Fatores de risco psicossociais relacionados ao trabalho: uma análise contemporânea / Work-related psychosocial risk factors: a contemporary analysis

Resumo Introdução: nos debates sobre a proteção e a promoção da saúde nos contextos laborais, o tema dos fatores psicossociais relacionados ao trabalho (FPRT) tem se destacado. Objetivo: demonstrar que a ausência da tematização do antagonismo e do conflito estrutural entre capital e trabalho, bem como a captura da temática pela lógica gerencialista neoliberal, produz o empobrecimento do debate e o enfraquecimento de iniciativas voltadas para a transformação do contexto laboral. Método: a reflexão é realizada a partir de revisão da literatura, tendo como referencial o materialismo histórico. Resultados: as formulações de políticas, instrumentos e medidas destinadas à proteção da saúde dos trabalhadores, gestadas nos marcos ideológicos do regime de acumulação capitalista e da governamentalidade neoliberal, convertem-se em compreensões e intervenções que, longe de transformarem as situações concretas de trabalho, mascaram o papel exercido pelo trabalho em relação à saúde dos trabalhadores, consagram as ações voltadas aos indivíduos, arrefecem as lutas sociais e ampliam as pressões sobre os trabalhadores. Conclusão: o enfrentamento dos riscos psicossociais não deve se limitar à mitigação desses riscos, mas sim encontrar seus propósitos e seus fundamentos em um horizonte teórico-prático que descortine a necessidade de superação da própria economia capitalista.

Abstract Introduction: work-related psychosocial factors have stood out in debates concerning health protection and promotion in occupational contexts. Objective: this essay demonstrates how the lack of thematic exploration regarding the antagonism and structural conflict between capital and labor, as well as its co-optation by neoliberal managerial logic, impoverishes the debate and weakens initiatives aimed at transforming the work environment. Method: a literature review was conducted using historical materialism as a theoretical framework. Results: policies, instruments, and measures formulated to protect workers' health developed under the ideological framework of capitalist accumulation and neoliberal governmentality become understandings and interventions that, far from transforming actual work situations, mask the role played by work in occupational health. They consecrate actions focused on individuals, dampen social struggles, and increase pressure on workers. Conclusion: addressing psychosocial risks should not be limited to mitigating them; rather, it should find its purposes and foundations in a theoretical-practical horizon that unveils the need to overcome the capitalist economy itself.

Part-time or full-time teleworking? A systematic review of the psychosocial risk factors of telework from home.

Introduction: Since the start of the COVID-19 pandemic thousands of people have experienced teleworking and this practice is becoming increasingly commonplace. This review aims to highlight the differences in exposure to psychosocial risk factors for health between part-time and full-time teleworking from home. Methods: The protocol of the systematic review of the literature was registered on PROSPERO 2020 platform according to the PRISMA statement guidelines. The key words "telework" and "frequency" ("part-time" or "full-time"), together with their synonyms and variations, were searched. Independent researchers conducted the systematic search of 7 databases: Scopus, SciELO, PePSIC; PsycInfo, PubMed, Applied Social Sciences Index and Abstracts (ASSIA) and Web of Science. Of the 638 articles identified from 2010 to June 2021, 32 were selected for data extraction. The authors evaluated the risk of bias and quality of evidence of the studies included using the Mixed Methods Appraisal Tool. Main themes categorized include 7 dimensions of psychosocial risk factors: work intensity and working hours; emotional demands; autonomy; social relationships at work; conflict of values, work insecurity and home/work interface. Results: The results revealed scant practice of full-time teleworking prior to the pandemic. Regarding the psychosocial risk factors found, differences were evident before and during the COVID-19 pandemic. For part-time and full-time telework prior to the pandemic, the dimensions of intensification of work and working hours, social relationships at work, and the home-work interface were the most prominent factors. However, studies performed during the COVID-19 pandemic where teleworking was mostly performed full-time, there was an increase in focus on emotional demands and the home-work interface, and a reduction in the other dimensions. Discussion: Full-time telework brings important changes in working conditions and has the potential to affect living and health conditions of teleworkers. Part-time teleworking may have positive impact on psychosocial risk factors, favoring work-home balance, communication, and social relationships. Systematic review registration: https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/display_record.php?RecordID=191455, PROSPERO 2020 CRD4202019 1455.

Psychosocial risk factors identification in Mexican workers and RGIII validation.

BACKGROUND: Since 2018, NOM-035-STPS-2018 has been applied in Mexico, focused on measuring psychosocial risk factors (PRFs) in workers and the Reference Guide III (RGIII) has been presented, however, research focused on its validation has been scarce, in very specific sectors and with small samples. OBJECTIVE: Determine the levels of PRFs of five work centers and reliability and validity aspects of RGIII. METHOD: The RGIII was applied to 1458 workers (806 women and 652 men) from five workplace in the industrial sector of Ensenada (Mexico), and the level of risk of the PRFs was analyzed, as well as their reliability and validity through Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) and Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA). RESULTS: The PRFs with medium, high and very high-risk levels are Workload, Lack of control over work and Workday. The RGIII presents adequate reliability with Cronbach's α, Alpha ordinal RHO and Omega of 0.93, 0.95 and 0.95, respectively. The EFA shows all five subscales maintain factor loadings greater than 0.43, although Leadership and relationships at work has better saturation values, and Work environment ended with only three items. The CFA indicates Leadership and work relationships with a Root Mean Square Error of Approximation (RMSEA) goodness of fit index of 0.072. CONCLUSION: The RGIII allows the identification and evaluation of the level of risk of PRFs. It complies with sufficient internal consistency. It does not have a clear factorial structure, because it does not meet the minimum values of goodness-of-fit indexes that would allow confirming the structure proposed in RGIII.

Fatores de risco psicossociais no trabalho de gestores: revisão sistemática / Psychosocial Risk Factors in the Work of Managers: Systematic Review

Objetivo. Este estudo objetiva sistematizar e avaliar a produção científica nacional e internacional acerca dos fatores de risco psicossociais presentes no trabalho de gestores e como estes afetam sua saúde. Método. Realizou-se uma revisão sistemática da literatura. Foram seguidas as diretrizes do Protocolo PRISMA - Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses. Resultados. Verificou-se que os gestores estão expostos a riscos psicossociais relacionados às categorias tipo e produção de tarefas e saúde e bem-estar. A exposição a estes fatores de risco pode desencadear alterações físicas e mentais na saúde. Foram identificadas ações de intervenção e seus resultados, bem como a necessidade de desenvolvimento de ações de prevenção e promoção de saúde mental voltadas para gestores.

Objective. This study aims to systematize and evaluate the national and international scientific production about the psychosocial risk factors present in the work of managers and how these affect their health. Method. A systematic review of the literature was done. For its development, the guidelines for conducting a systematic review proposed by the PRISMA Protocol - Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses were followed. Results. After the process of refining the results, it was found that managers are exposed to psychosocial risks related to the categories types, and production of tasks and health and well-being. The exposure to these risk factors can trigger physical and mental changes in the health of these workers, requiring prevention and mental health promotion actions.

Factores de riesgo psicosociales que influyen en el comportamiento suicida en las personas privadas de la libertad en Colombia / Psychosocial risk factors that influence suicidal behavior in people deprived of liberty in Colombia

Resumen Objetivo: Identificar los factores de riesgo psicosocial y las características que los componen; que a su vez repercuten en el comportamiento suicida, en los privados de la libertad de Colombia, para mejorar la atención psicológica que se lleva a cabo en los centros penitenciarios. Método: Articulo de revisión documental, de tipo cualitativo, realizado a través de una recolección, revisión y análisis de 55 documentos; de los cuales se seleccionaron 13 artículos que cumplían con los criterios de inclusión y exclusión previamente establecidos. Durante la investigación se tiene en cuenta la elaboración y distinción del documento, de acuerdo a la recolección y organización de la información obtenida a través de bases de datos como Scielo, Scopus, Oxford, Science Direct, Redalyc, Pubmed, entre otros, por lo tanto, se discriminaron las categorías y subcategorías desarrolladas durante la indagación correspondientes al tema a trabajar. Resultados: Se identificaron los factores de riesgo psicosociales fundamentales como: prisionización, vínculo familiar o afectivo, consumo de sustancias psicoactivas, proyecto de vida, problemas psicológicos y tiempo de condena; que presenta la población penitenciaria a nivel mundial, los cuales se tienen en cuenta para reducir las tasas de comportamiento suicida en el ámbito carcelario. Conclusiones: En la revisión documental se logró identificar cuáles son los factores de riesgo que permitan detectar a tiempo el comportamiento suicida en las personas privadas de la libertad, teniendo en cuenta que la población carcelaria a nivel mundial va en aumento y el comportamiento suicida es catalogado como un problema grave de salud pública; se evidenció la falta de existencia de información para la investigación con base a la atención psicosocial que se le brinda a las personas privadas de la libertad alrededor de los factores de riesgos psicosociales que influyen en el comportamiento suicida; por tal razón es importante investigar a profundidad acerca de los factores protectores que pueden prevenir el suicidio en la población.

Abstract Objective: To identify the characteristics that make up the psychosocial risk factors that have an impact on suicidal behavior in Colombian prisoners, in order to improve the psychological care provided in penitentiaries. Method: Documentary review article, of qualitative type, carried out through a collection, review and analysis of 50 documents; of which 13 articles were selected for the elaboration of the results. During the research, the elaboration and distinction of the document is taken into account, according to the collection and organization of information collected through databases such as Scielo, Scopus, Oxford, Science Direct, Redalyc, Pubmed, among others, Therefore, the categories and subcategories developed during the investigation corresponding to the topic to work are discriminated. Results: Key psychosocial risk factors were identified, such as: prison ionization, family or affective bond, use of psychoactive substances, life plan, psychological problems and time of sentence; presented by the prison population worldwide, which are taken into account to reduce suicide rates in prison settings. Conclusions: The documentary review identifies the risk factors and protective factors that allow the timely detection of suicidal behaviour in persons deprived of their liberty, taking into account that some of the risk factors may also be protective factors, such as family ties, the life plan, the process of imprisonment and the time of sentence, and other factors if they are highly relevant because of their risk in suicidal behavior; such as substance use and psychological problems.

Parametric and Nonparametric Analysis of the Internal Structure of the Psychosocial Work Processes Questionnaire (PROPSIT) as Applied to Workers.

The study of the dimensionality or internal structure of a measure has a definitional purpose with notable theoretical and practical implications; this aspect can be analyzed via both parametric and nonparametric approaches. The latter are probably used less often to validate constructs in the context of psychosocial work factors. The aim of the present manuscript was to employ both nonparametric (DETECT and AISP-Mokken) and parametric (semiconfirmatory factor analysis) procedures to analyze the internal structure of the Psychosocial Work Processes Questionnaire (PROPSIT) in the context of two samples of Peruvian workers located in the city of Lima, Perú, with one sample drawn from various work centers (n = 201) and the other comprising elementary education teachers (n = 158). The nonparametric results indicated that the content of the PROPSIT is sufficiently multidimensional to be able to describe a variety of psychosocial factors, while the parametric results require modification of the measurement model to obtain greater factorial congruence. In general, the analyses show a similar structure to those discussed by previous preliminary studies that have reported similar item-level performances. Some findings and considerations for future research are discussed.

Relación entre características sociodemográficas, obstétricas y psicosociales con el desenlace del parto prematuro en un hospital de alta complejidad / Relationship between sociodemographic, obstetric and psychosocial characteristics with the outcome of premature delivery in a highly complex hospital

INTRODUCCIÓN: La prematuridad es un grave problema de salud pública por la morbilidad, la mortalidad y los costos a ella asociados. OBJETIVO: Evaluar la relación entre las características sociodemográficas, obstétricas y psicosociales con el desenlace de parto prematuro frente a partos de término en el Hospital Guillermo Grant Benavente de Concepción, Chile, entre el segundo semestre de 2016 y el primer semestre de 2017. MÉTODO: Estudio cuantitativo, observacional, de tipo caso-control. La muestra la constituyeron 84 mujeres con parto prematuro y 85 con parto de término. Se utilizó un cuestionario de elaboración propia y la escala de Evaluación Psicosocial Abreviada (EPsA). El estudio fue aprobado por el comité ético científico. Se realizó análisis bivariado, con un nivel de significancia a = 0,05. Los datos se analizaron con el software estadístico SPSS v.25.0. RESULTADOS: No hubo diferencias en los antecedentes sociodemográficos (edad, nivel socioeconómico, estado civil y escolaridad) entre ambos grupos. Solo las mujeres con parto prematuro mantenían en mayor porcentaje que las gestantes de término un trabajo remunerado (43,4% vs. 25,9%). El estado nutricional y el antecedente de parto prematuro previo no se asociaron a un nuevo parto antes de las 37 semanas. La interrupción por cesárea fue significativamente más frecuente en las gestaciones de pretérmino que en el grupo control (p = 0,0377). CONCLUSIONES: En la población estudiada, las características sociodemográficas de las gestantes no tuvieron relación con el desenlace prematuro de la gestación. Algunos factores biomédicos se relacionan significativamente con este riesgo. Es necesario evaluar la pertinencia de aplicar escalas psicosociales en esta población y enfocar los esfuerzos para promover el control preconcepcional en mujeres con antecedentes de parto prematuro o comorbilidad.

INTRODUCTION: Prematurity is a serious public health problem due to morbidity, mortality and associated costs. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the relationship between sociodemographic, obstetric and psychosocial characteristics with the outcome of premature birth versus term births at the Guillermo Grant Benavente Hospital in Concepción, Chile, between the second semester of 2016 and the first semester of 2017. METHOD: Quantitative, observational case-control study. The sample consisted of 85 women with premature delivery and 85 with term delivery. A self-elaborated questionnaire and Abbreviated Psychosocial Assessment scale (EPsA) were used. The study was approved by the scientific ethics committee. Bivariate and multivariate analysis was performed, with a level of significance a = 0.05. The data were analyzed with the statistical software SPSS v.25.0. RESULTS: There were no differences between the sociodemographic antecedents (age, socioeconomic level, marital status and education) between both groups. Only women with preterm birth had a higher percentage of paid work than full-term pregnant women (43.4% vs. 25.9%). Nutritional status and a history of previous preterm birth were not associated with a new delivery before 37 weeks. Interruption by cesarean section was significantly more frequent in preterm pregnancies than in the control group (p = 0.0377). CONCLUSIONS: In the studied population, the sociodemographic characteristics of the pregnant women were not related to the premature outcome of pregnancy. Biomedical factors are significantly related to this risk. It is necessary to evaluate the relevance of applying psychosocial scales in this population and to focus efforts to promote preconception control in women with a history of preterm birth and/or comorbidities.

Factores psicosociales y desempeño docente en un instituto superior tecnológico en Quito, Ecuador / Psychosocial factors and teaching performance at a higher technological institute in Quito, Ecuador

RESUMEN Introducción: los riesgos psicosociales afectan física y mentalmente a los trabajadores. Las condiciones laborales de docentes universitarios implican responsabilidades académicas y administrativas, exponiéndolos a altos niveles de riesgo psicosocial. Objetivo: el objetivo del estudio fue determinar la relación de los factores psicosociales en el desempeño docente, en un instituto superior tecnológico en Quito, Ecuador. Materiales y métodos: se realizó un estudio cuantitativo, observacional, transversal, prospectivo y analítico en una población de 89 docentes. Se aplicó, por su alta confiabilidad, la encuesta de Factores de Riesgo Psicosociales de Silva, para evaluar los factores de riesgo en el trabajo académico. El desempeño docente se midió según la escala de calificación del Ministerio del Trabajo de Ecuador. Se calcularon inferencias y asociaciones a través de la prueba de Chi cuadrado y el odds ratio. Resultados: hubo un 47,2 % del género femenino y un 52,8 % del masculino. Predominó el grupo etario de 31 a 40 años. Entre los factores de riesgo psicosocial predominó el parámetro de exigencias laborales. El 75,3 % presentó riesgo psicosocial medio, no reflejado con el desempeño docente. Conclusiones: se constató la presencia de factores de riesgo psicosociales en los docentes, relacionados con la carga de trabajo, contenido y características de las tareas, entre otros aspectos. Se comprobó que el desempeño docente no se afectó por la presencia de factores de riesgo psicosociales (AU).

ABSTRACT Introduction: psychosocial risks physically and mentally affect workers. The working conditions of university teachers involve academic and administrative responsibilities, exposing them to high levels of psychosocial risk. Objective: the objective of the study was to determine the relationship of psychosocial factors in teaching performance at a higher technological institute in Quito, Ecuador. Materials and methods: a quantitative, observational, transversal, prospective and analytical study was conducted in a population of 89 teachers. Because of its high reliability, the Silva Psychosocial Risk Factors survey was applied to assess risk factors in academic work. The teaching performance was measured according to the rating scale of the Ministry of Labor of Ecuador. Inferences and associations were calculated through the Chi squared test and the odds ratio. Results: 47.2 % of the teachers were women and 52.8 % were men. The 31-40 years old age-group predominated. Among the psychosocial risk factors, the parameters of work requirements predominated. 75.3 % showed average psychosocial risk, not reflected with teaching performance. Conclusions: It was stated the existence of psychosocial risk factors in teachers, related to the workload, content and characteristics of the task, among other aspects. We found that teaching performance was not affected by the presence of psychosocial risk factors (AU).

Autoeficácia ocupacional, fatores de risco psicossocial do trabalho e mal-estar físico e psicológico / Occupational self-efficacy, psychosocial risk factors at work and physical and psychological malaise / Autoeficacia ocupacional, factores de riesgo psicosocial del trabajo y malestar físico e psicológico

Cresce o interesse da gestão de saúde ocupacional em compreender melhor as relações entre fatores de risco psicossociais do trabalho (FRP), o adoecimento e as variáveis que contribuem para esta relação. O objetivo do estudo foi avaliar o efeito mediador da autoeficácia ocupacional (AEO) na relação entre FRP e sintomas de mal-estar físico e psicológico (MFP). Os instrumentos utilizados foram uma versão reduzida do COPSOQ II (Copenhagen Psychosocial Questionnaire) e de uma escala de AEO, ambos com evidências de validade para o contexto brasileiro. Trata-se de um estudo transversal de caráter exploratório, do qual participaram 391 trabalhadores industriais. Os resultados indicaram mediação da AEO na explicação da relação entre FRP e MFP. Foram encontradas diferenças em função do sexo, nível educacional, cargo e status do emprego. Adicionalmente, discutem-se implicações teóricas e práticas.

There is growing interest of the occupational health professionals on the relationships among psychosocial risk factors at work (PRF), sickness and the determinants of this relationship. The aim of this study was to assess the mediating effect of occupational self-efficacy (OSE) on the relationship between PRF and symptoms of physical and psychological malaise (PPM). Instruments were an short version of COPSOQ II (Copenhagen Psychosocial Questionnaire) and an OSE scale, both with evidence of validity for the Brazilian context. This is an exploratory cross-sectional study involving 391 industrial workers. Results indicated the mediation of OSE in the explanation of the relationship between PRF and PPM. Also differences according to gender, educational level, job title and employment status were found. Additionally, theoretical and practical implications are discussed.

Crece el interés de la gestión de la salud ocupacional por comprender las relaciones entre factores de riesgo psicosociales del trabajo (FRP), enfermedades y los determinantes de dicha relación. El objetivo del estudio fue evaluar el efecto mediador de la autoeficacia ocupacional (AEO) en la relación entre FRP y síntomas de malestar físico y psicológico (MFP). Se utilizaron una versión corta del COPSOQ II (Copenhagen Psychosocial Questionnaire) y una escala de AEO, ambos con evidencias de validez para el contexto brasileño. Se trata de un estudio transversal exploratorio del cual participaron 391 trabajadores industriales. Los resultados indicaron la mediación de la AEO en la explicación de la relación entre FRP y MFP. Se encontraron diferencias en función del sexo, nivel educativo, cargo y status del empleo. Adicionalmente, se discuten implicaciones teóricas y prácticas.

What is the association between post-traumatic stress disorder and unemployment after a disaster?

OBJECTIVES: The problem is to determine whether, after a disaster, unemployment is a possible cause of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) - the classic model, or whether PTSD is a possible cause of unemployment - the alternative model. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The study was conducted on a probabilistic sample of 26 213 adults who provided responses using the Davidson Trauma Scale and lived in regions near or far from the epicenter (Cobquecura, the coast of Chile) of the earthquake and tsunami of February 27, 2010. RESULTS: Independent of the proximity to the epicenter, there is an association between PTSD, unemployment, female sex and the poverty line. For regions close to the epicenter, the alternative model has better adjustment indicators than the classic model. CONCLUSIONS: Given the adjustment of the alternative model, the occurrence of PTSD cases is more likely to explain the unemployment condition. Int J Occup Med Environ Health. 2021;34(6):755-66.

Factores psicosociales que influyen en el ausentismo: Evaluación de un modelo explicativo / Work psychosocial conditions influencing on absenteeism: Evaluation of an explicative model

Resumen El objetivo del presente estudio es evaluar un modelo explicativo del ausentismo laboral, con base en la relación entre los factores de riesgo psicosocial y la mediación de la percepción de relaciones sociales y del estrés laboral; este se conformó con base en las predicciones de modelos teóricos como Demandas-Control, Desbalance Esfuerzo-Recompensas y Apoyo Social, implícitos en el instrumento usado, así como en los antecedentes de investigación consultados. Para ello, se lleva a cabo un modelado con ecuaciones estructurales con los datos de medición de riesgo psicosocial y ausentismo hecha con 252 trabajadores de una compañía agroindustrial del departamento del Cesar en Colombia; fue aplicada la Batería de Riesgo Psicosocial de Villalobos, Vargas, Rondón y Felknor (2013a, 2013b). Con base en los indicadores de bondad de ajuste, se descartó el modelo teórico inicial, así como otros dos modelos planteados, por lo que se afirma que solo algunas formas específicas de ausentismo son determinadas por el estrés laboral producto de la conjunción de riesgo ante relaciones interpersonales y demandas laborales, combinado con riesgo proveniente de condiciones extralaborales. La inclusión de las relaciones interpersonales en el modelo es totalmente esperable con base en los hallazgos de diferentes investigaciones precedentes. Por otro lado, la exclusión del factor control sobre el trabajo fue inesperada, pues en estudios antecedentes esta guardó mayor relación con el ausentismo que las demandas del trabajo. Se discute sobre las limitaciones del estudio y sobre la necesidad de complejizar en Colombia la investigación sobre la relación del riesgo psicosocial con otros constructos psicológicos y con las consecuencias organizacionales.

Abstract The purpose of this study is to evaluate an explanatory model of work absenteeism, based on the relationship between psychosocial risk factors and the mediation of the perception of social relationships and work stress. This was based on the predictions of theoretical models such as Demands-Control, Unbalance Effort-Rewards and Social Support, implicit in the instrument used; as well as in the research background consulted. It is justified principally by the impact that absenteeism has on the stability of organizations and the relevance of its prediction for the Psychology of Work and Organizations. For the fulfillment of the objective, a modeling SEM is carried out with the psychosocial risk and absenteeism measurement data made with 252 workers of an agro-industrial company of the department of Cesar in Colombia; 96 % of participants were men, with an average age of 35 years, the majority did not complete secondary studies, 89 % were in operational positions, the majority in indefinite hiring; workers less than 6 months old had been excluded. The Psychosocial Risk Battery of Colombian researchers Villalobos, Vargas, Rondón, y Felknor (2013a, 2013b) was applied. This is one of the few validated and standardized instruments on Colombian population that measures psychosocial risk globally and conforms to the definitions legally accepted in the country regarding such occupational hazards. This battery measures workers' perception of intra-occupational risk factors, in particular, demands for work, control over work, social relations and leadership, as well as rewards and recognition for work; Likewise, it evaluates the extra-labor psychosocial risk associated with working conditions, as well as symptoms of work-related stress. The path analysis was executed using statistical software SPSS v25 and AMOS v24; the goodness-of-fit for the models was verified with indicators CMIN/DF, CFI, TLI y RMSEA; the correlations coefficients between variables and the function "modification Indices" of AMOS was operated to specify the appropriate model to the data. Based on goodness-of-fit measures, the initial theoretical model was discarded. In a second model, the mediating role of the social relations factor is ruled out and Unjustified Absenteeism, Non-Remunerated Absenteeism and Work Accident Absenteeism were excluded, but the adjustment of the model was not adequate either. In a third model, the factors Control on Work and Rewards were also excluded, although the fourth model, that inlayed correlations between de independent variables was the one who had the best goodness of fit; so, it is affirmed that only some specific forms of absenteeism are determined by work-related stress due to the arrangement of risk before interpersonal relationships and labor demands, combined with risk from extra-labor conditions. The inclusion of interpersonal relationships in the model is fully expected based on the findings of different previous investigations. On the other hand, the exclusion of the control factor over work was unexpected, since in previous studies it was more related to absenteeism than the demands of work. It is suggested that the findings should be taken with caution, given the limitations of the research, in particular, the homogeneity of the participants and the lack of comparability with other productive contexts; However, the relevance of the study is sustained in the fact that it is one of the first attempts in the country that uses explanatory models to establish the effects of psychosocial risk factors on organizational outcomes. Complementing the above, the possibility of using the Psychosocial Risk Battery together with the measurement of other important organizational outcomes such as presenteeism, motivation and job satisfaction, job performance and productivity, organizational commitment, accident rate in the workplace, among others, are also considered to empirically validate various models exposed in theory or corroborated in other countries and productive sectors.

Burnout Syndrome in Police Officers and Its Relationship with Physical and Leisure Activities.

No previous studies in Mexico have been found that jointly analyze physical and leisure activities as variables related to mental health in police officers. This paper presents research on burnout in Mexican Police officers. The question it answers is: is there any association of burnout with physical and leisure activities and personal profile? A total of 276 police officers (87% men and 13% women) participated. To obtain information, the Spanish Burnout Inventory and the Operational Police Stress questionnaires were used. A cross sectional study design was utilized with tests of validity and reliability, goodness of fit, analysis of variance (ANOVA), and analysis of k-means clusters. Results showed that a high number of policemen had high prevalence of burnout and a high level of mental exhaustion, and that exercise was positively and significantly related to lower burnout risk. Men showed higher risk than women. Results should be considered to improve interventions and occupational health practices in the police force. This paper improves understanding of burnout among policemen and the importance of exercise and leisure activities to alleviate burnout.

Factores de riesgo psicosocial que afectan el comportamiento de escolares hospitalizados en la unidad de cuidados intermedios del Servicio Desconcentrado Hospital Pediátrico Dr. Agustín Zubillaga / Psychosocial risk factors that affect schoolchildren behavior hospitalized in the intermediate care unit of the Servicio Desconcentrado Hospital Pediatrico Dr. Agustin Zubillaga

El bienestar en niños hospitalizados constituye un reto para las ciencias médicas. Con el objetivo de determinar los factores de riesgo psicosocial que afectan el comportamiento en escolares hospitalizados en la Unidad de Cuidados Intermedios del Servicio Desconcentrado Hospital Pediátrico Dr. Agustín Zubillaga, se realizó un estudio descriptivo transversal en 60 pacientes durante el mes de febrero del 2019. Se observó un predominio de escolares femeninos, con una edad alrededor de los 11 años, con enfermedad aguda y un tiempo de hospitalización > 7 días, con temperamento suelto que no cambió durante la hospitalización, nivel medio de autocontrol y con comportamiento de dependencia expresado en temor a la separación filial y a personas desconocidas. Predominó la sobreprotección a pesar del bajo porcentaje de estrés parenteral. Se observó buena interacción con el personal de salud y colaboración durante los procedimientos médicos aunque se mantuvo la reacción de temor; en general, los padres refieren haber recibido suficiente información acerca de la enfermedad de su hijo. Los factores de riesgo psicosocial debes ser reconocidos por los servicios prestadores de salud por su potencial efecto negativo sobre el comportamiento, salud física y mental de los menores hospitalizados(AU)

Welfare in hospitalized children is a challenge for medical sciences. With the aim to determine psychosocial risk factors that affect behavior in schoolchildren hospitalized in the Intermediate Care Unit of the Servicio Desconcentrado Hospital Pediatrico Dr. Agustin Zubillaga, a descriptive transversal study was carried out in 60 schoolchildren hospitalized in February 2019. The sample consisted of predominantly female schoolchildren with an average age of 11 years old, with acute disease and a hospital stay > 7 days, with easy temperament that did not change during hospitalization, medium level of self-control and a dependency behavior expressed as separation anxiety and fear of unknown people. Overprotection with low parental stress was observed. A good interaction with health personnel as well as collaboration (with fear) during medical procedures was present in most children. Parents manifested to be well informed about the health of their child. The presence of psychosocial risk factors during hospitalization should be recognized by health care services for its potential negative effect on behavior, mental and physical health of children(AU)

Fatores de riscos psicossociais no trabalho: limitações para uma abordagem integral da saúde mental relacionada ao trabalho / Psychosocial risk factors at work: limitations for a comprehensive approach to work-related mental health

Resumo Introdução: os riscos psicossociais são apontados como fatores que podem contribuir ou mesmo desencadear estresse, adoecimento físico e mental nos trabalhadores. Objetivo: contribuir com o debate a respeito das limitações dos fatores de riscos psicossociais no trabalho e refletir sobre a necessidade de uma abordagem ampliada e integral na atenção à saúde mental dos trabalhadores. Métodos: estudo qualitativo baseado em levantamento bibliográfico e análise documental. Realiza-se uma breve contextualização do mundo do trabalho, apresentam-se dados sobre o adoecimento mental dos trabalhadores e as diversas concepções dos fatores de riscos psicossociais presentes na literatura internacional, bem como as orientações fornecidas pela legislação brasileira. Discussão: problematizam-se as avaliações psicossociais na forma como têm sido realizadas no Brasil e as limitações do uso de instrumentos quantitativos. Apresenta-se uma abordagem ampliada e integral para a compreensão do adoecimento dos trabalhadores, apontando para a necessidade de se considerar os diversos elementos políticos, econômicos, sociais, culturais, ambientais e intrapsíquicos no processo de desgaste mental da classe trabalhadora.

Abstract Introduction: psychosocial risks are identified as factors that can contribute or even trigger stress, physical and mental illness in workers. Objective: to contribute to the debate about the limitations of psychosocial risk factors at work and reflect upon the need for an expanded and comprehensive approach to the workers' mental health care. Methods: a qualitative study based on literature review and document analysis. We carried out a brief contextualization of the world of work, presented data on the workers' mental illness and approached the different conceptions of the psychosocial risk factors found in the international literature, as well as the guidelines provided by the Brazilian legislation. Discussion: we discussed the way psychosocial assessments have been carried out in Brazil and the limitations of making use of quantitative tools. We presented an expanded and comprehensive approach to understand the workers' illness process, pointing at the need to consider the various political, economic, social, cultural, environmental and intrapsychic elements in the mental strain of the working class.

Liderazgo, factores de riesgo psicosocial y estrés en la Dirección de Tránsito y Movilidad en Zapotlán el Grande (Jalisco) / Leadership, psychosocial risk factors and stress in the Traffic and Mobility Directorate in Zapotlán el Grande (Jalisco)

RESUMEN Objetivo: El presente trabajo se centra en evaluar algunos factores de riesgo psicosocial como son, organización del tiempo de trabajo, liderazgo y relación, ambiente de trabajo y factores propios de la actividad, así como el estrés y el liderazgo en trabajadores de la Dirección de Tránsito y Movilidad de Zapotlán el Grande. Métodos: Se aplicaron los instrumentos de factores de riesgo de la Norma 035 de México, el cuestionario de liderazgo (MQL) y el cuestionario de estrés de la Organización Internacional del Trabajo y la Organización Mundial para la Salud. Resultados: El nivel de estrés encontrado fue de M = 51.09 (D.E. = 20.97) y el nivel de factores de riesgo psicosociales fue de M = 66.19 (D.E. = 15.53) puntos. El estrés se encontró relacionado con la escala global de factores de riesgo (r = 0.422; p < 0.01). El liderazgo transformacional se correlacionó de manera inversa con factores de riesgo psicosocial (r = -0.642; p < 0.01). Conclusiones: Se encontraron niveles de estrés que pueden no ser dañinos y factores de riesgo propios de la actividad elevados. Los factores de riesgo de ambiente de trabajo, jornada de trabajo, interferencia familia-trabajo y violencia se correlación con el estrés. El liderazgo presentó una correlación inversa con factores de riesgo. Se recomienda realizar una intervención en la población con el fin de brindar un apoyo psicológico, emocional y consejería, con el fin de evitar el estrés y disminuir los factores de riesgo presentes en el trabajo.

ABSTRACT Objective: The present work focuses on evaluating some psychosocial risk factors such as, organization of work time, leadership and relationship, work environment and factors specific to the activity, as well as stress and leadership in management workers of Transit and Mobility of Zapotlán el Grande. Methods: Te risk factor instruments of the Mexican Standard 035, the leadership questionnaire (MQL) and the Stress questionnaire of the International Labor Organization and the World Health Organization were applied. Results: Te stress level found was M = 51.09 (SD = 20.97), and the level of psychosocial risk factors was M = 66.19 (SD = 15.53) points. Stress was found related to the global scale of risk factors (r = 0.422; p <0.01). The leadership transformational was inversely correlated with psychosocial risk factors (r = -0.642; p <0.01). Conclusions: Stress levels that may not be harmful and risk factors characteristic of the activity were found. Risk factors for work environment, work day, family-work interference and violence are correlated with stress. The leadership presented an inverse correlation with risk factors. It is recommended to carry out an intervention in the population in order to provide psychological, emotional and counseling support, in order to avoid stress and reduce risk factors present at work.

Management of psychosocial risks?: An S. O. S in cuban organizations / Gestão de riscos psicossociais?: Um S. O. S em organizações cubanas / ¿Gestión de riesgos psicosociales?: Un S. O. S en organizaciones cubanas

This article aims to motivate reflection on the need to manage risks and psychosocial risk factors within the health and safety systems in Cuban organizations. It is based on the critical analysis of the authors about the Cuban regulatory framework on health and safety, the bibliographic review and the experiences accumulated in consulting work. Several arguments support the need to manage risks and psychosocial risk factors in Cuban organizations. These include: its prevalence as a result of the changes engendered by the organization of work, the harmful consequences for the health of the workers and the organization, the complexity of their management and the lack of knowledge about them displayed by the labor community. All this forces us to give them greater visibility and importance in safety and health management practices, in order to guarantee the sustainability of our organizations.

Este artigo tem como objetivo incentivar a reflexão sobre a necessidade de gerenciar riscos e fatores de risco psicossociais no âmbito dos sistemas de segurança e saúde em organizações cubanas. Baseia-se na análise crítica dos autores sobre o quadro regulamentar cubano para a segurança e a saúde, revisão da literatura e experiência acumulada no trabalho de consultoria. Vários argumentos sustentam a necessidade de gerenciar riscos e fatores de risco psicossociais nas organizações cubanas, incluindo sua prevalência, produto das modificações engendradas pela organização do trabalho, as consequências nefastas para a saúde dos trabalhadores e da organização, a complexidade de sua gestão e a falta de conhecimento sobre eles mostrado pela comunidade de trabalho. Tudo isso requer dar-lhes maior visibilidade e importância nas práticas de gestão de segurança e saúde, a fim de garantir a sustentabilidade das nossas organizações.

El presente artículo persigue motivar la reflexión acerca de la necesidad de gestionar los factores y riesgos psicosociales dentro de los sistemas de seguridad y salud en organizaciones cubanas. Se basa en el análisis crítico de los autores acerca del marco regulatorio cubano en materia de seguridad y salud, la revisión bibliográfica y las experiencias acumuladas en labores de consultoría. Varios argumentos sostienen la necesidad de gestionar los factores y riesgos psicosociales en las organizaciones cubanas. Entre ellos: su prevalencia producto de las modificaciones engendradas por la organización del trabajo, las consecuencias nocivas que conllevan para la salud de los trabajadores y la organización, la complejidad de su gestión y el desconocimiento sobre ellos mostrado por la comunidad laboral. Todo ello obliga a otorgarles mayor visibilidad e importancia en las prácticas de gestión de seguridad y salud, en aras de garantizar la sostenibilidad de nuestras organizaciones.

Riesgos psicosociales en trabajadores de una escuela de bioanálisis de una universidad pública venezolana / Psychosocial risk factors in workers at a bioanalysis school in a venezuelan public university

Se identificó y evaluó los Riesgos Psicosociales en trabajadores de una Escuela de Bioanálisis de una universidad pública venezolana. La investigación realizada fue descriptiva y de corte transversal. El diseño del estudio se llevó a cabo considerando la metodología CoPsoQ-istas21 (versión 2.0, año 2010). La muestra estuvo constituida por 75 trabajadores, el 85,3% de la población fueron Mujeres y el 14,7% Hombres. Los Riesgos Psicosociales identificados en general en la Situación más Desfavorable (Peligro) para la salud fueron: Ritmo de trabajo (80,8% de la población), Inseguridad en las condiciones de trabajo (54,9%) e Inseguridad sobre el empleo (38%), en Situación Intermedia (Alarma) principalmente la Doble presencia (52,7%), y en la Situación más Favorable al Reconocimiento (98,6%). Se observó en las Mujeres la mayor prevalencia en la Situación más Desfavorable, al igual que los Empleados Administrativos. En relación al Estrés laboral, fueron las Mujeres (3,2%) y los Empleados Administrativos (5,8%) quienes se encontraron en la Situación más Desfavorable. El 29% de los trabajadores consideró su salud buena, muy buena (40%), y excelente el 19%. El 64% de la población se halló satisfecha con su trabajo, y 27% muy satisfecha. En general la gran mayoría de las dimensiones estudiadas para determinar los Riesgos Psicosociales se encontraron en una Situación Favorable (Segura) para la salud. Para minimizar y prevenir los Riesgos Psicosociales en la Escuela se hace necesario implementar acciones basadas en el mejoramiento del Modelo de Gestión que pudieran ayudar a mejorar el ambiente y las condiciones de trabajo(AU)

We identified and evaluation psychosocial risk factors in a collective of workers at a Bioanalysis School in a Venezuelan public university, using a descriptive, cross-sectional study design.. The psychosocial risk factor profile was assessed using the CoPsoQ-ISTAS21 method (version 2.0, 2010). Seventy-five workers were assessed;85.3% were women and 14.7% were men. The main psychosocial risk factors leading to an unsafe ("Danger") situation we identified were fast work pace(80.8%), unsafe working conditions (54.9%), and job insecurity (38%). The main risk factor leading to an intermediate ("Alarm") situation was dual job roles (52.7%), and recognition (98.6%) represented a favorable situation. Women and administrative personnel had a higher prevalence of being in an unfavorable situation. With regards to work stress, women (3.2%) and administrative personnel (5.8%) were also more likely to be in an unfavorable situation. Twenty-nine per cent of workers considered their health to be good or very good (40%), and another 19% considered it to be excellent. In terms of work, 64% of respondents were satisfied with their work, and 27% were very satisfied. In general, most of the dimensions studied in relation to selfreported health were in the Favorable Situation (Safe) category. To minimize and prevent psychosocial risk factors, and improve the work environment and conditions in this type of academic environment, it is necessary to implement actions based on better use of the management model(AU)

Potencialidades e desafios no trabalho com crianças em situação de risco: reflexões Winnicottianas / Potentialities and challenges in working with children at risk: thoughts based on Winnicott's theory / Posibilidades y desafíos en el trabajo con niños en situación de riesgo: reflexiones desde las aportaciones de Winnicott

O artigo apresenta reflexões com base na teoria winnicottiana, que puderam ser realizadas a partir da atuação de uma das autoras como psicóloga no Núcleo Integrado de Apoio Psicossocial das Varas da Infância e Juventude (NIAPVIJ) do Foro Central da Comarca da Região Metropolitana de Curitiba. Além disso, o trabalho repercute algumas das conclusões alcançadas com a pesquisa de Mestrado da mesma autora. Inicialmente, é oferecido um panorama da proposta municipal de atendimento às crianças e aos adolescentes em situação de risco, assim como a legislação que sustenta essa proposta. Na sequência, é realizada uma reflexão sobre a função do ambiente no desenvolvimento emocional primitivo e, com base no método psicanalítico - que propõe um pensamento singular sobre cada caso -, são expostas algumas inquietações despertadas pelo acompanhamento de crianças e suas famílias em tais situações e também as reverberações teóricas que elas provocam. Destaca-se que as reflexões aqui propostas colocam em evidência o posicionamento profissional que, como é sabido, deve ser sustentado por uma teoria, ainda que não se prenda a ela de forma mecanicista. Ainda a esse respeito, propõe-se que essa práxis tenha como pressuposto básico a ideia de que o ambiente é facilitador do desenvolvimento emocional, tal como disposto por Winnicott. Nesse sentido, ele não se restringe a um rígido estabelecimento de padrões impostos com o propósito de sobrepor etapas a serem atingidas pelas crianças, em seu processo de desenvolvimento, e pelos seus pais. Ao contrário, esse ambiente é entendido a partir da ideia de que deve oferecer um espaço confiável no qual os potenciais das crianças possam se desenvolver e sua subjetividade emergir.

The text presents a professional experience held in the Psychosocial Support Unit for Children and Adolescents (NIAPVIJ) of Central Court of Curitiba and also some thoughts that came into view from that practice as well as echoes some of the conclusions achieved with the Master's research by the same author, based on Winnicott's theory. Initially, it is presented an overview of the municipal proposal of care to children and adolescents at risk, as well as the legislation that supports this proposal. Following on, thoughts on the environmental function on the emotional development are exposed and, based on the psychoanalytical method - which proposes a singular thought about each case - the concerns aroused by accompanying children and their families in such situations and also the theoretical reverberations they cause are discussed. The reflections proposed here put in evidence the professional positioning, which must be supported by a theory, though not cling to it mechanically. In that matter, it is proposed that this practice has as basic premise the idea that the environment is facilitating to emotional development, as provided by Winnicott. In this sense, it is not restricted to a rigid setting of standards to be followed by children, in the course of their development, and by their parents. On the contrary, it should rather provide them a reliable space where their potential can be developed and subjectivity can emerge.

El artículo presenta reflexiones basadas en la teoría de Winnicott que se pueden realizar a partir del trabajo de una de las autoras como psicóloga de la Unidad de Apoyo Psicosocial de las Jurísdicciones para Niños y Jóvenes (NIAPVIJ) del Foro Central de la Comarca de la Región metropolitana de Curitiba. Además de eso, el trabajo refleja algunas conclusiones obtenidas en la investigación de Maestría por la misma autora. Inicialmente, esofrecida una visión general de la propuesta municipal de atención a los niños y adolescentes en situación de riesgo, así como la legislación que apoya esta propuesta. Después, se hace una reflexión sobre la función ambiental en el desarrollo emocional primitivo y, con base en el método psicoanalítico - que propone un pensamiento singular en cada caso - se exponen algunas de las preocupaciones suscitadas por el acompañamientoa de los niños y sus familias en este tipo de situaciones y también las reverberaciones teóricas que causan. Es de destacar que las reflexiones que aquí se proponen ponen en evidencia el posicionamiento profesional que, como es sabido, deben ser apoyadas por una teoría, aunque no ajuste a ella de forma mecanicista. Incluso en este sentido, se propone que esta práctica tenga como premisa básica la idea de que el medio ambiente está facilitando el desarrollo emocional, según lo dispuesto por Winnicott. En ese sentido, no se limita a unas rígidas normas de estándares impuestas con el propósito de sobreponer estapas a ser alcanzadas por los niños, en su proceso de desarrollo, y por sus padres. Al contrario, ese ambiente es entendido a partir de la idea que debe ofrecer un espacio confiable en el cual los potenciales de los niños puedan desarrollarse y su subjetividad emerger.

Cultura organizacional: su relación con la violencia laboral / Organizational culture: its relationship with labor violence

El siguiente trabajo se enmarca dentro de la investigación UBACyT titulada "Hacia un modelo comprensivo de las condiciones de emergencia y de las consecuencias psicosociales del acoso y la violencia en el trabajo. Insumos para intervenciones preventivas y resolutivas orientadas a la salud del trabajador." El objetivo es presentar un proyecto de investigación de maestría que estudia la relación entre las situaciones de violencia laboral y la cultura organizacional. Para ello se presentan los conceptos teóricos sobre cultura organizacional, violencia laboral y factores de riesgo psicosociales. La articulación de estos conceptos sigue la línea de la cultura organizacional porque considera la existencia de un vínculo subyacente entre los valores promovidos y las prácticas funcionales y disfuncionales en las organizaciones. Se expone la metodología elegida para analizar la cultura como antecedente y consecuente de la violencia, pues es necesario que existan condiciones organizacionales que predispongan y habiliten para su configuración.

The following work is part of the UBACyT research project entitled \"Towards a comprehensive model of emergency conditions and the psychosocial consequences of harassment and violence at work. Inputs for preventive and resolutive interventions aimed at the worker´s heath.\" The objective of this article is to present the theoretical concepts on organizational culture, workplace violence and psychosocial risk factors, necessary for the study of the phenomena of workplace violence. The articulation of these concepts follows the line of the organizational culture because it considers the existence of an underlying link between the promoted values ​​and the functional and dysfunctional practices in the organizations. The chosen methodology is exposed to analyze the specificities of the culture as antecedent and / or consequent of the labor violence, since it is necessary that there are organizational conditions that predispose and enable for its configuration.

Condições de trabalho, custo humano e dano físico: um estudo com estivadores de um terminal portuário / Working conditions, human cost and physical harm: a study among stevedores of a port terminal / Condiciones de trabajo, costo humano y daño físico: un estudio con estibadores de una terminal portuaria

Esse estudo analisou a avaliação dos estivadores atuantes de um terminal portuário em relação as suas condições de trabalho, custo humano e dano físico, abrangendo as suas multidimensões. Pesquisa documental, de caráter descritivo - exploratório, cuja coleta de dados aconteceu por meio da aplicação do ITRA- Inventário de Trabalho e Riscos de Adoecimento. A amostra foi composta por 56 trabalhadores, que ocupam o cargo de estivador em um terminal portuário privado, localizado em Santa Catarina. Os subfatores analisados foram as condições de trabalho, custo afetivo, cognitivo e físico e dano físico, por meio de estatística descritiva. No contexto de trabalho, questões com médias maiores referem-se à existência de muito barulho no ambiente e à recorrência de riscos à segurança das pessoas. Os resultados do custo cognitivo indicaram estado crítico (μ = 2,91), sendo que os itens usar a visão de forma contínua, usar a memória e ter concentração mental obtiveram médias maiores. Os resultados do custo afetivo indicaram estado satisfatório (μ = 2,24), no entanto os itens ter controle das emoções, ter que lidar com ordens contraditórias e ter custo emocional apresentaram classificação crítica à saúde do trabalhador. O custo físico indicou resultados graves (μ = 3,97) no que se refere a usar a visão de forma contínua, ter concentração mental e usar a memória, apontando alto potencial para o adoecimento, sugerindo relação com os danos físicos apontados pelos trabalhadores, tais como dores no corpo, dores nas costas e alterações no sono.(AU)

This study analyzes the psychosocial risk factors involved in the health-illness process of port workers, and how stevedores evaluate the relationship between working conditions, human cost and physical harm. This is a document-based study, using descriptive and exploratory methods, with data collection through the application of the ITRA - Inventário de Trabalho e Riscos de Adoecimento [Inventory of Work and Risks of Illness]. The sample comprised 56 stevedores working at a private port terminal in the Brazilian state of Santa Catarina. The subfactors analyzed were: working conditions, affective, cognitive and physical cost, and physical harm, through descriptive statistics. In the work context, questions with the highest average scores related to high noise levels in the workplace and recurrent risks to personal safety. The results for cognitive cost indicated a critical state (μ = 2.91), while items as extended use of eyes, using the memory, and having mental concentration obtained high average scores. The results for affective cost indicated a satisfactory state (μ = 2.24), while the items having to control the emotions, having to deal with contradictory orders, and emotional cost presented scores indicting that these factors were critical to the workers’ health. Physical cost indicated severe results (μ = 3.97), in relation to the extended use of eyes, having mental concentration, and using the memory, indicating high potential for illness, and suggesting a relationship with the physical harm indicated by the workers, such as body pains, back pain, and disturbed sleep patterns.(AU)

Este estudio analizo la valorización de los estibadores actuantes de una terminal portuaria con relación a sus condiciones de trabajo, costo humano y daño físico, alcanzando sus multi-dimensiones. La investigación es de carácter descriptiva - exploratoria, cuya colecta de datos se dio por medio de la aplicación del ITRA- Inventario del Trabajo y Riesgos de Enfermedades. La muestra fue compuesta por 56 trabajadores, que ocupan el cargo de estibador en una terminal portuaria privada, ubicada en Santa Catarina. Los sub-factores analizados fueron las condiciones de trabajo, costo afectivo, cognitivo y físico y daño físico, por medio de la estadística descriptiva. En el contexto de trabajo, cuestiones con medias mayores se refieren a la existencia de mucho ruido en el ambiente y la posibilidad de riesgos a la seguridad de las personas. Los resultados del costo cognitivo indicaron estado crítico (μ = 2,91), siendo que los ítems como: usar la vista continuamente, usar la memoria y tener concentración mental obtuvieron medias mayores. Los resultados del costo afectivo indicaron estado satisfactorio (μ = 2,24), entre tanto, los ítems tener control de las emociones, tener que lidiar con órdenes contradictorias y el costo emocional presentaron clasificación crítica para la salud del trabajador. El costo físico indico resultados graves (μ = 3,97) en relación a usar la vista continuamente, tener concentración mental y usar la memoria, indicaron alto potencial para enfermedades. Con relación a los daños físicos que los trabajadores presentaron se observó, dolores en el cuerpo, dolores en la espalda y alteraciones del sueño.(AU)