Vacinar ou arriscar? A mensagem da Organização Mundial de Saúde para promover a vacinação contra a covid-19 / Vaccinate or taking chances? The World Health Organization's message to promote vaccination against COVID-19

Resumo Centrando-se no impacto que a comunicação de risco emitida pelas organizações de saúde pública tem na mudança dos comportamentos da sociedade, esta investigação pretende analisar as mensagens-chave que a Organização Mundial de Saúde (OMS) definiu para promover o programa de vacinação contra a covid-19. Para cumprir este objetivo, enveredou-se por uma metodologia de estudo qualitativa, que privilegiou o uso da análise do conteúdo publicado nas páginas de Facebook e de Instagram da OMS, no período de 1 de abril a 31 de agosto de 2021. No total, foram analisadas 62 publicações. Os resultados mostraram que a OMS utilizou quatro eixo de comunicação para promover a importância da vacinação na sociedade: garantir a credibilidade e a transparência da informação transmitida; certificar a segurança e a eficácia da vacina; apelar ao sentido de responsabilidade coletiva; e associar a vacina à solução para pôr fim à pandemia. As conclusões do estudo mostram que, embora a equidade no acesso à vacina ainda seja uma realidade em construção, os quase 70% da população mundial vacinada sugerem que as mensagens enviadas pela OMS no contexto de comunicação de risco podem ter contribuído para a construção de uma imagem positiva do programa de vacinação.

Abstract Focusing on the impact that risk communication issued by public health organizations brings to changing societal behaviors, this research aimed to analyze the key messages that the World Health Organization (WHO) has defined to promote the COVID-19 vaccination program. In order to achieve this goal, a qualitative study methodology was used to analyze the content published on the WHO's Facebook and Instagram pages from April 1 to August 31, 2021. In total, 62 publications were analyzed. The results showed that the WHO used four key communication messages to promote the importance of vaccination in society: ensuring the credibility and transparency of the information transmitted; certifying the safety and efficacy of the vaccine; appealing to a sense of collective responsibility; and associating the vaccine with the solution to end the pandemic were the chosen communication axes. The conclusions of this study show that, although fair access to the vaccine is still a reality in the making, the fact that almost 70% of the world's population has been vaccinated suggests that the messages sent by the WHO in the context of risk communication may have contributed to building a positive image of the vaccination program.

Diseño metodológico para desarrollar un procedimiento de gestión de comunicación interna en el Ministerio de Salud Pública de Cuba / Methodological Design to Develop an Internal Communication Management Procedure in The Ministry of Public Health of Cuba

Introducción: La gestión de la comunicación interna en las organizaciones de salud representa una herramienta sistémica y organizativa que impacta en el nivel de satisfacción y compromiso de los trabajadores con la organización y se extiende hasta beneficiar a los pacientes como usuarios de los servicios. Su implementación constituye una política de la Administración Central del Estado Cubano que la dirección del Ministerio de Salud Pública prioriza, al considerarla imprescindible para el logro de los objetivos de trabajo. Esto condujo a diseñar un procedimiento que permitiera gestionar la comunicación interna en la institución. Objetivo: Exponer los métodos, las técnicas y los procedimientos empleados para diseñar un procedimiento para la gestión de la comunicación interna en el Ministerio de Salud Pública de Cuba. Resultados: Se plantea una investigación de desarrollo tecnológico, de tipo mixta, aplicada en dos fases y desarrolladas con técnicas cuantitativas y cualitativas. Conclusiones: El empleo de técnicas cuantitativas y cualitativas permitió identificar los elementos que componen un procedimiento para gestionar la comunicación interna en el Ministerio de Salud Pública. El procesamiento de los datos obtenidos desde el nivel individual hasta el colectivo facilitó la integración de conocimientos para organizar el diseño del procedimiento por etapas. La metodología empleada permitió obtener un procedimiento actualizado y válido por expertos y el público interno(AU)

Introduction: The management of internal communication in health organizations represents a systemic and organizational tool that impacts the level of satisfaction and commitment of workers with the organization and it extends to benefit patients as users of services. Its implementation constitutes a policy of the Central Administration of the Cuban State that the management of the Ministry of Public Health prioritizes, considering it essential for the achievement of work objectives. This led to designing a procedure that would allow managing internal communication in the institution. Objective: To present the methods, techniques and procedures used to design a procedure for the management of internal communication in the Ministry of Public Health of Cuba. Results: A mixed type technological development research is proposed, applied in two phases and developed with quantitative and qualitative techniques. Conclusions: The use of quantitative and qualitative techniques allowed to identify the elements that make up a procedure to manage internal communication in the Ministry of Public Health. The processing of the data gained from the individual to the collective level facilitated the integration of knowledge to organize the design of the procedure in stages. The methodology used allowed to obtain an updated and valid procedure by experts and the internal public(AU)

Impact of risk communication on patient's safety during the pandemic.

More than 2 years has passed since the pandemic was declared in 2019 due to the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), which was later declared to be the pathogen causing coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). During this time, many healthcare systems faced numerous challenges to control the high morbidity and mortality of the disease. Unlike previous pandemics, the actions against this pandemic started quickly on both the global and country levels. These actions were, scientifically, to study the virus as well as transmission process and to develop medications and vaccines against it. Also, we had to protect people from transmission by knowing how best to apply precautionary methods. However, there were some unexpected negative consequences of the pandemic and one of those the World Health Organization (WHO) called 'infodemic'. This term infodemic refers to the manipulation of a population's behavior in the assessment of information (or, more accurately, lack of assessment) related to the use of medications, particularly vaccines. Unfortunately, even with positive development in science, there was limited and often contradictory amount of information on the safety and efficacy profile of drugs and vaccines. Therefore, this made it harder for public health agencies to determine the impact of the incidence of adverse reactions and events associated with interventions such as vaccines. Hence, risk communication needs to be emphasized during any pandemic, as ignoring risk communications to different stakeholders could undermine all well-intended therapeutic interventions. Given this, it is important that the different stakeholders involved (health authorities, societies, healthcare professionals, etc.) assess the different behavioral patterns within their respective populations and propose appropriate strategies to act. Such an approach complement having risk management and communication plans for this and future pandemics. The aim of this article is to explore how information management, risk management, and risk communication during the pandemic can provide valuable lessons for the future. Plain language summary: Impact of risk communication on patient's safety during the pandemic More than 2 years have gone by since the pandemic was declared in 2019 due to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Many challenges have been confronted by the healthcare system during this time to control the high impact of this disease. This pandemic, unlike others that humanity has faced, is characterized by a special feature: today, we have an enormous amount of information only a click away. This situation has been of great benefit to humanity and has allowed the development of science; nevertheless, misinformation (infodemics) has been a major problem, which has revealed the behavior of the population regarding the evaluation of information (or better, lack of assessment) related to the use of medications and particularly of vaccines. Given this, it is important that the different people involved (health authorities, societies, healthcare professionals, etc.) assess the behavior and propose appropriate strategies to act and have plans for this and future pandemics. This article intends to explore from the authors' perspective how information management, risk management, and risk communication during the pandemic can provide valuable lessons for the future.

O papel da informação e da comunicação em situações de emergência: a crise sanitária e humanitária no território Yanomami / The role of information and communication in emergency situations: the health and humanitarin crisis in the Yanomani territory / El papel de la información and de la comunicación en situaciones de emergencia: la crisis sanitaria y humanitaria en el territorio Yanomani

A crise humanitária no território Yanomami, agravada nos últimos anos com a invasão de atividades de garimpo, revela uma trama de fatores sociais, ambientais e políticos, que resultaram numa 'emergência' sanitária e humanitária, em seus diversos sentidos. O fluxo contínuo de levantamento de dados, a análise da situação e a comunicação de riscos é que podem revelar o contexto em que essa emergência ocorre e permitir a intervenção oportuna na crise. Nesta nota, procuramos identificar potencialidades e limitações dos dados existentes, informações e estratégias de comunicação voltadas para emergências de saúde.

The humanitarian crisis in the Yanomami territory, exacerbated in recent years by the invasion of mining activities, reveals a set of social, environmental and political factors that resulted in a health and humanita-rian 'emergency' in its various meanings. Only the continuous flow of data collection, situation analysis and risk communication can unveil the context in which this emergency occurs and allow appropriate interven-tion in the crisis. In this note, we seek to identify the potential and limitations of available data, information and communication strategies related to health emergencies.

La crisis humanitaria en el territorio Yanomami, agudizada en los últimos años por la invasión de las ac-tividades de minerías, revela un conjunto de factores sociales, ambientales y políticos, que resultan en la 'emergencia' sanitaria y humanitaria, en sus diversas acepciones. El flujo continuo de recopilación de datos, el análisis de la situación y la comunicación de riesgos es que pueden desvelar el contexto en el que se produce esta emergencia y permitir la intervención oportuna en la crisis. En esta nota, buscamos iden-tificar el potencial y las limitaciones de los datos existentes, informaciones y estrategias de comunicación relacionadas con las emergencias sanitarias.

Silêncio na redação ­ a saúde mental de jornalistas na abordagem da comunicação de riscos / Silence in the newsroom ­ journalist's mental health from the risk communication approach / Silencio en la redacción ­ la salud mental de los periodistas en el abordaje de la comunicación de riesgo

Desde a década de 1990, o psiquiatra sul-africano Anthony Feinstein tem abordado o tema da saúde mental de jornalistas na cobertura de tragédias humanitárias, com foco no Transtorno do Estresse Pós-traumático (TEPT) e em moral injury (lesão moral), definido como uma ferida na alma. Em 2020, primeiro ano da pandemia da covid-19, o artigo "The covid reporters are not okay. Extremely not okay", da jovem jornalista Olivia Messer, trabalhando on-line, chamou a atenção não apenas para o tema da saúde mental dos repórteres, como também para a invisibilidade do assunto. Este artigo objetiva investigar como a comunicação de riscos pode contribuir para descortinar e enfrentar os riscos à saúde mental de jornalistas no Brasil, especialmente no contexto das redações híbridas e da plataformização do jornalismo, um dos campos que compõem o referencial teórico em seu cruzamento com a comunicação de riscos e a psiquiatra. A metodologia contempla a pesquisa bibliográfica nessas três áreas, a plataformização do jornalismo, a comunicação de riscos e a psiquiatria, a partir da conexão entre elas, e da análise de conteúdo, de base quantitativa, da cobertura do assunto pelos jornais Folha de S.Paulo e O Globo. Os resultados apontam a urgência da retirada do tema da invisibilidade midiática e social e confirmam a potencialidade da comunicação de riscos para o seu enfrentamento.

Since the 1990s, South African psychiatrist Anthony Feinstein has addressed the issue of the mental health of journalists covering humanitarian tragedies, focusing on Post-traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) and moral injury, defined as a wound in the soul. In 2020, the first year of the covid-19 pandemic, the article "The covid reporters are not okay. Extremely not okay", by young journalist Olivia Messer, working online drew attention not only to the issue of reporters' mental health, but also to the invisibility of the issue. This article aims to investigate how risk communication can contribute to uncover and address the risks to the mental health of journalists in Brazil, especially in the context of hybrid newsrooms and the plat-formization of journalism, one of the fields that make up the theoretical framework in its intersection with risk communication and psychiatry. The methodology includes bibliographic research in these three areas, platformization of journalism, risk communication and psychiatry, from the connection between them, and content analysis, of quantitative basis, of the coverage of the subject by Folha de S.Paulo and O Globo newspapers. The results point to the urgency of removing this issue of media and social invisibility and recognising the potential of risk communication to face it.

Desde la década de 1990, el psiquiatra sudafricano Anthony Feinstein ha abordado la cuestión de la salud mental de los periodistas que cubren tragedias humanitarias, centrándose en el Trastorno de Estrés Pos-traumático (TEPT) y el moral injury (el daño moral), definidos como una herida en el alma. En 2020, el primer año de la pandemia de covid-19, el artículo "The covid reporters are not okay. Extremely not okay", de la joven periodista Olivia Messer, que trabaja en línea, llamó la atención no sólo sobre la cuestión de la salud mental de los periodistas, sino también sobre la invisibilidad del tema. Este artículo pretende investigar cómo la comunicación de riesgo puede contribuir a descubrir y abordar los riesgos para la salud mental de los periodistas en Brasil, especialmente en el contexto de las redacciones híbridas y la plata-formización del periodismo, uno de los campos que conforman el marco teórico en su intersección con la comunicación de riesgo y la psiquiatría. La metodología contempla la investigación bibliográfica en estas tres áreas, plataformización del periodismo, comunicación de riesgo y la psiquiatría, a partir de la conexión entre ellas, y el análisis de contenido, de base cuantitativa, de la cobertura del tema por los periódicos Folha de S.Paulo y O Globo. Los resultados apuntan a la urgencia de sacar el tema de la invisibilidad mediática y social y confirman la potencialidad de la comunicación de riesgos para su confrontación

A comunicação de risco nas plataformas digitais oficiais da pandemia no Brasil / Risk communication in the official digital media of the pandemic in Brazil

Considerando a primeira onda do cenário pandêmico e a necessária operação de políticas e estratégias que promovam o autocuidado da população para a mitigação da disseminação do vírus da COVID-19, constatamos aqui, as ações adotadas nas plataformas digitais oficiais da administração pública federal no período de março a outubro de 2020. Para tal, utilizamo-nos do método da análise de conteúdo sobre tudo o material publicitado pelo Ministério da Saúde nas plataformas Twitter, Youtube, Facebook, Instagram, Spotify, Soundcloud, e sites oficiais; ministério da saúde, hotsite da pandemia, e blog da saúde. Com a análise, constatamos o prevalecimento de conteúdos que privilegiam a ilustração dos feitos do ministério, a 1. Autopromoção da própria gestão, com 27,57 parcent do total das publicações, 2. Promoção do autocuidado 18,87 por cento, 3. Dados oficiais com 18,55 por cento, 4. Notícias do cotidiano com 18,03 por cento 5. Comunicação técnica para públicos especializados com 9,25 por cento, e 6. Operação técnica estrutural com 7,73 por cento. Com 3428 postagens e 428 073 246 interações avaliadas, vimos os conteúdos de promoção do autocuidado (18,87 por cento) serem suprimidos por 81,13 por cento e outros aspectos abordados pela comunicação oficial do governo. Constatamos dessa forma que a ausência do devido suporte comunicativo oficial em nível equivalente às demandas sanitárias apresentadas na pandemia que se instaurou, abre espaço para lacunas de orientações essenciais à população, e até mesmo de desinformação, o que pode ter comprometido o enfrentamento rigoroso da disseminação do vírus(AU)

Considerando la primera ola del escenario pandémico y el necesario funcionamiento de políticas y estrategias que promueven el autocuidado de la población para mitigar la propagación del virus COVID-19, se recogen en este trabajo las acciones realizadas en los medios digitales oficiales de la ciudadanía federal en el período comprendido entre marzo y octubre de 2020. Para ello se utilizó el método de análisis de contenido en todo el material publicitado por el Ministerio de Salud en las plataformas Twitter, Youtube, Facebook, Instagram, Spotify, Soundcloud y sitios web oficiales; Ministerio de Salud, sitio de acceso a la pandemia y blog de salud. Con el análisis se constató la prevalencia de contenidos que privilegian la ilustración de los logros del Ministerio: 1. La autopromoción de la propia gestión, con el 27,57 por ciento del total de publicaciones, 2. promoción del autocuidado,18,87 por ciento, 3. Datos oficiales con 18,55 por ciento, 4. Noticias diarias con el 18,03 por ciento, 5. Comunicación técnica para públicos especializados con 9,25 por ciento, y 6. Operación técnica estructural con 7,73 por ciento. En las 3428 publicaciones y 428 073 246 interacciones evaluadas se apreció que el contenido de promoción del autocuidado (18,87 por ciento) fue suprimido por el 81,13 por ciento de otros aspectos abordados por la comunicación oficial del gobierno. De esta forma se encuentra que la ausencia de un adecuado soporte comunicativo oficial, que sea equivalente a las demandas de salud presentadas en la pandemia, abre espacio a lagunas en los lineamientos esenciales para la población e, incluso, a la desinformación que puede haber comprometido la situación para el enfrentamiento riguroso a la diseminación del virus(AU)

Considering the first wave of the pandemic scenario and the necessary operation of policies and strategies that promote the population's self-care to mitigate the spread of the COVID-19 virus, we see here the actions taken in the official digital media of the federal public administration in the period from March to October 2020. To this end, we used the method of content analysis on all material advertised by the Ministry of Health on the platforms Twitter, Youtube, Facebook, Instagram, Spotify, Soundcloud, and official websites; ministry of health, pandemic hotsite, and health blog. With the analysis, we verified the prevalence of contents that privilege the illustration of the ministry's achievements, the 1. Self-promotion of the management itself, with 27.57percent of the total publications, 2. Self-care promotion 18.87percent, 3. Official data with 18.55percent, 4. Daily news with 18.03percent, 5. Technical communication for specialized audiences with 9.25percent and 6. Structural technical operation with 7.73percent. With 3428 posts and 428,073,246 interactions evaluated, we saw self-care promotion content (18.87percent) being suppressed by 81.13percent of other aspects addressed by official government communication. In this way, we found that the absence of proper official communicative support at a level equivalent to the health demands presented in the pandemic that was established, leaves gaps in essential guidelines for the population, and even misinformation, which may have compromised the rigorous confrontation of the dissemination of the virus(AU)

Communication Preferences of Parents and Caregivers of Children and Youth With Special Healthcare Needs During a Hypothetical Infectious Disease Emergency.

Children and youth with special healthcare needs are at risk for severe consequences during infectious disease emergencies. Messages for parents and caregivers from trusted sources, via preferred channels, that contain the information they need, may improve health outcomes for this population. In this mixed methods study, we conducted a survey (N = 297) and 80 semistructured interviews, with 70 caregivers of children and youth and 10 young adults with special healthcare needs, between April 2018 and June 2019 in Pennsylvania. The survey presented 3 scenarios (ie, storm, disease outbreak, radiation event); the interviews included questions about storms and an outbreak. This article addresses only the disease outbreak data from each set. Participants were recruited through convenience samples from an urban tertiary care children's hospital and practices in a statewide medical home network. In this article, we summarize the preferred information sources, channels, and content needs of caregivers of children and youth with special healthcare needs during an infectious disease emergency. Nearly 84% of caregivers reported that they believe their child's doctor is the best source of information. Other preferred sources include medical experts (31%); the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (30%); friends, family, and neighbors (21%); and local or state health and emergency management (17%). Pediatric healthcare providers play an important role in providing information to parents and caregivers of children and youth with special healthcare needs during an infectious disease emergency. Public health agencies can establish health communication plans that integrate medical practices and other reliable sources to promote the dissemination of accurate information from trusted messengers.

La Comunicación de Riesgos en el Contexto de la Pandemia COVID-19 en Chile

RESUMEN: La propuesta se enmarca dentro de la perspectiva teórica de la sociedad del riesgo, como marco propio de la modernidad, y es en este contexto que adquiere interés la comunicación de riesgos como mecanismo de interacción frente a situaciones de peligro para la seguridad y salud de la población; como es el caso de la pandemia COVID-19 declarada en el año 2020 -donde se generaron espacios de una mayor necesidad de información a la población y por tanto la generación de cambios en las dinámicas de comportamientos de la misma- la percepción de los riesgos para la salud y la modificación en los hábitos de cuidado y autocuidado de la población, conllevando a una nueva configuración de la temática de la salud pública y la cotidianidad las personas en Chile y en el mundo entero.

ABSTRACT: The proposal is framed within the theoretical perspective of the risk society as a reference framework typical of modernity, and in this context the communication of risks as a mechanism of interaction in the face of situations of danger to the safety and health of the population acquires interest. As is the case of the COVID-19 pandemic declared in 2020, where spaces were generated for a greater need for information to the population and therefore the generation of changes in the dynamics of behaviors of the same. The perception of health risks and the modification in the habits of care and self-care of the population led to a new configuration of the theme of public health and the everyday life of people in Chile and the world.

Facilitating the Conversation: Gene Drive Classification.

Gene drives are an emerging technology with tremendous potential to impact public health, agriculture, and conservation. While gene drives can be described simply as selfish genetic elements (natural or engineered) that are inherited at non-Mendelian rates, upon closer inspection, engineered gene drive technology is a complex class of biotechnology that uses a diverse number of genetic features to bias rates of inheritance. As a complex technology, gene drives can be difficult to comprehend, not only for the public and stakeholders, but also to risk assessors, risk managers, and decisionmakers not familiar with gene drive literature. To address this difficulty, we describe a gene drive classification system based on 5 functional characteristics. These characteristics include a gene drive's objective, mechanism, release threshold, range, and persistence. The aggregate of the gene drive's characteristics can be described as the gene drive's architecture. Establishing a classification system to define different gene drive technologies should make them more comprehensible to the public and provide a framework to guide regulatory evaluation and decisionmaking.

Coping With COVID-19: Health Risk Communication and Vulnerable Groups.

OBJECTIVES: This study sought to identify coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) risk communication materials distributed in Jamaica to mitigate the effects of the disease outbreak. It also sought to explore the effects of health risk communication on vulnerable groups in the context of the pandemic. METHODS: A qualitative study was conducted, including a content analysis of health risk communications and in-depth interviews with 35 purposively selected elderly, physically disabled, persons with mental health disorders, representatives of government agencies, advocacy and service groups, and caregivers of the vulnerable. Axial coding was applied to data from the interviews, and all data were analyzed using the constant comparison technique. RESULTS: Twelve of the 141 COVID-19 risk communication messages directly targeted the vulnerable. All participants were aware of the relevant risk communication and largely complied. Barriers to messaging awareness and compliance included inappropriate message medium for the deaf and blind, rural location, lack of Internet service or digital devices, limited technology skills, and limited connection to agencies that serve the vulnerable. CONCLUSION: The vulnerable are at increased risk in times of crisis. Accessibility of targeted information was inadequate for universal access to health information and support for vulnerable persons regardless of location and vulnerability.

The Impact of Health Risk Communication: A Study on the Dengue, Chikungunya, and Zika Epidemics in Curaçao, Analyzed by the Social Amplification of Risk Framework (SARF).

Epidemics of dengue, chikungunya, and Zika have been threatening the Caribbean. Since risk communication (RC) plays a fundamental role in preventing and controlling diseases understanding how RC works is essential for enabling risk-reducing behavior. This multimethod qualitative study compares news reports with local's and health professional's perspectives, currently lacking in RC research. It was found that RC strategies were obstructed by a lack of governmental structure, organization, and communication. The content analysis showed that the majority of newspaper articles contained negative reporting on the government. Furthermore, this study shows how trust and heuristics attenuate or amplify people's risk perceptions and possibly positively and negatively influence people's risk-reducing behavior. A transcending approach (e.g., structural, cooperative, and multidisciplinary) of the prevention and control of vector-borne diseases and the corresponding RC is recommended.

Infodemia: uma ameaça à saúde pública global durante e após a pandemia de Covid-19 / Infodemic: a threat to global public health during and after the Covid-19 pandemic / Infodemia: una amenaza para la salud pública global durante y después de la pandemia de Covid-19

A escalada da infodemia durante a pandemia de Covid-19 se deu, em muito, pelo boom das mídias sociais, que hoje fazem parte da vida de bilhões de pessoas pelo mundo. A comunidade internacional está se mobilizando para abordar e controlar este fenômeno que tomou dimensões inéditas em nossa sociedade. A enxurrada de desinformação está dificultando que fontes idôneas e orientações baseadas em evidências sejam encontradas pelas pessoas que buscam informação e mina a resposta à Covid-19. Com o novo normal, surgem novas formas de comunicar riscos e novos desafios a enfrentar.

The rise of infodemic during the Covid-19 pandemic occurred largely due to the social media boom, which today is part of the life of billions of people around the world. The international community is mobilizing to cope with and control this phenomenon that has taken unprecedented dimensions in our society. The great flow of misinformation is making difficult for people seeking information to find suitable sources and evidence-based guidance and it is also undermining the response to Covid-19. The new normal brings new ways of communicating risks and new challenges to face.

La escalada de la infodemia durante la pandemia de Covid-19 ocurrió en gran medida debido al boom de las redes sociales, que actualmente hacen parte de la vida de billones de personas en todo el mundo. La comunidad internacional se está movilizando para abordar y controlar este fenómeno que ha adquirido dimensiones sin precedentes en nuestra sociedad. La avalancha de desinformación dificulta que las personas que buscan información encuentren fuentes confiables y orientaciones basadas en evidencias y también socava la respuesta a la Covid-19. Con la nueva normalidad surgen nuevas formas de comunicar los riesgos y nuevos desafíos a enfrentarse.

Educational hazards? The politics of disaster risk education in Rio de Janeiro.

Disaster education outcomes are highly dependent on the political context of that education. Based on a rich, in-depth case study of the creation of community monitors in a landslide and flood-prone city in southeast Brazil, this paper demonstrates how developmental and political environments add much additional nuance to existing theories of behaviourist and transformative education for disaster preparedness and mitigation. Beyond identifying the benefits of education, it argues that disaster risk reduction outcomes are reliant on governance frameworks that alter over time. The study reveals the political complexity associated with programme implementation and cites the perspectives of a number of participants. Disaster education is shown to be the necessary yet underappreciated twin of the militarised and technical approaches that dominate disaster response in Brazil. Understated, however, is education's situatedness: how it can become an arena of conflict between government and civil actors over matters of state and society in increasingly hazardous urbanisation settings in Latin America.

Análisis exploratorio de las tendencias de búsqueda en internet durante el brote de la COVID-19 / Exploratory analysis of internet search trends during the COVID-19 outbreak

Coronavirus disease 2019 has put the world in a health emergency. Searching for information on the Internet largely reflects people's interest in this pandemic. Objective: Conduct an exploratory analysis of Internet search trends during the 2019 coronavirus disease outbreak. Methods: Google Trends was used to provide data on the relative volume of Google searches for terms related to 2019 coronavirus disease. The evaluation period was from January 01 to May 17, 2020. Results: The search term used to know this pandemic was "coronavirus", the most searched symptom was "fever", followed by "sore throat" and "cough", in addition, the interest of users to know the transmission routes of the acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2. As for preventive measures, the most searched term was "stay home", followed by "facial masks", "social distancing" and "washing hands". Conclusions: The results confirmed interest in COVID-19 via Internet. Using information from people's Internet search interest could help formulate health policies to better control the 2019 coronavirus disease outbreak(AU)

La enfermedad del coronavirus 2019 ha puesto al mundo en una emergencia sanitaria. La búsqueda de información en Internet refleja en gran medida el interés de la gente por esta pandemia. Objetivo: Realizar un análisis exploratorio de las tendencias de búsqueda en Internet durante el brote de la enfermedad por coronavirus de 2019. Métodos: Google Trends se utilizó para proporcionar datos sobre el volumen relativo de búsquedas en Google de términos relacionados con la enfermedad del coronavirus del año 2019. El período de evaluación fue del 1ro. de enero al 17 de mayo de 2020. Resultados: El término de búsqueda utilizado para conocer esta pandemia fue "coronavirus", el síntoma más buscado fue "fiebre", seguido de "dolor de garganta" y "tos"; además, el interés de los usuarios por conocer las vías de transmisión del síndrome respiratorio agudo del coronavirus 2. En cuanto a las medidas preventivas, el término más buscado fue "quedarse en casa", seguido de "máscaras faciales", "distanciamiento social" y "lavarse las manos". Conclusiones: Los resultados confirmaron el interés en el COVID-19 a través de Internet. El uso de información del interés de búsqueda de las personas en Internet podría ayudar a formular políticas de salud para controlar mejor el brote de la enfermedad del coronavirus del año 2019(AU)

Tendencias de búsquedas en internet por la pandemia COVID-19 en Perú

RESUMEN En esta comunicación nos proponemos describir el uso de Google Trends para medir las búsquedas en internet de términos asociados a la pandemia por COVID-19 en distintas regiones de Perú y su potencial para realizar investigaciones en salud. Se midió la tendencia de búsquedas en internet de los términos "covid", "lavado de manos", "mascarillas", "distanciamiento" y "sars-cov-2".en el período entre el 27 de febrero al 27 de mayo de 2020 Se utilizaron los datos de Google Trends sobre una fracción de las búsquedas de las palabras clave, y se analizaron los resultados de acuerdo con una ubicación geográfica dada y un período definido. Para el término "covid" y "lavado de manos" la región con mayor nivel de interés fue Huancavelica con 100 búsquedas en cada término. Para el vocablo "mascarillas" predominó la región de Amazonas, también con 100 búsquedas. Igual condición se encontró en Moquegua y Puno para los términos "distanciamiento" y "sars-cov-2", respectivamente. Se encontró fuerte correlación entre covid, mascarillas, distanciamiento con el número de casos de COVID-19 en Perú y la misma situación pero con correlación ligeramente positiva para sars-cov-2 y lavado de manos. Google Trends podría, además, definir potencialmente el momento y la ubicación adecuada para practicar estrategias de comunicación de riesgos a las poblaciones afectadas. La comunicación adecuada del riesgo puede ayudar a prevenir la cantidad excesiva de información circulante, que suele provocar inquietud o pánico en estas poblaciones.

ABSTRACT The purpose of the present communication is to describe the use of Google Trends to measure web searches for terms associated to the COVID-19 pandemic in different regions of Peru and its potential to conduct health research. Measurements were taken of the trend of web searches for the terms "COVID", "handwashing", "facemasks", "distancing" and "SARS-CoV-2" in the period extending from 27 February to 27 May 2020. Google Trends data were applied to a number of the key word searches examined, and results were analyzed according to specific geographic locations and definite time periods. For the terms "COVID" and "handwashing" the region of greatest interest was Huancavelica with 100 searches for each term. For the term "facemasks" the Amazonas Region stood out, also with 100 searches. A similar situation was observed in Moquegua and Puno for the terms "distancing" and "SARS-CoV-2", respectively. A strong correlation was found between "COVID", "facemasks" and "distancing", and the number of COVID-19 cases in Peru. The same applies, though with a slightly positive correlation, to "SARS-CoV-2" and "handwashing". Google Trends could also potentially define the appropriate moment and location to implement risk communication strategies intended for the populations affected. Adequate risk communication may help prevent the excessive amount of information in circulation, which often causes disquiet or panic in those populations.

A vigilância sanitária no Facebook: potências e fragilidades da comunicação do risco sanitário na esfera digital / Sanitary surveillance on Facebook: strong and weak points of sanitary surveillance communication in the internet

Resumo Este artigo apresenta resultados de uma pesquisa de mestrado que estudou o campo da comunicação em vigilância sanitária por meio do Facebook, a plataforma social mais popular no Brasil e que sustenta uma nova configuração comunicativa para a promoção da saúde. Busca-se revelar potências e fragilidades dos processos comunicativos digitais que evocam a midiatização do risco sanitário, a fim de verificar se essas iniciativas podem ser consideradas ferramentas de proteção social e de consolidação do direito à saúde. Primeiramente, identificamos as vigilâncias sanitárias com páginas no Facebook. Então, analisamos o que estava sendo comunicado e de que forma. O aplicativo Netvizz foi empregado na mineração dos dados. Fundamentos da análise de redes sociais e da análise de conteúdo guiaram o modelo analítico proposto. As páginas no Facebook da Agência Nacional de Vigilância Sanitária (Anvisa Oficial) e da Vigilância Sanitária do município do Rio de Janeiro (Vigilância Sanitária Rio) foram selecionadas para análise de conteúdo. Das 30 postagens de maior engajamento, publicadas entre 1º de junho e 1º de dezembro de 2017, foram revelados os temas com mais reações, comentários e compartilhamentos por parte dos usuários conectados: medicamento, na página Anvisa Oficial; e controle de zoonoses, para a Vigilância Sanitária Rio. Cada tema está associado a uma diversidade de riscos sanitários, os quais revelam tensões e conflitos entre a sociedade e o poder público conectados. Acreditamos na comunicação digital como alternativa contemporânea para incrementar ferramentas de proteção social, fortalecer o direito à informação e, consequentemente, consolidar o direito à saúde.

Abstract This article presents the results of a master´s program study on sanitary surveillance communication through Facebook, the most popular social platform in Brazil that offers a new communication configuration for health promotion. It verifies the strong and weak points of digital communication processes that evoke sanitary risk mediatization in order to evaluate whether such strategies can be considered tools for social protection and the consolidation of the right to health. Firstly, public organizations in Brazil identified as Sanitary Surveillance Services (SSS) that hold a fanpage on Facebook are listed. We then describe what is being communicated and how. The application software Netvizz was used for data mining. Social Network Analysis and Content Analysis were used as guides to construct an analytical model. Both the Anvisa Oficial and Vigilância Sanitária Rio fanpages were selected to content analysis of their 30 most engaged posts, published in 2017 between June 1st and December 1st. Those fanpages represent the Federal Brazilian SSS (Agência Nacional de Vigilância Sanitária) and the Rio de Janeiro municipality´s SSS, respectively. The topics related to the highest engagement (highest sum of reactions, comments and shares) were: medicine from Anvisa Oficial posts and zoonosis control from Vigilância Sanitária Rio posts. Each topic can be associated to many sanitary risks and reveal various tensions and conflicts between interconnected society and public health services. We believe in digital communication as a contemporary alternative to increment social protection, reinforce the right to information and, consequently, consolidate the right to health.

Knowledge and awareness of health effects related to the use of mercury in artisanal and small-scale gold mining in Suriname.

BACKGROUND: The use of mercury in artisanal and small-scale gold mining has negative effects on human health and the environment. In Suriname, the current gold rush resulted in estimated mercury emissions up to 63t per year. To reduce the use of mercury and the subsequent health impact to gold miners and local inhabitants, knowledge and awareness in the community should be increased. METHODS: This study evaluated the effects of a health education programme (HEP) on the levels of knowledge and awareness among local inhabitants and small-scale gold miners in active gold mining areas in the interior of Suriname, South-America. Baseline knowledge levels were assessed with a survey prior to the implementation of the HEP. Thereafter, the exact same questions were asked to evaluate the effects. A total of 959 local inhabitants and 140 gold miners completed the survey including five topics: general knowledge on mercury, potential routes of exposure, health risks for children versus adults, mercury related health effects, and reproductive risks. Additionally, participants were asked in a separate survey (n = 107) about potential exposure reduction techniques and their willingness to be involved in a future human biomonitoring programme. RESULTS: The HEP influenced knowledge on exposure routes of mercury (increase from 64% to 78% of respondents who could name the relevant exposure routes) and on health effects attributed to mercury (increase from 48% to 70% of respondents who were able to list the correct health effects). After the HEP, 70% of the respondents affirmed the higher sensitivity of children, while knowledge on reproductive health effects increased from 39% to 63%. Self-estimated levels of knowledge also increased, indicating lower anxiety regarding potential risks of mercury. Gold miners reported to be willing to improve their work procedures (e.g. burning amalgam with a retort), although suitable tools were not always available. Consistent results were found for individuals included in both surveys, before and after the health education programme. Almost all respondents in the separate survey reported to be willing to give consent for participation in a future human biomonitoring programme, for themselves and their children. CONCLUSION: The implementation of a health education programme within an existing local healthcare structure proved effective and levels of knowledge and awareness improved. Most improved was the knowledge on health effects attributable to mercury, more specifically reproductive health effects.

Using Risk Communication Strategies for Zika Virus Prevention and Control Driven by Community-Based Participatory Research.

Background: In this study, we use community-based participatory processes to engage community and academic partners in a meaningful exchange to identify and pilot test risk communication strategies for Zika virus prevention and control. Methods: Community members were actively involved in planning, developing, and implementing a risk communication initiative. Qualitative and quantitative data gathered through individual interviews, focus groups, and community advisory board input provided information for the identification of relevant risk communication strategies to increase the understanding about Zika virus and to promote behavior change. To examine its impact we obtained baseline and follow-up data from a random sample of 75 community residents. A face-to-face interview was conducted to assess community members' knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors regarding Zika virus infection. Results: Study activities focused on three risk communication strategies: Zika awareness health fair, health education through theater, and community forums and workshops. The risk communication initiative was implemented over a two-month period. Findings from baseline and follow-up data demonstrated significant positive changes in respondents' recognition of personal and community responsibility for the prevention of Zika infection, increased knowledge of prevention strategies, and enhanced engagement in preventive behaviors for mosquito control. Conclusion: Our findings sustain the benefits of community based participatory research for the design and implementation of risk communication strategies that are relevant to enable residents in low-income communities to take informed decisions for the protection against Zika virus and other mosquito-borne diseases.

Two Sizes May Fit All: Promoting Healthier Choices Through Regulatory Fit in Risk Communications.

AIMS AND BACKGROUND: For consumers to make healthy informed decisions (e.g. choose a low nutritional risk food product), they need to receive and exchange information with experts, health authorities, health and risk communicators and other interest groups. However, communicators often face the challenge that consumers avoid such information and have a low engagement with health and risk communication activities. This often results from a lack of consideration of consumers' characteristics and communications customization to them. METHODS: A potential approach to increase engagement with communications is providing information that fits consumers' need and goals, particularly their regulatory orientation. We propose that such customization can be applied within a Mental Models' Approach operationalized through a recently patented Mental Modeling Technology PlatformTM (US9262725B2). RESULTS: Drawing results from psychological science and particularly Regulatory Focus Theory, communications can be customized to two global individual's goal orientation: 1) Promotion focus; 2) Prevention Focus. Communications customized into a promotion orientation (vs. prevention orientation) should make salient gains/positive consequences (vs. losses/negative consequences). Regulatory orientation should be measured in Mental Models Approach step two and message customization in step three (communication design). CONCLUSION: The role of individual psychological factors which influence food perception and choice should be considered in future studies/interventions to promote healthier decisions. Those responsible for designing mass dissemination messages and/or public health interventions, may benefit from using regulatory fit to facilitate behavior change, particularly when cost-effective personalized bidirectional communications are not possible.

Assessing air quality index awareness and use in Mexico City.

BACKGROUND: The Mexico City Metropolitan Area has an expansive urban population and a long history of air quality management challenges. Poor air quality has been associated with adverse pulmonary and cardiac health effects, particularly among susceptible populations with underlying disease. In addition to reducing pollution concentrations, risk communication efforts that inform behavior modification have the potential to reduce public health burdens associated with air pollution. METHODS: This study investigates the utilization of Mexico's IMECA risk communication index to inform air pollution avoidance behavior among the general population living in the Mexico City Metropolitan Area. Individuals were selected via probability sampling and surveyed by phone about their air quality index knowledge, pollution concerns, and individual behaviors. RESULTS: The results indicated reasonably high awareness of the air quality index (53% of respondents), with greater awareness in urban areas, among older and more educated individuals, and for those who received air quality information from a healthcare provider. Additionally, behavior modification was less influenced by index reports as it was by personal perceptions of air quality, and there was no difference in behavior modification among susceptible and non-susceptible groups. CONCLUSIONS: Taken together, these results suggest there are opportunities to improve the public health impact of risk communication through an increased focus on susceptible populations and greater encouragement of public action in response to local air quality indices.