ABSTRACT
This study documents the natural accumulation of mollusk shells on an elevated rocky shore carved into the calcareous rocks of the La Popa formation at Punta Roca (Atlántico), covering an estimated area of 0.35 km2. Hydrodynamic transport and differential exposure to environmental conditions are the primary factors contributing to shell deposition. A total of 58 mollusk species were identified, including 30 bivalves and 28 gastropods. The Veneridae was the most prominent, with the highest number of species (7) and shells comprising 64.22 % of the total. Key species contributing to the accumulation include the bivalves Anomalocardia cf. flexuosa, Polymesoda cf. arctata, Leukoma pectorina, Tivela mactroides, Crassostrea rhizophorae, and the gastropod Vitta virginea. These species are primarily characteristic of estuarine environments, with the exception of T. mactroides. Notably, the first recorded occurrence of the non-native gastropod Naria turdus (Cypraeidae) on the Colombian Caribbean coast was documented. The accumulations exhibit varying degrees of abrasion, fragmentation, encrustation, and bioerosion, with some shells appearing almost intact, indicating differences in origin and transport mechanisms. The extraction of shells for ornamental purposes poses a significant challenge to this natural accumulation.
Subject(s)
Animal Shells , Bivalvia , Environmental Monitoring , Gastropoda , Animals , Colombia , Caribbean RegionABSTRACT
Resumen El fósforo (P) es un elemento fundamental para toda la vida en la tierra, y no presenta un sustituto en la producción de alimentos. El suministro de P desde las reservas de rocas fosfóricas está concentrado en unos pocos países y, en las próximas décadas podría verse gravemente afectado. Por lo que el contexto geopolítico debería ser considerado al evaluar la situación. Sin embargo, no existen datos fiables y transparentes sobre la producción, el comercio, el uso y las pérdidas de dicho nutriente. Por lo tanto, ¿hay realmente una escasez física o son limitaciones de tipo económicas, políticas o técnicas? Si bien ya se están buscando soluciones a diferentes escalas para lograr una mayor resiliencia de los agroecosistemas, se necesitan acciones urgentes para comprender, proteger y preservar nuestro planeta y sus limitados recursos, como el P, de una manera sostenible, rentable y segura.
Abstract Phosphorus (P) is an essential element for all life on earth, and has no substitute in food production. The supply of P from phosphate rock reserves is concentrated in a few countries and could be severely affected. Whereby the geopolitical context should be considered when assessing the situation. However, there are no reliable and transparent data on the production, trade, use and losses of this nutrient. So is there really a physical shortage or are they economic, political or technical constraints? Although solutions are already being sought at different scales to achieve greater resilience of agroecosystems, actions are urgently needed to understand, protect and preserve our planet and its limited resources, such as phosphorus, in a sustainable, profitable and safe way.
ABSTRACT
Introducción: El noroeste de Costa Rica representa un área con una alta riqueza geológica que evidencia rocas generadas en diferentes ambientes, como plano abisal, talud continental, plataforma continental, volcánicos continentales efusivos y explosivos, volcánicos submarinos, costeros, erosivos fluviales, erosivos gravitatorios, de intrusión y el manto terrestre. Objetivo: Describir el contexto geológico actual del noroeste de Costa Rica, mediante el análisis y recopilación de datos de campo, geoquímicos, petrológicos, estructurales, paleontológicos y radiométricos con el fin de reconstruir los eventos y etapas de deformación desde el Jurásico a la actualidad. Métodos: Se hizo una recopilación bibliográfica de estudios en diversas ramas geológicas para establecer un estado del arte del extremo noroeste de Costa Rica. Resultados: La historia geológica representa el registro en rocas desde el Jurásico al Holoceno - actualidad con once etapas definidas a partir de interpretaciones petrológicas, estructurales, geocronológicas, estratigráficas y paleontológicas agrupadas en tres etapas de depositación y afectadas por cuatro fases tectónicas compresivas. Conclusiones: Las etapas de depositación corresponden con una primera etapa magmática con afinidad oceánica entre el Jurásico y el Cretácico Superior, una segunda etapa predominantemente sedimentaria con un rango de edad entre el Cretácico Superior y el Oligoceno, y por último una etapa volcánica efusiva - explosiva ubicada desde el Plioceno hasta la actualidad. Las fases tectónicas se asocian con diferentes eventos entre placas. La primera se dio en el Cretácico Inferior y su principal resultado visible fue la emersión de la Ofiolita de Santa Elena; la segunda sucedió del Cretácico Superior temprano al Campaniano y su reconocimiento está ligado a la posición actual de la Ofiolita de Santa Elena y sus estructuras circundantes; la tercera fase aconteció desde el Eoceno Superior hasta el Mioceno y su principal producto fue la generación del tren de pliegues sedimentarios del Golfo de Santa Elena a bahía de Salinas; y por último se presenta una fase Cuaternaria que originó el eje de basculamiento de los productos piroclásticos frente a la cordillera volcánica de Guanacaste.
Introduction: The Costa Rican northwestern coastline has a wide geological uniqueness that exhibits rocks from different environments such as abyssal plane, continental slope, continental platform, volcanic eruptions (effusive, explosive, and submarine), coastal, erosional (fluvial and gravitatory), intrusions, and upper mantle rocks. Objective: To present the geologic state of the art of the northwestern coastline of Costa Rica through the bibliographic review of geochemical, petrologic, structural, paleontological and geochronological data. Methods: A bibliographic revision was done to propose a state of the art of northwestern coastline of Costa Rica. Results: The geologic record shows eleven stages from the Jurassic to the Holocene. These stages were regrouped from petrologic, structural, geochronologic, stratigraphic and paleontological interpretations in three depositional stages and four compressive tectonic phases. Conclusions: The first depositional stage is volcanic with oceanic affinity between the Jurassic and Upper Cretaceous. The second has a sedimentary predominance with an age range between the Upper Cretaceous and the Miocene. The last depositional stage is a volcanic (effusive and explosive) from the Pliocene until the present. The tectonic phases are associate with different interactions between tectonic plates. The first phase triggered the Santa Elena Ophiolite obduction during the Early Cretaceous. The second phase occurred in the Early Upper Cretaceous - Campanian and is recognized by its current position and surrounding structures. The third phase lasted from the Upper Eocene until the Miocene and its main result was the folding of the Bahía de Salinas sedimentary rocks. Finally, the Quaternary phase created a tilt axis and the aperture for the deposition of pyroclastic density currents in front of the Guanacaste volcanic ridge.
Subject(s)
Tectonics , Geological Phenomena , Sedimentation , Volcanic Eruptions/analysis , Costa Rica , Geology/statistics & numerical dataABSTRACT
The effectiveness of a program of payment for environmental services (PES) in the Brazilian Amazon was analyzed through an accurate mapping of deforested areas. The Bolsa Floresta Program (BFP) in Amazonas state (Brazil) was chosen as an example of a PES program that aims to compensate farmers for their commitment to zero deforestation of primary forests while opening swiddens only in secondary vegetation areas. However, the official measurement of opened swiddens is not effective since only deforested areas larger than 6.25 ha are mapped, whereas most areas opened for cassava crops are approximately 1 ha in size. The effectiveness of the BFP was evaluated in the Uatumã Sustainable Development Reserve (SDR). We tested a methodology for mapping areas from 0.45 ha upwards that have been opened for cassava swiddens. The years 2006 (before the implementation of the BFP), 2011, 2015 and 2019 were analyzed. The results indicated that 88% of the areas opened for swiddens were between 0.45 and 6.25 ha in size. After the implantation of the BFP, the cumulative total deforested area decreased, and there was a reduction in deforested areas in primary forests. An intensification of swidden cultivation was also observed, which could cause a decline in productivity. The monitoring by land-use zoning showed that the majority of opened areas were located in intensive use zones, following the rules of the SDR management plan. The results show the efforts of local families to fulfill the BFP rules.(AU)
A efetividade de um programa de pagamento por serviços ambientais (PSA) na Amazônia brasileira foi analisada através de um mapeamento detalhado de áreas desmatadas. O Programa Bolsa Floresta (PBF), no estado do Amazonas (Brasil), foi escolhido como um exemplo de PSA que visa compensar agricultores por aderirem ao desmatamento zero da floresta primária ao abrir roças somente em áreas de capoeira. Porém, a medição oficial das roças não é efetiva, visto que apenas áreas desmatadas maiores que 6,25 ha estão sendo mapeadas, enquanto a maioria das áreas abertas para cultivo de mandioca possuem áreas de aproximadamente 1 ha. A eficácia do PBF foi avaliada na Reserva de Desenvolvimento Sustentável (RDS) do Uatumã. Testamos uma metodologia de mapeamento de áreas a partir de 0,45 ha abertas para roças de mandioca. Foram analisados os anos de 2006 (antes da implantação do PBF), 2011, 2015 e 2019. Os resultados indicam que 88% das áreas abertas para roças tinham entre 0,45 e 6,25 ha. Após a implantação do PBF, a área total desmatada acumulada diminuiu e houve redução das áreas desmatadas em floresta primária. Também observamos uma intensificação da roça, o que pode ocasionar queda na produtividade. O monitoramento do zoneamento do uso da terra mostrou que a maioria das áreas abertas estão localizadas na zona de uso intensivo, seguindo as regras do plano de manejo da RDS. Os resultados mostraram os esforços das famílias para cumprir as regras do BFP.(AU)
Subject(s)
Agricultural Zones/analysis , Manihot/growth & development , Conservation of Natural Resources , Family Planning ServicesABSTRACT
The effectiveness of a program of payment for environmental services (PES) in the Brazilian Amazon was analyzed through an accurate mapping of deforested areas. The Bolsa Floresta Program (BFP) in Amazonas state (Brazil) was chosen as an example of a PES program that aims to compensate farmers for their commitment to zero deforestation of primary forests while opening swiddens only in secondary vegetation areas. However, the official measurement of opened swiddens is not effective since only deforested areas larger than 6.25 ha are mapped, whereas most areas opened for cassava crops are approximately 1 ha in size. The effectiveness of the BFP was evaluated in the Uatumã Sustainable Development Reserve (SDR). We tested a methodology for mapping areas from 0.45 ha upwards that have been opened for cassava swiddens. The years 2006 (before the implementation of the BFP), 2011, 2015 and 2019 were analyzed. The results indicated that 88% of the areas opened for swiddens were between 0.45 and 6.25 ha in size. After the implantation of the BFP, the cumulative total deforested area decreased, and there was a reduction in deforested areas in primary forests. An intensification of swidden cultivation was also observed, which could cause a decline in productivity. The monitoring by land-use zoning showed that the majority of opened areas were located in intensive use zones, following the rules of the SDR management plan. The results show the efforts of local families to fulfill the BFP rules.
A efetividade de um programa de pagamento por serviços ambientais (PSA) na Amazônia brasileira foi analisada através de um mapeamento detalhado de áreas desmatadas. O Programa Bolsa Floresta (PBF), no estado do Amazonas (Brasil), foi escolhido como um exemplo de PSA que visa compensar agricultores por aderirem ao desmatamento zero da floresta primária ao abrir roças somente em áreas de capoeira. Porém, a medição oficial das roças não é efetiva, visto que apenas áreas desmatadas maiores que 6,25 ha estão sendo mapeadas, enquanto a maioria das áreas abertas para cultivo de mandioca possuem áreas de aproximadamente 1 ha. A eficácia do PBF foi avaliada na Reserva de Desenvolvimento Sustentável (RDS) do Uatumã. Testamos uma metodologia de mapeamento de áreas a partir de 0,45 ha abertas para roças de mandioca. Foram analisados os anos de 2006 (antes da implantação do PBF), 2011, 2015 e 2019. Os resultados indicam que 88% das áreas abertas para roças tinham entre 0,45 e 6,25 ha. Após a implantação do PBF, a área total desmatada acumulada diminuiu e houve redução das áreas desmatadas em floresta primária. Também observamos uma intensificação da roça, o que pode ocasionar queda na produtividade. O monitoramento do zoneamento do uso da terra mostrou que a maioria das áreas abertas estão localizadas na zona de uso intensivo, seguindo as regras do plano de manejo da RDS. Os resultados mostraram os esforços das famílias para cumprir as regras do BFP.
Subject(s)
Conservation of Natural Resources , Manihot/growth & development , Family Planning Services , Agricultural Zones/analysisABSTRACT
ABSTRACT The effectiveness of a program of payment for environmental services (PES) in the Brazilian Amazon was analyzed through an accurate mapping of deforested areas. The Bolsa Floresta Program (BFP) in Amazonas state (Brazil) was chosen as an example of a PES program that aims to compensate farmers for their commitment to zero deforestation of primary forests while opening swiddens only in secondary vegetation areas. However, the official measurement of opened swiddens is not effective since only deforested areas larger than 6.25 ha are mapped, whereas most areas opened for cassava crops are approximately 1 ha in size. The effectiveness of the BFP was evaluated in the Uatumã Sustainable Development Reserve (SDR). We tested a methodology for mapping areas from 0.45 ha upwards that have been opened for cassava swiddens. The years 2006 (before the implementation of the BFP), 2011, 2015 and 2019 were analyzed. The results indicated that 88% of the areas opened for swiddens were between 0.45 and 6.25 ha in size. After the implantation of the BFP, the cumulative total deforested area decreased, and there was a reduction in deforested areas in primary forests. An intensification of swidden cultivation was also observed, which could cause a decline in productivity. The monitoring by land-use zoning showed that the majority of opened areas were located in intensive use zones, following the rules of the SDR management plan. The results show the efforts of local families to fulfill the BFP rules.
RESUMO A efetividade de um programa de pagamento por serviços ambientais (PSA) na Amazônia brasileira foi analisada através de um mapeamento detalhado de áreas desmatadas. O Programa Bolsa Floresta (PBF), no estado do Amazonas (Brasil), foi escolhido como um exemplo de PSA que visa compensar agricultores por aderirem ao desmatamento zero da floresta primária ao abrir roças somente em áreas de capoeira. Porém, a medição oficial das roças não é efetiva, visto que apenas áreas desmatadas maiores que 6,25 ha estão sendo mapeadas, enquanto a maioria das áreas abertas para cultivo de mandioca possuem áreas de aproximadamente 1 ha. A eficácia do PBF foi avaliada na Reserva de Desenvolvimento Sustentável (RDS) do Uatumã. Testamos uma metodologia de mapeamento de áreas a partir de 0,45 ha abertas para roças de mandioca. Foram analisados os anos de 2006 (antes da implantação do PBF), 2011, 2015 e 2019. Os resultados indicam que 88% das áreas abertas para roças tinham entre 0,45 e 6,25 ha. Após a implantação do PBF, a área total desmatada acumulada diminuiu e houve redução das áreas desmatadas em floresta primária. Também observamos uma intensificação da roça, o que pode ocasionar queda na produtividade. O monitoramento do zoneamento do uso da terra mostrou que a maioria das áreas abertas estão localizadas na zona de uso intensivo, seguindo as regras do plano de manejo da RDS. Os resultados mostraram os esforços das famílias para cumprir as regras do BFP.
ABSTRACT
Los hongos micorrícicos arbusculares (HMA) incrementan la toma de fosfatos solubles, mientras que los hongos solubilizadores de fósforo (S) promueven la solubilización de complejos insolubles de fosfato, en conjunto benefician la nutrición de las plantas. La utilización de estos organismos en combinación con minerales o rocas que aportan nutrientes es otra alternativa para mantener la productividad de los cultivos. El objetivo de este trabajo fue combinar HMA y S con materiales piroclásticos (cenizas y pumicitas) del volcán Puyehue y rocas fosfóricas (RP) del Grupo Río Chico (Chubut) y evaluar el desempeno de estas mezclas como sustratos para la producción en maceta de Lactuca sativa. Para formular los sustratos, se utilizó como base una mezcla de Terrafertil® con cenizas. Penicillium thomii fue el S y esporas del hongo Rhizophagus intraradices (AEGIS® Irriga) sirvieron de fuente del HMA. Se evaluaron diversas combinaciones de microorganismos y la adición o no de RP. Los tratamientos fueron: 1) sustrato; 2) sustrato + HMA; 3) sustrato + S; 4) sustrato + HMA + S; 5) sustrato: RP; 6) sustrato: RP + HMA; 7) sustrato: RP + S, y 8) sustrato: RP+ HMA + S. Se efectuaron 3 repeticiones por tratamiento. Los parámetros evaluados fueron el contenido de P total y asimilable en el sustrato, el P en el tejido vegetal y la biomasa seca. Todos ellos fueron significativamente mayores en las plantas que crecieron en el sustrato adicionado con RP e inoculadas con S y HMA. Este trabajo confirma que la combinación S/HMA con cenizas volcánicas del Puyehue y las RP del Grupo Río Chico formuladas con un sustrato comercial promueven el crecimiento de L. sativa. De este modo es posible incrementar el valor agregado de geomateriales de origen nacional.
Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) increase the uptake of soluble phosphates, while phosphorus solubilizing fungi (S) promote solubilization of insoluble phosphates complexes, favoring plant nutrition. Another alternative to maintaining crop productivity is to combine minerals and rocks that provide nutrients and other desirable properties. The aim of this work was to combine AMF and S with pyroclastic materials (ashes and pumices) from Puyehue volcano and phosphate rocks (PR) from Rio Chico Group (Chubut) - to formulate a substrate for the production of potted Lactuca sativa. A mixture of Terrafertil®:ashes was used as substrate. Penicillium thomii was the solubilizing fungus and Rhizophagus intraradices spores (AMF) was the P mobilizer (AEGIS® Irriga). The treatments were: 1) Substrate; 2) Substrate + AMF; 3) Substrate+S; 4) Substrate + AMF+ S; 5) Substrate: PR; 6) Substrate: PR + AMF; 7) Substrate: PR + S and 8) Substrate: PR + AMF + S. Three replicates were performed per treatment. All parameters evaluated (total and assimilable P content in substrate, P in plant tissue and plant dry biomass) were significantly higher in plants grown in substrate containing PR and inoculas with S and AMF. This work confirms that the combination of S/AMF with Puyehue volcanic ashes, PR from the Río Chico Group and a commercial substrate promote the growth of L. sativa, thus increasing the added value of national geomaterials.
Subject(s)
Phosphates , Phosphorus , Lactuca , Mycorrhizae , Phosphates/metabolism , Lactuca/growth & development , Glomeromycota , FungiABSTRACT
Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) increase the uptake of soluble phosphates, while phosphorus solubilizing fungi (S) promote solubilization of insoluble phosphates complexes, favoring plant nutrition. Another alternative to maintaining crop productivity is to combine minerals and rocks that provide nutrients and other desirable properties. The aim of this work was to combine AMF and S with pyroclastic materials (ashes and pumices) from Puyehue volcano and phosphate rocks (PR) from Rio Chico Group (Chubut) - to formulate a substrate for the production of potted Lactuca sativa. A mixture of Terrafertil®:ashes was used as substrate. Penicillium thomii was the solubilizing fungus and Rhizophagus intraradices spores (AMF) was the P mobilizer (AEGIS® Irriga). The treatments were: 1) Substrate; 2) Substrate+AMF; 3) Substrate+S; 4) Substrate+AMF+S; 5) Substrate: PR; 6) Substrate: PR+AMF; 7) Substrate: PR+S and 8) Substrate: PR+AMF+S. Three replicates were performed per treatment. All parameters evaluated (total and assimilable P content in substrate, P in plant tissue and plant dry biomass) were significantly higher in plants grown in substrate containing PR and inoculas with S and AMF. This work confirms that the combination of S/AMF with Puyehue volcanic ashes, PR from the Río Chico Group and a commercial substrate promote the growth of L. sativa, thus increasing the added value of national geomaterials.
Subject(s)
Lactuca , Mycorrhizae , Phosphates , Phosphorus , Fungi , Glomeromycota , Lactuca/growth & development , Phosphates/metabolismABSTRACT
En las últimas décadas, la agricultura colombiana se ha visto afectada por la reducción de la productividad en las zonas hortícolas, el incremento de los costos de producción y la dependencia del uso de productos químicos, produciendo un daño irreversible al medio ambiente y la calidad de vida de productores y consumidores. El objetivo de investigación fue evaluar el efecto de rizobacterias promotoras del crecimiento vegetal del género Pseudomonas sp. sobre Lactuca sativa cultivar White Boston como solubilizadoras de roca fosfórica. El estudio se realizó en el Centro de Investigación Tibaitatá (Corpoica) ubicado en Mosquera (Cundinamarca-Colombia). Los resultados demostraron que las cepas tienen la capacidad intrínseca para solubilizar fuentes de fósforo de baja solubilidad como la roca fosfórica. La aplicación de inoculantes con base en las cepas: Pseudomonas fluorescens FR1, Pseudomonas sp., UVLO27 y Pseudomonas sp. LEAV18 arrojaron los mejores resultados. Las cepas Pseudomonas sp. FR2, UVLO27 y K35, tienen la capacidad de producir índoles y sideróforos. El experimento en invernadero evidenció que las cepas Pseudomonas fluorescens FR1, Pseudomonas sp. FR2 y UVLO27 incrementaron de manera significativa (P<0.05) la biomasa y el desarrollo de las plantas. El uso de rocas fosfóricas representa una alternativa económica y ecológica viable, en sistemas de agricultura sostenible.
In the last decades, Colombian agriculture has been affected by the reduction in productivity in horticultural areas, increase in production costs and the dependence of chemical products usage, causing and irreversible damage to environment and producers and consumers life quality. The aim of this research was to evaluate the effect of plant growth promoting rhizobacteria of the genus Pseudomonas sp. under Lactuca sativa cultivar White Boston as phosphate rock solubilizing bacteria. The study took place in the Research Centre Tibaitatá-Corpoica, located in Mosquera (Cundinamarca-Colombia). Results demonstrated that the strains have an intrinsic capacity to solubilize low solubility phosphorus sources as phosphate rock. Inoculants application based on: Pseudomonas fluorescensFR1, Pseudomonas sp., UVLO27 and Pseudomonas sp. LEAV18 strains displayed the best results. The strains Pseudomonas sp. FR2, UVLO27 and K35, are capable of producing indoles and siderophores. The green house experiment showd that strain Pseudomonas fluorescens FR1, Pseudomonas sp. FR2 of phosphate rocks represents a viable economic and ecological alternative in sustainable agriculture systems.
ABSTRACT
En este artículo se presenta una semblanza de la vida y obra del Dr. Federico Milá de la Roca, médico venezolano, quien fue uno de los fundadores del Instituto Nacional de Higiene, resaltando diferentes rasgos de su personalidad y sus destacadas actuaciones en el campo profesional y personal.
This paper presents a brief biography of Federico Milá de la Roca, Venezuelan medical doctor, who was one of the founders of the Instituto Nacional de Higiene, highlighting various features of his personality and outstanding performances related with his personal and profesional life.
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Biography , Health Facilities/history , Medicine , Research/education , Public HealthABSTRACT
Rock tea (Jasonia glutinosa, Asteraceae) is a species used in the traditional medicine of the Iberian Peninsula and appreciated as an herbal tea regarding digestive properties. Previous works described an essential oil rich in monoterpenes such as camphor and borneol. Other extraction procedures based on the use of organic solvents have yield sesquiterpenes (lucinone, glutinone, kudtriol y 5-epi-kutdtriol) as well as quercetin and kaempferol related flavonoids. The plant and its constituents have also shown antiinflammatory, antioxidant and antiprotozoal activity through in vitro procedures such as PGE2 release in mouse peritoneal macrophages, DPPH reduction or growth inhibition of Leishmania donovani, Trichomonas vaginalisa or Plasmodium falciparum. Despite the wide use of the species in certain regions of the Iberian Peninsula to treat digestive disorders, there is lack of scientific evidence according to the effects on the gastrointestinal tract.
El té de roca (Jasonia glutinosa, Asteraceae) es una planta utilizada en la medicina popular de la Península Ibérica y apreciada como infusión, a la que se le atribuyen propiedades sobre el aparato digestivo. Los trabajos publicados hasta el momento describen la obtención de un aceite esencial que contiene monoterpenos, fundamentalmente alcanfor y borneol. Mediante otros métodos de extracción que empleaban disolventes orgánicos se han llegado a aislar sesquiterpenos (lucinona, glutinona, kudtriol y 5-epi-kutdtriol) y flavonoides derivados de quercetina y kaempferol. Hasta el momento, la planta y sus constituyentes han mostrado cierta actividad antiinflamatoria, antioxidante y antiprotozoaria mediante ensayos in vitro como son la disminución de la liberación de PGE2 en macrófagos peritoneales de ratón, inhibición del radical DPPH y actividad leishmanicida frente a Leishmania donovani, Trichomonas vaginalis o Plasmodium falciparum. A pesar del amplio uso de esta especie en determinadas regiones de la Península Ibérica para afecciones gastrointestinales, hay una falta de evidencia científica respecto a los efectos de la planta sobre el aparato digestivo.
Subject(s)
Asteraceae/chemistry , Ethnopharmacology , Plant Extracts/pharmacology , Plant Extracts/chemistry , Oils, Volatile/chemistry , Medicine, TraditionalABSTRACT
Se presenta a Maxillaria jostii Dodson (Orchidaceae) como una nueva adición a la Flora del Perú procedente de los substratos de roca arenisca de la Cordillera subandina de Huarango (provincia San Ignacio, departamento Cajamarca), una prolongación sureña de la Cordillera del Cóndor rica en especies. Maxillaria jostii ha sido considerada como una especie endémica para Ecuador (Zamora-Chinchipe, Morona-Santiago); sin embargo, con el presente estudio se amplía su distribución geográfica hacia el Perú. Esta nueva contribución al conocimiento de la flora del país es el resultado del trabajo de campo y de herbario, gracias al Proyecto Binacional «Inventario Botánico de la Región de la Cordillera del Cóndor, Ecuador y Perú, 2005-2007», desarrollado entre las instituciones: MO, HUT, LOJA y QCNE. La contrastación específica se realizó con las especies documentadas en el «Catálogo de las Angiospermas y Gimnospermas del Perú» (Brako & Zarucchi 1993), «Diez años de adiciones a la flora del Perú: 1993-2003» (Ulloa Ulloa et al. 2004) y «Nuevas Adiciones de Angiospermas a la Flora del Perú» (Rodríguez et al. 2006b)
ABSTRACT
Yolanda Irureta Story de Milá de la Roca nació el 9 de enero de 1923 en Puerto España (Trinidad). Ocupó diversos cargos en el Instituto Nacional de Higiene, en la División de Elaboración de Productos Biológicos, en las secciones de Vacuna Antivariólica y Toxoide Tetánico, así como en el Departamento de Vacunas Bacterianas, ocupando el cargo de Microbiólogo Jefe hasta su jubilación en 1983. En la década de los setenta, Yolanda Irureta y su equipo asumen el reto de aumentar la producción de Toxoide Tetánico para satisfacer la creciente demanda de este producto, por parte del Ministerio de Sanidad y Asistencia Social (MSAS). Después de 18 meses de trabajo creativo lograron desarrollar un equipo bautizado como Fermentador "Caracas", el cual permitió triplicar la producción de Toxoide Tetánico. El aspecto más resaltante de esta adaptación radica en su sencillez y facilidad de fabricación, el bajo costo de sus componentes y la facilidad de mantenimiento. En aquella ocasión, el Presidente de la República donó el exceso de producción a Costa Rica, Honduras y Bolivia. En 1977, los expertos de la Organización Mundial de la Salud consideraron al laboratorio de Toxoide Tetánico del Instituto Nacional de Higiene "Rafael Rangel" (INH "RR") como el mejor de América Latina. Debido a su valiosa contribución a la tecnología, el CONICIT les otorgó el Premio de Desarrollo Tecnológico, en el año 1979. El 9 de marzo de 1982, el Fermentador "Caracas" logra obtener la patente número 4.318.992, en USA, asegurando así que el INH "RR" conserve los derechos legales sobre esta tecnología, y se reconozca la propiedad intelectual a sus verdaderos autores.
Yolanda Irureta Story de Milá de la Roca was born on January 9, 1923 in Port of Spain, Trinidad. She joined the National Institute of Hygiene (NIH), as a staff member of the Division that manufactures human vaccines. Through the years she was promoted to various positions in the Smallpox Vaccine and Tetanus Toxoid Units, being Head of the Department of Bacterial Vaccines until her retirement in 1983. During the seventies, the Ministry of Health and Social Assistance increased their demand of Tetanus Toxoid. To fulfill this need, Yolanda Irureta and her team faced this challenge, working 18 months to develop a fermentor that allowed them to triplicate the production. The fermentor was named "Caracas" Fermentor and it has many important features. It is simple and economic; it is made up of parts that are easy to obtain and the maintainance cost are very low. At that time, the Venezuelan President donated the surplus of production to Costa Rica, Honduras and Bolivia. In 1977, experts of the World Health Organization considered the Tetanus Toxoid laboratory of National Institute of Hygiene "Rafael Rangel" (NIH"RR"), the best in Latin America. Due to their valuable contribution to technology, they received the 1979 CONICIT Award for Technological Development. On March 9, 1982, it was granted to the Caracas Fermentor, the U.S.A. patent number 4.318.992, securing to the NIH"RR" the exclusive rights to this technology and the intellectual property to theirs authors.
ABSTRACT
The management practices used in authoctonous agriculture with landraces of cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) play an important role in the in situ conservation of genetic resources. The objective of this work was to analyze the genetic variability present in 141 landraces of cassava, collected in gardens of different geographical regions of Brazil using isozyme techniques visualized by starch gel electrophoresis. Eleven enzymatic systems were analised. Of the 15 polymorphic loci evaluated the observed mean heterozigosity was 0.354. G STestimates presented a value of 8.80% for the genetic variability between regions. In cluster analysis, three distinct groups were observed: the first group was formed by the gardens of the Amazon; the second group consisted of gardens of São Paulo State; and the third group was formed by the gardens of the Xingu region. Most of the genetic variability of cassava landraces was restricted within the geographical regions, which confirmed the evolutionary dynamic model for this species.
O manejo empregado nas roças de agricultura autóctone, utilizando etnovariedades de mandioca (Manihot esculenta Crantz), apresenta papel de destaque na conservação in situ dos recursos genéticos. O presente trabalho teve por objetivo analisar a distribuição da variabilidade genética de 141 etnovariedades de mandioca coletadas em roças de diferentes regiões geográficas do Brasil, através de marcadores isoenzimáticos, revelados a partir de eletroforese em gel de amido. Foram avaliados 11 sistemas isoenzimáticos. Dos 15 locos polimórficos analisados a heterozigosidade média observada foi de 0,354. A estimativa coeficiente de diferenciação genética G ST apresentou valor médio de 8,80% da variabilidade genética entre as regiões. Na análise de agrupamento, observou-se a formação de 3 grupos distintos; o primeiro formado pelas roças originadas da Região Amazônica; o segundo constituído pelas roças do Estado de São Paulo; e o terceiro composto pelas roças originadas da Reserva Indígena do Xingu. A maior parte da variabilidade genética das etnovariedades de mandioca revelou-se concentrada dentro das regiões geográficas, confirmando as pressuposições existentes no modelo de dinâmica evolutiva para a espécie.
ABSTRACT
The management practices used in authoctonous agriculture with landraces of cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) play an important role in the in situ conservation of genetic resources. The objective of this work was to analyze the genetic variability present in 141 landraces of cassava, collected in gardens of different geographical regions of Brazil using isozyme techniques visualized by starch gel electrophoresis. Eleven enzymatic systems were analised. Of the 15 polymorphic loci evaluated the observed mean heterozigosity was 0.354. G STestimates presented a value of 8.80% for the genetic variability between regions. In cluster analysis, three distinct groups were observed: the first group was formed by the gardens of the Amazon; the second group consisted of gardens of São Paulo State; and the third group was formed by the gardens of the Xingu region. Most of the genetic variability of cassava landraces was restricted within the geographical regions, which confirmed the evolutionary dynamic model for this species.
O manejo empregado nas roças de agricultura autóctone, utilizando etnovariedades de mandioca (Manihot esculenta Crantz), apresenta papel de destaque na conservação in situ dos recursos genéticos. O presente trabalho teve por objetivo analisar a distribuição da variabilidade genética de 141 etnovariedades de mandioca coletadas em roças de diferentes regiões geográficas do Brasil, através de marcadores isoenzimáticos, revelados a partir de eletroforese em gel de amido. Foram avaliados 11 sistemas isoenzimáticos. Dos 15 locos polimórficos analisados a heterozigosidade média observada foi de 0,354. A estimativa coeficiente de diferenciação genética G ST apresentou valor médio de 8,80% da variabilidade genética entre as regiões. Na análise de agrupamento, observou-se a formação de 3 grupos distintos; o primeiro formado pelas roças originadas da Região Amazônica; o segundo constituído pelas roças do Estado de São Paulo; e o terceiro composto pelas roças originadas da Reserva Indígena do Xingu. A maior parte da variabilidade genética das etnovariedades de mandioca revelou-se concentrada dentro das regiões geográficas, confirmando as pressuposições existentes no modelo de dinâmica evolutiva para a espécie.