The role of systemic statins in the inception and healing of apical periodontitis: a systematic review.

OBJECTIVES: Statins are a category of medications widely used to reduce plasma LDL-cholesterol levels, that also possess antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, and immunomodulatory action. The aim of this systematic review was to explore the effects of systemic statins therapy on the development and treatment of apical periodontitis (AP) on humans and animals. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Three electronic databases (PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus) and grey literature were searched from their inception until February, 20 2023 (PROSPERO CRD42021246231). For the quality assessment and risk of bias, different guidelines were used according to the typology of the studies considered (Animal Research Reporting of In Vivo Experiments, Newcastle-Ottawa Quality Assessment Form for Cohort Studies, Systematic Review Centre for Laboratory animal Experimentation Risk of Bias tool and Tool to assess risk of bias in cohort studies of CLARITY Group). RESULTS: Seven hundred eleven records were screened, and six articles were included for this qualitative review. The eligible studies showed a moderate overall quality and risk of bias. Human patients in treatment with statins exhibited a higher healing rate of AP following root canal treatment. In experimental animal models, statins had a beneficial effect on the development of AP. CONCLUSIONS: Despite the limited number of studies and considering that most of them are on animals, our findings suggest that systemically administered statins make a positive contribution to prevent the development and help healing of AP. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: There is an increased evidence that a pharmacologic adjunct to endodontic treatment may be considered to enhance healing of AP. Among other medications, statins seem to have a positive impact on the disease.

The effects and mechanisms of Toll like receptors 4/9 mediating IL-10, IL-35 and TGF-β expressions by CD25+B cells from periodontitis individuals / 西安交通大学学报(医学版)

【Objective】 To analyze the expressions of IL-10, IL-35 and TGF-β in CD25+B cells from periodontitis individuals, and then establish how the activation of TLR4/9 affects the above processes. 【Methods】 SD rats were randomly divided into healthy group, primary periodontitis groups and severe periodontitis group; experimental models were performed by ligation. Expression of IL-10, IL-35 and TGF-β mRNA in CD25+B cells from gingiva and peripheral blood, expression and activation of TLR 2/4/7/9, MyD88, TRAF6 in gingival CD25+B cells were detected. The effect of TLRs/MyD88 on IL-10, IL-35 and TGF-β expressions and production were evaluated by cell culture experiments. 【Results】 CD25+B cells from gingiva of primary periodontitis individuals showed improved expression of IL-10 and TGF-β mRNA compared with the healthy ones (P<0.05); cells from peripheral blood did not present the same tendency. CD25+B cells from gingiva of severe periodontitis individuals showed improved expression of IL-10, IL-35 and TGF-β mRNA compared with the healthy ones (P<0.05), cells from peripheral blood showed higher IL-10 mRNA level than the healthy ones (P<0.05). Compared with healthy individuals, the expression and phosphorylation of TLR4/9 and MyD88 in CD25+B cells from gingiva of severe periodontitis individuals were increased (P<0.01). In cell culture experiments, TLR4 agonist promoted IL-10, IL-35 and TGF-β mRNA expression and IL-10 secretion (P<0.05); TLR9 agonist improved IL-10 and TGF-β mRNA expression and IL-10 secretion (P<0.05). The combined use of TLR4/9 agonist could increase the expression and secretion of all the detected indexes (P<0.05); MyD88 antagonism decrease the above effects (P<0.05). 【Conclusion】 The expressions of IL-10, IL-35 and TGF-β in gingiva CD25+B cells increase during periodontitis, which may be regulated by TLR4 /9-MyD88 pathway.

In vitro and in vivo study of the pathogenic role of PPARα in experimental periodontitis

Abstract Objective The purpose of this study is to investigate the pathogenic role of PPARα in periodontal antigen treated gingival cells in vitro and in experimental periodontitis in vivo . Methodology Gingival fibroblasts, gingival epithelial cells and splenocytes were isolated from C57BL/6J wild type (WT) mice and treated with fixed P. gingivalis at for 48 hours. The mRNA levels of PPARs, TNFα, IL-1β and IL-10 were detected by Real-time quantitative PCR. Silk ligatures after being soaked in the P.gingivalis suspension were tied around both maxillary second molars of WT mice or PPARα knock-out (KO) mice for two weeks. PPARα agonist fenofibrate and vehicle control were injected into the different side of the palatal gingiva on days 3, 6, and 9. At day 14, bone resorption and gingival mRNA expression levels of PPARs, TNFα, IL-1β and IL-10 were measured by micro-computed tomography and RT-qPCR respectively. Results P. gingivalis treatment downregulated the expression of PPARα, but not PPARβ or PPARγ, and increased the expression of TNF-α and IL-1β in Gingival fibroblasts, gingival epithelial cells and splenocytes from WT mice. Gingival mRNA levels of PPARα were significantly decreased in experimental periodontitis in WT mice. The bone loss of PPARα KO mice in experimental periodontitis was significantly higher than WT mice and was not reduced by fenofibrate treatment. Gingival TNFα protein expressions were significantly increased by P. gingivalis associated ligation and decreased by fenofibrate treatment in WT mice but not in PPARα KO mice. Conclusion This study suggests that PPARα plays an essential role in periodontitis.

Utility of procalcitonin as an early diagnostic marker of bacteremia in individuals with periodontitis Stage II and III.

BACKGROUND: The aim of the present study is to assess the ability of procalcitonin (PCT) to differentiate between periodontal health and Stage II and III periodontitis. We further assessed, if PCT can reflect early bacteremia induced by non-surgical periodontal treatment (NSPT). METHODS: Sixty-four systemically healthy individuals were divided into Group I, periodontally healthy, and Group II, Stage II and III periodontitis. NSPT was done for both the groups. Standardized serum and salivary samples were obtained and analyzed for PCT levels using highly sensitive double antibody sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay at baseline and 2 weeks. In addition, the serum levels of PCT were recorded at immediate and 1-hour post-NSPT. RESULTS: Mean PCT levels (saliva = 0.03 ng/mL and serum = 0.05 ng/mL) in periodontally healthy group were considerably lower than that in the periodontitis group (saliva = 0.22 ng/mL and serum = 1.85 ng/mL) with significant intergroup comparison at P < 0.001. Post NSPT the mean serum PCT values increased from 1.854 ng/mL to 1.871 ng/mL at the immediate interval and remained at 0.879 ng/mL after 2 weeks at P < 0.001. Spearman correlation showed highly significant positive correlation between serum and salivary PCT values to clinical attachment level (CAL) at P < 0.001 and rho = 0.78 and 0.75, respectively. Linear regression model showed serum PCT to be a significant predictor for CAL. CONCLUSION: Screening for serum PCT levels in patients with periodontitis could act not only as a guide to assess the bacterial load and use of antibiotics but also as a predictor for CAL loss in patients with periodontitis.

Non-surgical periodontal therapy effectively improves patient-reported outcomes: A systematic review.

AIM: Modern lifespan oral health research focuses on understanding the impact of periodontitis (or therapy) on clinical and patient-based outcome measures to provide effective care, improve patient safety according to the quality standards. For better targeted intervention and effective disease management, this systematically review aimed to investigate the relationship between non-surgical periodontal therapy and patient-based outcomes using OHIP-14. METHODS: Seven Databases were searched for studies on patient-based outcomes responses to periodontal treatment. The time-period defined from search was from January 1977 to January 2019. Two independent reviewers carried out data search, selection of studies, data extraction and quality assessment using Mixed Method Appraisal Tool. Prospective cohort studies, intervention studies and observational studies written in English demonstrating non-surgical periodontal therapy response on the patient-reported outcomes (using Oral Health Impact Profile 14) were included in the review. RESULTS: Thirteen studies were included in the review, which comprised of three randomised control trials, nine case series, and one was a quasi-experimental study. Eleven out of the 13 studies reported significant improvement in OHIP-14 scores amongst participants who had undergone non-surgical periodontal therapy. Physical disability, psychological discomfort and functional limitation were domains that improved significantly after non-surgical periodontal therapy in these studies. Physical pain was a common finding in short-term follow-up but improved significantly in long-term follow-up studies. CONCLUSION: Based on clinical and patient-based outcomes measurement, it is recommended that non-surgical periodontal therapy is a "gold standard" approach towards improving patient-based outcomes, reducing co-morbidities and enhancing patient safely immediately and in long term.

The role of B cell osteoimmunity in periodontitis / 口腔疾病防治

@#As the most important pathological feature of periodontitis, alveolar bone resorption also results in tooth loss and oral dysfunction. According to recent research, the host immune response is the major factor leading to alveolar bone resorption. Antibodies, immune cells and inflammatory cytokines involved in this procedure cause an imbalance of bone formation and destruction, which is called osteoimmunity. Given the importance of adaptive humoral immunity during periodontitis, B cells are considered crucial in the development of periodontitis. Therefore, establishing B cell osteoimmunity is an effective way for us to deeply assess the start, development and prognosis of periodontitis. It has been proven that the development process of B cells is accompanied by changes in bone density or morphology. We have reviewed previous literature to understand the role of B cell bone immunity in the pathological process of periodontitis, and the results showed that B cells regulate the development of bone cell lines through transcription factors (such as RANKL, PU.1, E2A, etc.). In addition, various cytokines expressed by B cells (such as IFN-γ, IL-17, IL-10, TGF-β, etc.) can participate in the regulation of bone cells.

Effect of astragalus polysacharin on bone resorption in experimental periodontitis / 中草药

Objective To analyze the effect of astragalus polysacharin (APC) on bone resorption in experimental periodontitis, and evaluate its protective function of inflammatory resorption of alveolar bone in periodontits. Methods SD rats were randomly divided into five equal groups: contorol group, model group, and APC low [LD: 100 mg/(kg∙d)], medium [MD: 200 mg/(kg∙d)], and high dose [HD: 500 mg/(kg∙d)] treatment groups. The periodontitis models were established through Porphyromonas gingivalis attracting. APC [LD: 100 mg/(kg∙d); MD: 200 mg/(kg∙d); HD: 500 mg/(kg∙d)] gavage was given to treatment groups, and the same amount of normal saline was given to control and model groups. The rats executed after four weeks, their CEJ-ABC distance (CAD) and expression of IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α, TOS, TAS, RANKL, OPG in their serum was evaluated, and the oxidative stress index (OSI) was calculated. Results As APC amount increased, CAD, TOS, and OSI levels were declined significantly; While TAS, RANKL, RANKL/OPG levels were improved significantly; There was no significantly change on IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α, and OPG levesl among groups. Conclusion APC prevents alveolar bone from oxidative stress and inflammatory damage by down-regulating OSI and RANKL/OPG.

Complement Activation as a Helping Hand for Inflammophilic Pathogens and Cancer.

The complement system, an evolutionarily ancient component of innate immunity, is capable of protecting hosts from invading pathogens, either directly, by lysis of target cells, or indirectly, by mobilization of host immune mechanisms. However, this potentially cytotoxic cascade must be tightly regulated, since improperly controlled complement can damage healthy cells and tissues. The practical importance of this axis is highlighted when impairment of complement regulators or bacterial mechanisms of complement evasion result in pathogenic conditions. Recognition of complement as a "double-edged sword" is widely acknowledged, but another, currently underappreciated aspect of complement function has emerged as an important player in homeostatic balance-the dual outcome of complement-mediated inflammation. In most cases, the proinflammatory properties of complement are beneficial to the host. However, certain pathogens have developed the ability to utilize local inflammation as a source of nutrients and as a way to establish a niche for further colonization. Such a strategy can be illustrated in the example of periodontitis. Interestingly, certain tumors also seem to benefit from complement activation products, which promote a proangiogenic and immunosuppressive microenvironment.

Influência do pH da droga fotossensibilizadora no reparo periodontal em ratos tratados pela terapia fotodinâmica antimicrobiana / Influence of the pH of the photosensitizer drug on the periodontal repair in rats treated with antimicrobial phtodynamic therapy

Objetivo: avaliar via análises histológica, histométrica e imunoistoquímica, a influência do pH da droga fotossensibilizadora utilizada na aPDT para o tratamento da periodontite experimental (PE) induzida. Métodos: 120 animais foram divididos em 4 grupos: PE (n=30): recebeu indução da PE e não foi submetido a nenhum tratamento; RAR (n=30): recebeu indução da PE, e após 7 dias foi realizado tratamento de raspagem e alisamento radicular (RAR); aPDT -pH7 (n=30) recebeu indução da PE, e após 7 dias foi realizada RAR e terapia fotodinâmica antimicrobiana (aPDT) (660 nm; 0.035 W; 4,2 J; 120 s) empregando azul de metileno (AM) pH 7.0 como agente fotossensibilizador; aPDT-pH1 (n=30): recebeu indução da PE, e após 7 dias foi realizada RAR e aPDT (660 nm; 0.035 W; 4.2 J; 120 s) empregando AM pH 1.0 como agente fotossensibilizador. A PE foi induzida pela instalação de ligadura nos primeiros molares inferiores esquerdos de todos os animais, sendo removida aos 7 dias nos grupos tratados. Dez animais de cada grupo/período foram eutanasiados aos 7, 15 e 30 dias após tratamento. As peças coletadas foram submetidas a processamento histológico convencional, com desmineralização e inclusão em parafina. Secções semiseriadas de 4µm foram coradas com hematoxilina e eosina (HE) para as análises histológica e histométrica, ou processadas para imunomarcação de fosfatase ácida resistente ao tartarato (TRAP) e osteocalcina (OCN). Os dados foram analisados estatisticamente (p≤0,05). Resultados: maior porcentagem de osso na furca (POF) foi observada no grupo aPDT -pH1 (66,33%±7,35; 75,05%±2,66;78,4%±3,65)q uando comparado com todos os períodos dos grupos PE (27,09%±6,85; 31,33%±7,41; 29,67%±5,68) e RAR (58,61%±/10,46;57,03%±10,46; 63,24%±5,58)e, com 15 (68,48%±3,32)e 30 dias (72,96%±3,46) no grupo aPDT -pH7 (p≤O,05). A análise histológica mostrou maior severidade da doença periodontal no grupo PE, bem como características muito semelhantes entre grupos aPDT-pH7 e aPDT-pH1, ambos com menor processo inflamatório e progressão mais favorável do processo de reparo após tratamento quando comparados com o grupo RAR. Menor número de células TRAP-positivas foram observadas no grupo aPDT-pH1 (24,6±9,2; 22,4±10,6; 34±7,9 células) quando comparado com o grupo PE (41,8±5,80; 47,7±5,3; 63,5±10,5 células) e RAR (45,2±4,4; 52,2±9; 49,2±7,3 células) em todos os períodos, e no grupo aPDT-pH7 (31,4±5,68; 30,2±12,6; 26,4±7,9 células) quando comparado com os grupos PE aos 15 e 30 dias e RAR em todos os períodos (p≤0,05). Os grupos aPDT-pH7 e aPDT-pH1 apresentaram maior padrão de imunomarcação para OCN quando comparados com PE em todos os períodos e RAR aos 15 e 30 dias (p≤0,05). Conclusão: Assim, dentro dos limites do presente estudo, podemos concluir que o AM com pH 1.0 utilizado na aPDT, adjuvante à RAR, é seguro e efetivo para o tratamento da PE. Além do mais, o emprego do fotossensibilizador com Ph 1.0 se mostrou ainda mais eficaz no controle da perda óssea alveolar quando comparado ao AM com pH 7.0(AU)

The purpose of this study was to evaluate, through histologic, histometric and immunohistochemical analyzes, the influence ofthe pH of the photosensitizer agent used in antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) for treatment of induced experimental periodontitis (EP). Methods: 120 Wistar rats were divided into 4 experimental groups: PE (n=30): EP was induced and no treatment was performed; SRP (n=30): EP was induced and, 7 days later, performed scaling and root planning (SRP); aPDT-pH7 (n=30): EP was induced and, 7 days later, performed SRP and aPDT (660 nm; 0.035 W; 4.2 J; 120 s) with methylene blue (MB) pH 7.0; aPDT-pH1 (n=30): EP was induced and, 7 days later, performed SRP and aPDT (660 nm; 0.035 W; 4.2 J; 120 s) with MB pH 1.0. EP was induced by the placement of a ligature in the left lower first molars of all animals. Ten animals per group/period were euthanized at 7, 15 and 30 days after treatment. The collected specimens underwent conventional histological processing with demineralization and paraffin embedding. Semi-serial 4 µm thickness sections were stained by hematoxylin and eosin (HE) for histologic and histometric analyses or immunohistochemically processed for detection of tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) and osteocalcin (OCN). The data were analyzed statistically (p≤0.05). Results: higher percentage of bone in the furcation (PBF) was observed in aPDT-pH1 (66.33%±7.35; 75.05%±2.66; 78.4%±3.65) when compared with all periods of groups EP (27.09%±6.85; 31.33%±7.41; 29.67%±5.68) and SRP( 58.61%±10.46; 57.03%±10.46; 63.24%±5.58), as well as with 15 (68.48%±3.32) and 30 days (72.96%±3.46) of aPDT-pH7 (p≤0.05). The histological analysis showed increased severity of the periodontal disease in group EP, as well as very similar histopathological characteristics between aPDT-pH7 and aPDT-pH1, both with lower inflammation and most favorable post treatment repair process when compared with group SRP. Smaller number of TRAP-positive cells was observed in aPDT-pH1 (24,6±9,2; 22,4±10,6; 34±7,9 cells) when compared with groups EP (41,8±5,80; 47,7±5,3; 63,5±10,5 cells) and SRP (45,2±4,4; 52,2±9; 49,2±7,3 cells) in all experimental periods, and in a aPDT-pH7 (31,4±5,68; 30,2±12,6; 26,4±7,9 cells) when compared with groups EP at 7 and 15 days and RAR in all experimental periods (p≤0,05). aPDT-pH7 and aPDT-pH1 showed higher OCN immunolabeling when compared with groups EP in all experimental periods and SRP at 15 and 30 days (p≤0,05). Conclusion: within the limits of the present study, we can conclude that MB with pH 1.0 used in a aPDT, adjuvant to SRP, is safe and effective for treatment of EP. Furthermore, the use of the photosensitizer pH 1.0 was more effective to control the alveolar bone loss when compared with MB with pH 7.0(AU)

Periodontitis Awareness Amongst the General Public: A Critical Systematic Review to Identify Gaps of Knowledge.

BACKGROUND: Poor awareness of periodontal diseases and their consequences has been reported as the most frequent reason for periodontal treatment failure on a community basis. This study aims to identify the most relevant gaps of knowledge about periodontal diseases among the general public and to disclose whether these gaps are culturally consistent. METHODS: Systematic searches were conducted of the EMBASE, PubMed, and SciELO databases (1998 to November 2014). The search strategy was "periodontitis OR periodontal disease" and "knowledge OR awareness" as keywords and free text. Papers were included if they reported on community-based, quantitative studies undertaken on adult individuals. RESULTS: A total of 2,330 references were identified (1,567 single papers), and six papers were finally selected. Raw data were grouped into nine dimensions of periodontal knowledge: 1) awareness; 2) etiology; 3) associated risks; 4) signs and symptoms; 5) risk factors; 6) treatment; 7) general knowledge; 8) prevention; and 9) attitudes. This classification recognized disease awareness (80%), etiology (75%), and periodontal-related risks (71.43%) as the most important knowledge deficits among the general public. These findings were confirmed by weighted data analysis. CONCLUSIONS: The number of available community-based investigations on periodontal knowledge is scarce and restricted to areas with a very high level of human development. Gaps of knowledge exist in every geographic area, with the most relevant issues of low awareness and poor knowledge about the etiology of periodontal diseases and their relation with systemic disorders. These results highlight the need for local, community-based investigations about periodontal knowledge and barriers hampering early diagnosis, as well as for adequate educational interventions focused on these issues.

Survey analysis on distribution of type A behavior characteristics in patients with periodontitis / 吉林大学学报(医学版)

Objective:To investigate the influence of type A behavior in the occurrence and development of chromic periodontitis and compare the differences among people with different behavior types in the occurrence and development of chronic periodontitis, and to explore the influence of psychological factors in the process of periodontitis.Methods:According the same standard,132 patients with periodontitis were selected as periodontitis group,and 126 patients without periodontitis were used as control group.OralSurveys Basic Methods proposed by WHO in 1987 and ReferenceStandard of Diagnosis and Treatment of Periodontitis made by AAP in 2000 were used to dignose the periodontitis.All subjects finished type A behavior and SCL-90 questionnaire (ZHANG Boyuan 1983,revision in 1985 ), their scores were recorded and the results were analyzed by t test. Results:The proportion of type A behavior in periodontits group (68.94%)was higher than that in control group (27.78%) (P<0.05)compared with type M and type B behavior.The scores of hostility (1.54±0.38),anxiety (1.47± 0.39),depression (1.41 ± 0.37),interpersonal sensitivity (1.23 ± 0.39),compulsive (1.72 ± 0.46),and somatizition (1.47 ± 0.38)were significantly higher than those in control group (1.32 ± 0.30, 1.29 ± 0.24, 1.25±0.23,1.04± 0.17,1.41 ± 0.35,1.25 ± 0.24).The calculus index (CI)of the people with type A behavior was higher than those of the people with other types of behavior (P<0.05).Conclusion:The people with tyep A behawior is easier to get periodontitis than other people.

The dynamics of periapical lesions in endodontically treated teeth that are left without intervention: a longitudinal study.

INTRODUCTION: The long-term dynamics of periapical lesions in endodontically treated teeth is not fully elucidated, thus presenting a clinical dilemma regarding the need for an intervention. The aim of the study was to retrospectively evaluate the long-term dynamics of periapical lesions that were left without intervention in endodontically treated teeth. METHODS: Periapical status surveys of patients treated in a public dental clinic were retrospectively evaluated for the presence of periapical lesions in endodontically treated coronally restored teeth. The dynamics of the included periapical lesions was evaluated based on the periapical index (PAI) score changes between 2 consecutive periapical surveys of at least a 4-year interval. The influence of various factors on lesion dynamics was statistically evaluated. RESULTS: The study cohort consisted of 74 patients with a total of 200 endodontically treated teeth having periapical lesions that fulfilled the inclusion criteria. Fifty-seven (28.5%) lesions remained unchanged, 103 (51.5%) lesions worsened (PAI score increased), and 40 (20%) lesions improved (PAI score decreased). Poor root canal filling and poor restoration were found to adversely affect the long-term dynamics of the periapical lesions (P < .05). Age, sex, and the presence of a post had no statistically significant influence on lesion dynamics (P > .05). CONCLUSIONS: Poor root canal filling and poor restoration may adversely affect the long-term dynamics of periapical lesions that are left without intervention in endodontically treated teeth. Therefore, in cases of poor root canal filling or poor restoration, further intervention may be indicated.

Oral Health Related Quality Of Life And Periodontal Status Of A Selected Malaysian Adult Population: A Pilot Study

Aim: To assess the oral health related quality of life(OHQoL) of a selected population of Malaysian adults andto compare the OHQoL by periodontal status. Material& Methods: This cross-sectional study comprises aconvenient sampling of fifty subjects from the PrimaryCare Unit, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Malaya.OHQoL was assessed using the Malaysian versionof Oral Health Impact Profile-14 (OHIP-14). Basicperiodontal examination (BPE) was performed on allsubjects to determine their periodontal status. Descriptivestatistics and bivariate analysis were performed. Results:Psychological discomfort, physical pain and psychologicaldisability domains were the most affected dimensions inthis population. Subjects with income levels >RM2,500had higher impacts on their OHQoL as compared to thosefrom other income levels (p0.05). Conclusion:Subjects with high income levels had high impacts ontheir OHQoL. Those with periodontitis experiencedhigher impacts on their OHQoL as compared to those whohad a healthy periodontium or gingivitis and affected awide range of domains of quality of life.

Analysis of the related factors of periodontitis in Ningbo petrochemical company staff / 中国基层医药

Objective To find out the prevalence of periodontitis in a petrochemical industry community in Ningbo ; to identify the possible factors of the prevalence; to evaluate the impact of the polluted environment on the oral health of the employees;and to provide information to the enterprises in oral diseases prevention.Methods 2 108 peoples who received regular physical examination in a petrochemical industry community in Ningbo was included.To each subject,a periodontal examination according to the principles and fundamental methods which were used in the third national oral health epidemical survey was carried out,the fast blood was phlebotomized,total cholesterol(TC),triglyceride (TG),uric acid,blood glucose and other serum indexes levels were recorded.These subjects were stratified into two age groups.Data was analyzed with x2 test and multiple regression.Results In the group of 2 108 selected subjects,the periodontitis rate was 52.3 ％ [95 ％ CI:(52.3 ± 2.1) ％].In the multivariable logistic regression model,the old-age groap age(OR =4.783,P =0.000),blood pressure (OR =1.526,P =0.001) and blood glucose (OR =1.560,P =0.045) were the risk factors of periodontitis,while the environmental factor(OR =0.661) was excluded.In the young and middle-age group,blood pressure (OR =2.184,P =0.000),blood glucose (OR =2.314,P =0.001),TC(OR =1.356,P =0.003),and alcohol (OR =1.382,P =0.02) were the risk factors of periodontitis.Conclusion The levels of blood glucose,TC,blood pressure and alcohol should be considered in periodontitis prevention and the sulfureted hydrogen-based environment factor had no adverse impact on periodontitis.

Antimicrobial photodynamic therapy: An overview.

Inflammatory periodontal disease caused by dental plaque is characterized by the clinical signs of inflammation and loss of periodontal tissue support. The mechanical removal of this biofilm and adjunctive use of antibacterial disinfectants and antibiotics have been the conventional methods of periodontal therapy. But the removal of plaque and the reduction in the number of infectious organisms can be impaired in sites with difficult access. The possibility of development of resistance to antibiotics by the target organism has led to the development of a new antimicrobial concept with fewer complications. Photodynamic therapy (PDT) involves the use of low power lasers with appropriate wavelength to kill micro organisms treated with a photosensitizer drug. PDT could be a useful adjunct to mechanical as well as antibiotics in eliminating periopathogenic bacteria.

The effects of hyperbaric oxygen on the histopathologic charateristics in periodontitis tissues in guinea pig / 实用口腔医学杂志

Objective: To study the effects of hyperbaric oxyge(HBO) in the treatment of periodontitis.Methods: 60 Guinea pigs were divided into 3 groups, 20 animals each group: ①Experimental periodontitis was induced by silk suture and feeding with the food containing 100 g/L of sugar and then exposed to 0.25 MPa of HBO for 60 min once a day when periodontitis established; ② the other 20 animals were simillary treated to group ① but not exposed to HBO; ③ another 20 animals were used as controls. HBO treatment was conducted for 2 weeks. Samples of periodontal tissues were obtained 0,4,8 and 10 weeks after treatment and prepared for histopathological study and electron microscopic observation.Results: In the treated group there were fewer macrophages in gingiva and periodontal ligment, more blood vessles, less absorption of alveolar bone, more osteoblasts and more osteogenesis in the bone. There were fewer metochodria and rough endo reticulum in plasmacytes, macrophages and osteoclasts; and more in fibroblasts, endothelial cells of blood vessles and osteoblasts. Conclusion: HBO may improve blood supply, inhibit macrophage and bone absorption.