Revisión narrativa del modelo de desarrollo positivo para adultos emergentes chilenos / A narrative review of the positive development model for Chilean emerging adults / Revisão narrativa do modelo de desenvolvimento positivo para adultos emergentes chilenos

Introducción: El desarrollo positivo es un estadio de ajuste psicosocial que acentúa las potencialidades y los recursos entre jóvenes y sus contextos próximos. En Australia, se desarrolló el primer modelo de desarrollo positivo para adultos emergentes, el cual consta de cinco componentes (competencia social, satisfacción con la vida, confianza y tolerancia con los otros, confianza hacia autoridades e instituciones, acción y compromiso cívico), pero no ha sido investigado en Chile. Objetivo: Analizar la evidencia disponible en la literatura científica sobre los cinco componentes del modelo de desarrollo positivo en adultos emergentes universitarios de Chile. Materiales y métodos: Revisión narrativa de la literatura publicada entre 2013 y 2023, en bases de datos Web of Science, Scopus, SciELO, Redalyc y Dialnet. Resultados: Se obtuvieron 83 artículos, de los cuales 53 cumplieron los requisitos de inclusión; en su mayor parte fueron estudios cuantitativos (81,13%) y en español (75,47%). Se evidenció una disparidad en la cantidad de estudios por temática; se encuentra mayor investigación en satisfacción con la vida y acción y compromiso cívico. Conclusiones: Existen brechas en la literatura científica chilena en el estudio del desarrollo positivo; además de que se discuten particularidades idiosincrásicas y desafíos asociados a la etapa de adultez emergente.

Introduction: Positive development is a stage of psychosocial adjustment that accentuates the potentials and resources of young people and their close contexts. The first positive development model for emerging adulthood was developed in Australia, which includes five components: social; life satisfaction; trust and tolerance of others; trust in the authorities and institutions; and action and civic engagement. However, this model has not been investigated in Chile. Objective: To analyze the evidence available in the scientific literature on the five components of the positive development model in emerging adults universities. Materials and methods: A narrative review of the literature published between 2013 and 2023 in the Web of Science, Scopus, SciELO, Redalyc, and Dialnet databases was conducted. Results: 83 articles were selected, of which 53 met the inclusion criteria; most of them were qualitative studies (81.13%) and in Spanish (75.47%). There is an evident disparity in terms of the number of studies and topics, e.g., there is more research on life satisfaction and civic action and commitment. Conclusions: There are gaps in the Chilean scientific literature in the study of positive development. In addition, idiosyncratic particularities and challenges associated with the stages of emerging adulthood are discussed.

Introdução: O desenvolvimento positivo é uma fase de ajustamento psicossocial que acentua o potencial e os recursos dos jovens e dos seus contextos imediatos. Na Austrália, foi desenvolvido o primeiro modelo de desenvolvimento positivo para adultos emergentes, que consiste em cinco componentes (social, satisfação com a vida, confiança e tolerância com os outros, confiança nas autoridades e instituições, ação e envolvimento cívico), mas ainda não foi investigado no Chile. Objetivo: Analisar as evidências disponíveis na literatura científica sobre os cinco componentes do modelo de desenvolvimento positivo em adultos universitários emergentes no Chile. Materiais e métodos: Revisão narrativa da literatura publicada entre 2013 e 2023, nas bases de dados Web of Science, Scopus, SciELO, Redalyc e Dialnet. Resultados: foram obtidos 83 artigos, dos quais 53 atenderam aos requisitos de inclusão; A maioria deles eram estudos quantitativos (81,13%) e em espanhol (75,47%). Ficou evidente uma disparidade no número de estudos por tema; Há mais pesquisas sobre satisfação com a vida e ação e compromisso cívico. Conclusões: Existem lacunas na literatura científica chilena no estudo do desenvolvimento positivo; Além disso, são discutidas particularidades e desafios idiossincráticos associados à fase da idade adulta emergente.

Reorienting psychological science.

Psychological phenomena occur across a wide range of scales, ranging from small, quick events of neurology and biology, to broader, more prolonged unfoldings typical of extended cultural practices. Although theories deployed by psychologists of different stripes have tended to incorporate these different scales, this is typically done in a manner that is implicit, and often unsystematic. That is, typical psychological research is conducted in a manner that is 'scale-blind'. In this article, I explore some of the historical and more recent recognition of this scale-blindness and place it in the context of recent work on the concept and implications of scale. I conclude by elucidating some of the important ways in which behaviour settings theory, and the researchers who developed it, are explicit and disciplined in their approach to scale, and how such scale-aware work promises practical value in improving scientific practice. This article is part of the theme issue 'People, places, things, and communities: expanding behaviour settings theory in the 21st century'.

Network analysis of negative emotions in patients with episodic migraine: need for a multidisciplinary perspective.

Background: Episodic migraine (EM) is the second most prevalent neurological disorder worldwide and is responsible for more disability than all other neurological disorders combined. Triggers for the development of migraine include, stress, emotional burden, low blood sugar levels, tobacco, skipped meals, anxious and depressive feelings. Migraine affects both children and adults, occurring three times more frequently in women than in men. Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate the psychological profile of EM patients and the relationship among negative emotions in EM patients, analyzing self-efficacy measures in pain management. Design: We performed an observational study in 60 outpatients aged 18-55 years (mean age 33.8; SD ±10.4) with EM. Methods: All patients have been enrolled at the Headache Center of the San Salvatore Hospital of L'Aquila. The assessment comprised five standardized psychological self-assessments investigating relevant emotional dimensions and pain self-efficacy, along with two questionnaires assessing migraine-related disability. A network analysis of negative emotions was performed to evaluate which emotional traits and relationships play a crucial role in pain coping and management. Results: Our findings indicate that migraine significantly impairs the quality of life of patients in their daily lives. Over half of the patients reported experiencing severe disability, with negative emotions significantly influencing their ability to cope with pain and maintain productivity during migraine attacks. Dysphoric variables (irritability, interpersonal resentment, and surrender) were correlated with difficulties in emotion regulation ability and with the capacity of engaging in goal-directed behaviors despite experiencing pain. The ability to regulate one's emotions and manage dysphoria were positively correlated with pain self-efficacy, whereas positive mental health was associated with individuals' confidence in performing activities despite experiencing pain. Conclusion: Negative emotions had a negative correlation with positive mental health and were linked to a lower capacity to carry out daily activities despite experiencing migraine pain. This suggests that psychological interventions could improve mental health and potentially surpassing the effects of pharmacological interventions alone in migraine management. An integrated, patient-centered approach may represent an effective paradigm to address and reduce the burden of migraine, leading to a reduction in healthcare costs.

Perils and opportunities in using large language models in psychological research.

The emergence of large language models (LLMs) has sparked considerable interest in their potential application in psychological research, mainly as a model of the human psyche or as a general text-analysis tool. However, the trend of using LLMs without sufficient attention to their limitations and risks, which we rhetorically refer to as "GPTology", can be detrimental given the easy access to models such as ChatGPT. Beyond existing general guidelines, we investigate the current limitations, ethical implications, and potential of LLMs specifically for psychological research, and show their concrete impact in various empirical studies. Our results highlight the importance of recognizing global psychological diversity, cautioning against treating LLMs (especially in zero-shot settings) as universal solutions for text analysis, and developing transparent, open methods to address LLMs' opaque nature for reliable, reproducible, and robust inference from AI-generated data. Acknowledging LLMs' utility for task automation, such as text annotation, or to expand our understanding of human psychology, we argue for diversifying human samples and expanding psychology's methodological toolbox to promote an inclusive, generalizable science, countering homogenization, and over-reliance on LLMs.

A Multi-Wave Study of Factors Associated With Resident Engagement, Depression, Burnout, and Stay Intent.

Background: Many studies have documented the epidemic of mental ill-being among resident physicians, but fewer have focused on mental well-being or on guiding intervention design to make progress toward positive change in residency programs to support resident thriving. Informed by the job demands-resources model (JD-R) and positive psychology, the current study examines 4 potential predictors of residents' ill-being (burnout, depression) and well-being (engagement, stay intent) that are malleable and thus capable of change through intervention: psychological capital (PsyCap), supervising physicians' autonomy-supportive leadership style (ASL), social support, and meaningful work. Methods: Three waves of data were collected between November 2017 and September 2018 at a large hospital system in the United States. Due to participant response rates, we were unable to conduct a planned longitudinal analysis. Therefore, for each wave, Bayesian regression analyses were used to examine cross-sectional relationships between the 4 predictors and each outcome. Results: Although findings varied across the study's 3 waves, the outcomes were largely as expected. With only 1 exception (depressive symptoms in Wave 2), meaningful work significantly predicted all outcome variables in the expected direction across all 3 waves. PsyCap significantly predicted burnout, depressive symptoms, and engagement in the expected direction across all 3 waves. ASL significantly predicted engagement in the expected direction across all 3 waves, as well as depressive symptoms and stay intent in 2 waves, and burnout in 1 wave. Social support significantly negatively predicted depressive symptoms in all 3 waves and burnout in 1 wave. Conclusion: Applying the JD-R framework and a positive psychology lens can open new pathways for developing programming to support resident thriving. Meaningful work, PsyCap, ASL, and social support all significantly predicted 1 or more outcomes related to resident thriving (burnout, depression, engagement, stay intent) across all 3 waves. Thus, this study provides theoretical and practical implications for future intervention studies and designing current programming for resident thriving.

Perceived Disruption of COVID-19 on Medical Education in Incoming Psychiatric Residents.

Background: In 2020, the global COVID-19 pandemic caused educational disruptions to many medical students nationally. Societal and hospital guidelines, including social distancing protocols, resulted in the cancellation or postponement of many elective procedures. A shortage in personal protective equipment also contributed to restrictions in clinical experiences for trainees. The purpose of this study was to determine resident-perceived preparedness in core clinical competencies and evaluate the disruptions to core clerkships. Methods: A survey was developed to assess self-perceptions of clinical competencies and disruptions to core clerkship experiences. It was distributed to 63 incoming psychiatric residents who matched to training programs in the United States. Results: The survey response rate was 97%. The majority of respondents achieved self-expected levels of proficiency in clinical skills. Deficits were greatest for pelvic/rectal exams and transitions of care. Most students did not experience disruptions to clerkships. Internal medicine, obstetrics, and gynecology clerkships reported the highest rates of virtual completion. Procedures with the lowest reported perceived preparation were arterial puncture, airway management, and IV placement, respectively. Conclusion: Our survey results indicated that most learners did not perceive disruptions to their medical education and incoming psychiatry residents felt well-prepared to start residency. Some specific procedural skills appear to have been affected. Attempts to mitigate these specific inadequacies may help mitigate disruptions due to future events.

Psychologists' experience of working with people who hear voices and their views on the idea of voice simulation training: A qualitative study.

OBJECTIVES: Research indicates psychologists typically lack subjective understanding of voice hearing. Voice hearing simulation training has potential to improve understanding, empathy and confidence among clinicians, but psychologists have had limited input into its development. This study investigated psychologists' and a psychotherapist's clinical experience of working with people who hear voices and their views and recommendations for voice hearing simulation training. DESIGN: This was a qualitative study. METHODS: Clinical psychologists and one psychotherapist (N = 17) participated in semi-structured interviews. Thematic analysis was used to analyse transcribed data. RESULTS: The Clinical Experience theme comprised of subthemes Barriers to engagement, Diversity of voice hearing experiences, Lack of subjective understanding, Curiosity about voice hearing, Empathy for voice hearers, Using personal experiences to relate to voices, Clinical experience increases knowledge, Importance of supervision and colleague's support, Benefits of experiential training, Limited training in non-psychosis settings and Clinical experience increases confidence. The Views on Voice Hearing Simulation Training theme comprised of subthemes Improves subjective understanding, Concern about distress, Discomfort as a strength of voice hearing simulations, Artificiality of simulation, Increases empathy and Over-estimation of understanding. The Recommendations theme comprised of subthemes Discuss artificiality, Co-production, Promote voice diversity, Support staff and Maximise inclusivity. CONCLUSIONS: Findings indicate that clinical experience improves psychologists' confidence and knowledge, yet participants reported a lack of subjective understanding of voice hearing. Co-produced simulation training between individuals who hear voices and clinicians was anticipated to improve subjective understanding, empathy and therapeutic relationships, which could support a range of staff and improve quality of care delivered.

The motivations and reputational consequences of spreading conspiracy theories.

Some people deliberately spread conspiracy theories. What are the reputational benefits and costs of doing so? The Adaptive-Conspiracism hypothesis proposes that it pays to be vigilant against possible conspiracies, especially in case of intergroup threat. Those who spread conspiracy theories may therefore be seen as valuable group members. Few studies have focused on the reputational impact of spreading a conspiracy theory. We conducted five studies (NPilot = 303; NStudy1 = 388; NStudy2 = 560; NStudy3 = 391; NStudy4 = 373) where participants rated a conspiracy spreader (vs. a neutral person) on a range of personality traits in different intergroup contexts. The results indicated that conspiracy spreaders were consistently perceived as more dominant and less warm than people making non-conspiratorial claims about certain events. Moreover, intergroup conflict attenuated the negative effects of spreading conspiracy theories on competence and warmth. These findings support the notion that besides drawbacks, spreading conspiracy theories can have benefits for the spreader's reputation, particularly during an intergroup conflict.

An integrated clinical approach to children at genetic risk for neurodevelopmental and psychiatric conditions: interdisciplinary collaboration and research infrastructure.

BACKGROUND: A sizeable proportion of pathogenic genetic variants identified in young children tested for congenital differences are associated with neurodevelopmental psychiatric disorders (NPD). In this growing group, a genetic diagnosis often precedes the emergence of diagnosable developmental concerns. Here, we describe DAGSY (Developmental Assessment of Genetically Susceptible Youth), a novel interdisciplinary 'genetic-diagnosis-first' clinic integrating psychiatric, psychological and genetic expertise, and report our first observations and feedback from families and referring clinicians. METHODS: We retrieved data on referral sources and indications, genetic and NPD diagnoses and recommendations for children seen at DAGSY between 2018 and 2022. Through a survey, we obtained feedback from twenty families and eleven referring clinicians. RESULTS: 159 children (mean age 10.2 years, 57.2% males) completed an interdisciplinary (psychiatry, psychology, genetic counselling) DAGSY assessment during this period. Of these, 69.8% had a pathogenic microdeletion or microduplication, 21.5% a sequence-level variant, 4.4% a chromosomal disorder, and 4.4% a variant of unknown significance with emerging evidence of pathogenicity. One in four children did not have a prior NPD diagnosis, and referral to DAGSY was motivated by their genetic vulnerability alone. Following assessment, 76.7% received at least one new NPD diagnosis, most frequently intellectual disability (24.5%), anxiety (20.7%), autism spectrum (18.9%) and specific learning (16.4%) disorder. Both families and clinicians responding to our survey expressed satisfaction, but also highlighted some areas for potential improvement. CONCLUSIONS: DAGSY addresses an unmet clinical need for children identified with genetic variants that confer increased vulnerability for NPD and provides a crucial platform for research in this area. DAGSY can serve as a model for interdisciplinary clinics integrating child psychiatry, psychology and genetics, addressing both clinical and research needs for this emerging population.

Physical health complications in children and young people with avoidant restrictive food intake disorder (ARFID): a systematic review and meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND: Avoidant restrictive food intake disorder (ARFID) is a feeding and eating disorder with known acute and longstanding physical health complications in children and young people (CYP) and commonly presents to paediatricians. OBJECTIVE: To systematically review the published literature on physical health complications in CYP with ARFID using Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines. METHODS: A systematic search of PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, PsycINFO and Cochrane Library was performed on 14 February 2024. Studies reporting physical health complications in CYP ≤25 years with ARFID were included. We pooled studies for meta-analysis comparing ARFID with healthy controls or anorexia nervosa (AN). RESULTS: Of 9058 studies found in searches, we included 132 studies. We found evidence for low weight, nutritional deficiencies and low bone mineral density. CYP with ARFID can present across the weight spectrum; however, the majority of CYP with ARFID were within the healthy weight to underweight range. Most studies reported normal range heart rates and blood pressures in ARFID, but some CYP with ARFID do experience bradycardia and hypotension. CYP with ARFID had higher heart rates than AN (weighted mean difference: 12.93 bpm; 95% CI: 8.65 to 17.21; n=685); heterogeneity was high (I2: 81.33%). CONCLUSION: There is a broad range of physical health complications associated with ARFID requiring clinical consideration. Many CYP with ARFID are not underweight yet still have complications. Less cardiovascular complications found in ARFID compared with AN may be related to chronicity. PROSPERO REGISTRATION NUMBER: CRD42022376866.

Evaluation of an Embedded Health Psychologist Intervention for Obstetric Patients With Adverse Childhood Experiences.

BACKGROUND: Screening for adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) and resilience in pregnancy is a promising practice for mitigating ACEs-related health complications. Yet, the best follow-up for pregnant patients with high ACEs and/or low resilience has not been established. OBJECTIVE: This study evaluates referrals to and participation in an embedded health psychologist (EHP) intervention for pregnant patients with ACEs and/or low resilience. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Patients in 3 Kaiser Permanente Northern California medical centers with ACEs who had also received resilience screening during standard prenatal care and who were participating in an EHP intervention were included (N = 910). The authors used multivariable logistic regression to examine whether ACEs (0, 1-2, 3+) and resilience (high vs low) were associated with referrals to and participation in EHP intervention. They also evaluated the impact of EHP intervention through clinician (N = 53) and patient (N = 51) surveys. RESULTS: Patients with 3+ vs 0 ACEs were more likely to receive an EHP referral (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] = 2.89, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.93-4.33) and were more likely to participate in EHP intervention (aOR = 2.85, 95% CI: 1.87-4.36). Those with low vs high resilience were also more likely to receive an EHP referral (aOR = 1.86, 95% CI: 1.32-2.62) and participate in EHP (aOR = 1.71, 95% CI: 1.19-2.44). When ACEs and resilience were combined, those with high ACEs and low resilience had the greatest odds of referrals and participation. Patients and clinicians reported positive experiences with EHP intervention. CONCLUSION: Patients with higher ACEs and lower resilience scores were more likely to be referred to and participate in EHP intervention, suggesting that at-risk patients can be successfully linked with a health psychologist when accessible within obstetric care.

Systematic review and meta analysis of psychological interventions to prevent or treat pediatric chronic disease in rural communities.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to examine the effectiveness of psychological interventions at improving physical or mental health outcomes for youth living in rural communities who have, or are at-risk for, any chronic medical condition in comparison to control interventions conducted in rural communities. METHODS: Following prospective registration (OSF.IO/7TDQJ), 7 databases were searched through July 1, 2023. Studies were included if they were a randomized control trial of a psychological intervention conducted with youth living in a rural area who had, or were at-risk for, a chronic medical condition. Risk of bias was assessed with the Cochrane risk of bias version 2 tool. A qualitative synthesis and meta-analysis were conducted. RESULTS: 15 studies met inclusion criteria. Obesity studies (n = 13) primarily focused on body mass index metrics, with limited significant findings across studies. Asthma treatment interventions (n = 2) showed no impact on hospitalizations. 3 studies evaluated mental health outcomes with no significant group differences observed. We meta-analytically analyzed 9 studies that evaluated body mass index z-scores and identified an overall null effect (Hedge's g = 0.01, 95% CI [-0.07, 0.09], p = .85). CONCLUSIONS: Most included studies focused on pediatric obesity, and there was a limited range of health outcomes reported. Compared to controls, minimal significant improvements in health outcomes were identified for psychological interventions for youth living in rural communities. Future efforts may benefit from situating this work more systematically within a health disparities framework with a focus on understanding mechanisms of disparities and translating this work into interventions and policy changes.

Cracking the consumers' code: A framework for understanding the artificial intelligence-consumer interface.

This review presents a framework for understanding how consumers respond to artificial intelligence (AI) and related technologies, such as robots, algorithms, or chatbots. Drawing on a systematic review of the literature (N = 111), we describe how AI technologies influence a variety of consumer-relevant outcomes, including consumer satisfaction and the propensity to rely on AI. We also highlight the important role that consumer characteristics along with contextual characteristics (i.e., the micro and macro context) play in shaping the AI-consumer interaction. We then discuss novel theoretical perspectives that could shed light on the psychological processes triggered by AI-consumer interactions. We conclude by adopting a meta-scientific perspective and discussing how AI may change the process of scientific discovery.

Adrenergic Urticaria: An Updated Review.

It can be difficult to delineate the cause of urticarial eruptions, and in chronic cases, it can be a challenging condition to effectively treat. Several forms of urticarial eruptions are well documented and established. Our review focuses on a form of urticaria that is less commonly reported: adrenergic urticaria. In this review, we aim to consolidate the literature in the hopes that this urticarial subtype is considered in urticarial differentials, as well as highlight potential gaps in the research and future directions in treatment options.

A social cognition perspective on misophonia.

Misophonia is commonly classified by intense emotional reactions to common everyday sounds. The condition has an impact both on the mental health of its sufferers and societally. As yet, formal models on the basis of misophonia are in their infancy. Based on developing behavioural and neuroscientific research we are gaining a growing understanding of the phenomenology and empirical findings in misophonia, such as the importance of context, types of coping strategies used and the activation of particular brain regions. In this article, we argue for a model of misophonia that includes not only the sound but also the context within which sound is perceived and the emotional reaction triggered. We review the current behavioural and neuroimaging literature, which lends support to this idea. Based on the current evidence, we propose that misophonia should be understood within the broader context of social perception and cognition, and not restricted within the narrow domain of being a disorder of auditory processing. We discuss the evidence in support of this hypothesis, as well as the implications for potential treatment approaches. This article is part of the theme issue 'Sensing and feeling: an integrative approach to sensory processing and emotional experience'.

Addressing Challenges for Psychotherapy Supervision in Global Mental Health: Experiential Learnings From Rural Nepal.

Background: As the field of global mental health grows, many psychotherapy trainees will work across cultures in low-resource settings in high-income countries or in low- and middle-income countries. Faculty members and mentors may face several challenges in providing supervision for psychologists in low-resource settings. As such, there is a need to develop best practices for psychotherapy supervision in global mental health. Methods: We describe the common challenges and potential strategies in psychotherapy supervision based on our research, clinical, and academic partnerships between academic institutions, a nonprofit organization, and the Nepali government. Results: The strategies and considerations we have found helpful include focusing on therapies with strong behavioral and interpersonal (rather than emotional or cognitive) components and using locally validated therapies or standard manuals that have been endorsed by the WHO for low-resource settings. Other strategies include providing psychotherapy training for local psychiatrists who may be in supervisory roles and gaining competence in navigating different expectations of social structures and family dynamics. Conclusion: Supervisors face many challenges while supporting trainees and early psychologists in global mental health settings. While ensuring local adaptation, key considerations can be developed into best practices to support psychiatrists, supervisors, and trainees based in low- and middle-income countries.

Multidimensional impact of sport types on the psychological well-being of student athletes: A multivariate investigation.

The correlation between sports participation and psychological well-being is well-documented, revealing a complex interplay influenced by competition level and cultural context. This is particularly relevant in Korea, where the university sports culture significantly impacts student life. This study evaluates how competitive versus non-competitive sports affect Korean university students' psychological well-being using a quantitative approach with SmartPLS 4 for multi-group analysis. Findings reveal that competitive sports significantly enhance mental toughness and stress management through structured coping mechanisms and robust social support, improving coping strategy effectiveness by 34 % compared to non-competitive sports. Conversely, participants in non-competitive sports experience greater general well-being with a 40 % higher use of informal support. These insights suggest that university sports programs could benefit from targeted interventions incorporating specific coping strategies and social support frameworks tailored to the competitive context. This research underscores the need for precise stress management techniques and resilience-building exercises in sports curricula to optimize psychological well-being across different sports environments in Korean universities.

Reaching conceptual stability by re-articulating empirical and theoretical work on affordances.

Theoretical developments on affordances have proliferated, resulting in a lack of conceptual stability and a potential compromise in scientific validity. However, affordances should not be discarded, given their centrality in post-cognitive theories and their widespread reuse across various research domains. Empirical research on affordances remains sparse, out of sync with theoretical advancements, and thus unable to contribute effectively to scientific progress due to its disarticulation with theoretical work. That is why re-articulating theoretical and empirical investigations on affordances is needed to pave a more fruitful path for the concept's advancement. To accomplish this objective, emphasis must be placed on empirical research, leveraging recent theoretical propositions and devising corresponding empirical methodologies. The proposed requirements and framework represent a step in this endeavor.