was carried out to investigate the therapeutic efficacy of different doses of Cur (Cur: 80, 160, 240 mg kg-1) against the oxidative damage in the liver and kidney of male rats caused by sodium arsenate (Na3AsO4) (10 mg L-1). As exposure significantly elevated the values of organ index, markers of hepatic injury (i.e., alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), and alkaline phosphatase (ALP)) and renal functions (i.e., total bilirubin, urea and creatinine, total cholesterol, total triglycerides, and lipid peroxidation malondialdehyde (MDA)). Moreover, different antioxidant markers such as superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), and glutathione reductase (GR) activities in the liver and kidney tissues were reduced after As-induced toxicity. However, Na3AsO4 induced histopathological changes in various organs were minimized after the treatment with Cur. The alleviation effect of Cur was dosage dependent with an order of 240>160>80 mg kg-1. The oral administration of Cur prominently alleviated the As-induced toxicity in liver and kidney tissues by reducing lipid peroxidation, ALT, AST, ALP, total bilirubin, urea, creatinine, total cholesterol, total triglycerides, and low-density lipoproteins (LDL). In addition, Cur being an antioxidant improved defense system by enhancing activities of SOD, CAT, GPx, and GR. Overall, the findings explain the capability of Cur to counteract the oxidative alterations as well as hepatorenal injuries due to As intoxication.

Effects of iron on intestinal development and epithelial maturation of suckling piglets.

The purpose of the present study was to discover the effects of iron on the intestinal development and epithelial maturation of suckling piglets. Twenty-seven newborn male piglets from 9 sows (3 piglets per sow), with similar body weight, were selected. The 3 piglets from the same sow were randomly divided into 1 of the 3 groups. The piglets were orally administrated with 2 mL of normal saline (CON group) or with 25 mg of iron by ferrous sulfate (OAFe group; dissolved in normal saline) on the 2nd, 7th, 12th, and 17th day, respectively, or intramuscularly injected with 100 mg of iron by iron dextran (IMFe group) on the 2nd day. The slaughter was performed on the 21st day and intestinal samples were collected. Compared with the CON group, iron supplementation significantly increased the length (P < 0.001), weight (P < 0.001), relative weight (P < 0.001), and the length:weight ratio (P < 0.001) of the small intestine in both OAFe and IMFe groups. The villus height (P < 0.001), crypt depth (CD) (P < 0.001), villus width (P = 0.002), and surface area (P < 0.001) in the jejunum of IMFe and OAFe piglets were also greater than those in CON piglets. The mRNA expression of trehalase (Treh; P = 0.002) and sucrase isomaltase (Sis; P = 0.043), markers of epithelial maturation, increased in OAFe and IMFe piglets, respectively. Moreover, enterocyte vacuolization, observed in fetal-type enterocyte, was reduced in OAFe and IMFe piglets, compared with CON piglets. However, no significant difference in the expression of the target genes of wnt/ß-catenin signaling pathway was observed. The results indicated that both oral administration and intramuscular injection with iron promoted intestinal development and epithelial maturation in suckling piglets and that the effects of iron may be independent of wnt/ß-catenin signaling.

Tolerance evaluation of Moringa oleifera extract to Hailan brown laying hens.

The aim of this experiment was to study the effects of dietary addition of high-dose Moringa extract (10 g/kg Moringa extract) on laying performance, haematological parameters, organ index and organ histopathology of Hailan brown laying hens in order to determine the safety limit of Moringa extract in laying hens diet. 270 Hailan brown commercial laying hens with similar body weight were randomly divided into three treatments, 6 replicates per treatment and 15 chickens per replicate. Corn-soybean meal-based diet was used in the experiment, and 0, 0.75 and 10 g/kg extracts of Moringa oleifera were added to the basic diet in the experimental group. The experiment lasted 24 weeks. The results showed that the treatment group given 10 g/kg of dietary Moringa extract had no significant difference in egg-laying performance from the control group (p > .05). Adding 0.75 g/kg Moringa extract had no significant effect on the production performance during the early stage of the experiment (p > .05), but during the later stage, F/E was significantly lower than in the control group (p < .05), and no significantly difference compared with 10 g/kg treatment group (p > .05). The addition of Moringa oleifera extract had no significant effect on serum biochemical indices of laying hens except ALB and UREA (p > .05). The addition of Moringa oleifera extract had no significant effect on blood routine indexes of laying hens except for PLT, MON and HCT (p > .05). The digestive and immune organ indexes of laying hens at the later stage of the experiment (24 weeks) were not significantly affected by the addition of Moringa extract (p > .05) except ceca. There were no obvious abnormalities in histological structure. On the whole, we find it is safe to add Moringa oleifera extract to the diet of laying hens at a dosage of less than 10 g/kg.

Effects of dietary inclusion of chromium propionate on growth performance, intestinal health, immune response and nutrient transporter gene expression in broilers.

The intent of the present study was to evaluate the effect of chromium (Cr3+) as chromium propionate on growth performance, organ index, immune response, intestinal morphology and nutrient transporter gene expression in broilers. One-day-old broiler chicks (n = 756) were divided into six experimental groups of 126 chicks; each group was further divided into 7 replicates (18 chicks/replicate). All birds were offered corn-soybean diets supplemented with Cr3+ at 0, 0.10, 0.15, 0.20, 0.25 or 0.30 mg/kg. Dietary inclusion of Cr3+ at various levels yielded significantly better growth performance and organ index in birds. Similarly, antibody titre against Newcastle disease and avian influenza H5 at various ages was found to be significantly higher in birds that received 0.15 mg/kg Cr3+ in the diet. Significant results with respect to villus height (VH), crypt depth (CD) and VH:CD were observed in all groups that received Cr3+ in the diet compared to control. Moreover, it was observed that different levels of Cr3+ supplementation of the diet also increased the expression of the nutrient transporter genes SGLT1, GLUT2, rBAT and CAT1 in broilers. The findings of the present study suggest that dietary inclusion of Cr3+ at various levels may have beneficial effects on growth performance, immunity, intestinal morphology and nutrient transporter gene expression in broilers. Supplementation of the diet with Cr3+ at a level of 0.15 mg/kg could yield better performance in broiler production.

Influence of free-range days on growth performance, carcass traits, meat quality, lymphoid organ indices, and blood biochemistry of Wannan Yellow chickens.

This study investigated the effects of free-range days on growth performance, carcass traits, meat quality, lymphoid organ indices, and blood biochemical parameters of Wannan Yellow chickens. A total of 1,000 one-day-old male Wannan Yellow chickens were reared to 56 D. At 56 D of age, 960 birds with similar body weight (BW) were randomly allocated to free-range treatment at 56, 70, 84, and 98 D of age (assigned to free-range treatment for 42, 28, 14, and 0 D, respectively); 6 replicates with 40 chickens per treatment. In the free-range system, chickens were reared in indoor floor pens with an outdoor free-range paddock measuring 4 × 7 m (28 m2, 1.5 birds/m2). Results showed that BW of birds decreased significantly in the first 2 wk after birds were assigned to free-range treatment compared with those in the conventional treatment (P < 0.05). Average daily gain (ADG) and average daily feed intake (ADFI) decreased significantly (P < 0.05) for chickens assigned to free-range treatment from 56 to 70 D of age, while feed conversion ratio increased significantly (P < 0.05). Breast yield increased linearly with increasing free-range days (P < 0.05), whereas leg and foot yields decreased linearly (P < 0.05). Drip loss and L* value of thigh muscle decreased linearly with increasing free-range days (P < 0.05), while shear force improved linearly (P < 0.05). Additionally, the absolute thymus weight and thymus to BW ratio showed significant increasing and then decreasing quadratic responses to increasing free-range days (P < 0.05). Furthermore, serum glucose, total protein, cholesterol, and triglyceride content declined linearly, while high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) content increased linearly with increasing free-range days (P < 0.05). In conclusion, increasing free-range days had positive effects on breast yield, shear force, thymus weight, and HDL-C content, but negatively affected leg yield, foot yield, drip loss, L* value of thigh muscle, glucose, total protein, cholesterol, and triglyceride levels of Wannan Yellow chickens.

Histopathological and ultrastructural indices for the assessment of glyphosate-based herbicide cytotoxicity in decapod crustacean hepatopancreas.

Glyphosate-based herbicides (GBH), including Roundup, are the most widely used pesticides in the world. Glyphosate residues have been detected in surface and groundwater, in food, and in human blood and urine. The effects of this herbicide on different levels of biological organization are an important concern that needs to be investigated. In general, the toxicity of GBH in invertebrates is poorly understood, and it is the motivation of this study. Thus, the aim of this study was to evaluate cellular responses of the hepatopancreas, an organ involved in the detoxification process in invertebrates, after exposure to environmentally relevant concentrations of GBH, using prawn Macrobrachium potiuna as a model. Prawns were exposed to three concentrations of GBH (0.0065, 0.065 and 0.28 mg L-1) for 7 or 14 days. Alterations in the morphology of the hepatopancreas and in subcellular components of R cells, which are responsible for the detoxification process, were analyzed, and an index for subcellular alterations was standardized. GBH exposure induced tissue commitments on the hepatopancreas, as well as important impairments of R cells that could compromise the normal functioning of the cells, especially in the detoxification processes. The major cellular impairments were intense vacuolization, dilatation of the cisterns of the rough endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi bodies, increase of perinuclear space, necrosis, concentric membrane formation and mitochondria crest loss. Our data contribute to the knowledge of the cytotoxic effects of low GBH concentrations on aquatic invertebrates, specifically their effects on the hepatopancreas, an important organ for the metabolism of crustaceans. These results also indicate that concentrations considered safe by regulatory agencies should be reviewed to minimize the effects on non-target organisms. This study also contributes to the standardization of an ultrastructure index for the assessment of GBH in palaemonids, which could be used for the assessment of contaminants in crustaceans and other species with hepatopancreas.

Effects of Repeated Lipopolysaccharide Treatment on Growth Performance, Immune Organ Index, and Blood Parameters of Sprague-Dawley Rats.

INTRODUCTION: The study was designed to investigate the effects of repeated lipopolysaccharide (LPS) treatment on growth performance, lymphoid organ indexes, and blood cells in Sprague-Dawley rats. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Forty healthy weaned Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly equally divided into LPS and control groups. Each rat in the LPS group was injected via the caudal vein with LPS (100 µg/kg b.w.) for 10 days, and the control group was treated with an equal volume of normal saline. On the 1st, 4th, 7th, and 10th days, growth performance, lymphoid organ indexes, and blood cells were evaluated in five necropsied rats. RESULTS: When rats were treated 3-10 times with LPS, their body weight and average daily gains increased more slowly than in the control group (P < 0.05). Repeated LPS treatment significantly increased spleen weight and the ratio of spleen to body weight (P < 0.05). White blood cells, neutrophils, and neutrophil percentage increased (P < 0.05) remarkably, but lymphocyte percentage, haemoglobin, and blood platelet counts decreased significantly (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: LPS treatment obviously suppresses growth and promotes peripheral immune organ proliferation. It is indicated that host protective mechanism can be activated by multiple small doses of LPS and prevents organs from further damage during stress status.

In vivo and in vitro effects of Miao Medicine Indigofera stachyoides extracts on breast cancer 4T1 cells / 中草药

Objective To study the effects of Indigofera stachyoide extracts on the breast cancer cells (4T1) in vivo and in vitro. Methods MTT method was used to detect the antitumor activity of I. stachyoides extracts in 4T1cells in vitro, the inhibition rate of cell proliferation, and half inhibition concentration (IC50). The established mice model with 4T1 solid tumor were randomly divided into model, extracts of I. stachyoides (petroleum ether phase, ethyl acetate phase, n-butanol phase, water phase, and ethanol extracts) groups, and cisplatin group. After being administered for 15 d, mice body weight and victera index were measured; The observation of tumor pathology and the calculation of tumor inhibition rate were performed. Results IC50 of ethyl acetate phase, n-butanol phase, ethanol extracts of I. stachyoides on 4T1 cells in vitro reached 228.9, 323.4, and 322.6 μg/mL, respectively. The tumor inhibition rates of petroleum ether phase, ethyl acetate phase, n-butanol phase, water phase, and ethanol extract of I. Stachyoides, and cisplatin group on 4T1 mice were (55.88 ± 6.68)%, (66.67 ± 14.32)%, (65.71 ± 12.38)%, (53.81 ± 16.17)%, (43.73 ± 25.73)%, and (76.85 ± 11.38)%, respectively. In the different extraction parts of I. stachyoide, the petroleum ether group had the effects of reducing the spleen index, increasing the thymus index and IL-2 level, and the ethyl acetate part was the best partaccording to tumor volume and the tumor suppressor rate. HE staining showed that the tumor cells in petroleum ether extract group were less than that in the model group, the cell arrangement was loose, the pathological mitosis and tumor cell infiltration were less than those of model group, and there was a small amount of lymphocytes and macrophages infiltration. Conclusion The extracts of I. stachyoides can inhibit the growth of 4T1 tumor cells in vivo and in vitro, and its mechanism may enhance the body immunity, so as to inhibit the tumor growth.

Effects of Guilingji on improving learning and memory dysfunction caused by aging / 中草药

Objective To explore the effects of Guilingji on improving learning and memory dysfunction caused by aging. Methods The mouse model of subacute aging caused by D-galactose and the rat model of natural aging were used respectively to imitate learning and memory dysfunction caused by aging. The effects of Guilingji on improving of learning and memory function index were focused in the diving platform experiment and the Morris water maze experiment. At the same time, the effect of that on rat organ index and blood biochemical index were investigated. Results Guilingji can significantly prolong step down latency (P < 0.05) and reduce the number of errors within 5 min (P < 0.05, 0.01) of the model mice. It can shorten positioning navigation escape incubation period (P < 0.01), extend the space exploration quadrant retention time (P < 0.05, 0.01), and increase the number of access to the platform (P < 0.05). Guilingji can increase testicular, thymus and spleen index (P < 0.05) and reduce the ALT content in serum (P < 0.05). Conclusion Guilingji can obviously improve the impairment of learning and memory function caused by aging. It also has some good effects on enhancing immunity, improving reproductive capacity, and protecting liver.

Pharmacological study on Duzhong Butiansu Tablet in improvement of male growth and reproductive capacity / 中草药

Objective: To develop Duzhong Butiansu Tablet (DBT) for the second time and add the effect on male infertility, so as to provide an experimental basis for the treatment of male infertility. Methods: The male mice were randomly divided into five groups: high, medium, and low dose groups of DBT, control group, and positive drug group. The immune and gonadal organ index, anti-fatigue effect and fecuudity of each group were observed. The male SD rats were randomly divided into six groups: high, medium, and low dose groups of DBT, control group, model group, and positive drug group. The changes of organ index, testicular pathological structure, levels of serum sex hormones and effects of serum oxidative stress and fecuudity were measured. The morphological structure of testes was observed by HE staining. Results: By improving the immune function and sex organ index of young male mice, DBT had the anti-fatigue effect on extending the swimming survival time, which would promote the increase of pregnancy rate of female mice. By increasing the weight of model rats, DBT could increase sexual organs and kidney indexes, improve contents of serum sex hormones FSH, LH, T, and E2 and reduce content of MDA in serum, and has anti-oxidant effect of increasing serum SOD and GSH-Px levels, and improves the testicular pathological damage, thus contributs to increase the pregnancy rate of female rats and the average litter size and production of anti-rat spermatogenic dysfunction induced by adenine effect. Conclusion: DBT can improve the growth and reproductive capacity to reverse the impairment effects on male animal, and provide experimentalbasis for the clinical research.

Effect of Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fisch polysaccharide on growth performance and immunologic function in mice in Ural City, Xinjiang.

OBJECTIVE: To discuss the effect of Glycyrrhiza uralensis (G. uralensis) Fisch polysaccharide on growth performance and immunologic function in mice in Ural City, Xinjiang and to provide important data supporting the application of Glycyrrhiza polysaccharide. METHODS: A total of 100 Kunming mice aged 3 weeks old were randomly divided into 5 groups with 20 mice in each group (10 were females and 10 were males). About 0.5 mL normal saline was given to the mice of control group every day and 0.5 mL G. uralensis Fisch polysaccharide was given to the mice of other groups at the concentration of 1, 20, 50 and 100 mg/mL, respectively. The growth performance (average body weight, average daily feed intake and feed efficiency), immune organ indexes (spleen index and thymus index) and immunologic function (serum IL-2, CD4+/CD8+ and the activity of NK cells) of mice in each group were detected continuously. RESULTS: The average body weight, feed efficiency, serum IL-2, CD4+/CD8+ and the activity of NK cells of mice were increased with the increase of administrated time after administrating G. uralensis Fisch polysaccharide and were reached up the largest level on Day 28. At the same time, each index was proportional to the given dose and was significantly higher than those of control group and reached up the largest level at the administrated dose of 100 mg/mL. After administrating G. uralensis Fisch polysaccharide, the spleen index and thymus index of mice were increased with the increase of administrated dose and the spleen index and thymus index of mice administrated with the dose of 100 mg/mL were maximum which was more than 1.51 times and 1.43 times of that in control group, respectively and the comparative differences showed statistical significance (P < 0.05). The average daily feed intake of mice in each group was increased with the passage of time and at the same time, the comparison of average daily feed intake of mice in each group was not significantly different (P > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: G. uralensis Fisch polysaccharide can significantly improve the growth performance and immunologic function of mice and laid a research basis for the clinical application of G. uralensis Fisch polysaccharide.

Effects of different dl-selenomethionine and sodium selenite levels on growth performance, immune functions and serum thyroid hormones concentrations in broilers.

This trial was conducted in a 2 × 3 + 1 factorial arrangement based on a completely randomized design to evaluate the effects of different dl-selenomethionine (dl-Se-Met) and sodium selenite (SS) levels on growth performance, immune functions and serum thyroid hormones concentrations in broilers. A total of 840 Ross 308 broilers (7 days old) were allocated by body weight to seven treatments (three replicates of 40 birds each treatment) including (1) basal diet (containing 0.04 mg of selenium (Se)/kg; control) without supplementary Se; (2, 3 and 4) basal diet + 0.05, 0.15 or 0.25 mg/kg Se as SS; (5, 6 and 7) basal diet + 0.05, 0.15 or 0.25 mg/kg Se as dl-Se-Met. The experiment lasted 42 days. The results revealed that dietary Se supplementation improved (p < 0.05) average daily gain, feed efficiency, immune organ index, serum immunoglobulin A (IgA), immunoglobulin G (IgG), immunoglobulin M (IgM) and triiodothyronine (T3 ) concentrations and decreased (p < 0.01) thyroxine (T4 )/T3 ratio in serum compared with the control. Broilers receiving the dl-Se-Met-supplemented diets had higher (p < 0.05) feed efficiency, thymus index, the amounts of IgA, IgG, IgM and T3 as well as lower (p < 0.05) serum T4 concentrations and T4 /T3 ratio than those consuming the SS-supplemented diets. Serum IgA and IgM levels of broilers fed 0.15 mg Se/kg were significantly higher (p < 0.05) than those of broilers fed 0.05 or 0.25 mg Se/kg. In summary, we concluded that dl-Se-Met is more effective than SS in increasing immunity and promoting conversion of T4 to T3 , thus providing an effective way to improve the growth performance of broilers. Besides, based on a consideration of all experiment indices, 0.15 mg Se/kg was suggested to be the optimal level of Se supplementation under the conditions of this study.

Effects of dynamic segmentation of nutrient supply on growth performance and intestinal development of broilers.

This experiment was to investigate the effects of dynamic segmentation of interval nutrient supply phase feeding on the growth performance, carcass characteristics, immune organs indexes and intestinal morphology of broilers. A total of 320 one-day-old broilers were randomly assigned into 4 feeding treatments, which included 4 interval nutrient supply phases as follows. Treatment A: a nutrient supply standard was used for every 14 d. Treatment B: a nutrient supply standard was used for every 7 d. Treatment C: a nutrient supply standard was used for every 3.5 d except that one nutrient supply standard was used for d 1 to 7. Treatment D: a nutrient supply standard was used for every 3.5 d including d 1 to 7. Each treatment was represented by 8 replicates with 10 broilers per replicate. The trial lasted for 42 days. Throughout the 42 d trial period, treatment A showed significantly higher average daily gain than treatments B and C (P < 0.05). The feed:gain ratio of treatment A was significantly lower than those of treatments C and D (P < 0.05). On d 28 and 42, body weight of broilers in treatment A was much higher than those of treatments B and C (P < 0.05). The slaughter rate of treatment A was significantly higher than that of treatment B (P < 0.05). Eviscerated percentage of treatment A was significantly higher than those of treatment B and D (P < 0.05). There were no significant differences among 4 treatments in immune organs indexes (P > 0.05). The crypt depth of duodenum was significantly greater in treatments A and B than in treatment C on day 42 (P < 0.05). Meanwhile, the ratio of villus height to crypt depth (V:C ratio) of treatment D was significantly higher than that of treatment A (P < 0.05). No significant differences were found between treatments C and D in growth performance, carcass performance, immune organs indexes and intestinal structure (P > 0.05). In conclusion, this study revealed that the growth and carcass performance of broilers is the best for 14 days segmentation phase feeding, and 3.5 days segmentation interval phase feeding can promote small intestinal development of broilers. Dynamic segmentation of dietary supply fails to affect the immune function of broilers.

Effect of Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fisch polysaccharide on growth performance and immunologic function in mice in Ural City, Xinjiang

OBJECTIVE@#To discuss the effect of Glycyrrhiza uralensis (G. uralensis) Fisch polysaccharide on growth performance and immunologic function in mice in Ural City, Xinjiang and to provide important data supporting the application of Glycyrrhiza polysaccharide.@*METHODS@#A total of 100 Kunming mice aged 3 weeks old were randomly divided into 5 groups with 20 mice in each group (10 were females and 10 were males). About 0.5 mL normal saline was given to the mice of control group every day and 0.5 mL G. uralensis Fisch polysaccharide was given to the mice of other groups at the concentration of 1, 20, 50 and 100 mg/mL, respectively. The growth performance (average body weight, average daily feed intake and feed efficiency), immune organ indexes (spleen index and thymus index) and immunologic function (serum IL-2, CD4/CD8 and the activity of NK cells) of mice in each group were detected continuously.@*RESULTS@#The average body weight, feed efficiency, serum IL-2, CD4/CD8 and the activity of NK cells of mice were increased with the increase of administrated time after administrating G. uralensis Fisch polysaccharide and were reached up the largest level on Day 28. At the same time, each index was proportional to the given dose and was significantly higher than those of control group and reached up the largest level at the administrated dose of 100 mg/mL. After administrating G. uralensis Fisch polysaccharide, the spleen index and thymus index of mice were increased with the increase of administrated dose and the spleen index and thymus index of mice administrated with the dose of 100 mg/mL were maximum which was more than 1.51 times and 1.43 times of that in control group, respectively and the comparative differences showed statistical significance (P  0.05).@*CONCLUSIONS@#G. uralensis Fisch polysaccharide can significantly improve the growth performance and immunologic function of mice and laid a research basis for the clinical application of G. uralensis Fisch polysaccharide.