School-aged children's movement behaviours and subjective health complaints in Japan: a cross-sectional study during COVID-19 pandemic-related school closures and after school reopenings.

BACKGROUND: Social restrictions associated with the COVID-19 pandemic have altered children's movement behaviours and impacted their mental health. However, the influence of social restrictions on subjective health complaints remains inadequately understood. This study compared adherence to 24-hour movement behaviour guidelines and the prevalence of subjective health complaints during school closure and one year after reopening. We also examined how combinations of adherence to movement behaviour recommendations relate to subjective health complaints. METHODS: A repeated cross-sectional survey was conducted at two points. The first survey in May 2020 included 1535 (766 boys and 769 girls) participants during school closures, while the second survey from May to July 2021 involved 1125 (583 boys and 542 girls) participants one year after school reopening. The questionnaire covered socio-demographics, physical activity, screen time, sleep, and subjective health complaints. Differences between periods were analysed using chi-square tests. Logistic regression models assessed the association between adherence to guidelines and subjective health complaints. RESULTS: During school closure, children were more likely to meet 'only sleep' recommendations and have irritability and lethargy symptoms. Irrespective of sex, those adhering to two or all three recommendations (excluding physical activity and screen time) had a lower risk of symptoms related to physical and mental pain, fatigue, irritability, and lethargy as compared to those who met none of the recommendations. CONCLUSIONS: Children should meet at least one physical activity or screen time recommendation in addition to sleep recommendations for subjective health. Strategies considering the priority of each movement behaviour are crucial, even during abnormal situations, such as pandemic-related social restrictions. This study offers insightful findings concerning children's mental health issues during unprecedented and massive disasters or crises.

Associations between food intake and psychosomatic symptoms in 16-year-old adolescents.

AIMS: An increase in psychosomatic symptoms among adolescents has recently been reported. Few studies have examined the relation between food intake and psychosomatic symptoms. The aim was to study the association between food intake and overall psychosomatic burden and separate psychosomatic symptoms. METHODS: In this cross-sectional study, we used data from 6248 girls and 7153 boys in south-east Sweden who turned 16 years of age during the academic years 2009/2010 to 2015/2016 and responded to a health questionnaire at the school health services. The association between overall healthy food intake and a low psychosomatic burden was calculated as odds ratios (95% confidence interval) and stratified for other lifestyle habits and gender. RESULTS: Sixty-nine per cent of the boys and 35% of the girls had a low psychosomatic burden. There was a positive association between an overall healthy food intake and a low psychosomatic burden (P<0.0001), regardless of other lifestyle habits and gender. An overall healthy food intake was also positively associated with a lower frequency of the separate psychosomatic symptoms of concentration difficulties, sleep difficulties, a poor appetite or dizziness (P<0.0001). CONCLUSIONS: A healthy food intake seems to be associated with a low psychosomatic burden among adolescents. Further knowledge is needed to explore whether an improved food intake can reduce psychosomatic symptoms and enhance mental health.

Applying hypnotic associative - dissociative techniques in psychotherapy for psychosomatic symptoms.

Patients experiencing psychosomatic symptoms frequently have difficulty obtaining correct treatment. They are often reluctant to partially attribute their symptoms to psychological factors and, as a result, delay referrals to mental health professionals. Furthermore, the dropout rate from therapy is high and relapses are common. Hypnosis is a complex psycho-physiological phenomenon. Hence, hypnotic psychotherapy may play an important role in managing and treating psychosomatic symptoms and disorders that involve both the mind and body. In the current study, we propose a clinically oriented, four-phase, hypnotic approach, the hypnotic associative-dissociative approach (HADA), which may be useful in encouraging more patients with psychosomatic problems to engage in psychotherapy, thereby achieving effective long-term effects.

Trends in psychosomatic symptoms among adolescents and the role of lifestyle factors.

BACKGROUND: Adolescent mental health problems are on the rise globally, including in Sweden. One indicator of this trend is increased psychosomatic symptoms (PSS) over time. Lifestyle factors such as physical activity (PA), diet, smoking, and alcohol consumption may influence the time trends in PSS; however, the evidence base is scarce. The aim of this study was to investigate associations between time trends in PSS and lifestyle factors. METHODS: The study was based on data collected from a nationally representative sample of 9,196 fifteen-year-old boys and girls in Sweden using the Health Behavior in School-aged Children (HBSC) symptom checklist. The sample comprised nearly equal proportions of girls (50.5%) and boys. The lifestyle factors examined in this study included PA, regular breakfast intake, consumption of fruits, vegetables, sweets, or soft drinks, smoking, and alcohol drunkenness. We used data from 2002 to 2018 and stratified by family affluence scale (FAS) to demonstrate how the associations varied among the FAS groups. We fitted separate regression models for the high- and low-FAS groups, where interaction terms between the year of survey and each lifestyle factor were used to estimate the level and direction of associations between the factors and trends in PSS. RESULTS: There was a generally increasing trend in PSS mean scores from 2.26 in 2002 to 2.49 in 2018 (p <.001). The changes in each survey year compared to the average mean scores during the preceding years were significant in all years except 2010. Regular breakfast intake, daily fruit and vegetable consumption, and higher PA were associated with lower PSS mean scores, while smoking and drunkenness had opposite associations with PSS. The only significant interaction between survey year and the lifestyle factors was observed regarding drunkenness in the high FAS group, suggesting that the association between trends in PSS and the experience of getting drunk at least twice got stronger over time (B = 0.057; CI:0.016, 0.097; p <.01). CONCLUSIONS: The results indicate increasing trends in PSS among young people in Sweden from 2002 to 2018, with a significant increase observed among adolescents in the high FAS group who reported getting drunk on at least two occasions.

Association between adverse childhood experiences and bodily pain in early adolescence.

We aimed to examine the relationship between lifetime exposure to adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) during the first decade of life and recent pain features reported in early adolescence. We conducted a prospective study using data from 4564 adolescent Generation XXI birth cohort participants recruited in 2005-2006. Adverse childhood experiences were reported by children at ages 10 and 13 years using a 15-item questionnaire. Recent pain features (e.g., any pain, pain sites, recurrent pain intensity, and recurrent pain duration) were measured using structured questionnaires, including the Luebeck pain screening questionnaire at age 13. Using hierarchical binary and multinomial logistic regression analyses with progressive adjustments for confounders, we estimated the associations [adjused odds ratios (aOR) with their 95% confidence intervals (95% CI)] between exposure to ACEs at 10 and pain features at 13 years. The study revealed a statistically significant association between exposure to ACEs reported at age 10 and any pain experienced at age 13 (OR = 1.09; 95% CI [1.07, 1.12]). Even after accounting for the newly reported ACEs at age 13, the association with ACEs at age 10, remained significant (aOR = 1.11 [95% CI, 1.08-1.14]). Consistent patterns were observed when the number of pain sites, recurrent pain intensity, or recurrent pain duration were used as outcome variables instead of any pain at age 13. Adverse childhood experiences occurring during the first decade of life predict the onset of pain features during early adolescence. Consequently, childhood exposure to adversity should be considered a pivotal initial exposure in a pathway leading to chronic pain later in life.

Somatization Patterns and Minority Stress Among LGBTQ+ Individuals in Hungary.

This research aims to explore the relationship between somatization and minority stress in the LGBTQ+ community in Hungary, building on the biopsychosocial model, addressing the unique health challenges of the community and expanding the currently limited literature on the subject. The study involved adult, LGBTQ+, Hungarian individuals, and it assessed somatic symptom severity using the Patient Health Questionnaire-15. Ordinal logistic regressions were carried out, using multiple covariates and factors. Our findings shows that women reported higher somatic symptoms and stress levels, however, these effects are moderate among those living in the capital. The influence of residence type on the individual's psychosomatic health was proven to depend on their sexual orientations and gender identities. Additionally, older respondents, regardless of their gender or sexual orientation, seem to experience less somatic symptoms and stress. The gender respondents identify with, their type of residency, and age have been demonstrated as the most significant factors influencing somatic symptoms and perceived stress. As one of the pioneering studies on psychosomatic symptoms in sexual and gender minorities in Hungary, this research underscores the imperative to academically and practically address the health concerns of the LGBTQ+ community.

Association between breakfast skipping and psychosomatic symptoms among Canadian adolescents.

This cross-sectional study aimed to examine the mediating roles of gender and substance use in the influence of breakfast skipping on psychosomatic symptoms. The study used data among a nationally-representative sample of 2855 Canadian adolescents who participated in the 2018 Health Behavior in School-aged Children (HBSC) survey. Sequential logistic regressions were used to estimate the associations between breakfast skipping and psychosomatic symptoms. Path analysis using a non-parametric bootstrapping technique tested the hypothesized mediating roles. Results showed that adolescents who skipped breakfast were 2.55 times more likely to report higher psychosomatic symptoms compared to non-breakfast skippers (AOR = 2.55; 95% CI = 1.75-3.82). The bootstrapping mediation models showed that breakfast skipping indirectly influenced psychosomatic symptoms through substance use and gender, accounting for 18.47% ( ß = 0.0052, Boots 95% CI = 0.0025, 0.00730) and 10.70% ( ß = 0.0091, Boots 95% CI = 0.0052, 0.0125), respectively, of the total effect. Our findings have important implications for targeted public and mental health interventions to address both breakfast skipping and psychosomatic symptoms among adolescents.  Conclusion: The study compellingly underscores the significance of incorporating gender-specific factors and substance use in understanding the correlation between breakfast skipping and psychosomatic symptoms. These insights hold importance for tailoring public health interventions to alleviate the prevalence of psychosomatic symptoms among adolescents by actively addressing breakfast skipping. What is Known: • Breakfast is considered the most important meal of the day due to its role in providing the brain with the energy necessary to enhance cognitive functions. • Adolescents commonly exhibit a prevalent lifestyle behaviour of skipping breakfast. What is New: • This study provides robust evidence supporting the association between breakfast skipping and elevated psychosomatic symptoms in adolescents. • Gender and substance use mediate this association, offering novel insights into the complex interplay that contributes to psychosomatic symptoms among this demographic group. • Longitudinal research is needed to unravel causal relationships and illuminate the underlying mechanisms of this intricate connection.

The effects of the Friendship Online Intervention Program on physical activity, substance abuse, psychosomatic symptoms, and well-being among at-risk youth.

INTRODUCTION: At-risk youth are those who are currently or potentially exposed to physical, mental, or emotional danger. The Friendship Online Intervention Program (FOIP) was created to encourage physical activity (PA) and reduce risky behavior among vocational secondary-school youth in Israel. We wanted to evaluate the effect of FOIP on PA, substance abuse, and psychological factors, including psychosomatic symptoms and well-being. METHODS: From October 2021 to June 2022, nonrandom sampling was employed to select at-risk youth from vocational secondary schools for participation in the FOIP. Before and after the intervention, questionnaires were administered to the intervention and control groups. The effects of FOIP were evaluated by univariate and multivariable analyses. RESULTS: The intervention (n = 103) and control (n = 77) groups showed similar levels of PA, cigarette smoking, and alcohol consumption at the beginning of the study. At follow-up, the intervention group showed a 57% increase in PA versus no change for the control group and decreased levels of smoking compared to the control group (p < .001). Similarly, in the intervention group, the number of psychosomatic symptoms decreased (effect size = 1.68) and life satisfaction increased (effect size = 0.86). Group assignment (intervention or control group) significantly predicted PA level, cigarette smoking, psychosomatic symptoms, and life satisfaction (adjusted R2 = .46, .20, .08, and .28, respectively) with participants in the intervention group showing more favorable results compared with the control group. CONCLUSIONS: FOIP was effective in increasing PA and decreasing risky behaviors among youth. FOIP may help at-risk youth build resilience and promote their physical and mental health.

Longitudinal associations between emotional well-being and subjective health from middle adulthood to the beginning of late adulthood.

OBJECTIVE: Emotional well-being may predict future health and vice versa. We examined the reciprocal associations between emotional well-being and subjective health from age 36 to 61. METHODS AND MEASURES: The data were drawn from the Jyväskylä Longitudinal Study of Personality and Social Development and included information from 36-, 42-, 50- and 61-year-olds (N = 336). The emotional well-being indicators included life satisfaction and negative and positive mood. The subjective health indicators were self-rated health and psychosomatic symptoms. The analyses were conducted with random intercept cross-lagged panel models. RESULTS: Within-person cross-lagged associations were found between emotional well-being and subjective health. Fewer psychosomatic symptoms at ages 36 and 50 predicted higher life satisfaction at ages 42 and 61, respectively. A lower negative mood at age 42 and a higher positive mood at age 50 predicted fewer psychosomatic symptoms at 50 and 61, respectively. Conversely, a higher negative mood at ages 36 and 50 predicted better self-rated health at ages 42 and 61, respectively. CONCLUSION: The relationship between emotional well-being and subjective health appears to be reciprocal. Both emotional well-being and subjective health predicted each other even 6-11 years later. However, associations may depend on the variables and age periods investigated.

The trends of psychosomatic symptoms and perceived stress among healthcare workers during the COVID-19 pandemic in China: Four cross-sectional nationwide surveys, 2020-2023.

An unseen wave of vast infection was detected in China in December 2022, and healthcare workers faced inevitable challenges and heavy stress. We aimed to present a dynamic mental health map and, most importantly, provide a timely report of the current situation in healthcare workers. The current study conducted four national cross-sectional online surveys from February and March 2020, Apr 2022, and Jan 2023. The Psychosomatic Symptom Scale (PSSS) and Perceived Stress Scale-10 (PSS-10) were used to assess psychosomatic symptoms and perceived stress. Fourteen thousand nine hundred forty-five participants (8578 healthcare workers and 6367 others) participated in the surveys. The prevalence of psychosomatic syndrome, reflected by PSSS, was 19.3% (Wave1), 22.9% (Wave2), 36.4% (Wave3), and 60.7% (Wave4) among healthcare workers, compared to 24.0% (Wave1), 35.7% (Wave2), 34.2% (Wave3) and 50.5% (Wave4) among the others. In addition, healthcare workers exhibited lower PSSS total scores at the beginning but higher in later waves. Despite their infection status, they now suffer from more severe psychosomatic symptoms than the rest of society. Our findings suggest that healthcare workers in China have now experienced severe psychosomatic symptoms and tremendous stress. Therefore, there is an urgent need to utilize social support for them.

Role of Psychosomatic Symptoms in COVID-19 Vaccine Hesitancy.

Vaccination against COVID-19 is one of the highly effective preventative strategies to reduce morbidity and mortality associated with COVID-19 infection. The rapid approval of COVID-19 vaccination due to the raging pandemic, media coverage, anti-vaccination groups, and concerns about adverse effects associated with vaccination has given rise to COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy. Current evidence suggests that psychosomatic and nocebo-related adverse effects account for a significant proportion of common adverse effects following COVID-19 vaccination. The most common adverse effects are headache, fatigue, and myalgia, which are highly prone to nocebo effects. In our review article, we discuss the role of psychosomatic and nocebo effects in COVID-19 vaccination-related hesitancy, predictors of such effects, and strategies to reduce vaccine hesitancy. General education regarding psychosomatic and nocebo effects and specialized education for at-risk populations may reduce psychosomatic and nocebo-related adverse effects following COVID-19 vaccination, ultimately reducing hesitancy.

Move for Your Heart, Break a Sweat for Your Mind: Providing Precision in Adolescent Health and Physical Activity Behaviour Pattern.

PURPOSE: Adolescent health benefits of different physical activity (PA) intensities, especially of lower intensities, are debated due to challenges in accelerometer data processing and analyses. Using a new accelerometer data processing method and multivariate pattern analysis, this study investigated the association of PA intensities with indicators of cardiovascular and mental health. METHODS: Adolescents (n = 1,235, mean age 13.6 years, 41% males) were examined for cardiovascular health: body mass index (BMI) z-score, waist circumference (WC), resting heart rate and blood pressure, white blood cell count (WBC), pulse wave velocity (PWV), and answered questionnaires assessing stress and psychosomatic symptoms. Sex, age, and socioeconomic status were confounders. Hip-worn accelerometer data were processed with 10 Hz frequency extended method and a spectrum of 22 PA intensity categories was analyzed for association with health using partial least squares regression. RESULTS: Total explained variances for BMI z-score, WC, resting heart rate, stress, and psychosomatic symptoms were higher (3.3%-8.7%) compared to diastolic blood pressure, WBC, and PWV (0.9%-1.4%). We found positive associations of high-end moderate PA and vigorous PA with cardiovascular and mental health indicators. More sedentary time and lower level of light PA were associated with higher BMI z-score, WC, resting heart rate, diastolic blood pressure, WBC, and PWV, but not with mental health indicators. Very vigorous PA was negatively associated with resting heart rate, stress, and psychosomatic symptoms. DISCUSSION: In adolescents, PA of varying intensities were generally found to be positively associated with better cardiovascular health, but only higher intensity PA was associated with better mental health.

Psychometric Validity of the Anxiety Inventory for Respiratory Disease (AIR) Scale in an Indian Sample of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease: A Cross-Sectional Study.

Introduction Researchers have found that chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) patients suffer from anxiety more than the general population. The Anxiety Inventory for Respiratory Disease (AIR) scale has been primarily used to assess non-somatic anxiety in COPD patients. The validity of AIR among COPD patients has not been evaluated in Indian settings. Therefore, this study was undertaken to determine the validity of AIR in these patients. The study aimed to evaluate concurrent criterion and discriminative validity of the AIR screening scale among patients with COPD using Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview (MINI) 7.0.2 as the gold standard measure for diagnosing Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM-5) anxiety disorders. Materials and methods A cross-sectional study was conducted in the Outpatients Department (OPD) of the Department of Pulmonary Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), New Delhi, from August 2018 to July 2019. A total of 100 patients diagnosed with COPD and aged 30 or above were recruited. All participants were further assessed in person by a psychiatry resident doctor using semi-structured proforma, MINI 7.0.2, and AIR Disease (Hindi). Mann-Whitney U and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves were conducted. The two-sided p-value of less than 0.05 was considered to be statistically significant. Results To assess the concurrent criterion validity of the AIR scale for screening clinical anxiety disorders, the ROC curve was constructed using MINI diagnoses of anxiety disorder as the gold standard measure. A cut-off score of 5.5 was found to maximize both the specificity and sensitivity of the AIR scale for screening anxiety disorders among COPD patients with COPD. The AIR scale showed a high sensitivity (95%) and specificity (89%) at this cut-point. Conclusion The findings of this study recommend a cut-off score of 5.5 on the AIR scale instead of 8 in previous studies, as maintaining the previously recommended cut-offs in Indian settings may lead to an increase in false negatives. This could have negative consequences for patients seeking treatment. Further studies may be planned to explore the psychometric properties of the current tool in a larger population.

Reliability and validity of the brief psychosomatic symptom scale (BPSS) in patients from general hospitals.

OBJECTIVES: To verify the Brief Psychosomatic Symptom Scale (BPSS) among patients with psychosomatic-related disorders in general hospitals and determine the threshold of BPSS. METHODS: The BPSS is a shortened 10-item version of the psychosomatic symptoms scale (PSSS). Data from 483 patients and 388 healthy controls were included for psychometric analyses. Internal consistency, construct validity, and factorial validity were verified. The threshold of BPSS in distinguishing psychosomatic patients from healthy controls were determined using receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis. The ROC curve of the BPSS was compared with that of the PSSS and patient health questionnaire-15 (PHQ-15) by using Venkatraman's method with 2000 times Monte-Carlo simulations. RESULTS: The reliability of the BPSS was good with Cronbach's α of 0.831. BPSS was significantly correlated with PSSS (r = 0.886, P < 0.001), PHQ-15 (r = 0.752, P < 0.001), PHQ-9 (r = 0.757, P < 0.001) and GAD-7 (r = 0.715, P < 0.001), which indicated good construct validity. ROC analyses demonstrated that the AUC of the BPSS was comparable with that of PSSS. The gender-specific threshold of BPSS was determined as ≥8 in males and ≥ 9 in females. CONCLUSIONS: The BPSS is a brief and validated instrument for screening common psychosomatic symptoms.

The dynamic changes of psychosomatic symptoms in three waves of COVID-19 outbreak and fatigue caused by enduring pandemic in China.

BACKGROUND: Two years have passed since the 2019 novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) was first reported. The persistent pandemic might lead to severe psychosomatic problems and fatigue. In addition, the recent rapid rising COVID-19 cases in China have become a trending issue. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the dynamic changes in psychosomatic problems at the initial and current stages of the pandemic. METHODS: Three waves of cross-sectional online survey were conducted during the initial COVID outbreak in China. The psychosomatic symptom scale (PSSS), perceived stress scale (PSS), and pandemic fatigue scale (PFS) were used to assess the psychosomatic problems, stress, and fatigue. RESULTS: 4317, 1096, and 2172 participants completed the first, second, and third surveys. The prevalence of psychosomatic disorder was 22 %, 28 %, and 39 %, respectively. The network structure of PSSS symptoms has not significantly changed as the pandemic progresses. However, the global strength of the PSSS networks, indicating the overall connectivity, in the third wave was significantly higher than in the first wave (s = 0.54, P = 0.007). The most central symptoms in the first and third wave networks were depressed mood and tiredness. The PFS score was higher in the people concerned with indirect impact than those concerned with health (P < 0.001). PFS has positive relationships with PSSS and PSS score (R = 0.41, P < 0.001 and R = 0.35, P < 0.001, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: The persistence of the pandemic caused critical psychosomatic issues, stress, and indirect burden over time, leading to inevitable fatigue. People endured needing immediate attention to prevent or reduce psychosomatic disorders.

Secular trends in mental health profiles among 15-year-olds in Sweden between 2002 and 2018.

Background: Studies of secular trends in mental unhealth indicate that adolescents in the Nordic countries, especially girls, have an increased reported prevalence of mental health problems the last decades. This increase needs to be seen in the light of the adolescents' assessments of their perceived overall health. Objective: To investigate whether a person-centered approach to research can enhance understanding of changes over time in the distribution of mental health problems among Swedish adolescents. Method: A dual-factor approach was used to study changes over time in mental health profiles among nationally representative 15-year-old adolescent samples from Sweden. Cluster analyses of subjective health symptoms (psychological and somatic) and perceived overall health from the Swedish Health Behavior in School-aged Children (HBSC) surveys of 2002, 2006, 2010, 2014, and 2018 were used to identify these mental health profiles (n = 9,007). Results: Four mental health profiles were identified by a cluster analysis which combined all five data collections-Perceived good health, Perceived poor health, High psychosomatic symptoms, and Poor mental health. There were no significant differences in the distributions of these four mental health profiles between the survey years 2002 and 2010, but substantial changes took place between 2010 and 2018. Here, particularly the High psychosomatic symptoms profile increased among both boys and girls. The Perceived good health profile decreased among both boys and girls, and the Perceived poor health profile decreased among girls. The profile involving the most pronounced mental health problems, the Poor mental health profile (perceived poor health, high psychosomatic problems), was stable from 2002 to 2018 among both boys and girls. Conclusion: The study shows the added value of using person-centered analyses to describe differences in mental health indicators between cohorts of adolescents over longer periods of time. In contrast to the long-term increase in mental health problems seen in many countries, this Swedish study did not find an increase among young persons, both boys and girls, with the poorest mental health, the Poor mental health profile. Rather, the most substantial increase over the survey years, predominantly between 2010 and 2018, was found among the 15-year-olds with High psychosomatic symptoms only.

Postpartum depression and life experiences of mothers with an immigrant background living in the south of Sweden.

PURPOSE: Postpartum Depression (PPD) -a common health problem for mothers' postpartum increases the risk of negative interaction between mothers and infants as it reduces the former's ability to respond to the latter's needs appropriately. Migrant mothers exhibit a higher prevalence of risk factors for PPD. Hence, this study aimed to investigate migrant mothers' life experiences pertaining to motherhood and PPD. METHODS: Qualitative interviews were conducted with 10 immigrant mothers in the south of Sweden during 2021. RESULTS: The qualitative content analysis revealed the following main themes: 1) PPD (two sub themes-psychosomatic symptoms and burden of responsibility due to feelings of loneliness); 2) mistrust of social services (one sub-theme-afraid of losing their children and Swedish social services' lack of understanding); 3) inadequate healthcare (two sub-themes-limited healthcare literacy for migrant mothers and language barrier; 4) women's coping strategy for well-being (two sub-themes-better awareness and understanding of the Swedish system and society, and freedom and independence in the new country). CONCLUSIONS: PPD, mistrust of social services, and inadequate healthcare lacking personal continuity were common among immigrant women, thus precipitating discrimination-including lack of access to services because of limited health literacy, cultural differences, language barriers, and insufficient support.

Mental-health profiling with person-centred analysis: A study of adolescents in Sweden.

BACKGROUND: Studies that have examined time trends in adolescents' mental health have frequently been based on analyses of adolescents' psychosomatic symptoms. Adolescents' reports of psychosomatic complaints need to be seen in the light of their overall evaluations of their health. The objectives of this study were to apply a person-centred approach to identifying adolescents' mental-health profiles based on evaluations of their overall health and psychosomatic complaints. The relationships between these mental-health profiles and indicators of positive mental health and psychological and social-adjustment problems are examined. METHODS: A dual-factor approach was used for nationally representative adolescent samples and examined adolescents' self-rated psychosomatic complaints and perceived overall health simultaneously. Cluster analyses of data from the Swedish Health Behaviour in School-aged Children (HBSC) 2017/18 survey, including 3222 children aged 11, 13 and 15, were used to identify mental-health profiles. RESULTS: Four mental-health profiles were identified by cluster analyses in all age groups. The profiles showed good construct validity in relation to mental well-being, life satisfaction and self-esteem. The poorest psychological adjustment was found among the adolescents with high levels of psychosomatic symptoms together with low levels of perceived overall health. Adolescents with high levels of psychosomatic symptoms only or with low levels of overall health only showed considerably better psychological adjustment. CONCLUSIONS: Cluster analyses identified distinct, valid and consistent mental-health profiles based on differing levels of perceived health and psychosomatic complaints. The dual-factor model in population health research may increase our potential to understand the mental health of adolescents better.

Latent Profile Analysis for Classification of Psychosomatic Symptoms in Perimenopausal Women.

BACKGROUND: Over 80% of perimenopausal women experience various physical and neuropsychiatric symptoms due to changes in hormones. However, accurate evaluation and treatment of menopausal symptoms are lacking due to limited evidence regarding customized treatment for each symptom type. OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to identify and cluster psychosomatic symptoms in Korean perimenopausal women and to investigate the characteristics of each cluster type. METHODS: This Web-based survey assessed 1060 Korean perimenopausal women recruited from nationally representative panels available from a commercial research company. Menopausal symptoms were evaluated using the Menopause Rating Scale, Patient Health Questionnaire-15, Patient Health Questionnaire-9, Insomnia Severity Index, Subjective Memory Complaints Questionnaire, and Overactive Bladder Symptom Score. Data were analyzed using latent profile analysis and multinomial logistic regression. RESULTS: Latent profile analysis identified 4 latent classes: "all unimpaired (class 1)," "impaired sexual function, while others are unimpaired (class 2)," "unimpaired sexual function, while others are impaired (class 3)," and "all impaired (class 4)." Classes 3 and 4 were significantly more likely to have a family history of perimenopausal syndrome and a history of other mental disorders, postpartum depression, and postpartum psychosis than classes 1 and 2. CONCLUSIONS: Psychosomatic symptoms appear during perimenopause along with depression, somatic symptoms, insomnia, impaired memory, and overactive bladder symptoms. Individuals with these symptoms are more likely to have a history of postpartum depression, psychosis, and other psychiatric disorders. Therefore, sexual dysfunction must be independently treated. Further studies are needed to develop and verify individualized treatments according to symptom class.

Among the swedish generation of adolescents who experience an increased trend of psychosomatic symptoms. Do they develop depression and/or anxiety disorders as they grow older?

BACKGROUND: Despite an increase in mental health problems, with psychosomatic symptoms having been observed in new generations of Swedish youth, the extent to which these problems correspond to an increase in adult mental problems is unknown. The present study investigates whether Swedish adolescents with high levels of psychosomatic symptoms are at risk of developing depression and anxiety problems in adulthood and whether sex moderates any association. Moreover, we aim to understand whether different clusters of youth psychosomatic symptoms - somatic, psychological and musculoskeletal - have different impacts on adult mental health. METHODS: One thousand five hundred forty-five Swedish adolescents - aged 13 (49%) and 15 (51%) - completed surveys at baseline (T1) and 3 years later (T2); of them, 1174 (61% females) also participated after 6 years (T3). Multivariate logistic models were run. RESULTS: Youth with high levels of psychosomatic symptoms had higher odds of high levels of depressive symptoms at T2 and T3. Moreover, psychosomatic symptoms at T1 predicted a high level of anxiety symptoms and diagnoses of anxiety disorders at T3. When analyzed separately, musculoskeletal symptoms predicted higher odds of having high levels of depressive symptoms at T2 and T3 while somatic symptoms predicted high levels of anxiety symptoms at T2. Moreover, somatic symptoms at T1 predicted diagnoses of depression and anxiety disorders at T3. Sex did not moderate any of the relationships. CONCLUSIONS: The study supports the idea that an increase in mental health problems, such as psychosomatic symptoms, can seriously impact the psychological health of new generations of young adults.