Acute impact of an endurance race on cardiac function and biomarkers of myocardial injury in triathletes with and without myocardial fibrosis.

AIMS: The aim of this study was to investigate the occurrence of myocardial injury and cardiac dysfunction after an endurance race by biomarkers and cardiac magnetic resonance in triathletes with and without myocardial fibrosis. METHODS AND RESULTS: Thirty asymptomatic male triathletes (45 ± 10 years) with over 10 training hours per week and 55 ± 8 ml/kg per minute maximal oxygen uptake during exercise testing were studied before (baseline) and 2.4 ± 1.1 hours post-race. Baseline cardiac magnetic resonance included cine, T1/T2, late gadolinium enhancement (LGE) and extracellular volume imaging. Post-race non-contrast cardiac magnetic resonance included cine and T1/T2 mapping. Non-ischaemic myocardial fibrosis was present in 10 triathletes (LGE+) whereas 20 had no fibrosis (LGE-). At baseline, LGE + triathletes had higher peak exercise systolic blood pressure with 222 ± 21 mmHg compared to LGE- triathletes (192 ± 30 mmHg, P < 0.01). Post-race troponin T and creatine kinase MB were similarly increased in both groups, but there was no change in T2 and T1 from baseline to post-race with 54 ± 3 ms versus 53 ± 3 ms (P = 0.797) and 989 ± 21 ms versus 989 ± 28 ms (P = 0.926), respectively. However, post-race left atrial ejection fraction was significantly lower in LGE + triathletes compared to LGE- triathletes (53 ± 6% vs. 59 ± 6%, P < 0.05). Furthermore, baseline atrial peak filling rates were lower in LGE - triathletes (121 ± 30 ml/s/m2) compared to LGE + triathletes (161 ± 34 ml/s/m2, P < 0.01). Post-race atrial peak filling rates increased in LGE- triathletes to 163 ± 46 ml/s/m2, P < 0.001), but not in LGE + triathletes (169 ± 50ml/s/m2, P = 0.747). CONCLUSION: Despite post-race troponin T release, we did not find detectable myocardial oedema by cardiac magnetic resonance. However, the unfavourable blood pressure response during exercise testing seemed to be associated with post-race cardiac dysfunction, which could explain the occurrence of myocardial fibrosis in triathletes.

The struggle for Via Bologna street market: crisis, racial denial and speaking back to power in Naples Italy.

This paper is based on ethnographic research conducted with migrant and Italian street vendors in Naples, southern Italy, in 2012. It tells the story of Via Bologna market which was nearly closed down by the City Hall at the time. Naples is a city where issues of poverty and unemployment pre-date and have been exacerbated by manifold narratives of crisis now unfolding across Europe regarding the economy, political legitimacy, security and migration. Street markets have always been an important and visible economic survival strategy for both Neapolitans and migrants there. This article shows how the Via Bologna street vendors appropriated and adapted discourses about crisis to form their own cosmopolitan social movement that halted the closure of the market. It argues that, in the age of globalized migration, the multilingual nature of such collective action is central to understanding social struggles that must be organized between marginalized groups of people divided by race, religion, politics and legal status. This, frequently ambiguous, transcultural solidarity speaks back against a mainstream post-racial discourse - often articulated by the Neapolitan street vendors at the market - that would reduce the complexity of such collective action to questions of poverty and class struggle.

Resposta hematológica de cavalos de enduro, que correram diferentes distâncias, no período pós-prova / Hematologic response of endurance horses that ran different distances in the post race period

O objetivo deste trabalho foi estudar as alterações hematológicas após provas de enduro de diferentes distâncias até 14 dias após a prova, período de recuperação metabólica e musculoesquelética, as quais ocorrem em cavalos treinados e que concluíram as competições em boas condições de saúde. Foram avaliados 32 cavalos Árabes, com 400 (±32kg), treinados para provas de enduro, que competiram em quatro provas nas categorias velocidade livre de 80km (n=13), 120km (n=14) e 160km (n=5). Amostras de sangue foram coletadas antes da largada (M0), imediatamente após a saída da última inspeção veterinária (M1) e três horas após (M2). Já nos respectivos haras, foram coletadas amostras aos três (M3), sete (M4) e 14 (M5) dias após a prova. Houve aumento dos valores de eritrócitos, hemoglobina e hematócrito após o término da prova em todos os cavalos, e esse aumento se manteve até três horas após a prova nos cavalos de 120 e 80km. Houve aumento do número de plaquetas em todos os cavalos, que permaneceu elevado até três horas após a prova e normalizou-se a partir do terceiro dia. Houve efeito (P<0,05) da prova sobre as variáveis eritrócitos, hemoglobina e hematócrito, do número de plaquetas, aumento na contagem de neutrófilos e diminuição da contagem de linfócitos após o término da prova e três horas depois, retornando ao normal a partir do terceiro dia. Um dado inédito deste estudo foi o aumento de eosinófilos sanguíneos após três dias da competição, que se manteve até o sétimo dia. Esse fato pode sinalizar a participação dessas células no processo de reparação. A avaliação dos componentes sanguíneos se mostrou uma importante ferramenta para a avaliação da recuperação dos animais. Como só foram avaliados cavalos que completaram a prova, as alterações encontradas após dias do esforço sinalizam a relevância de se estudarem melhor as etapas e os componentes da recuperação metabólica e muscular, a fim de não se cometerem excessos, retornando esses animais no tempo correto.(AU)

The aim of this study was to analyze the hematological changes after endurance races from different distances up to 14 days, a period of metabolic and musculoskeletal recovery that occured in trained horses that finished the competitions in a good health. A total of 32 Arabian horses were evaluated, with 400 (±32kg) trained for endurance races, who competed in four events in free speed categories 80 km (n = 13), 120km (n = 14) and 160km (n = 5). Blood samples were collected before the start (M0), immediately after leaving the last veterinary inspection (M1) and three hours later (M2). Already at their farms, samples were taken at three (M3), seven (M4) and 14 (M5) days after the race. There was an increase of values of erythrocytes, hemoglobin and packed cell volume after the end of the race in all horses and this increase was maintained until three hours after the race in the of 120 and 80km horses. There was an increase in the number of platelets in all horses, which remained elevated up to 3 hours after the test and normalized on the third day. All horses underwent increase in neutrophil counts and decreased lymphocyte count immediately after the race and three hours later, returning to normal after the third day. There was also pronounced increase in the number of eosinophils in all horses on the third day, which lasted until the seventh after the race. An unheard of data of this study was an increase in blood eosinophils after three days of competition that remained until the seventh day. This may signal the participation of these cells in the repair process. The evaluation of blood components proved to be an important tool for the assessment of recovery of the animals. As only horses that finished the race were evaluated, the changes found within days of effort, indicate the importance of further studies to investigate the steps and components of the metabolic and muscular recovery, in order not to commit excesses, returning the animals to activity at the right time.(AU)

Low-frequency electrical stimulation combined with a cooling vest improves recovery of elite kayakers following a simulated 1000-m race in a hot environment.

This study compared the effects of a low-frequency electrical stimulation (LFES; Veinoplus(®) Sport, Ad Rem Technology, Paris, France), a low-frequency electrical stimulation combined with a cooling vest (LFESCR ) and an active recovery combined with a cooling vest (ACTCR ) as recovery strategies on performance (racing time and pacing strategies), physiologic and perceptual responses between two sprint kayak simulated races, in a hot environment (∼32 wet-bulb-globe temperature). Eight elite male kayakers performed two successive 1000-m kayak time trials (TT1 and TT2), separated by a short-term recovery period, including a 30-min of the respective recovery intervention protocol, in a randomized crossover design. Racing time, power output, and stroke rate were recorded for each time trial. Blood lactate concentration, pH, core, skin and body temperatures were measured before and after both TT1 and TT2 and at mid- and post-recovery intervention. Perceptual ratings of thermal sensation were also collected. LFESCR was associated with a very likely effect in performance restoration compared with ACTCR (99/0/1%) and LFES conditions (98/0/2%). LFESCR induced a significant decrease in body temperature and thermal sensation at post-recovery intervention, which is not observed in ACTCR condition. In conclusion, the combination of LFES and wearing a cooling vest (LFESCR ) improves performance restoration between two 1000-m kayak time trials achieved by elite athletes, in the heat.