Delirium en ancianos institucionalizados: una epidemia silenciosa / Delirium in institutionalized elderly: a silent epidemic

Introducción: El aumento del envejecimiento, así como de los cuidados sociales y sanitarios que requieren las personas mayores, ha condicionado que se haya incrementado exponencialmente el número de ancianos institucionalizados. En este contexto, el deliriumes una condicion común y muy angustiante, con un gran impacto biopsicosocioeconómico para el residente y su entorno. Pese a ser una entidad potencialmente prevenible, sigue siendo infratratada e infradiagnosticada. Objetivo: Analizar la evidencia científica existente sobre el manejo del delirium en ancianos que se encuentran en centros residenciales de atención a largo plazo. Metodología: Revisión narrativa mediante búsquedas bibliográficas en bases de datos relacionadas con las ciencias de la salud: CINAHL, PubMed, Biblioteca Cochrane, CUIDEN y LILACS, así como en los metabuscadores Dialnet Plus y Google Académico. Resultados: En función de los criterios de inclusión y exclusión se seleccionaron 19 artículos. El análisis de los documentos generó 2 categorías: medidas de control fisiológico y ambiental para la prevención del delirium y estrategias de intervención terapéutica. Como hallazgos, las estrategias multidisciplinares no farmacológicas podrían ser eficaces en la prevención del delirium, así como la identificación temprana de los factores de riesgo y programas educativos dirigidos a las enfermeras que atienden a esta población. De este modo, se estará ejerciendo la medida más eficaz y económica para abordar esta entidad en su fase inicial, la prevención. Conclusión: Se encontraron escasoshallazgos estadísticamente significativos sobre las asociaciones entre las intervenciones y la prevención del delirium en instituciones. Si se quiere optimizar la salud y el bienestar de los residentes deben realizarse investigaciones futuras, específicas y sólidas, y evitar los desafíos que suponen estos entornos (AU)

Introduction: The increase in ageing, as well as the social and health care it requires, has led to an exponential increase in the number of institutionalised residents. In this context, delirium is a common and very distressing condition, with a great bio psycho-social-economic impact on both the patient and his or her environment. Despite being a potentially preventable entity, it continues to be under-treated and under-diagnosed. Objective: To analyze the existing scientific evidence on the management of delirium in elderly people in long-term care residential facilities. Methodology: Narrative review by means of bibliographic searches in databases related to the Health Sciences CINAHL, PubMed, Cochrane Library, CUIDEN and LILACS, as well as in the meta-searches Dialnet Plus and Google Academic. Results: 19 articles were selected according to the inclusion and exclusion criteria. The analysis of the documents generated two categories: physiological and environmental control measures for the prevention of delirium and therapeutic intervention strategies. As findings, non pharmacological multidisciplinary strategies may be effective in preventing delirium, as well as early identification of risk factors and educational programs directed at nurses serving this population. In this way, the most effective and economical measure to address this entity in its initial phase, prevention, will be exercised. Conclusion: There were few statistically significant findings on associations between interventions and delirium prevention in institutions. If the health and well-being of residents is to be optimized, future research must be specific and robust, avoiding the challenges of these environments (AU)

Identificación de amebas de vida libre en tanques de almacenamiento de agua de edificios del área metropolitana de Ambato / Identification of free-living amoebas in water storage tanks of buildings in the metropolitan area of Ambato

Naegleria fowleri, Acanthamoeba spp. y Balamuthia mandrillaris, son especies de ameba de vida libre (AVL) que causan enfermedades en el sistema nervioso central grave y puede ser fatal en humanos y otros animales. Todos los géneros de AVL tienen dos etapas: quiste y trofozoíto. Los trofozoítos se dividen por fisión binaria, se alimentan activamente y es la etapa infecciosa del organismo. En el medio ambiente, los acanthopodios permiten que los trofozoítos se adhieran a las superficies de las bacterias, hongos, algas y detritos en los que se encuentran su alimento. Acanthamoeba spp. Parecen mantener una relación endosimbiótica con algunas de las bacterias que consumen. Muchas de estas bacterias, como la Legionella, Pseudomonas, Vibrio y algunas micobacterias parecen adquirir factores de virulencia mientras están viviendo dentro de las amebas, lo que les permite sobrevivir y prosperar dentro de otras células fagocíticas (por ejemplo, macrófagos humanos). La tenacidad de AVL para proliferar en ecosistemas hostiles y sobrevivir a la desecación o desinfección hace de estos organismos una fuente potencial transmitida por el agua, por los alimentos y el aire. Conocidos por su ubicuidad, los AVL han sido aislados de diversas matrices ambientales, como suelo, agua dulce y salobre, aguas residuales, aguas termales, polvo y otros. En función de lo antes comentado, este trabajo tiene como objetivo identificar amebas de vida libre en tanques de almacenamiento de agua de edificios del área metropolitana de la ciudad de Ambato (Ecuador), con el fin de aplicar soluciones correctivas en cualquiera de sus puntos. Según el sitio de muestreo, el género de AVL identificado con mayor frecuencia en la superficie fue Balamuthia sp (70,59%) y Acanthamoeba sp., con un 37,78 %. El fondo estuvo caracterizado por Naegleria sp. con un 44,44%(AU)

Naegleria fowleri, Acanthamoeba spp. and Balamuthia mandrillaris are species of free-living amoeba (FLA) that cause severe central nervous system disease and can be fatal in humans and other animals. All genera of FLA have two stages: cyst and trophozoite. Trophozoites divide by binary fission, actively feed, and is the infective stage of the organism. In the environment, acanthopods allow trophozoites to adhere to the surfaces of bacteria, fungi, algae, and detritus on which their food is found. Acanthamoeba spp. they appear to maintain an endosymbiotic relationship with some of the bacteria they consume. Many of these bacteria, such as Legionella, Pseudomonas, Vibrio, and some mycobacteria appear to acquire virulence factors while living inside amoebas, allowing them to survive and thrive inside other phagocytic cells (eg, human macrophages). FLA's tenacity to proliferate in hostile ecosystems and survive desiccation or disinfection makes these organisms a potential waterborne, foodborne, and airborne source. Known for their ubiquity, FLAs have been isolated from various environmental matrices, such as soil, fresh and brackish water, wastewater, hot springs, dust, and others. Based on the aforementioned, this work aims to identify free-living amoebas in water storage tanks of buildings in the metropolitan area of the city of Ambato (Ecuador), in order to apply corrective solutions at any of its points. According to the sampling site, the FLA genus most frequently identified on the surface was Balamuthia sp (70.59%) and Acanthamoeba sp., with 37.78 %. The background was characterized by Naegleria sp. with 44.44%(AU)

Risk factors associated with COVID-19 infection and mortality in nursing homes / Factores de riesgo asociados con la infección y mortalidad por COVID-19 en centros residenciales

Objective: The aim of this paper was to analyse the association of demographic, clinical and pharmacological risk factors with the presence of SARS-COV-2 virus infection, as well as to know the variables related to mortality from COVID-19 in nursing home (NH) residents. Design: Retrospective case–control study. The study variables of those residents who acquired the infection (case) were compared with those of the residents who did not acquire it (control). A subgroup analysis was carried out to study those variables related to mortality. Site: Nursing homes in the region of Guipúzcoa (Spain). Participants and interventions: 4 NHs with outbreaks of SARS-CoV-2 between March and December 2020 participated in the study. The infectivity and, secondary, mortality was studied, as well as demographic, clinical and pharmacological variables associated with them. Data were collected from the computerised clinical records. Main measurements: Infection and mortality rate. Risk factors associated with infection and mortality. Results: 436 residents were studied (median age 87 years (IQR 11)), 173 acquired SARS-CoV-2 (39.7%). People with dementia and Global Deterioration Scale ≥6 were less likely to be infected by SARS-CoV-2 virus [OR=0.65 (95% CI 0.43–0.97; p<.05)]. Overall case fatality rate was 10.3% (a mortality of 26% among those who acquired the infection). COVID-19 mortality was significantly associated with a Global Deterioration Scale ≥6 (OR=4.9 (95% CI 1.5–16.1)), COPD diagnosis (OR=7.8 (95% CI 1.9–31.3)) and antipsychotic use (OR=3.1 (95% CI 1.0–9.0)). Conclusions: Advanced dementia has been associated with less risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection but higher risk of COVID-19 mortality. COPD and chronic use of antipsychotics have also been associated with mortality. These results highlight the importance of determining the stage of diseases such as dementia as well as maintaining some caution in the use of some drugs such as antipsychotics.(AU)

Objetivo: El objetivo de este trabajo fue analizar la asociación de factores de riesgo demográficos, clínicos y farmacológicos con la presencia de infección por virus SARS-CoV-2, así como conocer las variables relacionadas con la mortalidad por COVID-19 en residentes institucionalizados en centros residenciales. Diseño: Casos y controles retrospectivo. Se compararon las variables de estudio de aquellos residentes que adquirieron la infección (caso) con las de los residentes que no la adquirieron (control). Se realizó un análisis de subgrupos para conocer aquellas variables relacionadas con la mortalidad. Emplazamiento: Centros residenciales de la provincia de Guipúzcoa (España). Participantes e intervenciones: Cuatro centros residenciales con brotes de SARS-CoV-2, entre marzo y diciembre del 2020. Se estudiaron la infectividad y, de manera secundaria, la mortalidad, así como variables demográficas, clínicas y farmacológicas asociadas con las mismas. Los datos fueron recogidos de las historias clínicas informatizadas. Mediciones principales: Tasa de infección y mortalidad. Factores de riesgo asociados a la infección y a la mortalidad. Resultados: Se estudió a 436 residentes (mediana de edad 87 años [RIC 11]), 173 de ellos adquirieron la infección (39,7%). Los residentes con demencia y un índice en la Global Deterioration Scale ≥6 tuvieron menor probabilidad de infectarse por el virus SARS-CoV-2 (OR=0,65 [IC del 95%, 0,43-0,97; p<0,05]). La tasa de mortalidad global fue del 10,3% (del 26% entre aquellos que adquirieron la infección). La mortalidad por COVID-19 se asoció de manera significativa con un índice Global Deterioration Scale ≥6 (OR=4,9 [IC del 95%, 1,5-16,1]), tener un diagnóstico de EPOC (OR=7,8 [IC del 95%, CI 1,9-31,3]) y con el uso de antipsicóticos (OR=3,1 [IC del 95%, CI 1,0-9,0]).(AU)

Risk factors associated with COVID-19 infection and mortality in nursing homes.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this paper was to analyse the association of demographic, clinical and pharmacological risk factors with the presence of SARS-COV-2 virus infection, as well as to know the variables related to mortality from COVID-19 in nursing home (NH) residents. DESIGN: Retrospective case-control study. The study variables of those residents who acquired the infection (case) were compared with those of the residents who did not acquire it (control). A subgroup analysis was carried out to study those variables related to mortality. SITE: Nursing homes in the region of Guipúzcoa (Spain). PARTICIPANTS AND INTERVENTIONS: 4 NHs with outbreaks of SARS-CoV-2 between March and December 2020 participated in the study. The infectivity and, secondary, mortality was studied, as well as demographic, clinical and pharmacological variables associated with them. Data were collected from the computerised clinical records. MAIN MEASUREMENTS: Infection and mortality rate. Risk factors associated with infection and mortality. RESULTS: 436 residents were studied (median age 87 years (IQR 11)), 173 acquired SARS-CoV-2 (39.7%). People with dementia and Global Deterioration Scale ≥6 were less likely to be infected by SARS-CoV-2 virus [OR=0.65 (95% CI 0.43-0.97; p<.05)]. Overall case fatality rate was 10.3% (a mortality of 26% among those who acquired the infection). COVID-19 mortality was significantly associated with a Global Deterioration Scale ≥6 (OR=4.9 (95% CI 1.5-16.1)), COPD diagnosis (OR=7.8 (95% CI 1.9-31.3)) and antipsychotic use (OR=3.1 (95% CI 1.0-9.0)). CONCLUSIONS: Advanced dementia has been associated with less risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection but higher risk of COVID-19 mortality. COPD and chronic use of antipsychotics have also been associated with mortality. These results highlight the importance of determining the stage of diseases such as dementia as well as maintaining some caution in the use of some drugs such as antipsychotics.

[Impact of COVID-19 pandemic in terms of incidence and lethality in nursing homes in Galicia (Spain)]. / Impacto de la pandemia de COVID-19 en términos de incidencia y letalidad en los centros residenciales de mayores de Galicia.

OBJECTIVES: To know the impact of COVID-19 in incidence and lethality in nursing homes in Galicia. METHODS: This is a descriptive study of nursing homes residents and workers with confirmed COVID-19. The analysis spanned from March 1, 2020 to March 27, 2022, stratified into 6 periods (one per wave). The impact on incidence (attack rate, number of outbreaks, reinfections, sex, age, and diagnostic technique) and lethality (by sex, age, place of death, and number of centers with deaths) was analyzed. RESULTS: There were 15,819 people affected, 51.9% of the jobs and 47.0% of the workers. The attack rate in residents was: 5.8% in the first wave, 10.4% in the second, 6.3% in the third, 0.1% in the fourth, 2.1% in the fifth and 27.3% in the sixth. In the sixth wave, there were 11.3% reinfections and the number of outbreaks in was 3 times higher than in the second. The case fatality in residents was higher during the first wave (21.8%) and lower during the sixth (2.4%). He only had one worker in relation to COVID-19. CONCLUSIONS: Surveillance of COVID-19 in nursing homes was essential to understand the dynamics of the disease. The sixth wave was the one with the highest incidence and the lowest lethality. Lethality was higher in the first wave. The fourth and fifth waves had a lower incidence due to the effects of vaccination.

Impacto de la pandemia de COVID-19 en términos de incidencia y letalidad en los centros residenciales de mayores de Galicia / Impact of COVID-19 pandemic in terms of incidence and lethality in nursing homes in Galicia (Spain)

Objetivos: Conocer el impacto de la COVID-19 en incidencia y letalidad en los centros residenciales de mayores (CRM) de Galicia. Métodos: Se trata de un estudio descriptivo en residentes y trabajadores de los CRM con COVID-19 confirmada. El análisis abarcó del 1 de marzo de 2020 al 27 de marzo de 2022 y se estratificó en 6 períodos (uno por ola). Se analizó el impacto en incidencia (tasa de ataque, número de brotes, reinfecciones, sexo, edad y técnica diagnóstica) y letalidad (por sexo, edad, lugar de fallecimiento y número de centros con fallecidos). Resultados: Hubo 15.819 personas afectadas, el 51,9% de las plazas y el 47% de los trabajadores. La tasa de ataque en residentes fue: 5,8% en la primera ola, 10,4% en la segunda, 6,3% en la tercera, 0,1% en la cuarta, 2,1% en la quinta y 27,3% en la sexta ola. En la sexta ola hubo un 11,3% de reinfecciones y el número de brotes fue 3 veces mayor que en la segunda. La letalidad en residentes fue mayor durante la primera ola (21,8%) y menor durante la sexta (2,4%). Solo falleció un trabajador en relación con la COVID-19. Conclusiones: La vigilancia de la COVID-19 en CRM fue fundamental para conocer la dinámica de la enfermedad. La sexta ola fue la de mayor incidencia y la de menor letalidad. La letalidad fue superior en la primera ola. La cuarta y la quinta ola tuvieron menor incidencia debido a los efectos de la vacunación. (AU)

Objectives: To know the impact of COVID-19 in incidence and lethality in nursing homes in Galicia. Methods: This is a descriptive study of nursing homes residents and workers with confirmed COVID-19. The analysis spanned from March 1, 2020 to March 27, 2022, stratified into 6 periods (one per wave). The impact on incidence (attack rate, number of outbreaks, reinfections, sex, age, and diagnostic technique) and lethality (by sex, age, place of death, and number of centers with deaths) was analyzed. Results: There were 15,819 people affected, 51.9% of the jobs and 47.0% of the workers. The attack rate in residents was: 5.8% in the first wave, 10.4% in the second, 6.3% in the third, 0.1% in the fourth, 2.1% in the fifth and 27.3% in the sixth. In the sixth wave, there were 11.3% reinfections and the number of outbreaks in was 3 times higher than in the second. The case fatality in residents was higher during the first wave (21.8%) and lower during the sixth (2.4%). He only had one worker in relation to COVID-19. Conclusions: Surveillance of COVID-19 in nursing homes was essential to understand the dynamics of the disease. The sixth wave was the one with the highest incidence and the lowest lethality. Lethality was higher in the first wave. The fourth and fifth waves had a lower incidence due to the effects of vaccination. (AU)

Explotación sexual comercial infantil y adolescente: una aproximación a la situación en España / Commercial sexual exploitation of children and adolescents: an approach to the situation in spain

La explotación sexual comercial infantil y adolescente (ESCIA) es un problema especialmente frecuente en niños, niñas y adolescentes con medidas jurídicas de protección. Esta forma de victimización sexual, que recoge otras múltiples formas de violencia, no sólo está presente en países envías de desarrollo. En España, únicamente contamos con los datos obtenidos por la Comisión de Expertos de Mallorca en 2020. Se presentan las respuestas de 67 adolescentes, entre 13 y 18 años, en centros residenciales del sistema de protección, sobre sus conocimientos y experiencias respecto a la ESCIA. Los resultados indican que se trata de un problema conocido y ante el cual demandan más educación y protección. Aluden a motivos diversos para implicarse en él, pero todos ellos pueden situarse dentro de la pirámide del sexo por supervivencia. El uso de las TIC aparece como un importante factor de riesgo a tener en cuenta en programas de prevención. (AU)

Commercial sexual exploitation of children (CSEC) is a problem that is highly prevalent in children and adolescents under legal protection. However, thisform of sexual victimization, which includes multiple other forms of violence, is not only present in developing countries. In Spain we only have the data obtained by the Expert Commission from Mallorca in 2020. The responses of a sample of 67 adolescents between 13 and 18 years old from residentialcenters in Mallorca about their knowledge and experiences regarding CSEC are presented. The results indicate that CSEC is a known problem. These adolescents also demand more education and protection. They allude to various reasons for engaging in this type of behavior, although all of them canbe placed in the pyramid of survival sex. The use of ICT appears as an important risk factor to take into account in prevention programs. (AU)

The role of individual, household, and area of residence factors on self-rated health in Colombian adults: A multilevel study / Efecto de las condiciones individuales, del hogar y del área de residencia en la autopercepción de su salud en adultos colombianos: un estudio multinivel

Introduction: Self-rated health is strongly associated with morbidity and mortality. It is largely influenced by individual factors but also by individuals' social surroundings and environment. Objective: To investigate individual, household, and locality factors associated with self- rated health in Colombian adults. Materials and methods: We conducted a cross-sectional multilevel study using data from national databases on 19 urban localities and 37,352 individuals nested within 15,788 households using a population-based survey. Given the natural hierarchical structure of the data, the estimates of self-rated health related to individual, household, and locality characteristics were obtained by fitting a three-level logistic regression. Results: The adjusted multilevel logistic models showed that at individual level, higher odds of poor self-rated health were found among older adults, persons from low socio-economic status, those living without a partner, with no regular physical activity, and reporting morbidities. At the household level, poor self-rated health was associated with households of low socioeconomic status located near noise sources and factories and in polluted and insecure areas. At the locality level, only poverty was associated with poor self-rated health after adjusting for individual and household variables. Conclusions: These results highlight the need for a more integrated framework when designing and implementing strategies and programs that aim to improve health conditions in urban populations in Latin America.

Introducción. La autopercepción de la salud se asocia con la morbilidad y la mortalidad debido principalmente al efecto de las condiciones individuales y las características sociales y del ambiente en el que viven las personas. Objetivo. Investigar los factores individuales, del hogar y de la localidad asociados con la autopercepción de la salud en adultos colombianos. Materiales y métodos. Se llevó a cabo un estudio transversal. La información sobre las 19 localidades urbanas consideradas se obtuvo de bases de datos nacionales, en tanto que los datos sobre los 37.352 individuos anidados en 15.788 hogares provinieron de una encuesta de base poblacional. Dada la estructura jerárquica de los datos, las estimaciones del efecto de las variables individuales, del hogar y de la localidad sobre la autopercepción de la salud se hicieron utilizando un modelo de regresión logística de tres niveles. Resultados. Los modelos multinivel ajustados evidenciaron que a nivel individual había una mayor probabilidad de tener una peor percepción de la salud entre adultos mayores, personas de bajo nivel socioeconómico, sin compañero, físicamente inactivos y con enfermedades. A nivel de hogar, la peor percepción de la salud se asoció con la pertenencia a familias de bajo nivel socioeconómico, residentes cerca de fábricas, áreas contaminadas, inseguras y de alto ruido. Por último, a nivel de localidad y después del ajuste por variables individuales y del hogar, la residencia en localidades pobres aumentó la probabilidad de tener una peor percepción de la propia salud. Conclusiones. Los resultados evidencian la necesidad de considerar un marco conceptual más amplio en el momento de diseñar e implementar estrategias y programas que apunten al mejoramiento de las condiciones de salud de las poblaciones urbanas en Latinoamérica.

"Among dead and wounded": mapping, characterization and analysis of fires with victims in Recife's metropolitan zone / "Entre mortos e feridos": mapeamento, caracterização e análise dos incêndios com vítimas na região metropolitana do Recife / "Entre muertos y heridos": cartografía, caracterización y análisis de los incendios con víctimas en la zona metropolitana de Recife

This article presents the mapping and analysis of fires with dead and wounded people in the Metropolitan Region of Recife (MRR) served by the Firefighters Department from 2013 to 2016. There was an average rate of 1 death per million inhabitants, similar to countries such as Singapore and Vietnam. The weighted number of fires per wounded or dead person results in rates of 0.5 and 1.7 per 100 recorded fires, respectively. These numbers are concerning, especially when compared to rates from other regions in the world. The victims of fires in MRR were shown to generally not be a perceivable problem in terms of common sense, yet they are real and require accurate analysis and effective measures.

Este artigo apresenta o mapeamento e a análise de incêndios com mortes e feridos na Região Metropolitana do Recife ­ RMR, atendidos pelo Corpo de Bombeiros, no período de 2013 a 2016. Verificou-se uma taxa média de 1 morte por milhão de habitantes, semelhante a países como Singapura e Vietnam. Quando se pondera a quantidade de incêndios para que haja um ferido ou morto, as taxas se apresentam respectivamente em 0,5 e 1,7 por 100 incêndios registrados ­ sendo estes números preocupantes, principalmente quando comparados com taxas de outras regiões no mundo. Conclui-se que as vítimas de incêndios na Região (RMR) são um problema silente ao senso comum, mas real e que exige análise acurada e providências efetivas.

Este artículo presenta la cartografía y análisis de incendios con muertes y heridos en la Zona Metropolitana de Recife (ZMR), atendidos por el Cuerpo de Bomberos, en el período de 2013 a 2016. Se ha verificado un promedio de 1 muerte por millón de habitantes, semejante a países como Singapur y Vietnam. Cuando se examina la cantidad de incendios para que haya un herido o muerto, los promedios se presentan respectivamente de 0,5 y 1,7 por 100 incendios registrados, lo cual es preocupante, principalmente en comparación con los promedios de otras regiones del mundo. Se concluye que las víctimas de incendios en la ZMR son un problema silencioso y real, lo que exige un análisis cuidadoso y diligencias efectivas.

[Medical prescription and informed consent for the use of physical restraints in nursing homes in the Canary Islands (Spain)]. / Prescripción facultativa y consentimiento informado ante el uso de restricciones físicas en centros geriátricos de las Islas Canarias.

OBJECTIVE: To identify the frequency of completion of informed consent and medical prescription in the clinical records of older patients subject to physical restraint, and to analyse the association between patient characteristics and the absence of such documentation. METHODS: A cross-sectional and descriptive multicentre study with direct observation and review of clinical records was conducted in nine public nursing homes, comprising 1,058 beds. RESULTS: 274 residents were physically restrained. Informed consent was not included in 82.5% of cases and was incomplete in a further 13.9%. There was no medical prescription in 68.3% of cases and it was incomplete in a further 12.0%. The only statistical association found was between the lack of prescription and the patients' advanced age (PR=1.03; p <0.005). CONCLUSIONS: Failure to produce this documentation contravenes the law. Organisational characteristics, ignorance of the legal requirements or the fact that some professionals may consider physical restraint to be a risk-free procedure may explain these results.

[Hospital emergencies arising from nursing homes in a region: evolution, characteristics and appropriateness]. / Urgencias hospitalarias procedentes de residencias geriátricas de una comarca: evolución, características y adecuación.

OBJECTIVE: Hospital emergencies (HE) arising from nursing homes (NH) are on the rise. We analyse the evolution, characteristics and appropriateness of HE of NH residents in a region, as well as resulting hospital admissions. METHOD: Retrospective descriptive study between 2010 and 2013 of institutionalised residents of 11 NH located in Baix Empordà (704 beds) and Palamós Hospital. VARIABLES: Gender, age, morbidity and relative weight according to clinical risk groups (CRG), NH, length of stay, diagnosis of the emergency, appropriateness of HE according to Bermejo's criteria and the HE appropriateness protocol (HEAP), and appropriateness of hospitalisations according to the Appropriateness Evaluation Protocol (AEP). Sample to evaluate appropriateness: 159 HE and 91 hospitalisations. STATISTICAL ANALYSIS: frequency, mean, standard deviation, percentiles, Fisher's exact test and ANOVA, with a confidence interval of 95% and using IBM SPSS Statistics 23. RESULTS: 1,474 people were enrolled, of which 73% were women. Group ≥85 years increased to 60.3% and the mean weight of morbidity was 3.2 to 4.0 (p <0.001). 1,805 HE were generated. The annual rate per 1,000 stays arising from NH increased from 1.64 to 2.05, of which 90.6% were appropriate according to Bermejo's criteria and 93.7% according to the HEAP. Of these, 502 involved hospitalisation. The annual rate per 10 emergencies fell from 2.96 to 2.64 and 98.9% were appropriate according to the AEP. CONCLUSIONS: Hospital emergencies and hospitalisations of NH residents are increasing and are appropriate. Increasing age and disease burden could explain this phenomenon. NH and hospitals should react appropriately, considering the specific needs of this population sector.

Implementación y funcionamiento de hogares protegidos para personas con trastornos mentales graves en Iquitos, Perú (2013-2016) / Implementation and operation of protected residences for people with serious mental illness in Iquitos, Peru (2013-2016) / Implementação e funcionamento de residências terapêuticas para pessoas com transtornos mentais graves em Iquitos, Peru (2013-2016)

RESUMEN Objetivo Evaluar el proceso de implementación y funcionamiento de los hogares protegidos para las personas con trastornos mentales graves en Iquitos, con base en el beneficio y la mejora en la calidad de vida percibida. Métodos Estudio con enfoque cualitativo y transversal. Se realizaron 36 entrevistas a profundidad a residentes del hogar, cuidadores, vecinos y profesionales de salud. Se llenó una ficha sociodemográfica y clínica por cada residente y una ficha de procesos de gestión por cada hogar protegido. Se realizaron grupos focales con gestores y cuidadores. Resultados El tiempo de estancia prolongada manicomial previa de los residentes de hogares protegidos fue de 7 años y 3 meses. Solo 28 % habían presentado recaída clínica durante el último año. Los residentes percibieron mejoría en su calidad de vida y mayor satisfacción en la estancia en hogar protegido respecto a la estancia manicomial previa. Los hogares evaluados se encuentran en lugares accesibles a servicios sociales y comunitarios, con adecuado acceso a medios de transporte. Se realizaron supervisiones periódicas a los cuidadores, infraestructura y mantenimiento del hogar. Conclusiones Existe percepción favorable de cuidadores, gestores, residentes y vecinos sobre el funcionamiento de los hogares protegidos.

ABSTRACT Objective Evaluate the implementation and operation of protected residences for people with serious mental illness in Iquitos, based on the benefits and perceived improvement in their quality of life. Methods Qualitative and cross-cutting study. Thirty-six in-depth interviews of residents, caregivers, neighbors, and health professionals were conducted. A sociodemographic and clinical file was completed for each resident, along with a file on managerial processes for each facility. Focus groups were conducted with managers and caregivers. Results Residents' previous length of stay in a psychiatric hospital was 7 years and 3 months. Only 28 % had suffered a clinical relapse in the past year. Residents reported an improvement in their quality of life and greater satisfaction with their stay in the facility compared with their stay in the psychiatric hospital. The residences evaluated are located in areas accessible to social and community services, with adequate access to transportation. Periodic supervision of caregivers, infrastructure, and residence maintenance was performed. Conclusions Caregivers, managers, residents, and neighbors have a positive view of residence operations.

RESUMO Objetivo Avaliar o processo de implementação e funcionamento de residências terapêuticas ("pensões protegidas") para pessoas portadoras de transtornos mentais graves segundo a percepção de benefício e melhoria da qualidade de vida. Métodos Trata-se de um estudo transversal qualitativo realizado em Iquitos, no Peru. Trinta e seis entrevistas em profundidade foram conduzidas com os moradores de residências terapêuticas, cuidadores, vizinhos e profissionais de saúde. Foi feito o preenchimento de uma ficha sociodemográfica e clínica para cada morador e uma ficha do processo de gestão por residência. Foram realizados grupos de discussão com gestores e cuidadores. Resultados A permanência prolongada anterior em instituição manicomial dos moradores das residências foi de 7 anos e 3 meses. Apenas 28% tiveram recaída clínica no último ano. Os moradores perceberam melhoria da qualidade de vida e informaram um nível maior de satisfação com a permanência nas residências terapêuticas em comparação à permanência anterior em instituição manicomial. As residências estudadas se situavam em locais acessíveis aos funcionários dos serviços sociais e comunitários, com acesso adequado ao transporte público. O trabalho dos cuidadores e a infraestrutura e manutenção das residências receberam supervisão periódica. Conclusões O funcionamento das residências terapêuticas é percebido favoravelmente por cuidadores, gestores, moradores e vizinhos.

Calidad de vida en usuarios de dispositivos residenciales comunitarios en salud mental / Quality of life in residents of community residential devices on mental health

La Colonia Nacional Dr. Montes de Oca (CMDO) atiende población con discapacidad intelectual y patologías psiquiátricas. A partir de transformaciones institucionales recientes surgió la necesidad de conocer las implicancias de los diferentes dispositivos residenciales en la calidad de vida de los usuarios alojados. METODOLOGÍA: Muestra compuesta por 51 usuarios internados en pabellones de la CMDO y 45 residentes en Dispositivos Residenciales Comunitarios (DRC). Se relevaron variables sociodemográficas, epidemiológicas y contextuales y dimensiones del constructo Calidad de Vida, mediante Escala GENCAT. Se calcularon proporciones y medidas de resumen. Se compararon los puntajes directos de la GENCAT mediante prueba estadística U de Mann-Whitney (alfa =0,05). Se construyó el perfil de calidad de vida promedio y se calculó el índice de Calidad de Vida (ICV) para cada grupo. RESULTADOS: En los puntajes directos de Calidad de Vida, la diferencia de medianas entre los dos grupos fue significativa (p<0.01) para todas las dimensiones. La mayor diferencia se observó en la dimensión de Bienestar Material, seguida por Desarrollo personal, Derechos y Autodeterminación. La menor brecha se encontró en Bienestar físico. CONCLUSIÓN: El perfil de calidad de vida de los residentes en DRC fue superior en general y en cada una de sus dimensiones.

The National Colony Dr. Montes de Oca (CMDO) takes care of a population with intellectual disability and psychiatric pathologies. Due to recent transformations, the need of knowing the implications of the different residential devices on the quality of life of the hosted users arose. METHODOLOGY: Sample composed of 51 hospitalized into the CMDO and 45 residents in Community Residential Devices (CRD). Sociodemographic, epidemiological and contextual variables and dimensions of the Quality of Life construct were measured using the GENCAT Scale. Proportions and summary measures were calculated. Direct GENCAT scores were compared using Mann-Whitney U test (alpha = 0.05). The Average Quality of Life Profile was constructed and the Quality of Life Index (ICV) for each group was calculated. RESULTS: In the direct Quality of Life scores, the median difference between the two groups was significant (p <0.01) for all dimensions. The major difference was observed in the Material Welfare dimension , followed by Personal Development, Rights and Self-Determination. The smallest gap was found in Physical well-being. CONCLUSION: The quality of life profile of residents in CRD was higher in general and in each of its dimensions.

A percepção dos moradores em relação aos Serviços Residenciais Terapêuticos: satisfação, liberdade e novo núcleo familiar / The residents' perception about the Residential Therapeutic Services: satisfaction, freedom and new family / La percepción de los habitantes en relación a los Servicios Residenciales Terapéuticos: satisfacción, libertad y nuevo núcleo familiar

Os Serviços Residenciais Terapêuticos (SRTs) estão atrelados à Reforma Psiquiátrica Brasileira e ao processo da desinstitucionalização, com a finalidade de (re)inserir na comunidade pessoas com diagnósticos de transtornos mentais, egressas dos hospitais psiquiátricos. Este estudo qualitativo buscou analisar a percepção dos moradores em relação aos referidos serviços. Para tanto, participaram 31 moradores de 11 SRTs do interior do estado de São Paulo, realizaram-se entrevistas semiestruturadas que foram filmadas e transcritas na íntegra e submetidas à Análise de Conteúdo temática. Os temas que emergiram referem-se à satisfação, liberdade e novo núcleo familiar. Detectaram-se melhoras: na qualidade de vida, na ampliação das redes sociais, no fortalecimento do convívio comunitário e no enfrentamento do transtorno mental desses moradores.

The Residential Therapeutic Services (RTSs) are related to the Brazilian Psychiatric Reform and to the process of deinstitutionalization, and have the purpose of (re)integrate to the community people with mental disorders diagnoses, egresses from psychiatric clinics. This qualitative study aimed to analyze the residents' perception about these services. For that, we conducted a semi-structured interviews with 31 residents of 11 RTSs in the inner of São Paulo state, semi-structured interviews were filmed, fully transcribed and analized with thematic content analysis. The themes that have emerged refer to satisfaction, freedom and new family. Improvements were detected: in the quality of life, in the social networks expansion, in the strengthening of community life and in coping with mental disorder of these residents.

Los Servicios Residenciales Terapéuticos (SRT) están vinculados a la Reforma Psiquiátrica Brasileña y al proceso de desinstitucionalización, intentando (re)insertar en la comunidad las personas con diagnósticos de trastornos mentales, egresados de los hospitales psiquiátricos tradicionales. Este estudio cualitativo buscó analizar la percepción de los residentes en relación a dichos servicios. Por lo tanto, se realizaron entrevistas semiestructuradas a 31 residentes de 11 Servicios Residenciales Terapéuticos en el estado de São Paulo, se realizaron entrevistas semiestructuradas que fueron filmadas y transcritas en su totalidad y sometidas al Análisis de Contenido temática. Los temas que surgieron se refieren a la satisfacción, la libertad y el nuevo núcleo familiar. Se han detectado mejoras: en la calidad de vida, en la ampliación de las redes sociales, en el fortalecimiento de la convivencia comunitaria y en el enfrentamiento del trastorno mental de esos moradores.

Evaluación de la restrictividad de dispositivos residenciales para personas con un diagnóstico psiquiátrico en el modelo de Salud Mental Comunitaria en Chile / Assessment of the Restrictiveness of Supported Housing Services for People with Psychiatric Diagnosis in the Model of Community Mental Health in Chile

Los hogares y residencias protegidas son elementos centrales de la red asistencial que atiende a personas con un diagnóstico de trastorno mental severo, dentro del modelo de salud mental comunitaria. Este modelo tiene como uno de sus propósitos centrales estimular la autonomía y participación social de los usuarios. Se evaluó la restrictividad presente en estos dispositivos y factores asociados a su predicción. Se evaluaron 21 servicios residenciales mediante la escala de prácticas restrictivas, que se aplicó a un cuidador por lugar. Se observó que estos dispositivos poseen un nivel de restrictividad que limita la capacidad de los residentes para tomar decisiones en aspectos de su vida. Esta situación dificulta el empoderamiento y la participación de las personas en la comunidad.

Supported housing services are key elements of the healthcare network that serves people with a diagnosis of severe mental illness, within the community mental health model. This model has as a central purpose to stimulate both autonomy and social participation of users. The restrictiveness present in these centers and factors associated to their prediction was assessed. A total of 21 residential services were assessed by means of the scale of restrictive practices applied to one caregiver per place. It was observed that these services have a level of restrictiveness that limits the ability to make decisions of the residents respect to their lives. This situation hinders both empowerment and participation of people in their communities.

Jóvenes que estuvieron en el sistema de protección social a la infancia: Reflexiones a partir de una investigación realizada en Girona, España / Young people who were in the child protection system: reflections from a study done in Girona, Spain

Los estudios sobre la atención residencial en España son aún escasos a pesar de la importancia de este recurso. Se presenta una investigación realizada con metodología cualitativa, que analiza la situación vivida por jóvenes que pasaron por centros residenciales de la provincia de Girona (1994-2002), a partir de sus opiniones y percepciones expresadas en una entrevista semiestructurada. Los resultados obtenidos, agrupados en subcategorías, muestran su desconocimiento del motivo del ingreso en el centro y cambios posteriores, a la vez que reconocen que fue mejor entrar en el centro que permanecer en casa, y apuntan insuficientes apoyos para la transición a la vida adulta. Supone implicaciones a nivel de políticas de infancia y juventud y para la práctica profesional e investigadora.(AU)

Research on residential care is still scarce despite its high implementation in Spain. This article presents the results of a research using qualitative methods. The study analyses the situation experienced by young people who lived in foster care in the province of Girona (1994 - 2002) based on their opinions and perceptions expressed in a semi-structured interview. The results, clustered into subcategories, show lack of knowledge about the reasons why they needed foster care, if it was better being there than staying with their parents, and the lack of support for transition to adulthood. The study shows implications for children and youth policies, professional practice and research.(AU)

Jóvenes que estuvieron en el sistema de protección social a la infancia. Reflexiones a partir de una investigación realizada en Girona, España / Young people who were in the child protection system: reflections from a study done in Girona, Spain

Los estudios sobre la atención residencial en España son aún escasos a pesar de la importancia de este recurso. Se presenta una investigación realizada con metodología cualitativa, que analiza la situación vivida por jóvenes que pasaron por centros residenciales de la provincia de Girona (1994-2002), a partir de sus opiniones y percepciones expresadas en una entrevista semiestructurada. Los resultados obtenidos, agrupados en subcategorías, muestran su desconocimiento del motivo del ingreso en el centro y cambios posteriores, a la vez que reconocen que fue mejor entrar en el centro que permanecer en casa, y apuntan insuficientes apoyos para la transición a la vida adulta. Supone implicaciones a nivel de políticas de infancia y juventud y para la práctica profesional e investigadora.

Research on residential care is still scarce despite its high implementation in Spain. This article presents the results of a research using qualitative methods. The study analyses the situation experienced by young people who lived in foster care in the province of Girona (1994 - 2002) based on their opinions and perceptions expressed in a semi-structured interview. The results, clustered into subcategories, show lack of knowledge about the reasons why they needed foster care, if it was better being there than staying with their parents, and the lack of support for transition to adulthood. The study shows implications for children and youth policies, professional practice and research.

Relación entre el funcionamiento de un hogar/residencia protegida para personas con trastorno mental severo, el apoyo social del cuidador y las habilidades de la vida diaria de los residentes / Relation between the functioning of sheltered housing/supported home for people with severe mental disorder, the social support of the caregiver and the daily life skills of the residents

Residential programs fulfill an important role in the overall operation of the people with severe mental disorders and they are considered promoters of the improvements observed in them. The study is aimed on determining the relation between the operation of a protected home/residence and the social support of the caregivers, with the daily life skills of the residents. Method: 122 users that reside in protected homes and residences from the Maule and Biobío Regions were interviewed, as well as 30 caregivers/monitors that worked in those places. Results: Both age and gender of the residents shows no significant relation with "skills of the overall daily life". However, a relation was found between the age of the residents and the subscale "activity and social relationships": the older the age, the lesser activity and social relationships of the users. Regarding the restrictiveness variable of the device, it was found that the lesser restrictiveness, the greater basic skills of the daily life of the residents was presented, especially in areas such as domestic and community skills. A relation between daily life skills of the residents and the perceived social support was not found. Nevertheless, a greater perception of social support, greater "activity and social relationships" of the users that reside in Protected Homes and Residences was observed. Conclusions: The restrictiveness of the device by being a relevant variable for daily life skills of the residents must be taken into account in the organization and structure of the residential programs in Chile.

Los programas residenciales cumplen un rol importante en el funcionamiento general de las personas con trastornos mentales severos y son considerados favorecedores de las mejoras observadas en ellos. El estudio tiene como objetivo determinar la relación entre el funcionamiento de un hogar/residencia protegida y el apoyo social de los cuidadores, con las habilidades de la vida diaria de los residentes. Método: Fueron entrevistados 122 usuarios que viven en hogares y residencias protegidas de las regiones del Maule y Bío Bío, además de 30 cuidadores/monitores que trabajaban en el lugar. Resultados: La edad y el sexo de los residentes no muestran una relación significativa con las "habilidades de la vida diaria general". Sin embargo, se encontró relación entre la edad de los residentes y la sub escala "actividad y relaciones sociales"; a mayor edad, menor actividad y relaciones sociales de los usuarios. Respecto de la variable restrictividad del dispositivo se encontró que a menor restrictividad mayores habilidades básicas de la vida diaria en los residentes, especialmente en áreas como "habilidades domésticas" y "habilidades comunitarias". No se encontró relación entre las habilidades de la vida diaria de los residentes y el apoyo social percibido. No obstante, se vio que a mayor percepción de apoyo social, mayor "actividad y relaciones sociales" de los usuarios que viven en hogares y residencias protegidas. Conclusiones: La restrictividad del dispositivo al ser una variable relevante en las habilidades de la vida diaria de los residentes, debe ser considerada en la organización y estructura de los programas residenciales en Chile.

Sustainability of residential environments / Sostenibilidad de los entornos residenciales

In the late eighties, Mercado and González (1991) developed the concept of Habitability, defined as the suitability of the built environment for its residents, focused on residential environments. The evidence suggests that housing habitability is an important aspect of social sustainability, as it affects family's quality of life, social climate and health. In this paper we sought to describe several studies that are supported by the Habitability Model which is considered a way of evaluating residential environments, related to a set of design variables and consequences for the inhabitants. The Model was first developed using Multidimensional Scaling, and later confirmed through Path Analysis. The Model shows a central global measure of habitability and three groups of variables surround it: emotional, symbolic and behavioral. The model seems to explain relationships between architectonic design and residential environmental evaluation through habitability, and family's social processes that are linked to sustainability. Practical and theoretical implications of the results are discussed.

A finales de los años ochenta, Mercado y González (1991) desarrollaron el concepto de habitabilidad, entendida ésta como la adecuación de un entorno construido para sus residentes, centrado en los entornos residenciales. La evidencia sugiere que la habitabilidad de una vivienda es un aspecto importante de la sostenibilidad social, puesto que afecta la calidad de vida de las familias, así como el clima social y la salud. En el presente trabajo nos dimos a la tarea de describir varios estudios que son compatibles con el modelo de habitabilidad; dicho modelo se considera una forma de evaluar los entornos residenciales en relación con un conjunto de variables de diseño y sus consecuencias para los habitantes. Se desarrolló el modelo por primera vez utilizando el escalamiento multidimensional, y luego se confirmó a través de Análisis de Ruta. El modelo muestra una medida global central de habitabilidad, así como tres grupos de variables que le rodean: las emocionales, las simbólicas, y las comportamentales. El modelo parece explicar las relaciones entre el diseño arquitectónico y la evaluación del entorno residencial a través de la habitabilidad y de los procesos sociales de la familia que están vinculados a la sostenibilidad. Se discuten las implicaciones prácticas y teóricas de los resultados.

Desinserção social e habitação: a psicanálise na reforma psiquiátrica brasileira / Social detachment and living arrangements: psychoanalysis in the brazilian psychiatric reform / Désinsertion sociale et logement: la psychanalyse dans la réforme psychiatrique brésilienne / Des-inserción social y habitación: el psicoanálisis en la reforma psiquiátrica brasileña

Em pesquisa multicêntrica e interdisciplinar sobre dispositivos de habitação para portadores de transtornos mentais no Brasil, a psicanálise hipotetiza queo modo de apropriação da moradia é decorrência do estilo da desinserção do sujeito. Diferente da desadaptação ou da exclusão, a desinserção é o ponto a partir do qual o sujeito, habitando o desencontro entre linguagem e corpo, articula-se no mundo. Conclui-se, com caso clínico, que a desinserção reflete a exceção constitutiva do sujeito como falta no Outro, a partir do que ele se nomeia e se localiza - aspecto-chave para a clínica psicossocial.(AU)

In a multicentered and interdisciplinary study on housing solutions for persons with mental disorders in Brazil, psychoanalysts have hypothesized that the mode of appropriation of housing is the result of the style of the detachment of this population. Unlike the concepts of exclusion and failure to adapt, detachment refers to the point from which the subject, inhabiting the disparity between language and body, connects with the world. We conclude with a clinical case, holding that detachment reflects the constitutive exception of the subject as a lack in the Other, from which he assumes his name and finds his place - factors that are keys elements in the psychosocial clinic.(AU)

Selon une recherche multicentrique et interdisciplinaire sur des dispositifs de logement pour les personnes atteintes de troubles mentaux au Brésil, la psychanalyse soutient l'hypothèse que le mode de s'approprier du logement dépend du style de la désinsertion du sujet. Contrairement à l'inadaptation ou à l'exclusion, la désinsertion est le point à partir duquel le sujet, qui habite le décalage entre le langage et le corps, s'articule dans le monde. À l'aide d'un cas clinique, nous concluons que la désinsertion reflète l'exception constitutive du sujet comme manque dans l'Autre, ce qu'il utilise pour se nommer et se situer - un aspect clé pour la clinique psychosociale.(AU)

En una investigación multicéntrica (realizada en varios centros de atendimiento?) e interdiciplinar a respecto de los dispositivos de vivienda para personas con trastornos mentales en Brasil, se utilizó la hipótesis psicoanalítica de que el modo de apropiación de la vivienda es consecuencia del estilo de des-inserción del sujeto. Diferente de la inadaptación o de la exclusión, la des-inserción es el punto en que el sujeto que vive en el desencuentro entre el lenguaje y el cuerpo, se articula en el mundo. Se concluye, ilustrando con un caso clínico, que la des-inserción refleja la constitución exceptiva del sujeto como una falta en el Otro, desde la cual el sujeto se nombra y se ubica - aspecto clave para la clínica psicosocial.(AU)