Efficacy of polysaccharide iron complex in IDA rats: A comparative study with iron protein succinylate and ferrous succinate.

Iron deficiency anemia (IDA) is the most common nutrient-related health problem in the world. There is still a lack of comprehensive comparative study on the efficacies of commonly used iron supplements such as polysaccharide iron complex (PIC), iron protein succinylate (IPS) and ferrous succinate (FS) for IDA. In this study, we compared the PIC, IPS and FS efficacies in IDA rats via intragastric administration. The results showed that the three iron supplements had similar efficacies. PIC/IPS/FS at a dose of 15 mg Fe/kg/d for 10 d increased the hematological and serum biochemical parameters to 2.15/2.12/2.18 (Hb), 1.71/1.67/1.69 (RBC), 2.10/2.11/2.12 (HCT), 1.26/1.22/1.22 (MCV), all 1.34 (MCH), 1.15/1.15/1.14 (MCHC), 1.94/1.82/1.91 (SF), 9.75/9.67/9.53 (SI), and 23.30/22.68/21.64 (TS) times, and reduced TIBC to 0.42/0.43/0.44 times, compared to untreated IDA rats. PIC performed slightly better than IPS and FS in restoring MCV level. Meanwhile, the heart, spleen and kidney coefficients reduced to 67%/74%/65% (heart), all 59% (spleen) and 87%/88%/88% (kidney), and the liver coefficient increased to 116%/115%/116%, compared to untreated IDA rats. The liver iron content was found to be more affected by IDA than the spleen iron content. PIC/IPS/FS at 15 mg Fe/kg/d increased organ iron contents to 4.20/3.97/4.03 times (liver) and 1.36/1.24/1.41 times (spleen) within 10 d compared to untreated IDA rats, and PIC-H and FS were slightly better than IPS in restoring spleen iron content. The results of this study can provide useful data information for the comparison of three iron supplements, PIC, IPS and FS.

Effects of Maternal Dietary Enteromorpha prolifera Polysaccharide Iron Supplement on Mineral Elements and Iron Level of Neonatal Piglets.

Iron plays a key role in maternal health during pregnancy and fetal growth. Enteromorpha polysaccharide-iron (EP-Fe) as an organic iron chelate may improve the iron transmission of mother and offspring, ameliorate the poor pregnancy outcomes of sows, and alleviate the growth restriction of piglets caused by iron deficiency. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of maternal dietary supplementation with EP-Fe on reproductive performance and placental iron transmission of sows, as well as growth performance of piglets. Sixty pregnant sows at the 95th day of gestation were randomly divided into control group and EP-Fe group (EP-Fe, 139 mg kg-1). Blood samples of sows and neonatal piglets, colostrum, and tissue samples were collected on the day of delivery. The animal experiment ended at the 21st day of post-delivery. Results showed that maternal dietary EP-Fe increased colostrum iron (P < 0.05) of sows, as well as final litter weight (P < 0.05) and average daily weight of piglets (P < 0.05) during days 1-21 of lactation, as well as iron and manganese content in umbilical cord blood (P < 0.05) and hepatic iron of neonatal piglets (P < 0.01), and decreased fecal iron (P < 0.001), serum calcium (P < 0.05), phosphorus (P < 0.05), and zinc (P < 0.01) in the parturient sow. RT-qPCR results showed that Fpn1 and Zip14 in placenta, as well as TfR1 and Zip14 in duodenum of neonatal piglets, were activated by maternal EP-Fe supplement. These findings suggest that maternal dietary EP-Fe could increase iron storage of neonatal piglets via improving placental iron transport and iron secretion in colostrum, thus enhancing the growth performance of sucking piglets.

Maternal Supplementary Tapioca Polysaccharide Iron Improves the Growth Performance of Piglets by Regulating the Active Components of Colostrum and Cord Blood.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of maternal supplementation with TpFe (tapioca polysaccharide iron) on reproductive performance, colostrum composition, cord blood active components of sows, and growth performance of their nursing piglets. Sixty healthy Duroc × Landrace × Yorkshire sows were randomly assigned to three groups at day 85 of gestation. The experimental diets included a basal diet supplemented with 100 mg/kg FeSO4·H2O (CON group), the basal diet supplemented with 50 mg/kg TpFe (TpFe50 group), and the basal diet supplemented with 100 mg/kg TpFe (TpFe100 group), as calculated by Fe content. The experiment lasted from day 85 of gestation to the end of weaning (day 21 of lactation). Results showed that maternal supplementation with 100 mg/kg TpFe improved (p < 0.05) feed intake during lactation, live births, and birth weight of the litter (alive) and increased (p < 0.05) colostrum IgM (immunoglobulin m), IgA (immunoglobulin A), as well as the IgG levels, while it decreased (p < 0.05) the urea nitrogen and somatic cell count of sows. Moreover, sows in the TpFe100 group had higher (p < 0.05) serum iron levels and IgG. Additionally, maternal supplementation with 100 mg/kg TpFe increased (p < 0.05) iron level, total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-px), catalase (CAT), IgG, red blood cells (RBC), and hemoglobin (Hb) of cord blood, similar with the iron content, T-AOC, GSH-px, IgG, RBC, Hb, hematocrit (HCT), and mean corpuscular volume (MCV) of weaned piglet blood. The diarrhea and mortality rates among the nursing piglets were decreased (p < 0.05), while the average weight at day 21 of age was increased (p < 0.05) in the TpFe100 group. Serum PRL (prolactin) levels of sows exhibited a positive correlation (p < 0.05) with live births. Suckling piglet diarrhea was positively correlated with colostrum urea nitrogen level but negatively correlated with colostrum IgM, IgG, and cord blood Hb content (p < 0.05). The mortality of suckling piglets was negatively correlated with serum iron content and IgM in colostrum, GSH-px, and IgG in cord serum of sows (p < 0.05). The average weight of weaning piglets was positively (p < 0.05) related to colostrum IgM and IgG levels, as well as cord serum RBC counts of sows on day 21. In conclusion, maternal supplementation with TpFe can improve the active components of colostrum and umbilical cord blood and improve the growth performance of suckling piglets.

Structural Characterization, In Vitro Digestion Property, and Biological Activity of Sweet Corn Cob Polysaccharide Iron (III) Complexes.

This study aimed to enhance the utilization value of sweet corn cob, an agricultural cereal byproduct. Sweet corn cob polysaccharide-ron (III) complexes were prepared at four different temperatures (40 °C, 50 °C, 60 °C, and 70 °C). It was demonstrated that the complexes prepared at different temperatures were successfully bound to iron (III), and there was no significant difference in chemical composition; and SCCP-Fe-C demonstrated the highest iron content. The structural characterization suggested that sweet corn cob polysaccharide (SCCP) formed stable ß-FeOOH iron nuclei with -OH and -OOH. All the four complexes' thermal stability was enhanced, especially in SCCP-Fe-C. In vitro iron (III) release experiments revealed that all four complexes were rapidly released and acted as iron (III) supplements. Moreover, in vitro antioxidant, α-glucosidase, and α-amylase inhibition studies revealed that the biological activities of all four complexes were enhanced compared with those of SCCP. SCCP-Fe-B and SCCP-Fe-C exhibited the highest in vitro antioxidant, α-glucosidase, and α-amylase inhibition abilities. This study will suggest using sweet corn cobs, a natural agricultural cereal byproduct, in functional foods. Furthermore, we proposed that the complexes prepared from agricultural byproducts can be used as a potential iron supplement.

Preparation, characterization, antioxidant and antianemia activities of Poria cocos polysaccharide iron (III) complex.

As a new natural antioxidant with high safety and non-toxic side effects, polysaccharide can also be used as a critical macromolecular carrier to form a stable iron complex with Fe3+. Our previous study has extracted and purified the homogeneous polysaccharide (PCP1C) from Poria cocos. In this study, the PCP1C-iron (III) complex was synthesized by co-thermal synthesis with PCP1C and ferric trichloride. The chelating capacity, iron releasing capacity, and qualitative identification of complex were evaluated. The complex was characterized by scanning electron microscope-energy dispersive spectrometer (SEM-EDS) analysis, particle size distribution, and fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. The antioxidant and iron supplement effects of the complex were also studied in vitro and in the iron deficiency anemia (IDA) rat model. The results showed that the iron content in the PCP1C-iron (III) complex was 28.14% with no free iron, and the iron release rate was 95.3%. The structure analysis showed that the iron core of the PCP1C-iron (III) complex existed in the form of ß-FeOOH and the surface of the complex become smooth and particle size increased, which indicated the high iron content of polysaccharide iron and slow release. Furthermore, we found that the PCP1C iron (III) complex had positive scavenging effect on DPPH, ABTS, MDA, and hydroxyl radical in vitro study and significantly increased the levels of red blood cell (RBC), Hemoglobin (Hb), and red blood cell specific volume (HCT) in IDA rat model. Therefore, our results suggested that the PCP1C-iron (III) complex is expected to develop into a new comprehensive iron supplement and antioxidant.

Meta-analysis of the safety of polysaccharide iron complex versus ferrous sulfate in the treatment of anemia during pregnancy / 中国药房

OBJECTIVE To compare the safety of polysaccharide iron complex and ferrous sulfate in the treatment of anemia during pregnancy. METHODS Retrieved from Cochrane Library， PubMed， Embase， SinoMed， CNKI， VIP and Wanfang database， randomized controlled trials （RCTs） about polysaccharide iron complex （trial group） versus ferrous sulfate （control group） in the treatment of anemia during pregnancy were collected from the inception to May 20th， 2022. After literature screening， data extraction and quality evaluation， meta-analysis， sensitivity analysis and publication bias analysis were conducted with RevMan 5.3 software. RESULTS A total of 13 RCTs were included， with a total of 1 318 patients. Results of meta-analysis showed that the total incidence of adverse drug reactions （ADR） [RR＝0.11， 95%CI （0.06， 0.18）， P＜0 000 01]， gastrointestinal adverse reactions [RR＝0.08， 95%CI （0.05， 0.12）， P＜0.000 01]， anorexia and nausea [RR＝0.21， 95%CI （0.09， 0.54）， P＝ 0.001]， abdominal pain [RR＝0.18， 95%CI （0.04， 0.78）， P＝0.02]， diarrhea [RR＝0.18， 95%CI （0.04， 0.79）， P＝0.02]， vomiting [RR＝0.24， 95%CI （0.06， 0.89）， P＝0.03] and gingival melanosis [RR＝0.09， 95%CI （0.03， 0.28）， P＜0.000 1] in the trial group were all significantly lower than the control group. The results of sensitivity analysis showed that the conclusions obtained in this study were relatively robust. The results of publication bias analysis indicated that there was a high possibility of publication bias in this study. CONCLUSIONS The polysaccharide iron complex is safer than ferrous sulfate for treatment of anemia during pregnancy.

Structural characterization and biological activities of polysaccharide iron complex synthesized by plant polysaccharides: A review.

Iron deficiency anemia can lead to a variety of functional disorders, which is one of the highest incidence of nutrient deficiency diseases. The direct addition of iron to food will not only brings difficulties to the production of products, but also brings damages to human body. In recent years, international studies have shown that polysaccharide iron complex (PIC) not only has a variety of pharmacological activities of polysaccharide itself, but also has the function of supplementing iron, so it is a good iron supplement. With the advantages of good solubility, high iron content, low gastrointestinal irritation and high bioavailability, PIC is an effective iron supplement for iron deficiency anemia and has attracted more and more attention. In this paper, the different preparation methods, structural characterization, biological activities and clinical applications of PIC synthesized by natural polysaccharides from plant were reviewed, in order to provide theoretical basis for the development and application of PIC.

Antioxidant and Biological Activities of the Lotus Root Polysaccharide-Iron (III) Complex.

In this study, the synthesis parameters of the lotus root polysaccharide iron complex (LRPF) were determined and optimized by response surface methodology. Under the optimum preparation conditions, the pH of the solution was 9, the ratio of M (trisodium citrate): m (lotus root polysaccharide) was 0.45, the reaction time was 3 h. UV spectroscopy, thermogravimetry, FT-IR spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, CD, and NMR were used for the characterization of the LRPF. LRPF has good stability and easily releases iron ions under artificial gastrointestinal conditions. LRPF exhibited antioxidant activity in vitro and can significantly improve the antioxidant activity in vivo. In addition, LRPF has a good effect in the treatment of iron deficiency anemia in model mice, impacts the gut microbiome, and reduces the iron deficiency-induced perniciousness by regulating steroid hormone biosynthesis. Therefore, LRPF can be used as a nutritional supplement to treat and prevent iron-deficiency anemia and improve human immunity.

Lycium Barbarum Polysaccharide-Iron (III) Chelate as Peroxidase Mimics for Total Antioxidant Capacity Assay of Fruit and Vegetable Food.

Quantitative evaluation of the antioxidant capacity of foods is of great significance for estimating food's nutritional value and preventing oxidative changes in food. Herein, we demonstrated an easy and selective colorimetric method for the total antioxidant capacity (TAC) assay based on 3,3',5,5'-tetramethyl-benzidine (TMB), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and synthetic Lycium barbarum polysaccharide-iron (III) chelate (LBPIC) with high peroxidase (POD)-like activity. The results of steady-state kinetics study showed that the Km values of LBPIC toward H2O2 and TMB were 5.54 mM and 0.16 mM, respectively. The detection parameters were optimized, and the linear interval and limit of detection (LOD) were determined to be 2-100 µM and 1.51 µM, respectively. Additionally, a subsequent study of the determination of TAC in six commercial fruit and vegetable beverages using the established method was successfully carried out. The results implied an expanded application of polysaccharide-iron (III) chelates with enzymatic activity in food antioxidant analysis and other biosensing fields.

Structural modification and biological activities of carboxymethyl Pachymaran.

Polysaccharides are good chelating agents for metal ions, which are often used to synthesize polysaccharide metal ion complexes. With carboxymethyl pachymaran (CMP) as the substrate, carboxymethyl pachymaran iron (CMPF), carboxymethyl pachymaran selenium (CMPS), and carboxymethyl pachymaran zinc (CMPZ) were synthesized by response surface methodology, and their biological characteristics were studied. The results showed that the CMP was a ß-polysaccharide, and the degree of carboxymethylation was 0.6352. The polysaccharide metal ion complexes were characterized by physicochemical methods, scanning electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, circular dichroism spectroscopy, and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. All the polysaccharides and complexes possessed antioxidant activity in vitro with scavenging activities to ABTS, superoxide anions, and ferrous ions. CMPF, CMPS, and CMPZ caused significant inhibition of A2780 cell proliferation, promoted the production of reactive oxygen species, and induced apoptosis in a human ovarian cancer cell line (A2780 cells). These results suggest that the CMP complex may be an effective candidate drug for cancer treatment in the field of functional food and pharmacology.

Production of Pyracantha Polysaccharide-Iron(III) Complex and Its Biologic Activity.

In this study, the optimum synthetic process of the Pyracantha polysaccharide-iron (PPI) complex was studied via response surface methodology (RSM). Its antioxidant and anti-cancer activities were also investigated. It was demonstrated that the optimal conditions for the synthetic process of the complex were as follows: a pH of 8.9, a reaction temperature of 70 °C and a trisodium citrate:polysaccharide ratio of 1:2. PPI were analysis by UV, FTIR, SEM, CD, XRD, TGA and NMR. PPI was able to scavenge the metal ion, ABTS and free radicals of the superoxide anion, demonstrating its potential antioxidant activity. PPI was found to display cytotoxicity to Skov3 cells, as shown by its ability to induce apoptosis and alter gene expression in Skov3 cells. These findings show than PPI may represent a novel antioxidant and chemotherapeutic drug.

Structure analysis and antioxidant activity of polysaccharide-iron (III) from Cordyceps militaris mycelia.

Iron-enriched Cordyceps militaris was obtained by adding FeSO4 solution to the mycelia for biotransformation. The polysaccharide-iron (III) was extracted by water extraction and alcohol precipitation. High performance liquid chromatography showed that the crude polysaccharide-iron (III) had three components. The second component was purified by Sephadex G-150 and named as CPS-iron-II. The average molecular weight of CPS-iron-II was 44.136 kDa. The content of iron was 2.73%. The monosaccharide composition analysis indicated that the CPS-iron-II was composed of rhamnose, arabinose, galactose, glucose, mannose, galacturonic acid with percentage ratio of 0.94:3.12:27.01:36.62:30.20:2.12. The results of methylation analysis revealed that the CPS-iron-II was made of →2)-ß-D-Glcp-(1→, with →2, 4)-α-D-Glcp-(1→ highly branched. Congo-red test showed that CPS-iron-II can cause flocculation of Congo red solution. The anti-oxidative analysis showed that antioxidant activity of CPS-iron-II was almost equal to that of Vc. The manuscript provided a new way for the preparation of polysaccharide-iron(III) from Cordyceps militaris.

Clinical study of Roxastat combined with levocarnitine and polysaccharide iron complex in patients with chronic renal failure hemodialysis anemia / 中国输血杂志

【Objective】 To investigate the effect and prognosis of Roxastat combined with levocarnitine and polysaccharide iron complex in patients with chronic renal failure hemodialysis anemia(CRFHA). 【Methods】 A total of 70 patients with CRFHA treated in our hospital from January 2019 to December 2020 were selected as study subjects. They were divided into control group and treatment group by simple randomizaiton grouping method. After 5 cases in each group dropped out due to transfer, COVID-19 epidemic and missed follow-up, 30 cases were left in each group.The control group was treated with Roxastat, and the treatment group with L-carnitine and polysaccharide iron complex based on Roxastat. The differences in anemia parameters, iron metabolism, dialysis-related indexes and complications between the two groups were observed and compared. 【Results】 After 3 months of treatment, Hb, RBC, Hct, TIBC, FE, and FERR in the treatment group were significantly higher than those in the control group (118.36±6.64 vs 109.34±6.25, 4.32±0.264 vs 4.03±0.32, 32.37±3.30 vs 29.85±3.24, 67.62±10.66 vs 62.78±10.32, 17.87±3.81 vs 12.51±3.82, 389.37±18.30 vs 362.85±18.04, respectively, P0.05). Blood creatinine of patients after 3 months of treatment was significantly higher (control group: 1 016.27±122.14 vs 1 052.27±96.23; observation group 1 014.23±121.57 vs 1 056.25±96.82, P<0.05); blood phosphorus (control group: 2.21±0.21vs 2.14±0.21; observation group: 2.23±0.30 vs 2.15±0.64) was significantly lower(P<0.05); blood calcium (control group: 2.07±0.51 vs 1.85±0.54; observation group 2.05±0.50 vs 1.87±0.52) was significantly lower (P<0.05 ). A comparison of complications between the two groups of patients after 6 months of treatment showed that the combined incidence of gastrointestinal function, increased blood pressure, and fever in the treatment group was lower than that in the control group, and the difference was statistically significant (P<0.05). 【Conclusion】 Roxastat combined with L-carnitine and polysaccharide iron complex in patients with CRFHA has definite effect, which improves dialysis-related indicators, has great advantages in optimizing anemia parameters and iron metabolism, and provides reference value for clinical treatment of CRFHA

Antibacterial and probiotic promotion potential of a new soluble soybean polysaccharide­iron(III) complex.

In this study soluble soybean polysaccharide­iron(III) (SSPS-Fe(III)) was synthesized to investigate the effects on the growth of Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus licheniformis. Two new detection methods of real-time fluorescence quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) and microcalorimetry were used to evaluate the effects of different concentrations of SSPS-Fe(III) on the growth of three bacteria. The copy numbers of three bacteria showed that SSPS-Fe(III) had different impacts on the growth of E. coli, S. aureus and B. licheniformis. E. coli growth was inhibited by SSPS-Fe(III) in the higher concentration range and S. aureus growth was inhibited at any concentration, however B. licheniformis growth was promoted. The thermogenic curves for growth metabolism of E. coli and S. aureus presented peak shapes while those of B. licheniformis did platform shapes. As SSPS-Fe(III) concentration increased, the peak heights lowered for E. coli and S. aureus, and the time reaching stationary phase advanced for B. licheniformis. These findings demonstrate that SSPS-Fe(III) has an inhibitory effect on the foodborne pathogens of E. coli and S. aureus, and an enhancement on the probiotics of B. licheniformis.

Oxidation of dextran using H2O2 and NaClO/NaBr and their applicability in iron chelation.

The structural modification of polysaccharides directly affects their physicochemical properties and applications. Dextran, a chained polysaccharide, consists of multiple d-glucose molecules with repetitive structures. In this study, the physicochemical properties of oxidized dextran (DO) at different concentrations of NaClO/NaBr and H2O2 were compared. The results showed that NaClO/NaBr oxidation is more conducive to the formation of carboxyl groups. Oxidized dextran with NaClO/NaBr (DOB) showed good iron (III) chelating ability, and the DOB­iron (III) complex (DOBIC) had an iron content of 28.31%. According to structural analysis, NaClO/NaBr (2 g/100 g of active chlorine) and H2O2 (4 g/100 g), respectively, oxidize the C1 and C2 hydroxyl groups of dextran to carboxyl groups and open the ring when DO and iron have the strongest chelation ability. The complex is indeed a chelate iron complex, and iron core is composed of iron oxyhydroxide or the ß-FeOOH mineral polymorph. These results indicate that DOBIC is expected to be a good iron supplement or food additive to strengthen iron.

Preparation and in vitro absorption studies of a novel polysaccharide­iron (III) complex from Flammulina velutipes.

Iron is essential in fundamental bioactivities, so it makes sense to improve the efficiency of iron on epithelial transport. In this work, a novel polysaccharide­iron(III) complex (FVP-Fe(III)) was prepared from Flammulina velutipes with a specific structure. The FVP-Fe(III) had a molecular weight of 15.13 kDa with a monosaccharide composition of mannose, galacturonic acid, glucose, galactose, xylose, fucose in a molar ratio 3.6:2.1:60.8:18.7:3.9:10.9. In the vitro digestion model, the complex could maintain better solubility and steady of iron than FeSO4. In the cell assay, FVP-Fe(III) showed lower cytotoxicity and better absorption. The transport amount of FVP-Fe(III) was 1.5-fold of FeSO4 at same concentration and 1.8-fold of FeSO4 at same time. The transport was mediated by the peptide transporter (pepT1) active transport pathway and the efflux of the sample was mainly mediated by multidrug-resistance proteins (MRP) transporter. The results of this study suggested that the polysaccharide obtained from F. velutipes could be developed a new kind of iron delivery for further study.

Protective effects of Ulva pertusa polysaccharide and polysaccharide­iron (III) complex on cyclophosphamide induced immunosuppression in mice.

A water-soluble polysaccharide was isolated from marine green algae Ulva pertusa and then chelated with iron to prepare the polysaccharide­iron (III) complex. The immunomodulatory activities of sulfated polysaccharide and polysaccharide­iron (III) complex were investigated through a mice immune-deficiency model. Cyclophosphamide (Cy) was utilized to establish mice immunodeficiency model. Both polysaccharide and polysaccharide­iron (III) complex were proved to promote the proliferation of lymphocyte and enhance the activities of mice macrophages. In mice serum, the levels of cytokines including TNF-α, IFN-γ and IL-10 restored and the contents of hemolysin were also found elevated after treatment with polysaccharide and its iron complex. Besides, it has been shown that both polysaccharide and polysaccharide­iron (III) complex increased the contents of Hb, RBC and HCT in mice blood, and the effect of iron complex was better. All these results suggested that Ulva pertusa polysaccharide could be developed as a healthy function food. It was also noteworthy that the polysaccharide­iron (III) complex showed no negative effect upon the immunomodulatory activity of polysaccharide. Instead, the polysaccharide­iron (III) complex showed excellent hematopoietic capacity perhaps due to the supplement of iron.

Structure characterization of low molecular weight sulfate Ulva polysaccharide and the effect of its derivative on iron deficiency anemia.

Sulfate Ulva polysaccharide with low molecular weight was prepared by enzymatic method and name SUE. The structural characterization of SUE and the effect of its derivative SUE-iron (III) on iron deficiency anemia were studied. Results showed SUE with molecular weight of 178 kDa were consisted of 57.9% rhamnose, 12.1% glucose, 16.3% glucuronic acid, and 13.7% xylose. The backbone contained (1 → 3, 4)-linked rhamnose, (1 → 4)-linked xylose, (1 → 6)-linked glucose and sulfate substitution was at C-3 of rhamnose. Due to high contents of sulfate group (23.7 ±â€¯1.1%) and uronic acid, SUE-iron (III) with 20.3% iron content was synthesized. In order to evaluate the effects of SUE-iron (III) supplementation, an IDA animal model was created. After iron supplement administration, the SUE­iron (III) showed effective effect on returning hemoglobin, red blood cells, serum iron, and erythropoietin to the normal levels. The hematological index of rats showed no difference from that in positive group. Besides, SUE-iron (III) is beneficial to alleviate inflammatory damage caused by IDA. These suggest that SUE-iron (III) might be exploited as safe and effective new iron supplement.

Comparative study of components and anti-oxidative effects between sulfated polysaccharide and its iron complex.

Sulfated polysaccharide (SP) extracted from sea algae has been used to chelate with ferric to yield polysaccharide iron complex (SPIC). The main active components and groups, monosaccharide composition, molecular weight and anti-oxidative capability were studied comparatively. Results showed that both have good stability and no free ferric ions in SPIC, and no significant difference in total polysaccharide content while sulfate and protein contents lowering and iron content increasing. Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectra indicated further that iron was chelated in polysaccharide chain. Gas chromatograph (GC) showed that the major monosaccharides were fucose, mucose and glucose with molecular ratio of 10:3.8:3.5 in SPIC and 10:8.4:7.5 in SP. MW of SP and SPIC varied no more at 231,3 kD and 237.2 kD respectively using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Both had hydroxyl radicals scavenging effects in vitro while SPIC showed stronger effects. Comparing oxygen consumption with control PMA-differentiated cells, both took longer time to achieve higher platform and SPIC showed stronger effects than SP. Fluorescence extensity of intracellular ROS showed that SP could reduce the ROS generation while SPIC enhances the effect. The results revealed that the main active components and antioxidant activity exhibit differentiation after SP chelating with ferric.