Maternal and perinatal health among pregnant patients in the context of a migratory crisis.

OBJECTIVE: To compare maternal and perinatal outcomes of migrant Venezuelan women with local pregnant patients in a Colombian institution in the context of a migratory crisis. STUDY DESIGN: This cross-sectional study included 11 304 deliveries from the Clínica de Maternidad Rafael Calvo in Cartagena de Indias, Colombia, a tertiary referral center on the north coast of Colombia. Data on maternal demographics and perinatal outcomes were obtained by chart review. RESULTS: In total, 595 patients were identified as Venezuelan migrants, and their perinatal outcomes were compared against those of 10 709 local pregnant patients. Despite similar baseline maternal conditions in both groups, poorer prenatal follow-up care (3 [1-5] vs. 5 [4-7] visits; P < 0.001) and severe complications were more common in Venezuelan migrant pregnant patients and their children. In addition, maternal hypertension was significantly more common in migrants (11.4% [68/595] vs. 8.3% [887/10709]; P = 0.009). Furthermore, in the group of pregnant migrant patients, the rates of severe maternal morbidity (13.4% [80/575] vs. 9.45%, [1013/10709]; P = 0.002), neonatal respiratory distress syndrome (22/595 [3.7%] vs. 237/10709 [2.23%]; P = 0.03), and perinatal mortality (11/586 [1.88%] vs. 67/10651 [0.63%]; P = 0.003) were significantly higher than in the local pregnant population. CONCLUSION: Forced migration during pregnancy may be associated with poorer prenatal care, which may predispose women and their newborns to more frequent adverse maternal and perinatal outcomes.

Performance of the INTERGROWTH-21st and World Health Organization fetal growth charts for the detection of small-for-gestational age neonates in Latin America.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the performance of INTERGROWTH-21st (IG-21st ) and World Health Organization (WHO) fetal growth charts to identify small-for-gestational-age (SGA) and fetal growth restriction (FGR) neonates, as well as their specific risks for adverse neonatal outcomes. METHODS: Multicenter cross-sectional study including 67 968 live births from 10 maternity units across four Latin American countries. According to each standard, neonates were classified as SGA and FGR (birth weight <10th and less than third centiles, respectively). The relative risk (RR) and diagnostic performance for a low APGAR score and low ponderal index were calculated for each standard. RESULTS: WHO charts identified more neonates as SGA than IG-21st (13.9% vs 7%, respectively). Neonates classified as having FGR by both standards had the highest RR for a low APGAR (RR, 5.57 [95% confidence interval (CI), 3.99-7.78]), followed by those who were SGA by both curves (RR, 3.27 [95% CI, 2.52-4.24]), while neonates with SGA identified by WHO alone did not have an additional risk (RR, 0.87 [95% CI, 0.55-1.39]). Furthermore, the diagnostic odds ratio for a low APGAR was higher when IG-21st was used. CONCLUSION: In a population from Latin America, the WHO charts seem to identify more SGA neonates, but the diagnostic performance of the IG-21st charts for low APGAR score and low ponderal index is better.

Testing telediagnostic obstetric ultrasound in Peru: a new horizon in expanding access to prenatal ultrasound.

BACKGROUND: Ninety-four percent of all maternal deaths occur in low- and middle-income countries, and the majority are preventable. Access to quality Obstetric ultrasound can identify some complications leading to maternal and neonatal/perinatal mortality or morbidity and may allow timely referral to higher-resource centers. However, there are significant global inequalities in access to imaging and many challenges to deploying ultrasound to rural areas. In this study, we tested a novel, innovative Obstetric telediagnostic ultrasound system in which the imaging acquisitions are obtained by an operator without prior ultrasound experience using simple scan protocols based only on external body landmarks and uploaded using low-bandwidth internet for asynchronous remote interpretation by an off-site specialist. METHODS: This is a single-center pilot study. A nurse and care technician underwent 8 h of training on the telediagnostic system. Subsequently, 126 patients (68 second trimester and 58 third trimester) were recruited at a health center in Lima, Peru and scanned by these ultrasound-naïve operators. The imaging acquisitions were uploaded by the telemedicine platform and interpreted remotely in the United States. Comparison of telediagnostic imaging was made to a concurrently performed standard of care ultrasound obtained and interpreted by an experienced attending radiologist. Cohen's Kappa was used to test agreement between categorical variables. Intraclass correlation and Bland-Altman plots were used to test agreement between continuous variables. RESULTS: Obstetric ultrasound telediagnosis showed excellent agreement with standard of care ultrasound allowing the identification of number of fetuses (100% agreement), fetal presentation (95.8% agreement, κ =0.78 (p < 0.0001)), placental location (85.6% agreement, κ =0.74 (p < 0.0001)), and assessment of normal/abnormal amniotic fluid volume (99.2% agreement) with sensitivity and specificity > 95% for all variables. Intraclass correlation was good or excellent for all fetal biometric measurements (0.81-0.95). The majority (88.5%) of second trimester ultrasound exam biometry measurements produced dating within 14 days of standard of care ultrasound. CONCLUSION: This Obstetric ultrasound telediagnostic system is a promising means to increase access to diagnostic Obstetric ultrasound in low-resource settings. The telediagnostic system demonstrated excellent agreement with standard of care ultrasound. Fetal biometric measurements were acceptable for use in the detection of gross discrepancies in fetal size requiring further follow up.

Maternal and perinatal outcomes and factors associated with twin pregnancies among preterm births: Evidence from the Brazilian Multicenter Study on Preterm Birth (EMIP).

OBJECTIVE: To compare maternal and perinatal outcomes between twin and single preterm births (PTB) and associated factors. METHODS: A cross-sectional multicenter study was conducted in Brazil with 4046 PTBs from April 2011 to July 2012. Causes of PTB, use of tocolytics, corticosteroids, and antibiotics in twin and single pregnancies, and factors possibly associated with twinning were evaluated using χ2 tests. Maternal and perinatal outcomes were assessed with prevalence ratios (PR). RESULTS: The main cause of PTB in twin pregnancy was spontaneous onset of preterm labor. Tocolytics were more frequently used in twins (26.9% vs 20.2%). Factors associated with PTB in twins were: maternal age >25 years (62.3% vs 53.4%); interpregnancy interval >3 years (39.0% vs 33.4%); no history of PTB (87.4% vs 79.6%); no previous maternal conditions (78.0% vs 73.3%); no alcohol abuse (88.5% vs 84.3%); no drug addiction (97.5% vs 94.5%); and >6 prenatal visits (46.5% vs 37.6%). Twin pregnancies run a 46% higher risk of cesarean delivery, while first and second twins face a 20% higher risk of low birth weight. Twin pregnancies run increased risks for admission to the NICU, cerebral hemorrhage, necrotizing enterocolitis, and any adverse perinatal outcome. CONCLUSION: Preterm twin birth is associated with low birth weight and worse neonatal outcomes.

International gestational age-specific centiles for umbilical artery Doppler indices: a longitudinal prospective cohort study of the INTERGROWTH-21st Project.

BACKGROUND: Reference values for umbilical artery Doppler indices are used clinically to assess fetal well-being. However, many studies that have produced reference charts have important methodologic limitations, and these result in significant heterogeneity of reported reference ranges. OBJECTIVES: To produce international gestational age-specific centiles for umbilical artery Doppler indices based on longitudinal data and the same rigorous methodology used in the original Fetal Growth Longitudinal Study of the INTERGROWTH-21st Project. STUDY DESIGN: In Phase II of the INTERGROWTH-21st Project (the INTERBIO-21st Study), we prospectively continued enrolling pregnant women according to the same protocol from 3 of the original populations in Pelotas (Brazil), Nairobi (Kenya), and Oxford (United Kingdom) that had participated in the Fetal Growth Longitudinal Study. Women with a singleton pregnancy were recruited at <14 weeks' gestation, confirmed by ultrasound measurement of crown-rump length, and then underwent standardized ultrasound every 5±1 weeks until delivery. From 22 weeks of gestation umbilical artery indices (pulsatility index, resistance index, and systolic/diastolic ratio) were measured in a blinded fashion, using identical equipment and a rigorously standardized protocol. Newborn size at birth was assessed using the international INTERGROWTH-21st Standards, and infants had detailed assessment of growth, nutrition, morbidity, and motor development at 1 and 2 years of age. The appropriateness of pooling data from the 3 study sites was assessed using variance component analysis and standardized site differences. Umbilical artery indices were modeled as functions of the gestational age using an exponential, normal distribution with second-degree fractional polynomial smoothing; goodness of fit for the overall models was assessed. RESULTS: Of the women enrolled at the 3 sites, 1629 were eligible for this study; 431 (27%) met the entry criteria for the construction of normative centiles, similar to the proportion seen in the original fetal growth longitudinal study. They contributed a total of 1243 Doppler measures to the analysis; 74% had 3 measures or more. The healthy low-risk status of the population was confirmed by the low rates of preterm birth (4.9%) and preeclampsia (0.7%). There were no neonatal deaths and satisfactory growth, health, and motor development of the infants at 1 and 2 years of age were documented. Only a very small proportion (2.8%-6.5%) of the variance of Doppler indices was due to between-site differences; in addition, standardized site difference estimates were marginally outside this threshold in only 1 of 27 comparisons, and this supported the decision to pool data from the 3 study sites. All 3 Doppler indices decreased with advancing gestational age. The 3rd, 5th 10th, 50th, 90th, 95th, and 97th centiles according to gestational age for each of the 3 indices are provided, as well as equations to allow calculation of any value as a centile and z scores. The mean pulsatility index according to gestational age = 1.02944 + 77.7456*(gestational age)-2 - 0.000004455*gestational age3. CONCLUSION: We present here international gestational age-specific normative centiles for umbilical artery Doppler indices produced by studying healthy, low-risk pregnant women living in environments with minimal constraints on fetal growth. The centiles complement the existing INTERGROWTH-21st Standards for assessment of fetal well-being.

Adverse perinatal outcomes are associated with severe maternal morbidity and mortality: evidence from a national multicentre cross-sectional study.

PURPOSE: To assess the association between maternal potentially life-threatening conditions (PLTC), maternal near miss (MNM), and maternal death (MD) with perinatal outcomes. METHODS: Cross-sectional study in 27 Brazilian referral centers from July, 2009 to June, 2010. All women presenting any criteria for PLTC and MNM, or MD, were included. Sociodemographic and obstetric characteristics were evaluated in each group of maternal outcomes. Childbirth and maternal morbidity data were related to perinatal adverse outcomes (5th min Apgar score < 7, fetal death, neonatal death, or any of these). The Chi-squared test evaluated the differences between groups. Multiple regression analysis adjusted for the clustering design effect identified the independently associated maternal factors with the adverse perinatal outcomes (prevalence ratios; 95% confidence interval). RESULTS: Among 8271 cases of severe maternal morbidity, there were 714 cases of adverse perinatal outcomes. Advanced maternal age, low level of schooling, multiparity, lack of prenatal care, delays in care, preterm birth, and adverse perinatal outcomes were more common among MNM and MD. Both MNM and MD were associated with Apgar score (2.39; 1.68-3.39); maternal hemorrhage was the most prevalent characteristic associated with fetal death (2.9, 95% CI 1.81-4.66) and any adverse perinatal outcome (2.16; 1.59-2.94); while clinical/surgical conditions were more related to neonatal death (1.56; 1.08-2.25). CONCLUSION: We confirmed the association between MNM and MD with adverse perinatal outcomes. Maternal and perinatal issues should not be dissociated. Policies aiming maternal care should include social and economic development, and improvements in accessibility to specialized care. These, in turn, will definitively impact on childhood mortality rates.

Multiple pregnancy: epidemiology and association with maternal and perinatal morbidity / Gestação múltipla: epidemiologia e associação com morbidade materna e perinatal

Abstract Twin pregnancy accounts for 2 to 4% of total births, with a prevalence ranging from 0.9 to 2.4% in Brazil. It is associated with worse maternal and perinatal outcomes. Many conditions, such as severe maternal morbidity (SMM) (potentially life-threatening conditions and maternal near-miss) and neonatal near-miss (NNM) still have not been properly investigated in the literature. The difficulty in determining the conditions associated with twin pregnancy probably lies in its relatively low occurrence and the need for larger population studies. The use of the whole population and of databases from large multicenter studies, therefore, may provide unprecedented results. Since it is a rare condition, it ismore easily evaluated using vital statistics from birth e-registries. Therefore, we have performed a literature review to identify the characteristics of twin pregnancy in Brazil and worldwide. Twin pregnancy has consistently been associated with SMM, maternal near-miss (MNM) and perinatal morbidity, with still worse results for the second twin, possibly due to some characteristics of the delivery, including safety and availability of appropriate obstetric care to women at a high risk of perinatal complications.

Resumo A gestação gemelar é responsável por 2 a 4% do total de nascimentos, com uma prevalência variando de 0,9 a 2,4% no Brasil. Ela é associada a piores resultados maternos e perinatais. Muitas condições, como amorbidade materna grave (condições potencialmente ameaçadoras da vida e near-miss materno) e near-miss neonatal ainda não foram investigadas de forma apropriada na literatura. A dificuldade na determinação de condições associadas com a gestação gemelar provavelmente reside em sua ocorrência relativamente baixa e na necessidade de estudos populacionais maiores. O uso da população total e de bancos de dados de grandes estudosmulticêntricos podem então fornecer resultados sem precedentes. Considerando que esta é uma condição rara, ela émais facilmente avaliada usando estatísticas vitais de registros eletrônicos de

Out-of-hospital deliveries: A case-control study.

AIM: To identify the factors, risks, and mortality associated with unplanned out-of-hospital births. MATERIAL AND METHODS: This observational, retrospective, case-control study was conducted between 2005 and 2013 through a review of medical records from the hospital network of a county of Brazil. Mother-child dyads were divided into in-hospital births and unplanned out-of-hospital births. For hypothesis testing involving quantitative variables, parametric and nonparametric methods (t-test or Mann-Whitney test, respectively) were used as appropriate after ascertaining normality of distribution via the Kolmogorov-Smirnov or Shapiro-Wilk tests. The chi-square test, Fisher's exact test, odds ratios, and 95% confidence intervals were used to assess the relationship between categorical variables. A binary logistic regression was applied for pooled analysis of those variables that, when analyzed in isolation, had significant p-values on hypothesis testing. In all tests, p-values <0.05 were considered statistically significant. RESULTS: Of the 420 records, 117 corresponded to out-of-hospital births dyads. Mothers were predominantly nonwhite (p<0.001), with a history of inadequate antenatal care (p<0.001), multiparous (p<0.001), aged >25 years (p=0.031), and had more puerperal complications (p<0.001). Their newborns had low birth weight (Odds Ratios: 2.22; 95% CI: [1.4-3.4]; p<0.001), higher morbidity (p=0.009), a higher rate of admission to neonatal intensive care and stepdown units (p=0.030), and prolonged length of stay (p<0.001). CONCLUSION: The risk of maternal and neonatal complications, as well as the neonatal mortality rate, were higher for unplanned out-of-hospital deliveries. It occurred predominantly in nonwhite, older, multiparous women who had received incomplete antenatal care and who lived far from perinatal care centers.

Morbimortalidad perinatal en pacientes con rotura prematura ovular ≤24 semanas según cantidad de líquido amniótico al momento del diagnóstico / Perinatal morbidity and mortality in patients with premature ovular rupture ≤24 weeks according to amount of amniotic fluid at diagnosis

Introducción: La rotura prematura ovular (RPO) antes de la viabilidad fetal consiste en una complicación obstétrica de baja incidencia, pero de alta morbimortalidad perinatal asociada. Estudios sugieren que el volumen de líquido amniótico (LA) es un factor importante a considerar. El objetivo de este trabajo es evaluar si en RPO ≤24 semanas, un bolsillo vertical máximo (BVM) <2cm al diagnóstico es un factor de riesgo para aparición de morbimortalidad fetal y neonatal. Métodos: Estudio de cohorte longitudinal retrospectivo de 94 pacientes con RPO ≤24 semanas ingresadas a un hospital terciario para manejo expectante entre los años 2005 y 2014. Embarazo gemelar o malformaciones congénitas fueron criterios de exclusión. Se obtuvieron y compararon 2 grupos según BVM al ingreso (BVM ≥ 2 cm y BVM < a 2 cms) y se comparó la edad gestacional (EG) al momento de la RPO y al parto, la latencia desde la RPO al parto, la presencia de corioamnionitis clínica, el número de óbitos fetales, muerte neonatal precoz (primeros 7 días de vida), tardía (entre los 7 y 28 días) y sobrevida global. Resultados: El 58 por ciento de las pacientes presentó un BVM <2 cm al ingreso, el cual se asoció a menor latencia al parto (p:0,01), menor EG al parto (p:0,02), más óbito fetal (p:0,04), mayor muerte neonatal precoz y tardía (p:0,02 y 0,01 respectivamente) además de menor sobrevida global (p:0,01). Conclusiones: La medición de BVM <2 cm al ingreso en pacientes con RPO ≤24 semanas, es un factor de mal pronóstico y debe ser considerado en el manejo clínico de estas pacientes.(AU)

Introduction: Previable premature rupture of membranes (pPROM) is a low-incidence obstetric complication associated with high perinatal morbidity and mortality. Studies suggest that the volume of amniotic fluid (AL) is an important factor to consider. The aim of this study is to evaluate if in RPO ≤24 weeks, a maximum vertical pocket (MVP) <2 cm to the diagnostic is a risk factor for fetal and neonatal morbidity and mortality. Objectives: Evaluate fetal and neonatal morbidity and mortality according to amniotic fluid (AL) Maximum Vertical Pocket (MVP) ≥ or

Trastornos hipertensivos durante el embarazo en gestantes del Policlínico Universitario Santa Clara (2015-2016) / Hypertensive disorders during pregnancy in the University Polyclinic Santa Clara (2015-2016)

Introducción: la preeclampsia es la complicación médica más frecuente del embarazo. En Cuba se ha encontrado una incidencia entre 5 y 10 por ciento, y constituye una de las primeras causas de morbilidad materna y perinatal. Objetivos: describir el comportamiento de los trastornos hipertensivos en las gestantes. Métodos: se realizó una investigación de tipo descriptiva transversal en el Policlínico Santa Clara en el periodo 2015-2016. La población de estudio estuvo constituida por la totalidad (210) las gestantes que pertenecen al policlínico Santa Clara, para la selección de la muestra se empleó un muestreo no probabilístico por criterios, quedando finalmente constituida por 52 pacientes. Resultados: los trastornos hipertensivos del embarazo es una entidad frecuente en el área de salud con repercusión sobre las tasas de morbilidad materna en 20 pacientes (38,5 por ciento), la morbilidad perinatal en 17 pacientes (32,7 por ciento) y la mortalidad en 2 pacientes (3,8 por ciento). Conclusiones: estos trastornos se presentan más en mujeres en las edades extremas de la vida reproductiva y con trastornos nutricionales. Las hipercolesterolemia y la HTA crónica están entre las principales afecciones asociadas. Se presentó mayormente en nulíparas y primíparas con embarazos a término completos y hubo elevado índice de inducciones del parto y cesáreas. La morbilidad puerperal fue elevada con prevalencia de la anemia y también tuvo repercusión sobre el peso y estado de los recién nacidos(AU)

Introduction: Preeclampsia is the most frequent medical complication of pregnancy. In Cuba, an incidence of between 5 and 10 percent has been found and is one of the earliest causes of maternal and perinatal morbidity. Objectives: to describe the behavior of hypertensive disorders in pregnant women. Methods: a cross-sectional descriptive study was carried out in the Santa Clara Polyclinic in the period 2015-2016. The study population consisted of all the (210) pregnant women who belonged to the Santa Clara polyclinic. For the selection of the sample a non-probabilistic sampling was used by criteria, and finally it was constituted by 52 patients. Results: hypertensive disorders of pregnancy are a frequent entity in the health area with repercussions on maternal morbidity rates in 20 patients (38.5 percent), perinatal morbidity in 17 patients (32.7 percent) and mortality in 2 patients (3.8 percent). Conclusions: these disorders present more in women in the extreme ages of reproductive life and with nutritional disorders. Hypercholesterolemia and chronic hypertension are among the main associated conditions. It was present mainly in nulliparous and primiparous women with full term pregnancies and there was a high index of labor induction and cesarean section. Puerperal morbidity was high with prevalence of anemia and also had an impact on the weight and condition of newborns(AU)

Hipoxia perinatal en el Hospital Mederi de Bogotá: comportamiento en los años 2007 a 2011 / Perinatal hypoxia at Hospital Mederi in Bogotá: behavior in the period 2007-2011

RESUMEN Objetivo Identificar los factores de riesgo maternos, fetales y neonatales asociados a la hipoxia perinatal en los recién nacidos del Hospital Universitario Mayor Mederi (HUM Mederi), período 2007 a 2011. Metodología Del total de recién nacidos (8 837) en los años 2007 a 2011, en el HUM Mederi, se tomaron los casos que presentaron asfixia perinatal (AP) según la ACOG u otro diagnóstico de Dificultad Respiratoria (DR). Fuente: Registros del sistema informático de Servicio de Neonatología del Hospital Universitario Mayor Mederi. Se analizaron los factores de riesgo materno, fetal y neonatal. Los datos se mostraron de acuerdo al número de recién nacidos en cada grupo y en forma porcentual. Resultados La tasa de mortalidad global fue de 10,7. Los valores más bajos fueron en los años 2010 y 2011: 3.3 y 1.8 respectivamente. Diabetes gestacional, hipertensión, corioamnionitis y placenta previa fueron más frecuentes en el grupo con DR, mientras que hipoglicemia y sepsis lo fueron en el grupo con AP así como hipotonía e hipoacti-vidad entre las alteraciones neurológicas. Fue baja la correspondencia entre las alteraciones neurológicas y el Test de Apgar en los casos diagnosticados con AP. Conclusiones La tasa de mortalidad fue muy baja comparada a nivel regional y local. Hubo mayor número de recién nacidos con asfixia perinatal moderada. Los resultados del estudio coinciden con lo reportado. El mayor número de pre-término en los recién nacidos con DR enfatiza la importancia de controlar el implemento de acciones para disminuir los factores de riesgo asociados a esta condición.

ABSTRACT Objective To identify maternal, fetal and neonatal risk factors associated with perinatal hypoxia in neonates at Hospital Universitario Mayor Mederi (HUM Mederi) from 2007 to 2011. Methodology In the period 2007-2011, 8 837 children were born in HUM Mederi. Only the cases that presented with perinatal asphyxia (PA), according to the American Congress of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (ACOG), or another respiratory distress (RD) diagnosis were considered for this analysis, based on the computer records of the Neonatology Service in HUM Mederi. Maternal, fetal and neonatal risk factors were analyzed. Data were shown according to the number of newborns in each group and their percentage. Results The overall mortality rate was 10.7. The lowest values were found in 2010 and 2011 (3.3 and 1.8, respectively). Gestational diabetes, hypertension, chorioamnionitis and placenta previa were more frequent in the RD group, whereas hypoglycemia, sepsis, hypotonia and hypoactivity among neurological alterations were more common in the PA group. Correspondence between neurological alterations and Apgar Test was low in the cases diagnosed with PA. Conclusions The mortality rate was very low compared to regional and local levels, and more infants presented with moderate perinatal asphyxia. These results coincide with literature reports. The high number of preterm births with DR emphasizes the importance of controlling the implementation of actions to reduce the risk factors associated with this condition.

Factores de riesgo asociados a asfixia perinatal en el Hospital Universitario Méderi, 2010-2011 / Risk Factors Associated with the Diagnosis of Perinatal Asphyxia at Méderi University Hospital, Bogotá, 2010-2011 / Fatores de Risco Associados a Asfixia Perinatal no Hospital Universitário Méderi, 2010-2011

Resumen Introducción: La hipoxemia secundaria a complicaciones fetales u obstétricas es causa de asfixia perinatal (AP) y lesión cerebral en el recién nacido; del 15 al 20 % de estos niños mueren durante el período neonatal y 25% de los que sobreviven presentan déficit neurológicos permanentes. Objetivo: Determinar factores de riesgo anteparto, intraparto y fetales asociados al diagnóstico de AP en los recién nacidos del servicio de neonatología del Hospital Universitario Mayor Méderi de Bogotá, durante los años 2010-2011. Materiales y métodos: Estudio retrospectivo de casos y controles pareado por fecha de nacimiento, con una relación 1:5 (51:306). Los casos de asfixia perinatal se diagnosticaron según los criterios de la Academia Americana de Pediatría y el Colegio Americano de Ginecología y Obstetricia. Las asociaciones se evaluaron con la prueba de Chi-cuadrado de Mantel y Haenszel o el Test de Fisher para datos pareados, con OR e intervalo de confianza del 95%. El análisis multivariado se realizó con un modelo de regresión logística condicional. Resultados: Factores de riesgo con asociación significativa: Ante parto: antecedentes patológicos maternos y primigestación. Intraparto: desprendimiento prematuro de placenta, hemorragia en el tercer trimestre, oligohydramnios, taquicardia fetal, monitoreo fetal intraparto anormal, expulsivo prolongado, fiebre materna, corioamnionitis, convulsiones maternas y bradicardia fetal. Fetales: edad gestacional por Ballard igual o < 36 semanas, vía del nacimiento instrumentado, líquido amniótico hemorrágico o teñido de meconio, circular de cordón, peso al nacer igual o < 2500 gramos. Los subrayados y el síndrome hipertensivo asociado al embarazo se encontraron como factores de riesgo significativos en el análisis multivariado. Conclusiones: El reconocimiento y el control temprano de los factores de riesgo deben contribuir a disminuir la probabilidad de asfixia perinatal en los recién nacidos.

Abstract Introduction: Hypoxemia due to fetal or obstetric complications causes perinatal asphyxia and brain injury among newborn babies. Between 15-20% of those affected die during the neonatal period and 25% of those who survive have permanent neurological deficits. Objective: To determine risk factors for the antepartum, intrapartum, and neonatal periods associated with perinatal asphyxia among newborns at Méderi University Hospital in Bogotá in 2010-2011. Materials and Methods: Case-matched controls by date of birth with a ratio of 1:5 (51:306). Cases of perinatal asphyxia were diagnosed as established by the American Academy of Pediatrics and the American College of Gynecology and Obstetrics. Associations were assessed using the Chi-square Mantel-Haenszel test or Fisher for paired data with odds ratio and confidence interval of 95 %, multivariate analysis with conditional logistic regression model. Results: The risk factors with significant association previous to birth were: Maternal medical history and primigestation. Intrapartum: Placental abruption, hemorrhage of the third quarter, oligohydramnios, fetal tachycardia, abnormal intrapartum fetal monitoring, prolonged expulsive stage, maternal fever, maternal convulsions, chorioamnionitis, and fetal bradycardia. Fetal: gestational age equal or Ballard <36 weeks, instrumented birth, bleeding or meconium-stained amniotic fluid, nuchal cord and birth weight equal to or <2500 grams. Underlined factors and hypertensive syndrome associated with pregnancy were significant in multivariate analysis. Conclusions: The early recognition and control of risk factors should contribute to decrease the probability of perinatal asphyxia among newborns.

Resumo Introdução: A hipoxemia secundária a complicações fetais ou obstétricas é causa de asfixia perinatal e lesão cerebral no recém-nascido; 15 a 20% destas crianças morrem durante o período neonatal e 25% dos que sobrevivem, apresentam déficit neurológicos permanentes. Objetivo: Determinar fatores de risco anteparto, intraparto e fetais associados ao diagnóstico de asfixia perinatal nos recém-nascidos do serviço de neonatologia do Hospital Universitário Mayor Mederi de Bogotá, nos anos 2010-2011. Materiais e métodos: Estudo retrospectivo de casos e controles pareado por data de nascimento, com uma relação 1:5 (51:306). Os casos de asfixia perinatal se diagnosticaram segundo os critérios da Academia Americana de Pediatria e o Colégio Americano de Ginecologia e Obstetrícia. As associações se avaliaram com a prova de Chi-quadrado de Mantel e Haenszel ou o Teste de Fisher para dados pareados, com OR e intervalo de confiança do 95%. A análise multivariada se realizou com um modelo de regressão logística condicional. Resultados: Fatores de risco com associação significativa: Anteparto: antecedentes patológicos maternos e primigestação. Intraparto: desprendimento prematuro de placenta, hemorragia do terceiro trimestre, oligo-hidrâmnios, taquicardia fetal, monitoramento fetal intraparto anormal, expulsivo prolongado, febre materna, corioamnionite, convulsões maternas e bradicardia fetal. Fetais: idade gestacional por Ballard igual ou <36semanas, via do nascimento instrumentado, líquido amniótico hemorrágico ou tingido de mecónio, circular de cordão, peso ao nascer igual ou <2500 gramas. Os sublinhados e a síndrome hipertensiva associado à gravidez se encontraram significativos na análise multivariada. Conclusões: O reconhecimento e controle temporão dos fatores de risco deve contribuir a diminuir a probabilidade de asfixia perinatal nos recém-nascidos.

Diagnóstico, Evaluación y Manejo de la Enfermedad Renal en el Embarazo / Diagnosis, Evaluation, and Management of renal diseases during Pregnancy

Introducción: La elevada prevalencia de enfermedad renal crónica y otras enfermedades no transmisibles crónicas, unido al incremento en la edad de embarazo ha generado nuevas investigaciones y evidencias de la relación entre la enfermedad renal crónica, el embarazo y los resultados para la madre y el feto. Objetivo: Exponer las mejores prácticas actuales y ofrece una aproximación al diagnóstico, evaluación y tratamiento de la enfermedad renal en el contexto del embarazo y su repercusión en términos de morbilidad y mortalidad para la madre y el feto. Material y Métodos: Se realizó un análisis de la literatura describiendo los mejores resultados clínicos basado en los avances científicos a la fecha actual. Resultados: Se enfatiza la evolución continua entre el daño renal agudo (incipiente) y la falla renal aguda (con necesidad de métodos dialíticos sustitutivos), también de importancia pronóstica con incrementos en la mortalidad materna asociados a pequeños incrementos en la creatinina sérica. Conclusiones: Tanto el desarrollo de un daño renal agudo, la falla renal aguda y la enfermedad renal crónica son causas importantes de morbilidad y mortalidad materno fetal(AU)

Introduction: The high prevalence of chronic kidney disease and others non contagiables diseases, jointly with its increasing frequency in gestational age women have generated new investigations and evidences of the relationship between the chronic renal diseases, the pregnancy and its consequence for the mother and fetus. Objective: This paper summarizes the best practice up to this date and provides a reasonable approach to the diagnosis, evaluation, and treatment of the Renal Disease Disorders of Pregnancy to evaluate the impact of them on maternal and fetal morbidity and mortality. Material and Methods: An analysis of the published literature of the subject was performed, describing the best clinical results based on scientific advances available today. Results: Was emphasized the continuum evolution between acute kidney damage (incipient injury) and acute kidney failure (need to dialysis) also of importance for prognosis, with increasing of the mortality associated with small increases in serum creatinine. Conclusions: The acute kidney diseases/ acute renal failure and chronic renal diseases are important causes of maternal and perinatal morbidity - mortality(AU)

La preeclampsia: un problema intrincado / Preeclampsia: an intricate problem

Sin conocer aún el origen preciso de la preeclampsia, sabemos hoy que es un trastorno con fondo genético e inmunológico-inflamatorio que compromete el endotelio y, con alteraciones metabólicas y de estrés oxidativo, es definida como la presencia de hipertensión arterial con compromiso multiorgánico en una gestante. Produce serio compromiso materno y feto-neonatal y la posibilidad de secuelas metabólicas y cardiovasculares en el futuro para ambos. Sin medidas de prevención o terapéuticas efectivas, la preeclampsia debe ser sospechada por su historia obstétrica o familiar y por la sintomatología de compromiso orgánico, como cefalea, dolor en hipocondrio derecho, falta de crecimiento uterino, compromiso del bienestar fetal, entre otros. La terminación del embarazo será a las 37 semanas de preferencia y de acuerdo al estado materno y fetal. La atención del puerperio será preferente.

The origin of preeclampsia is not known but is considered a genetic-immuno-inflammatory disorder that compromises the endothelium along with metabolic alterations and oxidative stress. It is currently defined as presence of arterial hypertension and multiorganic involvement in a pregnant woman. Mother and the fetus-neonate are dangerously ill and are prone to metabolic and cardiovascular sequelae in the future. Preventive and therapeutic measures are not effective, but preeclampsia should be suspected considering obstetrical and familiar background and by organic symptomatology including headache, right upper abdominal pain, lack of uterine growth, fetal compromise and others. Pregnancy termination is recommended at 37 weeks of gestation and according to maternal and fetal wellbeing. Care in the puerperium should be preferential.

Perfil epidemiológico y perinatal de pacientes con preeclampsia / Epidemiological and perinatal profile of preeclampsia patients

Introducción: la preeclampsia es un problema obstétrico mayor que acarrea importante morbilidad y mortalidad materna y perinatal por los trastornos sistémicos asociados. Objetivo: comparar los resultados maternos y perinatales en gestantes que cursaron con preeclampsia en sus diferentes presentaciones clínicas. Métodos: estudio prospectivo, descriptivo, transversal, realizado en el hospital "Enrique Cabrera", desde el 1ro. de enero de 2010 al 31 diciembre de 2011. De las gestantes con trastornos hipertensivos (n = 293), se eligieron aquellas con preeclampsia (n = 89) y se dividieron en tres grupos: preeclampsia leve (n = 30), preeclampsia grave (n = 48) y preeclampsia sobreañadida (n = 11). Variables epidemiológicas, obstétricas y perinatales se procesaron por el sistema estadístico SPSS-11,5, utilizando estadística descriptiva, comparación de proporciones mediante la prueba de Chicuadrado y estimado de medias de variables cuantitativas con ANOVA-Eta, considerando la diferencia estadísticamente significativa p £ 0,05. Resultados: predominaron las adolescentes en la preeclampsia grave (25 %) y las ³ 35 años en la preeclampsia sobreañadida (p = 0,002), la obesidad también prevaleció en la preeclampsia sobreañadida (54,5 %, p = 0,01). La mayoría del grupo con preeclampsia leve (60 %) y preeclampsia grave (64,6 %) eran nulíparas, p = 0,009. Fue significativo el índice de prematuridad de la preeclampsia grave (43,8 %, p = 0,005) y el parto por cesárea señoreó en todos los grupos, fundamentalmente en la preeclampsia grave (93,8 %, p = 0,000). La media del peso al nacer fue significativamente inferior en la preeclampsia grave (2 451 g, p = 0,01). Conclusiones: no hubo grandes diferencias en cuanto a los resultados perinatales entre las pacientes que cursaron con los distintos grados de severidad de la preeclampsia.

Introduction: preeclampsia is a major obstetric problem that carries significant morbidity and maternal and perinatal mortality due to associated systemic disorders. Objective: to compare maternal and perinatal outcomes in pregnant women who had preeclampsia in their different clinical presentations. Methods: a prospective, descriptive, cross-sectional study was conducted at Enrique Cabrera hospital from January 1st, 2010 to December 31st 2011. Out of the pregnant women with hypertensive disorders (n = 293), those with preeclampsia (n = 89) were chosen; and they were divided into three groups, mild preeclampsia (n = 30), severe preeclampsia (n = 48) and superimposed preeclampsia (n = 11). Epidemiological, obstetric, and perinatal variables were processed by the SPSS-11, 5 statistical systems, using descriptive statistics, comparison of proportions by Chi-square test and the estimated mean of quantitative variables with ANOVA-Eta, considering the statistically significant difference p ? 0.05. Results: the adolescents had more severe preeclampsia (25 %) and ³ 35 year old patients in the superimposed preeclampsia (p = 0.002), obesity also prevailed in the superimposed preeclampsia (54.5 %, p = 0.01). Most of the patients in the mild PE group (60 %) and severe preeclampsia (64.6 %) were nulliparous, p = 0.009. Prematurity index of severe preeclampsia (43.8 %, p = 0.005) was significant; cesarean delivery was high in all groups, mainly in severe preeclampsia (93.8 %, p = 0.000). The mean birth weight was significantly lower in severe preeclampsia (2 451 g, p = 0.01). Conclusions: there were no major differences in perinatal outcomes among patients who were enrolled with various degrees of preeclampsia severity.

Consideraciones sobre el índice de cesárea primitiva / Consideracions on primitive cesarean rate

Introducción: el aumento del indicador de cesárea constituye un problema a escala mundial, con elevado incremento de la morbilidad y mortalidad maternas.Objetivo: mostrar la incidencia de la operación cesárea en nuestro país en el periodo comprendido de 1970 a 2011, así como hacer un breve análisis de sus principales indicaciones.Métodos: se realizó un estudio descriptivo, retrospectivo y longitudinal, durante el periodo de 1970-2011.Resultados: se evidenció un incremento sostenido de la cesárea en el país, en correspondencia con todas las provincias, de alrededor de 1 porciento anual en los últimos años. El aumento de la tasa de cesáreas se hizo más marcado entre los años 2002-2010 y 4 provincias muestran los indicadores más altos. En el último bienio (2010-2011), el indicador presentó los valores más elevados, de 30,6 y 30,4 porciento, respectivamente.Conclusiones: la evolución de la cesárea en Cuba mostró un aumento sostenido y constituye un motivo de preocupación que exige el análisis y la toma de decisiones que permitan su buen control, basado en el estudio científico en cada institución, de manera que se aseguren, además, indicadores adecuados tanto de morbilidad y mortalidad materna como perinatal.

Introduction: the increasing cesarean indicator is a global problem due to the high increase in maternal morbidity and mortality.Objective: to show the incidence of operation caesarean section in our country in the period from 1970 to 2011, as well as a brief analysis of their main indications.Methods: a descriptive, retrospective and longitudinal study to show the incidence of cesarean section in Cuba was performed, covering each province from 1970 to 2011.Results: a sustained increase in caesarean section in Cuba was evident to all regions of about 1 percent per year in recent years. The increase in the cesarean rate was more pronounced in 2002-2010 and 4 provinces showed the highest indicators. In the last two years (2010-2011), the indicator reached its highest values, 30.6 and 30.4 percent, respectively.Conclusions: the evolution of caesarean Cuba showed a steady increase and it is a matter of concern that requires analysis and decision making allowing good control, based on the scientific study at each institution, so as to ensure further suitable indicators of both maternal and perinatal morbidity and mortality.

Resultados perinatales relacionados con trastornos hipertensivos del embarazo / Perinatal results related to pregnancy hypertensive disorders

Introducción: los trastornos hipertensivos del embarazo se relacionan con una elevada morbilidad y mortalidad perinatal. Objetivo: determinar la incidencia de resultados perinatales desfavorables asociada con los distintos trastornos hipertensivos del embarazo. Métodos: estudio observacional descriptivo prospectivo, realizado en el Hospital General Docente Enrique Cabrera, del 1ro. de enero al 31 de diciembre de 2010. La muestra fue de 108 pacientes con diagnóstico de hipertensión y en ellas se determinó, edad gestacional al parto, peso y apgar del neonato, diagnóstico de sufrimiento fetal y necesidad de cuidados intensivos neonatales. Se usaron porcentajes y test de Chi-cuadrado para variables cualitativas, utilizando el sistema estadístico para Windows SPSS-11.5. Resultados: la prematuridad fue más frecuente en las pacientes con eclampsia (4/100 por ciento) y preeclampsia (16/66,7 por ciento), el peso medio de los neonatos fue inferior en las pacientes con eclampsia (1540 ± 1160), hipertensión crónica con preeclampsia sobreañadida (2226,2 ± 1236,2) y preeclampsia (2442 ± 917), la mayor frecuencia de mortinatos, ocurrió en las pacientes con eclampsia y en aquellas con preeclampsia sobreañadida (25 por ciento cada una). Conclusiones: la preeclampsia-eclampsia se asoció con elevada morbilidad y mortalidad perinatal, durante el periodo estudiado

Introduction: The pregnancy hypertensive disorders are related to a high perinatal morbidity and mortality. Objective: To determine the incidence of the unfavourable perinatal results associated with different pregnancy hypertensive disorders. Methods: A prospective, descriptive and observational study was conducted in the Enrique Cabrera Teaching and General Hospital from January 1 to December 31, 2020. Sample included 108 patients diagnosed with hypertension and in them it was possible to determine the gestational age at delivery, weight and Apgar score of the neonate, diagnosis of fetal suffering and the need of neonatal intensive cares. Percentages and Chi² test were used for qualitative variables, using the statistical system for Window SPSS-11.5. Results: Prematurity was more frequent in patients presenting with eclampsia (4/100 percent) and pre-eclampsia (16/66,7 percent), the mean weight of neonates was lower in patients with eclampsia (1540 ± 1160), chronic hypertension with addition of pre-eclampsia (2226 ± 1236,2) and pre-eclampsia (2442 ± 917, the great frequency of stillbirths occurred in patients presenting with eclampsia and in those with addition of pre-eclampsia (25 percent each). Conclusions: The pre-eclampsia-eclampsia is associated with a high perinatal morbidity and mortality over the study period

Eclampsia: repercusión materna y perinatal / Eclampsia: maternal and perinatal repercussion

Determinar la incidencia de eclampsia y su repercusión materna y perinatal en el Departamento de Obstetricia y Ginecología. Departamento Clínico Integral de la Costa. Universidad de Carabobo. Hospital “Dr. Adolfo Prince Lara” Puerto Cabello. Estudio descriptivo, retrospectivo, longitudinal y analítico de 40 casos con diagnóstico de eclampsia en 31 532 nacimientos en un período de 10 años: 1998 - 2007. La incidencia fue de 0,13 por ciento, 1 caso por cada 788 nacimientos. Predominó el grupo etario de 10 - 19 años (52,5 por ciento), concubinas 60 por ciento, grado de instrucción primaria (60 por ciento). Prevaleció el antecedente familiar de hipertensión en la madre (25 por ciento), el antecedente personal de preeclampsia en embarazo anterior (12,5 por ciento). Los principales signos y síntomas fueron: hiperreflexia (65 por ciento), cefalea (50 por ciento), escotomas y amaurosis (20 por ciento). La primera convulsión se presentó ante-parto (75 por ciento). Sin control de embarazo (55 por ciento). Destacaron las I gestas (72,5 por ciento), edad de embarazo 37-41 semanas (50 por ciento), tipo de parto: cesárea (85 por ciento). En los resultados perinatales prevaleció: neonatos deprimidos (52,5 por ciento), peso neonatal entre 2.500-3.499 g (50 por ciento), con morbilidad de 30,55 por ciento, la mayoría debido a síndrome de dificultad respiratoria. La mortalidad fetal fue de 9,09 por ciento y la mortalidad neonatal 9,09 por ciento. Morbilidad materna fue de 53,84 por ciento, asociada: síndrome Hellp (23,07 por ciento), insuficiencia renal aguda (7,69 por ciento), desprendimiento prematuro de placenta (7,69 por ciento); hubo una muerte materna (2,5 por ciento). Es importante que todas las mujeres embarazadas reciban atención médica continua y oportuna, lo cual permite el diagnóstico y tratamiento temprano de afecciones como la pre-eclampsia y eclampsia, esta última es una de...

To determine the incidence of eclampsia and maternal and perinatal impact en el Departamento de Obstetricia y Ginecologia, Hospital “Dr. Adolfo Prince Lara”, Departamento Clínico Integral de la Costa, Universidad de Carabobo. Puerto Cabello. A descriptive, retrospective, longitudinal and analytical diagnosis of 40 cases in 31 532 births eclampsia over a period of 10 years from 1998 to 2007. The incidence was 0.13 percent, 1 case per 788 births. The predominant age group of 10 - 19 years (52.5 percent), concubines 60 percent, primary education level (60 percent). The prevailing family history of hypertension in the mother (25 percent), personal history of preeclampsia in previous pregnancy (12.5 percent). The main signs and symptoms were hyperreflexia (65 percent), headache (50 percent), scotoma and amaurosis (20 percent). The first seizure came before delivery (75 percent). Without birth control (55 percent). First gravity (72.5 percent), gestational age 37-41 weeks (50 percent), type of delivery: cesarean section (85 percent). Prevailed in perinatal outcomes: depressed neonates (52.5 percent), birth weight between 2 500-3 499 g (50 percent), with morbidity of 30.55 percent, mostly due to respiratory distress syndrome. Fetal mortality was 9.09 percent and 9.09 percent neonatal mortality. Maternal morbidity was 53.84 percent, associated: HELLP syndrome (23.07 percent), acute renal failure (7.69 percent), abruption (7.69 percent) there was one maternal death (2.5 percent ). It is important that all pregnant women receive ongoing and timely medical care, allowing early diagnosis and treatment of conditions such as pre-eclampsia and eclampsia, the latter is a major obstetric emergencies, this review reveals once again that contributes decisively to the morbidity and maternal and perinatal mortality. It involves an early and intensive support to reduce their impact.

Flujometría Doppler patológica y su correlación con el pronóstico perinatal a corto plazo

Objetivos: Determinar la morbilidad y mortalidad de fetos con flujometría Doppler patológico y evaluar discapacidades en el corto plazo. Diseño: Estudio tipo retrospectivo, observacional, analítico, correlacional. Lugar: Unidad de vigilancia fetal, Hospital Nacional Edgardo Rebagliati Martins, Red Asistencial Rebagliati, EsSalud, Lima, Perú. Participantes: Gestantes con flujometría Doppler patológicos y sus perinatos. Intervenciones: Se estudió todos los casos de gestantes con flujometría Doppler alterado, entre febrero de 2008 y febrero de 2010. Se agrupó por tipos de flujometría Doppler y se describió la frecuencia de patología y morbimortalidad perinatal, correlacionándolas con la edad gestacional. El análisis se realizó con el paquete estadístico SPSS 11,0, la prueba chi cuadrado para las variables discretas y la de Kruskal-Wallis, para las variables continuas. Se asumió un valor de significancia de p < ,005. Principales medidas de resultados: Morbilidad y mortalidad perinatal, discapacidades motoras, auditivas y psicomotoras a las 6 meses de edad. Resultados: Sesentaitrés gestantes cumplieron con el criterio de inclusión. El peso medio al nacer de sus fetos fue 1 593 g; 24 casos (40%) presentaron peso al nacer menor al percentil 10 para la edad gestacional. La mayor parte mostró flujometría Doppler tipo III, 46 casos con signos de redistribución hemodinámica. La mortalidad global fue 8%. Cuatro fetos murieron intraútero; 59 fetos (94%) llegaron a nacer vivos; de ellos solo un caso falleció durante el periodo de estudio. La tasa global de mortalidad fue significativamente mayor y el peso al nacer más bajo en el grupo de fetos con flujometría Doppler tipo IV, con una media de 937 g. La mortalidad fue significativamente más alta en el grupo de 24 a 27,6 semanas. La estancia en UCI, la necesidad de ventilación asistida (VM) y presión positiva continua, el riesgo de desarrollar retinopatía y hemorragia interventricular y las discapacidades auditivas y trastorno del desarrollo psicomotor estuvieron correlacionados con la prematuridad. Conclusiones: Los casos de flujometría Doppler con compromiso hemodinámico severo presentaron acidemia y tasa alta de mortalidad, independiente del percentil de crecimiento al nacer. La mortalidad intraútero se asoció significativamente a la severidad mostrada por el estudio Doppler, por lo que no se recomienda continuar el embarazo en los tipos III y IV, si hay madurez pulmonar fetal.

Objectives: To determine both morbidity and mortality in fetuses with pathological Doppler velocimetry and short term handicap. Design: Retrospective, observational, analytical, correlation study. Setting: Fetal surveillance unit, Hospital Nacional Edgardo Rebagliati Martins, Red Asistencial Rebagliati, EsSalud, Lima, Peru. Participants: Pregnant women with pathological Doppler velocimetry and their perinates. Interventions: All pregnant women with altered Doppler velocimetry between February 2008 and February 2010 were studied. They were grouped by Doppler velocimetry types, and frequency of pathology; perinatal morbidity and mortality were determined and correlated with gestational age. SPSS 11,0 was used for statistical analysis, chi square test for discrete variables and Kruskal-Wallis test for continued variables. Significant value was p < ,005. Main outcome measures: Perinatal morbidity and mortality, motor, hearing and psychomotor discapacities at 6 months after birth. Results: Sixty-three pregnant women fulfilled inclusion criteria. Their mean newborns weight was 1 593 g; 24 cases (40%) presented weight at birth less than 10th percentile for gestational age. Most of them showed type III Doppler velocimetry, 46 with signs of hemodynamic redistribution. Global mortality was 8%. Four fetuses died in utero; 59 fetuses (94%) were born alive and only one case died during the study period. Mortality rate was significantly higher and birth weight less in type IV Doppler velocimetry fetuses, mean weight 937 g. Mortality was significatively higher at 24-27,6 weeks. ICU stay, need of assisted ventilation and continuous positive pressure, risk to develop retinopathy and interventricular hemorrhage, and hearing and psychomotor discapacities correlated with prematurity. Conclusions: Doppler velocimetry fetuses with severe hemodynamic compromise presented acidemia and high mortality rate, independent of growth percentile. Intrauterine mortality was significantly associated with Doppler velocimetry severity changes. To continue pregnancy with type III or IV Doppler velocimetry is not recommended in fetuses with lung maturity.