Global distribution, diversity, and ecological niche of Picozoa, a widespread and enigmatic marine protist lineage.

BACKGROUND: The backbone of the eukaryotic tree of life contains taxa only found in molecular surveys, of which we still have a limited understanding. Such is the case of Picozoa, an enigmatic lineage of heterotrophic picoeukaryotes within the supergroup Archaeplastida, which has emerged as a significant component of marine microbial planktonic communities. To enhance our understanding of the diversity, distribution, and ecology of Picozoa, we conduct a comprehensive assessment at different levels, from assemblages to taxa, employing phylogenetic analysis, species distribution modeling, and ecological niche characterization. RESULTS: Picozoa was among the ten most abundant eukaryotic groups, found almost exclusively in marine environments. The phylum was represented by 179 Picozoa's OTU (pOTUs) placed in five phylogenetic clades. Picozoa community structure had a clear latitudinal pattern, with polar assemblages tending to cluster separately from non-polar ones. Based on the abundance and occupancy pattern, the pOTUs were classified into four categories: Low-abundant, Widespread, Polar, and Non-polar. We calculated the ecological niche of each of these categories. Notably, pOTUs sharing similar ecological niches were not closely related species, indicating a phylogenetic overdispersion in Picozoa communities. This could be attributed to competitive exclusion and the strong influence of the seasonal amplitude of variations in environmental factors, such as temperature, shaping physiological and ecological traits. CONCLUSIONS: Overall, this work advances our understanding of uncharted protists' evolutionary dynamics and ecological strategies. Our results highlight the importance of understanding the species-level ecology of marine heteroflagellates like Picozoa. The observed phylogenetic overdispersion challenges the concept of phylogenetic niche conservatism in protist communities, suggesting that closely related species do not necessarily share similar ecological niches. Video Abstract.

Phylogenetic overdispersion of plant species in southern Brazilian savannas / Dispersão filogenética de espécies de plantas em savanas no Sudeste do Brasil

Ecological communities are the result of not only present ecological processes, such as competition among species and environmental filtering, but also past and continuing evolutionary processes. Based on these assumptions, we may infer mechanisms of contemporary coexistence from the phylogenetic relationships of the species in a community. We studied the phylogenetic structure of plant communities in four cerrado sites, in southeastern Brazil. We calculated two raw phylogenetic distances among the species sampled. We estimated the phylogenetic structure by comparing the observed phylogenetic distances to the distribution of phylogenetic distances in null communities. We obtained null communities by randomizing the phylogenetic relationships of the regional pool of species. We found a phylogenetic overdispersion of the cerrado species. Phylogenetic overdispersion has several explanations, depending on the phylogenetic history of traits and contemporary ecological interactions. However, based on coexistence models between grasses and trees, density-dependent ecological forces, and the evolutionary history of the cerrado flora, we argue that the phylogenetic overdispersion of cerrado species is predominantly due to competitive interactions, herbivores and pathogen attacks, and ecological speciation. Future studies will need to include information on the phylogenetic history of plant traits.

Comunidades ecológicas resultam não somente de processos ecológicos atuais, como a competição e os filtros ambientais, mas também de processos evolutivos passados e contínuos. Com base nessas premissas, podemos inferir mecanismos de coexistência contemporânea a partir das relações filogenéticas das espécies em uma comunidade. Estudamos a estrutura filogenética das comunidades de plantas de quatro áreas de cerrado, no Sudeste do Brasil. Calculamos duas medidas das distâncias filogenéticas das espécies amostradas. Estimamos a estrutura filogenética comparando suas distâncias observadas com a distribuição dessas distâncias em comunidades nulas. Obtivemos comunidades nulas aleatorizando as relações filogenéticas do banco regional de espécies. Encontramos uma dispersão filogenética de espécies de cerrado. Há várias explicações para essa dispersão, dependendo da história filogenética dos traços e das interações ecológicas contemporâneas. Entretanto, com base nos modelos de coexistência entre árvores e gramíneas, nas forças ecológicas dependentes da densidade e na história evolutiva da flora do cerrado, argumentamos que a dispersão filogenética das espécies do cerrado é predominantemente devida às interações competitivas, aos ataques de herbívoros e patógenos e à especiação ecológica. Estudos futuros precisarão incluir informações sobre a história filogenética dos traços das plantas.

Phylogenetic overdispersion of plant species in southern Brazilian savannas

Ecological communities are the result of not only present ecological processes, such as competition among species and environmental filtering, but also past and continuing evolutionary processes. Based on these assumptions, we may infer mechanisms of contemporary coexistence from the phylogenetic relationships of the species in a community. We studied the phylogenetic structure of plant communities in four cerrado sites, in southeastern Brazil. We calculated two raw phylogenetic distances among the species sampled. We estimated the phylogenetic structure by comparing the observed phylogenetic distances to the distribution of phylogenetic distances in null communities. We obtained null communities by randomizing the phylogenetic relationships of the regional pool of species. We found a phylogenetic overdispersion of the cerrado species. Phylogenetic overdispersion has several explanations, depending on the phylogenetic history of traits and contemporary ecological interactions. However, based on coexistence models between grasses and trees, density-dependent ecological forces, and the evolutionary history of the cerrado flora, we argue that the phylogenetic overdispersion of cerrado species is predominantly due to competitive interactions, herbivores and pathogen attacks, and ecological speciation. Future studies will need to include information on the phylogenetic history of plant traits.

Comunidades ecológicas resultam não somente de processos ecológicos atuais, como a competição e os filtros ambientais, mas também de processos evolutivos passados e contínuos. Com base nessas premissas, podemos inferir mecanismos de coexistência contemporânea a partir das relações filogenéticas das espécies em uma comunidade. Estudamos a estrutura filogenética das comunidades de plantas de quatro áreas de cerrado, no Sudeste do Brasil. Calculamos duas medidas das distâncias filogenéticas das espécies amostradas. Estimamos a estrutura filogenética comparando suas distâncias observadas com a distribuição dessas distâncias em comunidades nulas. Obtivemos comunidades nulas aleatorizando as relações filogenéticas do banco regional de espécies. Encontramos uma dispersão filogenética de espécies de cerrado. Há várias explicações para essa dispersão, dependendo da história filogenética dos traços e das interações ecológicas contemporâneas. Entretanto, com base nos modelos de coexistência entre árvores e gramíneas, nas forças ecológicas dependentes da densidade e na história evolutiva da flora do cerrado, argumentamos que a dispersão filogenética das espécies do cerrado é predominantemente devida às interações competitivas, aos ataques de herbívoros e patógenos e à especiação ecológica. Estudos futuros precisarão incluir informações sobre a história filogenética dos traços das plantas.