Uncovering the microbial community structure and physiological profiles of terrestrial mud volcanoes: A comprehensive metagenomic insight towards their trichloroethylene biodegradation potentiality.

Mud volcanoes are dynamic geological features releasing methane (CH4), carbon dioxide (CO2), and hydrocarbons, harboring diverse methane and hydrocarbon-degrading microbes. However, the potential application of these microbial communities in chlorinated hydrocarbons bioremediation purposes such as trichloroethylene (TCE) has not yet been explored. Hence, this study investigated the mud volcano's microbial diversity functional potentiality in TCE degradation as well as their eco-physiological profiling using metabolic activity. Geochemical analysis of the mud volcano samples revealed variations in pH, temperature, and oxidation-reduction potential, indicating diverse environmental conditions. The Biolog Ecoplate™ carbon substrates utilization pattern showed that the Tween 80 was highly consumed by mud volcanic microbial community. Similarly, MicroResp® analysis results demonstrated that presence of additive C-substrates condition might enhanced the cellular respiration process within mud-volcanic microbial community. Full-length 16 S rRNA sequencing identified Proteobacteria as the dominant phylum, with genera like Pseudomonas and Hydrogenophaga associated with chloroalkane degradation, and methanotrophic bacteria such as Methylomicrobium and Methylophaga linked to methane oxidation. Functional analysis uncovered diverse metabolic functions, including sulfur and methane metabolism and hydrocarbon degradation, with specific genes involved in methane oxidation and sulfur metabolism. These findings provide insights into the microbial diversity and metabolic capabilities of mud volcano ecosystems, which could facilitate their effective application in the bioremediation of chlorinated compounds.

Use of remote sensing, spatial and geophysical modeling, and real recharging capabilities to identify suitable areas for groundwater exploitation in dry coastal areas.

Accurate identification of groundwater potential areas in arid regions is an important task for groundwater management and sustainability. As a result, this study used the innovative integration of remote sensing (RS), geographic information system (GIS), watershed modeling system (WMS), geophysical survey, and water mass balance equation to identify potential groundwater areas in the W. Dara, Eastern Desert, Egypt. A weighted spatial probability model (WSPM) of groundwater potential based on eight regulatory factors was implemented within ArcGIS software. Drainage density (DD), precipitation (P), net groundwater recharge (NGR), terrain slope (TS), lineament density (LD), lithologic group (LG), water quality (TDS), and depth to groundwater level (DGW) are the aspects considered. The Analytical hierarchy process (AHP) method was used to assign weights to these parameters, and their accuracy was estimated using the consistency ratio (CR). The resulting groundwater potential map classified W. Dara study area into five categories, ranging from very low to very high potential. A geophysical survey, in the form of Vertical Electrical Sounding (VES) and Transient Electromagnetic (TEM), was conducted along W. Dara to validate the results of the WSPM, which identified areas of high groundwater potential. The 1D inversion of VES/TEM shows that the central and western parts of W. Dara are considered the most promising areas for groundwater occurrence, and are located in areas of high and very high potential classes derived from WSPM. Moreover, the results of VES and TEM surveys showed that the proposed aquifers (Nubian Sandstone, Miocene, and Quaternary) in the study area are horizontally and vertically connected through a set of normal faults traversing NW-SE. Ten sites have been proposed for drilling additional exploitative wells in W. Dara area based on the WSPM and geophysical survey with the aim of sustainable development. Thus, the integrated techniques applied in this study proved effective in accurately determining the development strategy for arid and semi-arid coastal areas, especially those that suffer from scarcity of rainfall and increased agricultural reclamation requirements in remote areas.

Organic geochemistry of the middle Paleozoic Ora Formation in Iraq: Implications for source rock assessment and hydrocarbon potentiality.

The Ora Formation (late Devonian-early Carboniferous) is thought to be a potential source rocks for the Paleozoic petroleum system of Iraq. The source potential from the Ora Formation is evaluated for the first time ever in this study from western and northern Iraq which integrates data from organic geochemistry including Total Organic Carbon (TOC) analysis, HAWK pyrolysis, gas chromatography (GC), and gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and mineralogical X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy. The shale and muddy carbonate succession within the Ora Formation from surface section in northernmost Iraq and subsurface section from two wells (Akkas-1 and Akkas -3) from western Iraq have been employed to assess the source rock potentiality, thermal maturity, kerogen type, organic content, and depositional environment. In addition to organic geochemical analyses, mineralogical XRD and SEM-EDS were used to support the paleoenvironmental interpretation of the Ora Formation. The results from TOC and HAWK analyses reveal that the Ora Formation ranges from poor to good as a source rock. However, the HAWK data suggests that the surface samples from northernmost Iraq are highly mature, highly weathered, or both. Kerogen analysis revealed that the Ora Formation contains immature type III and mixed II-III kerogens. Low TOC values were attributed to factors such as significant clastic input, weathering effects, and the prevailing oxic environment during deposition. The presence of detrital influx of quartz and feldspars, along with the occurrence of illite and kaolinite clay minerals, suggest a detrital input with weathering influence under hot arid and warm humid conditions. Biomarker analysis of the light hydrocarbons using GC and GC-MS revealed that these light hydrocarbons were generated from marine planktonic algae sources, possibly with some contributions from terrestrial and/or microbially reworked organic matter. These high mature light hydrocarbons in subsurface section were originated from anoxic marine shale source rocks. They were most likely from the Cambro-Ordovician Khabour Formation and were contaminated from another source.

Future groundwater potential mapping using machine learning algorithms and climate change scenarios in Bangladesh.

The aim of the study was to estimate future groundwater potential zones based on machine learning algorithms and climate change scenarios. Fourteen parameters (i.e., curvature, drainage density, slope, roughness, rainfall, temperature, relative humidity, lineament density, land use and land cover, general soil types, geology, geomorphology, topographic position index (TPI), topographic wetness index (TWI)) were used in developing machine learning algorithms. Three machine learning algorithms (i.e., artificial neural network (ANN), logistic model tree (LMT), and logistic regression (LR)) were applied to identify groundwater potential zones. The best-fit model was selected based on the ROC curve. Representative concentration pathways (RCP) of 2.5, 4.5, 6.0, and 8.5 climate scenarios of precipitation were used for modeling future climate change. Finally, future groundwater potential zones were identified for 2025, 2030, 2035, and 2040 based on the best machine learning model and future RCP models. According to findings, ANN shows better accuracy than the other two models (AUC: 0.875). The ANN model predicted that 23.10 percent of the land was in very high groundwater potential zones, whereas 33.50 percent was in extremely high groundwater potential zones. The study forecasts precipitation values under different climate change scenarios (RCP2.6, RCP4.5, RCP6, and RCP8.5) for 2025, 2030, 2035, and 2040 using an ANN model and shows spatial distribution maps for each scenario. Finally, sixteen scenarios were generated for future groundwater potential zones. Government officials may utilize the study's results to inform evidence-based choices on water management and planning at the national level.

The Genus Cladosporium: A Prospective Producer of Natural Products.

Cladosporium, a genus of ascomycete fungi in the Dematiaceae family, is primarily recognized as a widespread environmental saprotrophic fungus or plant endophyte. Further research has shown that the genus is distributed in various environments, particularly in marine ecosystems, such as coral reefs, mangroves and the polar region. Cladosporium, especially the marine-derived Cladosporium, is a highly resourceful group of fungi whose natural products have garnered attention due to their diverse chemical structures and biological activities, as well as their potential as sources of novel leads to compounds for drug production. This review covers the sources, distribution, bioactivities, biosynthesis and structural characteristics of compounds isolated from Cladosporium in the period between January 2000 and December 2022, and conducts a comparative analysis of the Cladosporium isolated compounds derived from marine and terrestrial sources. Our results reveal that 34% of Cladosporium-derived natural products are reported for the first time. And 71.79% of the first reported compounds were isolated from marine-derived Cladosporium. Cladosporium-derived compounds exhibit diverse skeletal chemical structures, concentrating in the categories of polyketides (48.47%), alkaloids (19.21%), steroids and terpenoids (17.03%). Over half of the natural products isolated from Cladosporium have been found to have various biological activities, including cytotoxic, antibacterial, antiviral, antifungal and enzyme-inhibitory activities. These findings testify to the tremendous potential of Cladosporium, especially the marine-derived Cladosporium, to yield novel bioactive natural products, providing a structural foundation for the development of new drugs.

Land capability assessment of Sali watershed for agricultural suitability using a multi-criteria-based decision-making approach.

The assessment of land's agricultural potential, through a land capability evaluation, delves into its innate limitations, crop suitability, and responses to soil management. In regions where agriculture reigns supreme, socio-economic development is inexorably linked to the agricultural sector, making the optimal utilization of land resources an imperative pursuit. The pursuit of this objective is underpinned by the selection of new agricultural areas and the determination of which crops thrive in specific locations, for which the multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) method emerges as an ideal choice. This comprehensive research endeavour revolves around the intricate interplay of climatic, edaphic, fertility, topographical, and socioeconomic determinants. Within this intricate web, a total of 15 determinants play a pivotal role, including precipitation, potential evapotranspiration (PET), soil texture, drainage, soil organic-carbon, nitrogen content, pH, clay content, river proximity, land use/land cover (LULC), slope, temperature, social suitability, irrigation density, and elevation. To weigh these determinants, the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) comes into play, ultimately revealing that the dominant influences on land capability stem from the realms of climate and soil. The watershed's terrain analysis revealed a distinct suitability contrast: 168 km2 highly suitable, 181.3 km2 moderate, and 429 km2 low. The eastern and northeastern sectors were notably promising. Rigorous validation, using the ROC curve, confirmed the reliability and precision. The process yielded an impressive 83.2% AUC, unequivocally confirming the assessment's remarkable accuracy and dependability.

Phytochemical investigation, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and cytotoxic activities of Tunisian medicinal Tamarix africana Poir.

The current study aimed to evaluate Tunisian Tamarix africana Poir biological activities. In this study, novel biological activities of the shoot extracts related to their phenolics investigated. Secondary metabolite contents, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and cytotoxic activities of four extracts (hexane, dichloromethane, methanol and water) were investigated. Antioxidant activities were assessed via in vitro and ex vivo assays. Besides, anticancer activity was investigated against human lung carcinoma (A-549) and colon adenocarcinoma (DLD-1) cells. The anti-inflammatory ability was evaluated via inhibition of LPS-induced NO production in RAW 264.7 macrophage cell lines. Methanol and water extracts displayed the highest antioxidant (IC50 = 3.3 and 4.3 µg/mL respectively), which are correlated activities correlated with phenolic contents. Hexane extract exhibited an important anti-inflammatory effect inhibiting NO ability by 100% at 80 µg/mL. Besides, T. africana extracts were found to be active against A-549 lung carcinoma cells with IC50 values ranging from 20 to 34 µg/mL. These results suggested that T. africana is considered as a potential source of readily accessible natural molecules with a promising effect on human health and diseases.

Inoperative Love and Social Well-Being in the Face of Oppression: A Psychoanalytic-Agambenian Developmental Perspective and Its Implications for Psychoanalytic Therapy.

The author depicts, relying on several of Giorgio Agamben's philosophical concepts as well as a psychoanalytic developmental perspective, the origins and features of inoperative love and spaces, especially as they pertain to oppressive situations wherein social, political, and economic apparatuses undermine the psychosocial well-being of individuals, families, and communities. In addition, the author conceptualizes psychoanalytic therapy as an inoperative space wherein patients actualize their capacity for impotentiality and experience singularity and rapport.

ISSR markers endorsed genetically stable plants regeneration of neem (Azadirachta indica A. Juss.) through indirect organogenesis using different explants.

BACKGROUND: Various parts of neem (Azadirachta indica) have high demand in several industries. However, the inadequate supply of sources hampers the commercialization of different neem products. In this scenario, the current research was undertaken to produce genetically stable plants through indirect organogenesis. METHODS AND RESULTS: Several explants like shoot tips, internodal segments, and leaves, were cultivated on MS media with different growth regulators. Maximum callus formation was achieved using 1.5 mg/L NAA, 0.5 mg/L 2,4-D and 0.2 mg/L both for Kn and BAP in combination with shoot tip (93.67%). These calli showed an organogenic potentiality on MS medium having coconut water (15%) without growth regulators. This medium along with 0.5 mg/L Kn and 0.1 mg/L both for BAP and NAA yielded the maximum adventitious shoot production with shoot tip-derived callus (95.24%). These calli further produced the most buds per shoot (6.38) and highest average shoot length (5.46 cm) with 0.5 mg/L both for BAP and Kn and 0.1 mg/L NAA in combination after the fifth subculture. The 1/3 strength of MS media was found to be best along with 0.5 mg/L IBA and 0.1 mg/L Kn in combination to generate maximum root response (92.86%), roots per shoot (5.86) and longest average root length (3.84 cm). The mean plant survival after initial hardening was 83.33% which increased to 89.47% after secondary hardening. The lack of variation in ISSR markers among the regenerated trees is evidence of clonal fidelity between hardened plants. CONCLUSIONS: This protocol will accelerate the propagation of neem for utilization of its sources.

Biological Activities of Morita-Baylis-Hillman Adducts (MBHA).

BACKGROUND: The Morita-Baylis-Hillman reaction (MBHR) is considered one of the most powerful and versatile methodologies used for carbon-carbon bond formation. The reaction is defined as the condensation between an electrophilic carbon sp² and the α position of an olefin, carrying an electron-withdrawing group, in the presence of a catalyst. The advantages of the reaction are the high atom economy and mild reaction conditions. Under ideal conditions, this reaction leads to the formation of multifunctional products, called Morita-Baylis-Hillman adducts (MBHA), a class of relevant molecules that exhibit a variety of biological activities. OBJECTIVE: Considering the importance of these compounds, this review brought together several studies regarding the biological activities of MBHA, to point out the use of these molecules as future therapeutic agents. METHODS: We searched for scientific articles available in the main databases, published between 1999 and 2022, using the descriptors: Morita-Baylis-Hillman adducts, Morita-Baylis-Hillman reaction, biological activity, and biological potentiality. RESULTS: Thirty-five articles showed the variety of biological activities of MBHA, including molluscicidal, antitumor, herbicidal, and fungicidal, antileishmanial, antioxidant, antimalarial, anti-tumor inflammatory, vasorelaxant, antichagasic, antimicrobial, and anti-inflammatory activities. CONCLUSION: Therefore, these compounds are promising candidates to become drugs for the treatment of a variety of diseases, following further studies to understand the effective mechanisms of action of MBHA.

DNA Fragmentation and mRNA Expression of Bcl-2, Bcl-xL, p53, p21 and HSP70 Genes in Nondysplastic and Dysplastic Oral Lichen Planus.

Background: Oral lichen planus (OLP) is a chronic inflammatory disease. Apoptosis of the basal keratinocytes is a causative factor for OLP pathogenesis but the detailed mechanism of apoptosis among nondysplastic and dysplastic OLP lesions is yet unraveled. Aims: This study aims to evaluate the involvement of cellular DNA fragmentation and alteration in the expression of Bcl-2 and B-cell lymphoma extra-large (Bcl-xL), p53, p21 and heat shock protein 70 (HSP70) in nondysplastic and dysplastic OLP lesions. Materials and Methods: Untreated, fifteen OLP patients each with nondysplastic and dysplastic lesions were enrolled for this study. Their DNA fragmentation was analyzed by the agarose gel electrophoresis method. The mRNA expression of Bcl-2, Bcl-xL, p53, p21 and HSP70 were measured using semi-quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. Results: Elevated DNA fragmentations were found in dysplastic lesions compared to nondysplastic type. Significantly higher expression of Bcl-2, Bcl-xL, p53 and p21 were found in both types of OLP lesion compared to the control. Expression of Bcl-2 and Bcl-xL were significantly elevated in nondysplastic lesions, whereas significantly overexpression of p53 and p21 were found in dysplastic lesions. Anti-stress protein HSP70 was overtly expressed in dysplastic lesions compared to other groups. Conclusion: Reduced expression of Bcl-2 and Bcl-xL, with elevated DNA fragmentation, may be associated with increased apoptosis in dysplastic lesions which aid in the resolution of the chronic inflammatory process. Higher expression of p53 and p21 in dysplastic lesions reflect its malignant potentiality. Overexpression of HSP70 in dysplastic lesions is a useful marker for higher cellular stress.

Genus Nocardiopsis: A Prolific Producer of Natural Products.

Actinomycetes are currently one of the major sources of bioactive secondary metabolites used for medicine development. Accumulating evidence has shown that Nocardiopsis, a key class of actinomycetes, has the ability to produce novel bioactive natural products. This review covers the sources, distribution, bioactivities, biosynthesis, and structural characteristics of compounds isolated from Nocardiopsis in the period between March 2018 and 2021. Our results reveal that 67% of Nocardiopsis-derived natural products are reported for the first time, and 73% of them are isolated from marine Nocardiopsis. The chemical structures of the Nocardiopsis-derived compounds have diverse skeletons, concentrating on the categories of polyketides, peptides, terphenyls, and alkaloids. Almost 50% of the natural products isolated from Nocardiopsis have been discovered to display various bioactivities. These results fully demonstrate the great potential of the genus Nocardiopsis to produce novel bioactive secondary metabolites that may serve as a structural foundation for the development of novel drugs.

Psychoanalysis, Trauma, and Giorgio Agamben.

The author uses the work of Italian philosopher Giorgio Agamben to reimagine the meaning and dynamics of trauma, as well as psychoanalysis as a process that remedies, in part, traumatic experiences. More particularly, trauma is conceptualized in terms of Agamben's notions of potentiality, singularity/suchness, and inoperativity, although these are inflected from psychosocial developmental and political perspectives. This provides a way to bridge the idea of individual trauma with the larger political milieu's apparatuses that can be systemically traumatizing, as seen in the social death of racism. This reframing of trauma leads to reconceiving the process of therapy as rendering inoperative memories of trauma and, in some cases, traumainducing apparatuses, while, in part, mending the dialectical and paradoxical tension between potentiality and actuality that is necessary for socialpolitical agency and experiences of singularity.

High-concentration methane and ethane QEPAS detection employing partial least squares regression to filter out energy relaxation dependence on gas matrix composition.

A quartz enhanced photoacoustic spectroscopy (QEPAS) sensor capable to detect high concentrations of methane (C1) and ethane (C2) is here reported. The hydrocarbons fingerprint region around 3 µm was exploited using an interband cascade laser (ICL). A standard quartz tuning fork (QTF) coupled with two resonator tubes was used to detect the photoacoustic signal generated by the target molecules. Employing dedicated electronic boards to both control the laser source and collect the QTF signal, a shoe-box sized QEPAS sensor was realized. All the generated mixtures were downstream humidified to remove the influence of water vapor on the target gases. Several natural gas-like samples were generated and subsequently diluted 1:10 in N2. In the concentration ranges under investigation (1%-10% for C1 and 0.1%-1% for C2), both linear and nonlinear responses of the sensor were measured and signal variations due to matrix effects were observed. Partial least squares regression (PLSR) was employed as a multivariate statistical tool to accurately determine the concentrations of C1 and C2 in the mixtures, compensating the matrix relaxation effects. The achieved results extend the range of C1 and C2 concentrations detectable by QEPAS technique up to the percent scale.

La regla de los 14 días a debate: un análisis crítico desde la bioética / La regla dels 14 dies a debat: una anàlisi crítica des de la bioètica / The 14-day rule under debate: A critical analysis from Bioethics

The aim of this article is to critically analyze the arguments used in defense of the 14-day rule, which refers to research and experimentation with human embryos. This rule was first proposed more than forty years ago, and many countries have adopted it and included it in their respective legislation. However, after four decades, science today demands an international debate in which the limit imposed by the rule is urgently reviewed, which makes it impossible for scientists to be able to investigate with embryos created in the laboratory beyond the 14 days limit. To this end, we will examine two fundamental texts in which the rule originated, analyzing from bioethics whether the arguments contained in them are coherent and whether they can currently be sustained. In addition, we will consider to the reasons offered by science for its extension, bearing in mind that any change in the rule must alwayscorrespond to the values present in society at the time.(AU)

El objetivo que perseguimos con el presente artículo es analizar críticamente los argumentos utilizados en defensa de la regla de los 14 días, referida ésta a la investigación y experimentación con embriones humanos. Dicha regla fue propuesta por primera vez hace ya más de cuarenta años, siendo muchos los países que se acogieron a ella incluyéndola en sus respectivas legislaciones. No obstante, después de cuatro décadas, la ciencia exige hoy un debate internacional en el que sea revisado con urgencia el límite que la norma impone, la cual imposibilita a los científicos poder investigar con embriones creados en el laboratorio más allá de la frontera de los 14 días. Para ello, repararemos en dos textos fundamentales en los que la regla tuvo su origen, analizando desde la bioética si los argumentos contenidos en ellos son coherentes y si pueden actualmente sostenerse. Además, atenderemos a las razones ofrecidas desde la ciencia para llevar a cabo su ampliación, teniendo en cuenta que cualquier cambio en la norma deberá tener siempre su correspondencia con los valores presentes en la sociedad del momento.(AU)

L'objectiu que perseguim amb el present article és analitzar críticament els arguments utilitzats en defensa de la regla dels 14 dies, referida aquesta a la recerca i experimentació amb embrions humans. Aquesta regla va ser proposada per primera vegada fa ja més de quaranta anys, sent molts els països que es van acollir a ella incloent-la en les seves respectives legislacions. No obstant això, després de quatre dècades, la ciència exigeix avui un debat internacional en el qual sigui revisat amb urgència el límit que la norma imposa, la qual impossibilita als científics poder investigar amb embrions creats en el laboratori més enllà de la frontera dels 14 dies. Per a això, repararem en dos textos fonamentals en els quals la regla va tenir el seu origen, analitzant des de la bioètica si els arguments continguts en ells són coherents i si poden actualment sostenir-se. A més, atendrem les raons ofertes des de la ciència per a dur a terme la seva ampliació, tenint en compte que qualsevol canvi en la norma haurà de tenir sempre la seva correspondència amb els valors presents en la societat del moment.(AU)

The Concept of Dialogical CO-Zone of Proximal Development: Intergenerationality in the Making.

In this paper I elaborate on the concept of dialogical Co-ZPD proposed in the conclusion of a paper by (Boulanger et al., in Integrative Psychology and Behavioral Sciences, 54, 269-285, 2020). I do this by insisting on potentiality as one of its main dimension. I situate it amidst generations and across timelines in a dialogical perspective and I try to set it in irreversible time. I display the positioning dynamics by which children and elders overcome one another's limits in a fluid matters, through dialogical intercourse. I provide different examples from the analysis of elders' discourses.

Entropy and Wealth.

While entropy was introduced in the second half of the 19th century in the international vocabulary as a scientific term, in the 20th century it became common in colloquial use. Popular imagination has loaded "entropy" with almost every negative quality in the universe, in life and in society, with a dominant meaning of disorder and disorganization. Exploring the history of the term and many different approaches to it, we show that entropy has a universal stochastic definition, which is not disorder. Hence, we contend that entropy should be used as a mathematical (stochastic) concept as rigorously as possible, free of metaphoric meanings. The accompanying principle of maximum entropy, which lies behind the Second Law, gives explanatory and inferential power to the concept, and promotes entropy as the mother of creativity and evolution. As the social sciences are often contaminated by subjectivity and ideological influences, we try to explore whether maximum entropy, applied to the distribution of a wealth-related variable, namely annual income, can give an objective description. Using publicly available income data, we show that income distribution is consistent with the principle of maximum entropy. The increase in entropy is associated to increases in society's wealth, yet a standardized form of entropy can be used to quantify inequality. Historically, technology has played a major role in the development of and increase in the entropy of income. Such findings are contrary to the theory of ecological economics and other theories that use the term entropy in a Malthusian perspective.

Assessing groundwater status and human perception in drought-prone areas: a case of Bankura-I and Bankura-II blocks, West Bengal (India).

Ground water is a precious natural resource in every aspect of human life from natural to artificial environment. Ground water is an indicator of regional development by improving the economic domain through intensive agricultural practices, and aesthetic value through sufficient ground water supply as drinking water, fertile soil, and healthy vegetation. However, ground water availability and associated human perceptions were the main themes of the present study. In this study, both primary and secondary data were incorporated to understand the human adaptation behaviour in drought-prone areas of the fringe of Chhotanagpur plateau region (Bankura-I and II blocks) to ground water storage. GWPZ mapping is a very important exposure to knowing the ground reality. So, the MCDM-AHP method has been developed based on the eight dominant conditioning factors viz. geomorphology, lithology, lineament density, soil, drainage density, LULC, average slope, and slope aspect using GIS analytics with field expertise. The output result was validated with comparing 105 inventory stations where 0.850 AUC value was good for accepting the GWPZ model. As a result, a major portion of the study area is dominated by poor to moderate possibilities of ground water level (ground water level drops 1-2 m during the pre-monsoon) due to Proterozoic granite gneiss formation over the study area. With comparing demographic status, it was not favourable for a healthy lifestyle. Agriculture dominated rural environment of Bankura-I and II blocks is far away from the modern digital environment that is why ground water has played a very crucial role in the field of development. Moreover, to build up a good level of ground water recharge zone through rainfall harvesting, and sustainable land use planning will be the best management practices. So, availability of ground water should be a positive sign of development in the field of the economic sector and sustainable human society.

Synthesis, Characterization, In Vitro Anticancer Potentiality, and Antimicrobial Activities of Novel Peptide-Glycyrrhetinic-Acid-Based Derivatives.

Glycyrrhetinic acid (GA) is one of many interesting pentacyclic triterpenoids showing significant anticancer activity by triggering apoptosis in tumor cell lines. This study deals with the design and synthesis of new glycyrrhetinic acid (GA)-amino acid peptides and peptide ester derivatives. The structures of the new derivatives were established through various spectral and microanalytical data. The novel compounds were screened for their in vitro cytotoxic activity. The evaluation results showed that the new peptides produced promising cytotoxic activity against the human breast MCF-7 cancer cell line while comparing to doxorubicin. On the other hand, only compounds 3, 5, and 7 produced potent activity against human colon HCT-116 cancer cell line. The human liver cancer (HepG-2) cell line represented a higher sensitivity to peptide 7 (IC50; 3.30 µg/mL), while it appeared insensitive to the rest of the tested peptides. Furthermore, compounds 1, 3, and 5 exhibited a promising safety profile against human normal skin fibroblasts cell line BJ-1. In order to investigate the mode of action, compound 5 was selected as a representative example to study its in vitro effect against the apoptotic parameters and Bax/BCL-2/p53/caspase-7/caspase-3/tubulin, and DNA fragmentation to investigate beta (TUBb). Additionally, all the new analogues were subjected to antimicrobial assay against a panel of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria and the yeast candida Albicans. All the tested GA analogues 1-8 exhibited more antibacterial effect against Micrococcus Luteus than gentamicin, but they exhibited moderate antimicrobial activity against the tested bacterial and yeast strains. Molecular docking studies were also simulated for compound 5 to give better rationalization and put insight to the features of its structure.