Exudate droplets incorporated on eggs by Raoiella indica Hirst female during oviposition may avoid the predation of Amblyseius largoensis (Muma).

Raoiella indica Hirst has rapidly and widely spread throughout the New World since 2004, primarily infesting coconut palms and interacting with the predator Amblyseius largoensis (Muma). Although A. largoensis feeds on R. indica at all stages of development, it cannot naturally reduce its population to levels that do not impact the host plant. Raoiella indica possesses dorsal setae that secrete exudates during all post-embryonic developmental stages, and females have a behavior that deliberately deposits droplets on the freshly laid egg, possibly as a defense strategy against predation in vulnerable stages. In this context, we analyzed whether the presence or absence of droplets in R. indica eggs affects predation using A. largoensis as a biological model. Thus, we evaluated whether some biological and behavioral characteristics of A. largoensis could be affected by the consumption of R. indica egg masses washed or unwashed with water. Also, we performed a chemical analysis of the droplets exuded by R. indica and provided a description of the oviposition behavior of R. indica. The predator showed a higher consumption rate and preference for washed eggs. The results suggest that the exudate droplets have defensive functions, which are incorporated by the female onto the egg during oviposition and subsequently during a patrolling behavior, as they lose their effect after being washed with water. Although the droplets do not prevent the predator from feeding, they reduce the number of R. indica eggs consumed without affecting the growth of A. largoensis.

Reproductive biology of harvestmen (Arachnida: Opiliones): a review of a rapidly evolving research field.

Harvestmen are a major arachnid order that has experienced a dramatic increase in biological knowledge in the 21st century. The publication of the book Harvestmen: The Biology of Opiliones in 2007 stimulated the development of many behavioral studies. Although the book is relatively recent, our understanding of the reproductive biology of harvestmen is already outdated due to the fast accumulation of new data. Our goal is to provide an updated review of the subject to serve as a benchmark for the following years. In the pre-copulatory phase, we explore the evolution of facultative parthenogenesis, the factors that may affect the types of mating system, and the role of nuptial gifts in courtship. Regarding the copulatory phase, harvestmen are unique arachnids because they have aflagellate spermatozoa and a penis with complex morphology. We discuss the implications of these two features for sperm competition and cryptic female choice. In the post-copulatory phase, we connect oviposition site selection and climate conditions to the widespread occurrence of resource defense polygyny, alternative reproductive tactics, and sexual dimorphism in several clades of tropical harvestmen. Finally, we present the different forms of parental care in the order, and discuss the benefits and costs of this behavior, which can be performed either by females or males. Throughout the review, we indicate gaps in our knowledge and subjects that deserve further studies. Hopefully, the information synthesized here will stimulate researchers worldwide to embrace harvestmen as a study system and to improve our effort to unravel the mysteries of their reproductive biology.

Validação de tecnologia assistiva para mães e pais com deficiência visual: enfoque na introdução alimentar do lactente / Validation of assistive technology for mothers and fathers with visual impairment: focus on infant feeding introduction

RESUMO Mães e pais com deficiência visual podem ter dificuldades na introdução alimentar de seus filhos. Desse modo, foi desenvolvida uma Tecnologia Assistiva (TA) sobre essa temática. Objetivou-se, assim, validar a TA sobre introdução alimentar do lactente. Trata-se de um estudo metodológico conforme adaptação do modelo de Pasquali (2010). A TA foi previamente construída e avaliada por especialistas e por um teste piloto com a população meta. O presente estudo contemplou o polo empírico, por meio do qual a TA foi avaliada por um novo e amplo grupo de mães e pais. Todos responderam a um instrumento em formato de escala do tipo Lickert a respeito do conteúdo, dos aspectos pedagógicos e da acessibilidade da TA. Outrossim, o estudo contemplou o polo analítico por meio da análise estatística dos dados. Respeitaram-se os aspectos éticos de pesquisas envolvendo seres humanos. Participaram 89 mães e pais, principalmente mulheres (53,9%), com deficiência visual congênita (55,1%), com idade média de 37,91 anos, não casados (52,8%), com ensino médio (60,7%) e exercendo atividade remunerada (56,2%). Dentre os tópicos da tecnologia, todos apresentaram médias favoráveis, sendo melhor avaliado o conteúdo (91,1±11,7), seguido de acesso online (84,4±18,9) e aspectos pedagógicos (82,9±15,9). A TA é meio válido de disseminação de informações a mães e pais com deficiência visual.

ABSTRACT Mothers and fathers with visual impairments may have difficulty introducing their children to food. In this way, an Assistive Technology (AT) was developed on this topic. The objective, therefore, was to validate the AT on infant food introduction. This is a methodological study according to the adaptation of the Pasquali's (2010) model. The AT was previously constructed and evaluated by experts and through a pilot testing with the target population. The present study considered the empirical pole, through which the AT was assessed by a new and broad group of mothers and fathers. Everyone responded to an instrument in a Lickert scale format regarding the content, pedagogical aspects and accessibility of AT. Furthermore, the study also included an analytical pole through statistical analysis of the data. The ethical aspects of research involving human beings were respected. Eighty-nine mothers and fathers participated, mainly women (53.9%), with congenital visual impairment (55.1%), with average age of 37.91 years old, not married (52.8%), with secondary education (60.7% ) and carrying out paid work (56.2%). Among the technology topics, all presented favorable averages, with content being best evaluated (91.1±11.7), followed by online access (84.4±18.9) and pedagogical aspects (82.9±15.9). The AT is a valid means of disseminating information to mothers and fathers with visual impairments.

Reproductive benefits and reduced investment in parental care behavior associated with reproductive groups of males in Abudefduf troschelii.

Fishes of the family Pomacentridae present a wide diversity of mating systems, ranging from polygyny to promiscuity and from individual territorial defense to the establishment of reproductive colonies of males. The damselfish species Abudefduf troschelii has a reproductive colony mating system, in which males temporarily aggregate in reproductive areas to court and attract females. Males defend an individual territory where they receive eggs and perform paternal care behaviors for their offspring. The present study evaluated the advantages of the colonial mating system in A. troschelii. During an entire reproductive period, in a breeding colony within a rocky reef, we located, marked, geo-referenced, and measured the distances between the territories of all males. We quantified the variance among males in their patterns of paternal care investment, eggs acquired, hatching success, reproductive success, body size, and changes in body coloration. We found that males spatially distributed their nests in groups or independently (i.e., solitary nests). Nesting groups are formed by larger males that show intense nuptial coloration during the entire receptivity period. They are located centrally to the colony and consist of three to six males whose territories overlap. In contrast, small solitary males that fail to acquire or maintain nuptial coloration during the receptivity period establish their nests peripherally to the colony, away from the territories of other males. Our results highlight that the reproductive benefits of colonial nesting are unequal for males, as the spatial distribution of nests within the colony determines the reproductive success of males. Group nesting confers the highest reproductive benefits to males regarding eggs obtained, hatching success, and relative fitness and also enables males to reduce their parental investment in brood care behaviors. The preference of females for oviposition could be associated with greater intrasexual competitiveness, defense ability, body condition, or experience of group-nesting males located at the center of the colony or because their progeny will have a lower probability of predation than they would in solitary nests males.

How empathy, perceived parental care, and overprotection indexes are affected by participants' sex: investigating cultural differences.

Culture seems to affect how empathy's development is influenced by parental behaviors. Considering that empathy is a social ability whose development is affected by many environmental and biological factors, differences can be expected in the way fathers and mothers care for and protect their sons and daughters, as social roles are influenced by culture. The objective of this research was to assess to what extent empathy, perceived parental care, and overprotection are affected by the offspring's sex. 477 adults participated in the study and three instruments were used: the Brazilian versions of the Parental Bonding Instrument, the Interpersonal Reactivity Index, and the Empathy Quotient. Pearson correlation, multiple linear regression, and moderation analyses were conducted. Maternal and paternal care were related to empathy variables for women in the Brazilian context, whereas the perceived parenting behaviors of care and overprotection did not show significant associations with empathy for male participants. Preliminary analysis also suggests that the offspring's sex influences paternal care expressed through variables such as perspective taking and combined cognitive empathy. This study's outcomes suggest that the way Brazilian parents behave is dependent on their offspring's sex. The main results were discussed in comparison to literature that used distinct cultural samples, especially to the outcomes found in British reports, to identify Brazilian parents' behaviors specificities and their association with the autonomous-relational parenting orientation.

Impact of parental care on oral health of children with Intellectual Disabilities from zero to six years of age / Impacto dos cuidados parentais na saúde bucal de crianças com Deficiência Intelectual de zero a seis anos de idade

Introduction: the birth of a child with an intellectual disability requires the definition of the parents' roles in relation to the care of the child. Objective: evaluate how much parental care practices, sociodemographic and behavioral characteristics and family knowledge can have an impact on the oral health of children with intellectual disabilities in the age group from zero to six years of age. Material and method: the level of help given to the child in the practice of oral hygiene was evaluated according to the adapted functional independence scale. The Parental Beliefs and Care Practices Scale assessed primary care and stimulation offered to the child. The presence of dental plaque and the decay-missing-filled teeth (DMFT) index were analyzed. The significance level was 5%. Result: the relative percentage of dental plaque was 11.4%. The DMFT was 2. The prevalence of teeth with indicated extraction is higher in children who receive full assistance for cleaning, when compared to those who receive maximum, moderate help or supervision. Higher levels of dental plaque and decayed teeth were found in children whose parents rated their dental health as poor, hygiene as deficient, and when they believed their children might feel discomfort due to their oral health. Low stimulation frequency resulted in a higher plaque index and number of decayed teeth. Conclusion: the frequency of parental care stimulation influenced the percentage of plaque index and the number of decayed teeth in children with intellectual disabilities.

Introdução: o nascimento de uma criança com deficiência intelectual exige dos pais a definição de suas funções em relação aos cuidados com a criança. Objetivo: investigar o quanto as práticas de cuidados parentais, características sociodemográficas, comportamentais e o conhecimento familiar podem ter impacto na saúde bucal de crianças com deficiência intelectual na faixa etária de zero a seis anos de idade. Material e método: foi avaliado o nível de ajuda cedida à criança na prática de higiene bucal de acordo com a escala de independência funcional adaptada. A Escala de Crenças Parentais e Práticas de Cuidado avaliou os cuidados primários e a estimulação oferecida à criança. Foram analisados a presença de placa dentária e o índice ceo-d. O nível de significância foi de 5%. Resultado: a porcentagem relativa de placa dentária foi de 11,4%. O índice ceo-d foi de 2. A prevalência de dentes com extração indicada é maior em crianças que recebem ajuda total para higienização, quando comparadas as que recebem ajuda máxima, moderada ou supervisão. Níveis mais elevados de placa dentária e dentes cariados foram encontrados nas crianças cujos pais avaliaram a saúde dental como ruim, a higiene como deficiente e quando acreditavam que os filhos podem sentir desconforto em razão de seu estado de saúde bucal. Baixa frequência de estimulação resultou em maior índice de placa e número de dentes cariados. Conclusão: a frequência de estimulação dos cuidados parentais influenciou na porcentagem do índice de placa e no número de dentes cariados nas crianças com deficiência intelectual.

Female in-nest attendance predicts the number of ectoparasites in Darwin's finch species.

Selection should act on parental care and favour parental investment decisions that optimize the number of offspring produced. Such predictions have been robustly tested in predation risk contexts, but less is known about alternative functions of parental care under conditions of parasitism. The avian vampire fly (Philornis downsi) is a myasis-causing ectoparasite accidentally introduced to the Galápagos Islands, and one of the major mortality causes in Darwin's finch nests. With an 11-year dataset spanning 21 years, we examine the relationship between parental care behaviours and number of fly larvae and pupae in Darwin's finch nests. We do so across three host species (Camarhynchus parvulus, C. pauper, Geospiza fuliginosa) and one hybrid Camarhynchus group. Nests with longer female brooding duration (minutes per hour spent sitting on hatchlings to provide warmth) had fewer parasites, and this effect depended on male food delivery to chicks. Neither male age nor number of nest provisioning visits were directly associated with number of parasites. While the causal mechanisms remain unknown, we provide the first empirical study showing that female brooding duration is negatively related to the number of ectoparasites in nests. We predict selection for coordinated host male and female behaviour to reduce gaps in nest attendance, especially under conditions of novel and introduced ectoparasites.

Factors influencing the survival of wild cotton-top tamarin (Saguinus oedipus) infants.

Studies of cooperative breeding species have suggested that helpers are needed for infant survival and that helpers gain skills to successfully raise their own offspring. Studies of callitrichids in managed care and early field studies suggested that group size correlated with infant survival and that helpers needed to learn parental skills to be successful breeders. We present infant survival data from a 20-year field study of cotton-top tamarins (Saguinus oedipus) in Colombia involving 126 litters born to 41 females. There was no difference in the survival of male and female offspring to 6 months of age. However, litter size impacted survival, with triplet litters having lower survival and male triplets having lower survival than females. Loss of infants was highest in the first week of life and, of the animals remaining in the group at 6 months of age, 90% of them survived to 1 year. The mean length of time in the natal group was 2.3 years but some young migrated to other groups after 4 months of age. Group size and number of male helpers (>1 year) was not related to infant survival. However, groups with only one male had fewer surviving infants. Primiparous females had lower infant survival, but previous infant care experience by mothers as helpers had no effect on survival. A major cause of infant loss was group disruption due to deaths/evictions/loss of the reproductively active animals, or immigration of pregnant females. Thus, factors that cause a change in the stability of the reproductively active animals can disrupt group cohesion. Capture of individuals for the illegal pet trade, as well as habitat fragmentation, may increase competition between groups for access to territories and breeding opportunities. This may have long-term impacts to infant survival in this critically endangered species.

Raised without a father: monoparental care effects over development, sexual behavior, sexual reward, and pair bonding in prairie voles.

Around 5 % of mammals are socially monogamous and both parents provide care to the pups (biparental, BP). Prairie voles are socially monogamous rodents extensively used to understand the neurobiological basis of pair bond formation and the consequences that the absence of one parent has in the offspring. Pair bonding, characterized by selective affiliation with a sexual partner, is facilitated in prairie voles by mating for 6 h or cohabitation without mating for 24 h. It was previously shown that prairie voles raised by their mother alone (monoparental, MP) show delayed pair bond formation upon reaching adulthood. In this study we evaluated the effects of BP and MP care provided on the offspring's development, ability to detect olfactory cues, preference for sexually relevant odors, display of sexual behavior, as well as the rewarding effects of mating. We also measured dopamine and serotonin concentration in the nucleus accumbens (ventral striatum) and dorsal striatum after cohabitation and mating (CM) to determine if differences in these neurotransmitters could underlie the delay in pair bond formation in MP voles. Our data showed that MP voles received less licking/grooming than BP voles, but no developmental differences between groups were found. No differences were found in the detection and discrimination of olfactory cues or preference for sexually relevant odors, as all groups innately preferred opposite sex odors. No differences were found in the display of sexual behavior. However, CM induced reinforcing properties only in BP males, followed by a preference for their sexual partner in BP but not MP males. BP males showed an increase in dopamine turnover (DOPAC/DA and HVA/DA) in the nucleus accumbens in comparison to MP voles. No differences in dopamine, serotonin or their metabolites were found in the dorsal striatum. Our results indicate that MP voles that received less licking behavior exhibit a delay in pair bond formation possibly because the sexual interaction is not rewarding enough.

Maternal care according to offspring sex and maternal physical condition in mantled howler monkeys (Alouatta palliata).

The Trivers-Willard hypothesis (TWH) posits that maternal care will be biased in favor of the sex that provides the greatest fitness returns per unit of investment, depending on maternal physical condition. Our aim was to examine the TWH in mantled howler monkeys living at Los Tuxtlas (Veracruz, Mexico). The biological attributes of mantled howler monkeys (Alouatta palliata) meet the assumptions of TWH better than those of other explanations, so we expected that females in better physical condition should bias maternal care toward sons, whereas mothers in worse physical condition should bias care toward daughters. Between December 2017 and March 2019, we studied mother-infant interactions in 20 dyads with focal-animal sampling and continuous recording (N = 204 h). We performed genetic analysis to determine offspring sex (N = 7 daughters and 13 sons) and measured C-peptide in urine samples of mothers to assess their physical condition (N = 46 samples). Mothers in better physical condition spent less time in contact with their sons but more time in contact with their daughters. For proximity behavior, mothers in better physical condition spent more time near their sons and less time near their daughters. These results suggest a bias in maternal care towards daughters, contrary to our predictions. In light of current models of maternal investment, our results support that mothers obtain higher fitness returns through daughters.

Breeding biology of Long-tailed Cinclodes Cinclodes pabsti Sick, 1969 (Passeriformes: Furnariidae)

Cinclodes pabsti is an endemic passerine restricted to the highland areas in southern Brazil. The aim of this study was to provide information on its breeding biology. The nesting cavities along road cuts were monitored from May 2008 to March 2011. The survey was carried out monthly from May to July 2008, February to July 2009, 2010 (non-breeding season), weekly from August 2008 to January 2009, 2010 (breeding season), and on a 2 to 4-days basis from August 2010 to January 2011. The geographic location, physical characteristics, and soil/substrate type in which the nesting cavities were situated were recorded. The total number of cavities used in the three breeding seasons was 136, resulting in 295 nests. The distance of a nest to its nearest neighbor ranged from 24-2,368 m, with a higher number of nests (n = 34; 59.7%) in the distance interval of 24-500 m. There was a greater usage of cavities located in Inceptisols, and the distances of nesting cavity entrances to the ground and to the top of road cuts were 1.6 ± 0.9 m and 0.8 ± 0.62 m, respectively. The breeding season lasted 148 days from mid-August to early January. Clutch size (n = 256) varied from 2 to 3 eggs, and the eggs (n = 155) had a total length of 27.2 ± 1.3 mm, breadth of 20.9 ± 0.8 mm, and mass of 6.2 ± 0.7 g. The incubation phase lasted 17.3 ± 0.8 days and the nestling phase for 18.3 ± 1.5 days. The body mass of the chicks was 6.0 ± 1.0 g just after hatching and reached a maximum of 59.6 ± 2.4 g at 16 days of age. Our results can contribute to filling the gaps in knowledge of C. pabsti ecology, because its habitat is under high anthropic pressures and the information on its life history is yet limited.(AU)

Female preference for dominant males in the Mexican mojarra cichlid fish, Cichlasoma istlanum.

It is widely assumed that female preference and male competition operate simultaneously during sexual selection. Dominance is likely an honest indicator of male quality, and females can identify and choose the dominant male to reproduce with individuals with greater competitive abilities, thus improving the quality and competitiveness of their offspring. In this context, few studies have investigated female preference in relation to male fighting ability. The Mexican mojarra, Cichlasoma istlanum, is a cichlid species native to the Balsas River basin. It is territorial during reproduction and provides parental care. Males commonly engage in territorial defence, whereas females care directly for offspring. This study examined whether females prefer dominant males that exhibit more aggressive behaviour. The authors conducted experiments using groups of two males and one female to test competitive ability in males and female preference. They also quantified the time during which the female associated with the dominant male and the subordinate male after observing the outcome of a fight between the two males. They found that Mexican mojarra females preferred dominant males and that the time females spent associating with males was positively related with their aggressive behaviours during competition. These results indicate that dominant males were more attractive than subordinate males to female Mexican mojarra. The relationship between female preference and male dominance in the Mexican mojarra demonstrates the importance of male competitive ability for future parental care in reproduction.

Breeding biology of Long-tailed Cinclodes Cinclodes pabsti Sick, 1969 (Passeriformes: Furnariidae)

Abstract Cinclodes pabsti is an endemic passerine restricted to the highland areas in southern Brazil. The aim of this study was to provide information on its breeding biology. The nesting cavities along road cuts were monitored from May 2008 to March 2011. The survey was carried out monthly from May to July 2008, February to July 2009, 2010 (non-breeding season), weekly from August 2008 to January 2009, 2010 (breeding season), and on a 2 to 4-days basis from August 2010 to January 2011. The geographic location, physical characteristics, and soil/substrate type in which the nesting cavities were situated were recorded. The total number of cavities used in the three breeding seasons was 136, resulting in 295 nests. The distance of a nest to its nearest neighbor ranged from 24-2,368 m, with a higher number of nests (n = 34; 59.7%) in the distance interval of 24-500 m. There was a greater usage of cavities located in Inceptisols, and the distances of nesting cavity entrances to the ground and to the top of road cuts were 1.6 ± 0.9 m and 0.8 ± 0.62 m, respectively. The breeding season lasted 148 days from mid-August to early January. Clutch size (n = 256) varied from 2 to 3 eggs, and the eggs (n = 155) had a total length of 27.2 ± 1.3 mm, breadth of 20.9 ± 0.8 mm, and mass of 6.2 ± 0.7 g. The incubation phase lasted 17.3 ± 0.8 days and the nestling phase for 18.3 ± 1.5 days. The body mass of the chicks was 6.0 ± 1.0 g just after hatching and reached a maximum of 59.6 ± 2.4 g at 16 days of age. Our results can contribute to filling the gaps in knowledge of C. pabsti ecology, because its habitat is under high anthropic pressures and the information on its life history is yet limited.

Breeding biology of Long-tailed Cinclodes Cinclodes pabsti Sick, 1969 (Passeriformes: Furnariidae)

Abstract Cinclodes pabsti is an endemic passerine restricted to the highland areas in southern Brazil. The aim of this study was to provide information on its breeding biology. The nesting cavities along road cuts were monitored from May 2008 to March 2011. The survey was carried out monthly from May to July 2008, February to July 2009, 2010 (non-breeding season), weekly from August 2008 to January 2009, 2010 (breeding season), and on a 2 to 4-days basis from August 2010 to January 2011. The geographic location, physical characteristics, and soil/substrate type in which the nesting cavities were situated were recorded. The total number of cavities used in the three breeding seasons was 136, resulting in 295 nests. The distance of a nest to its nearest neighbor ranged from 24-2,368 m, with a higher number of nests (n = 34; 59.7%) in the distance interval of 24-500 m. There was a greater usage of cavities located in Inceptisols, and the distances of nesting cavity entrances to the ground and to the top of road cuts were 1.6 ± 0.9 m and 0.8 ± 0.62 m, respectively. The breeding season lasted 148 days from mid-August to early January. Clutch size (n = 256) varied from 2 to 3 eggs, and the eggs (n = 155) had a total length of 27.2 ± 1.3 mm, breadth of 20.9 ± 0.8 mm, and mass of 6.2 ± 0.7 g. The incubation phase lasted 17.3 ± 0.8 days and the nestling phase for 18.3 ± 1.5 days. The body mass of the chicks was 6.0 ± 1.0 g just after hatching and reached a maximum of 59.6 ± 2.4 g at 16 days of age. Our results can contribute to filling the gaps in knowledge of C. pabsti ecology, because its habitat is under high anthropic pressures and the information on its life history is yet limited.

Qualidade da Coparentalidade e o Estresse em Pais de Crianças com Paralisia Cerebral / Coparenting Quality and Stress in Parents of Children with Cerebral Palsy

RESUMO: O objetivo deste artigo foi verificar a associação entre a qualidade da coparentalidade e o estresse em pais de crianças com paralisia cerebral (PC). Trata-se de um estudo transversal e descritivo. Foram incluídos 81 pais de crianças com até 12 anos de idade diagnosticadas com PC. Os instrumentos utilizados foram Inventário sociodemográfico, Escala de classificação funcional motora grossa, Índice de estresse parental e Questionário de coparentalidade submetidos na Técnica de Análise de Correspondência (ANCOR). Altos níveis de estresse total estão associados a elevados índices de estresse nas subescalas sofrimento parental, interação disfuncional pai e filho e criança difícil. Os pais avaliados no Questionário de Coparentalidade com baixa cooperação foram registrados com elevados índices de estresse na subescala sofrimento parental. Os dados mostraram relação significativa entre a qualidade da coparentalidade e o nível de estresse em pais de crianças com PC.

ABSTRACT: The aim of this paper is to verify the association between quality of co-parenting and stress in parents of children with cerebral palsy (CP). This is a cross-sectional and descriptive study. Eighty-one parents of children up to twelve years old diagnosed with CP were included. The instruments used were Sociodemographic Inventory, Gross Motor Functional Rating Scale, Parental Stress Index and Coparenting Questionnaire. High levels of total stress are associated with stress levels in parent distress sub-items, dysfunctional parent-child interaction, and difficult child. The parents evaluated in the Coparenting Questionnaire with low cooperation were registered with high levels of stress in the subscale parental suffering. The data showed a significant relationship between the quality of coparenting and the level of stress in parents of children with CP.

When an advantageous reproductive trait turns bad: Eggs of the threatened fish Genidens barbus as a natural bait in recreational fisheries.

This study describes a recreational fishing method focused on marine catfish, Genidens barbus (Endangered-EN), through the adoption of its eggs as a natural bait during its reproductive period in southern Brazilian ecosystems. Male G. barbus perform parental care, collecting eggs released by females after the fertilization process. Owing to this male behavioural pattern during the reproductive period, these individuals are easily caught in recreational fisheries that use eggs of the same species as a natural bait. The current adoption of G. barbus eggs as bait may intensify the fishing pressure on its populations.

Nestling development and data on nests and eggs of Topaza pella (Aves, Trochilidae) in Amapá state, northern Brazil

The Crimson Topaz, Topaza pella, is the least known of the two hummingbird species of this exclusively Amazonian trochilid genus, that also includes T. pyra. Most available information on T. pella nests, young and reproductive behavior is based on anecdotal observations from Guyana in the 1930s and 1950s. Here, we provide new data on nest description, eggs and parental care of T. pella, and the growth and development of two nestlings over a 22-day period. We studied four nests in areas of dense terra firme forest in the state of Amapá, Brazil. All nests were in forked branches of shrubs over water bodies, and had a cup-like form. One nest contained two elongated white eggs, and another, two nestlings, which had their development recorded until they left the nest. (AU)

Nestling development and data on nests and eggs of Topaza pella (Aves, Trochilidae) in Amapá state, northern Brazil / Desenvolvimento de filhotes e dados de ninhos e ovos de Topaza pella (Aves, Trochilidae) no Amapá, norte do Brasil

The Crimson Topaz, Topaza pella, is the least known of the two hummingbird species of this exclusively Amazonian trochilid genus, that also includes T. pyra. Most available information on T. pella nests, young and reproductive behavior is based on anecdotal observations from Guyana in the 1930s and 1950s. Here, we provide new data on nest description, eggs and parental care of T. pella, and the growth and development of two nestlings over a 22-day period. We studied four nests in areas of dense terra firme forest in the state of Amapá, Brazil. All nests were in forked branches of shrubs over water bodies, and had a cup-like form. One nest contained two elongated white eggs, and another, two nestlings, which had their development recorded until they left the nest.(AU)

O beija-flor-brilho-de-fogo, Topaza pella é o menos conhecido das duas espécies de beija-flor desse gênero exclusivamente amazônico, que também inclui T. pyra. A maioria das informações disponíveis sobre ninhos, jovens e comportamento reprodutivo de T. pella é anedótica, a partir de observações na Guiana nas décadas de 1930 e 1950. Nós fornecemos novos dados, descrevendo o ninho, ovos, cuidado parental e o desenvolvimento de dois filhotes de T. pella ao longo de 22 dias. Estudamos quatro ninhos encontrados em áreas de floresta densa de terra firme no estado do Amapá, Brasil. Todos os ninhos estavam em galhos bifurcados, inclinados verticalmente sobre corpos dágua e apresentaram formato de cesto baixo. Em um dos ninhos registramos dois ovos alongados de cor branca e, em outro, encontramos dois filhotes, que tiveram seu desenvolvimento registrado até deixarem o ninho.(AU)

A Clínica Extensa na Interface entre a Universidade e a Atenção em Saúde / The Extended Clinic at the University and Health Care Interface

Resumo O presente ensaio pretende abordar a interface do trabalho entre a Universidade e a assistência à Saúde a partir da perspectiva da clínica ampliada em Psicanálise. Considerações teórico-metodológicas sobre a Clínica Extensa e o Narcisismo são os fundamentos de onde partiremos para abordar a especificidade da escuta psicanalítica no contexto institucional. Visamos demonstrar a experiência de acolhimento e acompanhamento de famílias e de díades mãe-bebê desde o início da gestação, incluindo condições críticas de internação em UTI-Neonatal. Faremos isso através da apresentação de uma proposta de dispositivos para a observação e a intervenção, a fim de discutir a necessidade de ampliação do trabalho do psicólogo para abordar a equipe multidisciplinar, considerando os fenômenos grupais que atravessam esse tipo de trabalho. Como conclusão, assinalamos a contribuição de uma escuta psicanalítica sobre a constituição do sujeito e a ética do desejo no contexto de uma lógica complexa em Psicologia da Saúde.

Abstract This essay intends to approach the work at University and Health Care interface, from a perspective of the extended clinic in Psychoanalysis. It begins with theoretical and methodological considerations about the Extended Clinic and Narcissism to address the specificity of psychoanalytic listening in the institutional context. Trough the presentation of an observation and intervention framework proposal, it addresses the experience of reception and counselling families and mother-baby dyads from the beginning of pregnancy, including critical conditions of hospitalization in the neonatal ICU. It discusses the need to expand psychologist`s work to approach the multidisciplinary staff, considering the group phenomena that cross this type of work. In conclusion, it points out the contribution of psychoanalytical listening about subject´s constitution and desire ethics in a complex logic at Health Psychology.

Mechanisms of Convergent Egg Provisioning in Poison Frogs.

Parental provisioning of offspring with physiological products (nursing) occurs in many animals, yet little is known about the neuroendocrine basis of nursing in non-mammalian species. Within amphibians, maternal provisioning has evolved multiple times, with mothers of some species feeding unfertilized eggs to their developing offspring until tadpoles complete metamorphosis [1-3]. We conducted field studies in Ecuador and Madagascar to ask whether convergence at the behavioral level provides similar benefits to offspring and relies on shared neural mechanisms in dendrobatid and mantellid poison frogs. At an ecological level, we found that nursing allows poison frogs to provide chemical defenses to their tadpoles in both species. At the neural level, nursing was associated with increased activity in the lateral septum and preoptic area, demonstrating recruitment of shared brain regions in the convergent evolution of nursing within frogs and across vertebrates [4]. In contrast, only mantellids showed increased oxytocin neuron activity akin to that in nursing mammals [5], suggesting evolutionary versatility in molecular mechanisms. Our findings demonstrate that maternal provisioning provides similar potential benefits to offspring and relies on similar brain regions in poison frog species with convergently evolved toxicity and maternal care. VIDEO ABSTRACT.