Evidence for exercise-based interventions across 45 different long-term conditions: an overview of systematic reviews.

Background: Almost half of the global population face significant challenges from long-term conditions (LTCs) resulting in substantive health and socioeconomic burden. Exercise is a potentially key intervention in effective LTC management. Methods: In this overview of systematic reviews (SRs), we searched six electronic databases from January 2000 to October 2023 for SRs assessing health outcomes (mortality, hospitalisation, exercise capacity, disability, frailty, health-related quality of life (HRQoL), and physical activity) related to exercise-based interventions in adults (aged >18 years) diagnosed with one of 45 LTCs. Methodological quality was assessed using AMSTAR-2. International Prospective Resister of Systematic Reviews (PROSPERO) ID: CRD42022319214. Findings: Forty-two SRs plus three supplementary RCTs were included, providing 990 RCTs in 936,825 people across 39 LTCs. No evidence was identified for six LTCs. Predominant outcome domains were HRQoL (82% of SRs/RCTs) and exercise capacity (66%); whereas disability, mortality, physical activity, and hospitalisation were less frequently reported (≤25%). Evidence supporting exercise-based interventions was identified in 25 LTCs, was unclear for 13 LTCs, and for one LTC suggested no effect. No SRs considered multimorbidity in the delivery of exercise. Methodological quality varied: critically-low (33%), low (26%), moderate (26%), and high (12%). Interpretation: Exercise-based interventions improve HRQoL and exercise capacity across numerous LTCs. Key evidence gaps included limited mortality and hospitalisation data and consideration of multimorbidity impact on exercise-based interventions. Funding: This study was funded by the National Institute for Health and Care Research (NIHR; Personalised Exercise-Rehabilitation FOR people with Multiple long-term conditions (multimorbidity)-NIHR202020).

Evaluation of traditional Chinese exercise for knee osteoarthritis (KOA): an overview of systematic reviews.

BACKGROUND: Knee osteoarthritis (KOA) has become a public health issue. Several systematic reviews (SRs) and meta-analyses (MAs) indicate that traditional Chinese exercise (TCE) may be an effective treatment for reducing pain and stiffness and improving physical function in people with knee osteoarthritis (KOA). OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the literature quality and evidence for the systematic reviews of TCE for KOA and provide evidence to support the clinical application of TCE for KOA. METHODS: Eight databases were searched from their inception to January 3, 2023, to retrieve relevant literature, including China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI), Wanfang, Chinese Scientific Journal Database (VIP), China Biology Medical literature database (CBM), PubMed, Embase, Web of Science and Cochrane Library, without restrictions on publication date or language. AMSTAR-2 and PRISMA 2020 assessed the methodological and reporting quality of included SRs/MAs. The Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation (GRADE) system was utilized to evaluate the quality of evidence. RESULTS: A total of 18 SRs/MAs were included. The methodological quality was "very low" based on AMSTAR-2. The overall reporting quality was deficient based on PRISMA 2020. The quality of Chinese and English literature differed, with English literature being superior in methodological and reporting quality. Among 93 pieces of evidence obtained, 46 (49.46%) were of very low quality, 34 (36.56%) were of low quality, 13 (13.98%) were of moderate quality, and none were of high quality. TCE was supported by 76 pieces of evidence (81.72%). CONCLUSION: TCE appears beneficial and safe for managing KOA. However, due to the relatively low methodological and evidentiary quality of included SRs/MAs, clinicians should interpret these findings cautiously.

Stapled hemorrhoidopexy for hemorrhoids: A overview of systematic reviews and meta-analysis.

Stapled hemorrhoidopexy has been used for years to treat hemorrhoids. Despite numerous systematic reviews and meta-analyses on the topic, inconsistent conclusions have left people uncertain about its effectiveness and raised doubts about the quality of these reviews.In order to provide reliable evidence for clinical practice, it is crucial to conduct an overview to assess the quality of MAs/SRs regarding the efficacy and complications of SH.A comprehensive search was performed across seven databases to identify MAs/SRs on the efficacy and complications of SH from inception to October 2023. The selected MAs/SRs were then assessed using three well-established tools: AMSTAR-2, PRISMA 2020and GRADE. These assessments provide a robust evaluation of the quality and reliability of the included MAs/SRs.We removed overlapping randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and conducted a new meta-analysis of the outcomes. The overview included 23 meta-analyses.In AMSTAR-2, three reviews were deemed moderate quality, nine reviews were classified as low quality, and eleven reviews were evaluated as critically low quality.In PRISMA 2020,certain deficiencies were exhibited, such as abstracts (0/23:0 %),final retrieval date (0/23:0 %), sensitivity analysis (6/23:26.09 %),publication bias assessment (11/23:47.83 %), the quality of evidence (2/23:8.70 %) and so on.In GRADE,twenty-six items were rated as moderate quality (27.96 %),forty-one items were rated as low quality (44.09 %) and twenty-six items were rated as critically low quality (27.96 %).SH has been found to be an effective intervention for reducing postoperative pain, shortening procedure time, and promoting wound healing. The re-analysis indicated that SH can reduce postoperative pain in hemorrhoid patients (odds ratio = 0.28, 95 % confidence interval [0.15,0.55], p = 0.0002; I2 = 74 %, p < 0.00001). But SH is associated with a higher risk of postoperative bleeding and recurrence of prolapse.Given that the reviews included in this overview were rated as low quality, caution should be exercised when interpreting the findings.

The impact of physical activity and exercise interventions on symptoms for women experiencing menopause: overview of reviews.

BACKGROUND: Women experiencing problematic menopausal symptoms report lower health-related quality of life and greater healthcare use than women without symptoms. Not all women want to or are able to take hormone replacement therapy. Strengthening the evidence for menopause symptom-management options, including physical activity, improves agency for women. AIM: This overview assesses effectiveness of physical activity and exercise interventions targeting women experiencing menopause symptoms. METHODS: Medline, Embase, CINAHL, Scopus, The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews and Social Science Citation Index were searched (June 2023) for systematic reviews of physical activity and exercise interventions targeting women experiencing menopause. Reviews were assessed using AMSTAR-2 and a best-evidence approach to synthesis without meta-analysis (SWIM) was adopted. The protocol was registered on PROSPERO (CRD42022298908). RESULTS: Seventeen reviews included 80 unique relevant primary studies with 8983 participants. There is evidence showing improvement of physical, urogenital, and total symptoms following yoga interventions. Evidence for vasomotor and psychological symptoms was inconclusive. Findings for aerobic exercise were inconclusive although there were some examples of beneficial effects on total and vasomotor symptoms. Evidence was very limited for other types of physical activity and impact on physical, sexual and urogenital symptoms. CONCLUSION: There is some evidence that yoga, and to lesser extent, aerobic exercise may be beneficial for some menopause symptoms, but there is insufficient evidence to recommend a particular form of exercise. Current reviews categorise women on menopause status; broadening this to include ethnicity, income status, employment and other factors will allow better understanding of context for successful interventions.

Pediatric dentistry systematic reviews using the GRADE approach: methodological study.

BACKGROUND: To assess the reporting of the certainty of the evidence using the GRADE approach in systematic reviews of interventions in pediatric dentistry. METHODS: The inclusion criteria were systematic reviews of randomized clinical trials (RCTs) and non-randomized studies of interventions (NRSIs) in pediatric dentistry that reported the certainty of the evidence through the GRADE approach. Paired independent reviewers screened the studies, extracted data, and appraised the methodological quality using the Assessing the Methodological Quality of Systematic Reviews (AMSTAR 2) tool. The certainty of the evidence was extracted for each outcome. A descriptive analysis was conducted. RESULTS: Around 28% of pediatric dentistry reviews of interventions used the GRADE approach (n = 24). Twenty reviews reported 112 evidence outcomes from RCTs and 13 from NRSIs using GRADE evidence profile tables. The methodological quality was high (16.7%), moderate (12.5%), low (37.5%), and critically low (33.3%), fulfilling the majority of the AMSTAR 2 criteria. The certainty of the evidence for outcomes generated from RCTs and NRSIs was very low (40.2% and 84.6%), low (33.1% and 7.7%), moderate (17.8% and 7.7%), and high (9.8% and 0.0%). The main reasons to downgrade the certainty were due to (for RCTs and NRSIs, respectively): risk of bias (68.8% and 84.6%), imprecision (67.8% and 100.0%), inconsistency (18.8% and 23.1%), indirectness (17.8% and 0.0%), and publication bias (7.1% and 0.0%). CONCLUSION: The proportion of systematic reviews assessing the certainty of the evidence using the GRADE approach was considered small, considering the total initial number of published pediatric dentistry reviews of intervention. The certainty of the evidence was mainly very low and low, and the main problems for downgrading the certainty of evidence were due to risk of bias and imprecision. REGISTRATION: PROSPERO database #CRD42022365443.

Anal Fissure and Its Treatments: A Historical Review.

Anal fissure is one of the most common proctological pathologies. It consists of the formation of a longitudinal tear in the anoderm, causing pain and bleeding during and after defecation. When chronic, it can significantly negatively impact the quality of life of the affected patient. Currently, multiple therapeutic options are available, both medical and surgical. The objective of this article is to highlight the historical evolution in the physiopathological understanding and treatment of this disease, underlining the key moments in this history. This is the first article to summarize the milestones in the treatment of anal fissure from ancient to current times.

An overview and single-arm meta-analysis of immune-mediated adverse events following COVID-19 vaccination.

Background: We conducted an overview to assess immune adverse effects associated with the COVID-19 vaccine, guiding safer choices and providing evidence-based information to clinicians. Methods: Forty-three studies on adverse effects of vaccines were reviewed from PubMed, Embase, and Web of Science. Single-arm meta-analyses estimated summary effects, incidence, presentation, etc. An overview using single-arm meta-analysis and reported the findings following the guidelines outlined in the 'Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses (PRISMA) specifically focusing on myocarditis and thrombosis. After screening 2,591 articles, 42 studies met the inclusion criteria. Methodological quality was evaluated using AMSTAR 2. Disagreements were resolved via consensus. Data analysis utilized a random-effects model in R software to estimate incidence rates of selected adverse events. Results: After removing 1,198 duplicates and screening out irrelevant articles from a total of 2,591, we included 42 studies. Adverse reactions to vaccinations include myocarditis, thrombosis, skin reactions, GBS, etc. thrombosis and myocarditis are the most dangerous diseases associated with vaccination. Myocarditis occurred in 6% of Vector vaccine recipients, compared to 61% of mRNA vaccine recipients. Thrombosis was more common after Vector vaccination (91%) than after mRNA vaccination (9%). Furthermore, eight studies conducted anti-PF4 antibody tests and yielded a positivity rate of 67%. Meta-analysis showed that among all patients with Vaccine-induced Thrombotic Thrombocytopenia, cerebral venous sinus thrombosis occurred in 66%, and intracranial hemorrhage occurred in 43%. The rates of deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary thromboembolism in vaccinated patients were 13% and 23%, respectively, with a pooled case fatality rate of 30%. Conclusion: The results of this overview indicate the majority of adverse reactions are self-limiting and require minimal intervention, while rare occurrences such as myocarditis and thrombosis pose a potentially fatal threat.

The effect of non-pharmacological prenatal interventions on fear of childbirth: an overview of systematic reviews and meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND: During pregnancy and childbirth, alongside positive feelings, women undergo feelings such as fear of childbirth (FoC) and worry about its consequences, which could leave negative effects on the mother and her child during pregnancy, delivery, and postpartum. The study was carried out to determine the effectiveness of prenatal non-pharmacological interventions on reducing the FoC. METHODS: The protocol of the study was registered in PROSPERO (ID: CRD42023468547). PubMed, Web of Science, Cochrane, Scopus, SID (Scientific Information Database) and Google Scholar search engine databases were systematically searched until July 27, 2023 with no limitation of time and limited to Persian and English studies in order to perform this overview. Certainty of evidence was assessed using GRADE, methodological quality using AMSTAR 2 and reporting quality using PRISMA score. Meta-analysis was performed on the data extracted from the original trials to evaluate the effect of different interventions on reducing the FoC. Sub-group analysis and meta-regression models were used to examine high heterogeneity, and sensitivity analysis was used to eliminate the effect of high risk of bias studies on the study findings. RESULTS: Overall, 15 systematic reviews (SRs) were included in the overview, among which meta-analysis was performed in 9 studies. Considering methodological quality, these SRs were in low to critically low status and had relatively complete reports regarding reporting quality. Meta-analysis findings indicated that psychological interventions (SMD -2.02, 95% CI -2.69 to -1.36, 16 trials, 1057 participants, I2 = 95%) and prenatal educations (SMD -0.88, 95% CI -1.16 to -0.61, 4 trials, 432 participants, I2 = 72.8%) cause a significant reduction in FoC relative to prenatal usual cares with low certainty of evidence. Distraction techniques lead to a significant reduction in FoC relative to prenatal usual care with high certainty of evidence (SMD -0.75, 95% CI -1.18 to -0.33, 4 trials, 329 participants, I2 = 69%), but enhanced cares do not result in a significant decrease FoC relative to prenatal usual care with very low certainty of evidence (SMD -1.14, 95% CI -2.85 to 0.58, 3 trials, 232 participants, I2 = 97%). CONCLUSIONS: Distraction techniques are effective in reducing FoC. Regarding the effect of psychological interventions and prenatal educations on the reduction of FoC, the findings indicated that the interventions may result in the reduction of FoC. Very uncertain evidence showed that enhanced cares are not effective in reducing the FoC.

Comparative effectiveness and safety of triple therapy and non-triple therapy interventions for COPD: an overview of systematic reviews.

BACKGROUND: Some systematic reviews (SRs) on triple therapy (consisting of long-acting ß2-agonist, long-acting muscarinic antagonist, and inhaled corticosteroid, LABA/LAMA/ICS) for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) have reported conflicting results. As the number of syntheses increases, the task of identifying and interpreting evidence becomes increasingly complex and demanding. OBJECTIVES: To provide a comprehensive overview of the efficacy and safety of triple therapy for COPD. DESIGN: Overview of SRs. METHODS: Two independent reviewers conducted comprehensive searches in PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, and the Cochrane Library to identify relevant SRs that compared triple therapy with any non-triple therapy for COPD, from the inception of these databases until 1 June 2023. The AMSTAR 2 and GRADE tools were utilized to assess the quality of the included studies and the evidence for each outcome. RESULTS: Eighteen SRs encompassing 30 original studies and involving 47,340 participants were analyzed. The overall AMSTAR 2 rating revealed that 3 SRs were of low quality, 13 SRs were of critically low quality, and 2 SRs were of high quality. No high-certainty evidence revealed a significant advantage of triple therapy in improving lung function or reducing acute exacerbations. However, all evidence, including one high certainty, supported the benefits of improving quality of life. Regarding all-cause mortality, no significant difference was found when compared to LAMA or ICS/LABA; however, high-certainty evidence confirmed its effectiveness when compared with LABA/LAMA. Notably, high-certainty evidence indicated that triple therapy was associated with a significant increase in the risk of pneumonia compared to LABA/LAMA. CONCLUSION: Triple therapy demonstrated notable benefits in improving lung function, reducing exacerbations, improving quality of life, and reducing all-cause mortality. However, it is important to note that it may also significantly increase the risk of pneumonia. TRIAL REGISTRATION: This overview protocol was prospectively registered with PROSPERO (No. CRD42023431548).

[Overview and prospects of endoscopic skull base surgery].

Endoscopic skull base surgery presents significant technical challenges and high surgical risks, requiring collaboration among multiple disciplines such as otolaryngology, neurosurgery, ophthalmology, and oral maxillofacial surgery. In recent years, there has been rapid development in endoscopic skull base surgery, characterized by flourishing anatomical research and an expanding range of surgical indications. The future brings both opportunities and challenges, and endoscopic skull base surgery must grasp new directions in medical development, actively providing patients with safer and more effective treatment options.

[Research progress in treatment of chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome with traditional Chinese medicine].

Chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome(CP/CPPS) is a common urological disease with complex etiology. The treatment effect of western medicine is not satisfactory, and the course of the disease is protracted, which brings great trouble to patients. Traditional Chinese medicine(TCM) has a variety of treatment methods based on syndrome differentiation and treatment, including internal treatment with TCM, acupuncture and massage, and other external treatment methods for comprehensive treatment, with significant effect. This study summarized the etiology and pathogenesis of CP/CPPS and found that western medicine cannot fully explain the etiology and pathogenesis of CP/CPPS. It was believed that CP/CPPS was mainly related to many factors such as special pathogen infection, voiding dysfunction, mental and psychological abnormalities, neuroendocrine abnormalities, immune abnormalities, excessive oxidative stress, pelvic diseases, and heredity. TCM believed that CP/CPPS was caused by damp heat, blood stasis, Qi stagnation, and poisoning and was closely related to the organs of the liver, spleen, kidney, lung, stomach, bladder, and meridians of Chong and Ren channels and three yin channels of the foot. In the treatment of TCM, multiple comprehensive treatment plans are currently used, including internal treatment with TCM(decoction, proprietary Chinese medicine, and unique therapies of famous doctors), acupuncture and massage treatment, and other external treatment methods(rectal administration, topical application of TCM, and ear acupoint pressure). Comprehensive regulation has significant clinical efficacy and prominent characteristics of TCM, and it is worth clinical promotion. This study aims to provide a reference for clinical prevention and treatment of CP/CPPS and points out potential directions for future research in this field.

Children with palliative care needs - the landscape of the nordic countries.

BACKGROUND: To strengthen palliative care for children in the Nordic countries, an updated status of current needs, resources, clinical services, education, and research is necessary to align and consolidate future research. A Nordic research collaboration initiative for children with palliative care needs was assembled in 2023. Building on this initiative, this paper presents an overview of pediatric palliative care (PPC) in the Nordic countries' (a) population characteristics, (b) care models and setting of care, (c) education and training, and (d) research. METHODS: The Nordic initiative researchers collaboratively gathered and assessed available data on the characteristics of PPC within Denmark, Finland, Greenland, Iceland, Norway, the Faroe Islands, Sweden, and Åland. Data were compiled in a matrix with population characteristics, models- and setting of care, education and training, and areas of research in a Nordic context. The findings are narratively and descriptively presented, providing an overview of Nordic PPC. RESULTS: In total, the Nordic child population comprises around six million children (0-19 years), of which about 41.200 are estimated to be living with a life-limiting and/or life-threatening condition. Healthcare services are provided through various care models, ranging from specialized care to homecare settings. Overall, there remain few opportunities for education and training with some exceptions. Also, Nordic research within PPC has been shown to be a growing field although much remains to be done. CONCLUSION: This overview is the first outline of the current PPC in Nordic countries. Although some differences remain important to acknowledge, overall, the strengths and challenges faced within PPC in the Nordic countries are comparable and call for joint action to increase evidence, services, and education to better serve the children, families, and healthcare personnel within PPC. Despite the varying structural premises for PPC, research endeavors aiming to provide evidence in this field seem increasing, timely and relevant for the Nordic countries, as well as the international context.

Effects of exercise interventions on physical, psychological and social outcomes in frail older adults: An overview of systematic reviews.

AIMS: To comprehensively synthesise existing evidence from systematic reviews regarding the effects of exercise interventions on physical, psychological and social outcomes in frail older adults to provide reference for clinical practice. BACKGROUND: Frailty is highly prevalent in older adults and associated with increased adverse health outcomes. Some systematic reviews have assessed the effectiveness of exercise interventions in frail older adults with varied inclusion criteria, methodology quality, types of exercise and outcome measures. DESIGN: An overview of systematic reviews reported following the PRISMA checklist. METHODS: PubMed, Embase, CINAHL, Web of Science and Cochrane database were searched from inception until June 2023 to identify relevant systematic reviews with or without meta-analysis of randomised controlled trails. Two reviewers independently selected articles, extracted data, assessed quality and summarised findings. RESULTS: A total of 17 systematic reviews were included, with methodology quality varying from moderate to critically low. The most frequent types of exercise were multicomponent exercise and resistance-based exercise in community and long-term care facilities, respectively. Exercise interventions had positive effects on most physical outcomes and depression, but inconsistent effects on cognitive function and quality of life. The quality of the evidence for most outcomes was low and very low. CONCLUSIONS: This overview highlights the importance of exercise interventions to improve physical, psychological and social aspects in frail older adults and provides evidence on characteristics of exercise interventions for frailty in various settings. RELEVANCE TO CLINICAL PRACTICE: Multicomponent exercise and resistance-based exercise should be recommended for frail older adults. There is a need of more well-designed research with large sample size and validated definition of frailty. Long-term effects, adherence during and after exercise interventions, adverse events and cost-effectiveness should be emphasised in future studies. TRIAL AND PROTOCOL REGISTRATION: The overview protocol was registered on the International Prospective Register of Systematic reviews (CRD 42021281327). PATIENT OR PUBLIC CONTRIBUTION: No patient or public contribution. REPORTING METHOD: The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analysis (PRISMA) guidelines were applied to report the results.

Measuring transformative virtual reality experiences in children's drawings.

Transformative experiences in an individual's life have a lasting impact on identity, belief system, and values. At the core of these experiences is the complex emotion of awe that promotes learning, making it worthwhile to study from an educational point of view. Drawing studies may provide a useful measure of awe in children-one that is more intuitive and attractive than questionnaires alone. Previous studies conducted with adults indicated that the diminished self, associated with transformative experiences, manifests in an actual decrease in size for figures representing the self in drawings. In the current study, self-representation was investigated in drawings of 10- to 12-year-old primary school children within the context of an immersive virtual reality (VR) experience that elicits the overview effect, known to lead to an intense apperception of awe. We did not replicate the adult findings regarding self-size in this younger age group. However, details and complexity in children's drawings appeared to be impacted by the awe-elicitation procedure in VR. These elements subsequently correlated to learning gains instead of the overview effect, indicating that this measure could be linked to cognitive ability. The findings of the current study contribute to a better understanding of how drawings reflect self-transcendental experiences; however, they also reveal that in younger age groups, they are not necessarily reflected in decreased self-size.

Efficacy of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation in post-stroke cognitive impairment: an overview of systematic reviews.

Objective: The reliability of clinical evidence depends on high-quality meta-analyses/ systematic reviews (MAs/SRs). However, there has been no assessment of the quality of MAs/SRs for repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) in post-stroke cognitive impairment (PSCI), both nationally and internationally. This article seeks to use radar plotting to visually present the quality of MAs/SRs on rTMS for improving cognitive function in PSCI, aiming to offer an intuitive foundation for clinical research. Methods: Eight Chinese or English databases were systematically searched to collect comprehensive literature, and the retrieval time ranged from inception to 26 March 2024. Literature ranking was calculated using six dimensions: publication year, design type, AMSTAR-2 score, PRISMA score, publication bias, and homogeneity. Finally, radar plots were drafted to present a multivariate literature evaluation. The GRADE tool assessed the strength of evidence for the outcome indicators included in the MAs/SRs. Results: The 17 articles included had average scores of 12.29, 17, 9.88, 9.71, 12.88, and 12.76 for each dimension. The radar plot showed that an article published in 2023 had the highest rank and a large radar plot area, while an article published in 2021 had the lowest rank and a small radar plot area. The GRADE tool evaluation revealed that 51 pieces of evidence were of very low quality, 67 were of low quality, 12 were of moderate quality, and only one was of high quality. Conclusion: The average rank score of literature ranged from 8.50 to 17, with higher rankings indicating greater significance in literature reference. Variations in literature quality were attributed to inadequate study planning, irregular literature search and screening, insufficient description of inclusion criteria for studies, and inadequate consideration of bias risk in the included studies. Most MAs/SRs indicated that rTMS was more effective than the control group in enhancing the global cognitive function and activities of daily living in PSCI patients. However, the overall quality of the literature was generally low and needs validation from future high-quality evidence.Systematic review registration:https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/, identifier CRD42023491280.

First 150 years of catatonia: Looking back at its complicated history and forward to the road ahead.

Karl Ludwig Kahlbaum (1828-1899) was the first to conceptualize and describe the main clinical features of a novel psychiatric illness, which he termed catatonia in his groundbreaking monograph published 150 years ago. Although Kahlbaum postulated catatonia as a separate disease entity characterized by psychomotor symptoms and a cyclical course, a close examination of his 26 cases reveals that most of them presented with motor symptom complexes or syndromes associated with various psychiatric and medical conditions. In his classification system, Kraepelin categorized catatonic motor symptoms that occur in combination with psychotic symptoms and typically have a poor prognosis within his dementia praecox (schizophrenia) disease entity. Because of the substantial influence of Kraepelin's classification, catatonia was predominantly perceived as a component of schizophrenia for most of the 20th century. However, with the advent of the psychopharmacotherapy era starting from the early 1950s, interest in catatonia in both clinical practice and research subsided until the early 2000s. The past two decades have witnessed a resurgence of interest in catatonia. The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders Fifth Edition, marked a paradigmatic shift by acknowledging that catatonia can occur secondary to various psychiatric and medical conditions. The introduction of an independent diagnostic category termed "Catatonia Not Otherwise Specified" significantly stimulated research in this field. The authors briefly review the history and findings of recent catatonia research and highlight promising directions for future exploration.

Systematic Review Overview: Violence Against Adults with Disabilities.

This study aimed to conduct an overview of systematic reviews in the field of violence against adults with disability. Eight electronic databases as well as gray literature from January 2022 to April 2023 were searched to identify systematic reviews that focused on violence against adults with disabilities. A total of 13 high-quality systematic reviews were included in the overview. Findings show that adults with disabilities experience a higher rate of emotional and physical violence than the general population. Sociodemographic, financial, and cultural risk factors, prevention, and treatment approaches were discussed. Although the large body of studies on disability and violence have explored different aspects of the issue, there are some limitations and gaps in the literature that need further attention. The most important gap in the literature is the lack of attention to diversity. Accordingly, there is little knowledge about disability and violence in a variety of geographical locations. In addition, studies on violence based on ethnicity/race, age, gender identifications, and some types of disabilities such as hearing impairments or severe disabilities were scarce. There is a need to reach diverse populations of adults with disabilities, through employing a variety of data collection methods and qualitative research methodology. Prevention and treatment programs should be developed with attention to types of disability, and they should be culturally and linguistically sensitive.

Evidence quality assessment of acupuncture intervention for stroke hemiplegia: an overview of systematic reviews and meta-analyses.

Objective: Summarize the conclusions of the systematic review/meta-analysis of the clinical efficacy of acupuncture for stroke hemiplegia, and evaluate its methodological quality and the quality of evidence. Methods: Two researchers searched and extracted 8 databases for systematic reviews (SRs)/meta-analyses (MAs), and independently assessed the methodological quality, risk of bias, reporting quality, and quality of evidence of SRs/MAs included in randomized controlled trials (RCTs). Tools used included the Assessment of Multiple Systematic Reviews 2 (AMSTAR-2), the Risk of Bias in Systematic (ROBIS) scale, the list of Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA), and the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation (GRADE) system. The search time is from database building to July 2023. Results: A total of 11 SRs/MAs were included, including 2 English literature and 9 Chinese literature, with all study sites in China. AMSTAR-2 evaluation results showed that the methodological quality of 11 articles was rated as very low quality; Based on the ROBIS evaluation results, the SRs/MAs was assessed as a high risk of bias; According to the results of the PRISMA checklist evaluation, most of the SRs/MAs reports are relatively complete; according to GRADE system, 42 outcomes were extracted from the included SRs/MAs for evaluation, of which 1 was rated as high-quality evidence, 14 as moderate-quality evidence, 14 as low-quality evidence, and 13 as very low-quality evidence. Conclusion: The available evidence indicates that acupuncture has certain clinical efficacy in the treatment of stroke hemiplegia. However, there are still some limitations to this study, such as the lower quality of SRs/MAs methodologies and evidence included, and more high-quality studies are needed to verify them.

Protocol: Reducing community violence: A systematic meta-review of what works.

This is the protocol for a Campbell Collaboration systematic review. Our objective is to synthesize what is known about the effectiveness of strategies for reducing community violence, focusing on those strategies that have been subjected to a systematic review. We aim to answer the following questions in this review: what strategies to reduce community violence have been rigorously evaluated through systematic reviews; which have sufficient evidence of effectiveness, which seem promising, and which appear ineffective; and what implications for practice and policy can be drawn from this large body of research? We anticipate categorizing the results of our review similarly to the original review by Abt and Winship (2016). That is, categorizing reviews by people-based approaches, place-based approaches, and behavior-based approaches. However, given that this is an updated review and we will be incorporating additional studies, we may find that an alternative or additional categorization is warranted and update our categorization accordingly. Implications for policy and practice as they relate to these categories will be discussed.

Psychological interventions for mood and cognition after stroke and transient ischaemic attack: A protocol for an umbrella review.

Background: People who have had a stroke or a Transient Ischaemic Attack (TIA) can experience psychological and/or cognitive difficulties. The body of research for psychological and neuropsychological interventions after stroke is growing, however, published systematic reviews vary in scope and methodology, with different types and severity of strokes included, and at times, diverse conclusions drawn about the effectiveness of the interventions evaluated. In this umbrella review, we aim to systematically summarise the existing systematic reviews evaluating psychological interventions for mood and cognition post-stroke/TIA. Methods: We will conduct this umbrella review according to the JBI Manual for Evidence Synthesis. The following databases will be searched from inception: Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, Database of Reviews of Effects (DARE), MEDLINE, Embase, CINAHL, PsycINFO, and Epistemonikos. Systematic reviews with or without meta-analysis published until the search date will be included. Reviews including psychological interventions addressing mood and/or cognition outcomes for any stroke type or severity will be screened for eligibility. A narrative synthesis, including content analysis, will be used. Each stage of the review will be processed by two independent reviewers and a third reviewer will be considered to resolve disagreements. The methodological quality of the included reviews will be assessed using AMSTAR 2. Discussion: Existing systematic reviews provide varied evidence on the effectiveness of psychological interventions post-stroke/TIA. This umbrella review aims to summarise knowledge and evidence on different types of psychological and neuropsychological interventions targeting mood and cognition. Findings will highlight important knowledge gaps and help prioritise future research questions. Systematic Review Registration: This protocol was prospectively registered with the International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews (PROSPERO) on November 15, 2022; PROSPERO CRD42022375947.