ABSTRACT
La inocuidad de la carne comercializada debe estar garantizada en la cadena de producción, para evitar enfermedades transmitidas por alimentos (ETA). Escherichia coli productor de toxina Shiga (STEC) y Salmonella spp. pueden encontrarse en el tracto gastrointestinal de los bovinos y contaminar la carne de consumo humano, pudiendo causar enfermedades en el hombre. Este trabajo tuvo como objetivo evaluar las condiciones higiénico-sanitarias de 52 carnicerías localizadas en Asunción y detectar la frecuencia de STEC y Salmonella spp. en muestras de carne molida. Las condiciones higiénico-sanitarias se evaluaron mediante la estimación del riesgo, utilizando una escala de clasificación por categorías. La detección de STEC y Salmonella spp. se realizó por PCR en tiempo real. En la evaluación inicial, se clasificaron a 33% de las carnicerías como de alto y moderado riesgo. Se detectó STEC no-O157 en un 50% (130/258) de las muestras y Salmonella spp. en un 11% (29/258). Se realizaron acciones de mejora. En la etapa post-intervención, no se detectaron carnicerías de alto riesgo. En el muestreo de seguimiento se detectó un 29% (66/237) de muestras positivas para STEC no-O157 y 7% (16 /237) para Salmonella spp. Este estudio permitió realizar recomendaciones específicas y detalladas a cada carnicería, lo que tuvo un efecto significativo en la mejora de sus condiciones. Esta situación resalta la importancia de continuar fortaleciendo la vigilancia multisectorial y multidisciplinaria. Es imperativo que los establecimientos que se dedican al rubro, implementen las Buenas Prácticas de Manufactura (BPM) como una medida para reducir los riesgos asociados.
The safety of marketed meat must be guaranteed in the production chain, to avoid foodborne illness. Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) and Salmonella spp. can be found in the gastrointestinal tract of cattle and contaminate meat for human consumption, potentially causing diseases in humans. This work aimed to evaluate the hygienic-sanitary conditions of 52 butcher shops located in Asunción and detect the frequency of STEC and Salmonella spp. in ground beef samples. Hygienic-sanitary conditions were evaluated by estimating risk, using a categorical classification scale. The detection of STEC and Salmonella spp. was performed by real-time PCR. In the initial evaluation, 33% of the butcher shops were classified as high and moderate risk. STEC non-O157 was detected in 50% (130/258) of the samples and Salmonella spp. in 11% (29/258). Improvement actions were carried out. In the post-intervention stage, no high-risk butcher shops were detected. In the follow-up sampling, 29% (66/237) of positive samples were detected for STEC non-O157 and 7% (16/237) for Salmonella spp. This study allowed specific and detailed recommendations to be made to each butcher shop, which had a significant effect on improving their conditions. This situation highlights the importance of continuing to strengthen multisectoral and multidisciplinary surveillance. It is imperative that establishments dedicated to the sector implement Good Manufacturing Practices (GMP) as a measure to reduce associated risks.
ABSTRACT
RESUMEN Objetivo. Caracterizar microbiológicamente el polen seco y congelado producido en el municipio de Viracachá-Boyacá. Materiales y métodos. A través de un estudio transversal descriptivo cuantitativo se tomaron muestras de 5 apiarios, cada uno con 10 colmenas, separando el polen en seco y congelado, determinando para cada muestra: aerobios mesófilos, coliformes totales, coliformes fecales, Staphylococcus aureus, Clostridium sulfito reductor y hongos. Los datos obtenidos se analizaron de acuerdo a normatividades internacionales y se compararon con resultados de investigaciones en otros países. Resultados. Se encontraron coliformes totales y fecales en tres de los cinco apiarios evaluados y solo en muestras de polen seco. Además, en dos apiarios cuando se analizó polen seco se encontró Staphylococcus aureus. Los resultados microbiológicos de la mayoría de las muestras se encuentran dentro de los rangos de algunas normatividades internacionales, sin embargo, los mejores resultados en cuanto a calidad microbiológica se determinaron para el polen congelado. Conclusiones. El proceso de congelamiento del polen ofrece ventajas relativas al mantenimiento de la calidad microbiológica en comparación con el proceso de secado. Se hace necesario evaluar la calidad microbiológica de ambos productos a través del tiempo de almacenamiento.
ABSTRACT Objective. Microbiologically characterize dry and frozen pollen produced in the municipality of Viracachá-Boyacá. Materials and methods. Through a quantitative descriptive cross-sectional study, samples from 5 apiaries were taken, each with 10 hives, separating the pollen dry and frozen, determining for each sample: mesophilic aerobes, total coliforms, fecal coliforms, Staphylococcus aureus, Clostridium sulfite reducer, and fungus. The data obtained were analyzed according to international regulations and compared with research results in other countries. Results. Total and fecal coliforms were found in three of the five apiaries evaluated and only in dried pollen samples. Also, in two apiaries when dry pollen was analyzed, Staphylococcus aureus was found. The microbiological results of most samples are within the ranges of some international regulations; however, the best results in terms of microbiological quality were determined for frozen pollen. Conclusions. The pollen freezing process offers advantages related to maintaining microbiological quality compared to the drying process. It is necessary to evaluate the microbiological quality of both products throughout the storage time.
ABSTRACT
The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of timbó seed coat on the physiological and sanitary quality of soybean seeds. Timbó seeds were collected from mature fruits in the Cerrado. The external layer of the seed coat was removed and crushed in a mill and used in the treatment of soybean seeds. Three lots of soybean seeds were used, from high, medium and low vigor seeds. The treatments were: powder; gel; hydroalcoholic extract; synthetic fungicide (Vitavax® - Thiram 200 sc), and untreated seeds. The physiological quality of the soybean seeds was determined by standard germination, accelerated aging, length, fresh and dry mass of seedlings. Blotter test was used to determine the sanitary quality. The statistical analyze used was a completely randomized 3 × 5 factorial design, considering three seed lots and five treatments. Treatment with the coat seed extract and gel improves the physiological quality of soybean seeds from low vigor lots. The treatment of seeds with gel decreases the incidence of Fusarium and Penicillium genus; and treatment with the powder reduced the incidence of the Cercospora genus.(AU)
O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o efeito do tegumento das sementes de timbó sobre a qualidade fisiológica e sanitária de sementes de soja. As sementes de timbó foram coletadas de frutos maduros, no Cerrado. A camada mais externa do tegumento das sementes foi retirada e triturada em moinho e utilizada no tratamento de sementes de soja. Foram utilizados três lotes de sementes de soja, provenientes de sementes de alto, médio e baixo vigor. Os tratamentos foram: pó, gel, extrato hidroalcoólico; fungicida sintético (Vitavax® - Thiram 200 sc) e sementes não tratadas. A qualidade fisiológica das sementes de soja foi determinada pelo teste padrão de germinação, envelhecimento acelerado, comprimento, massa fresca e seca de plântulas. Para a determinação da qualidade sanitária utilizou-se o teste de borrão (blotter test). O delineamento estatístico foi em esquema fatorial 3 × 5, inteiramente casualizado, considerando-se três lotes de sementes e cinco tratamentos. Os tratamentos com o extrato e o gel do tegumento das sementes de timbó melhoraram a qualidade fisiológica das sementes de soja provenientes de lotes de baixo vigor. O tratamento com gel do tegumento das sementes de timbó diminuiu a incidência de fungos dos gêneros Fusarium e Penicillium; e o tratamento com o pó reduziu a incidência do gênero Cercospora.(AU)
Subject(s)
Glycine max , Integumentary System , Penicillium , Seeds , Fungi , FusariumABSTRACT
The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of timbó seed coat on the physiological and sanitary quality of soybean seeds. Timbó seeds were collected from mature fruits in the Cerrado. The external layer of the seed coat was removed and crushed in a mill and used in the treatment of soybean seeds. Three lots of soybean seeds were used, from high, medium and low vigor seeds. The treatments were: powder; gel; hydroalcoholic extract; synthetic fungicide (Vitavax® - Thiram 200 sc), and untreated seeds. The physiological quality of the soybean seeds was determined by standard germination, accelerated aging, length, fresh and dry mass of seedlings. Blotter test was used to determine the sanitary quality. The statistical analyze used was a completely randomized 3 × 5 factorial design, considering three seed lots and five treatments. Treatment with the coat seed extract and gel improves the physiological quality of soybean seeds from low vigor lots. The treatment of seeds with gel decreases the incidence of Fusarium and Penicillium genus; and treatment with the powder reduced the incidence of the Cercospora genus.(AU)
O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o efeito do tegumento das sementes de timbó sobre a qualidade fisiológica e sanitária de sementes de soja. As sementes de timbó foram coletadas de frutos maduros, no Cerrado. A camada mais externa do tegumento das sementes foi retirada e triturada em moinho e utilizada no tratamento de sementes de soja. Foram utilizados três lotes de sementes de soja, provenientes de sementes de alto, médio e baixo vigor. Os tratamentos foram: pó, gel, extrato hidroalcoólico; fungicida sintético (Vitavax® - Thiram 200 sc) e sementes não tratadas. A qualidade fisiológica das sementes de soja foi determinada pelo teste padrão de germinação, envelhecimento acelerado, comprimento, massa fresca e seca de plântulas. Para a determinação da qualidade sanitária utilizou-se o teste de borrão (blotter test). O delineamento estatístico foi em esquema fatorial 3 × 5, inteiramente casualizado, considerando-se três lotes de sementes e cinco tratamentos. Os tratamentos com o extrato e o gel do tegumento das sementes de timbó melhoraram a qualidade fisiológica das sementes de soja provenientes de lotes de baixo vigor. O tratamento com gel do tegumento das sementes de timbó diminuiu a incidência de fungos dos gêneros Fusarium e Penicillium; e o tratamento com o pó reduziu a incidência do gênero Cercospora.(AU)
Subject(s)
Seeds/drug effects , Glycine max , Plant Extracts/pharmacology , Sapindaceae , Powders , Brazil , Food Quality , Germination/drug effects , Fungi/drug effects , GelsABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: This study aimed to verify the influence of different substrates with and without addition of nutrient solution on the roostocks production of Capdeboscq cultivar and grafted peach plants of 'Chimarrita' scion. METHODS: In the first experiment, the height and stem diameter of the rootstocks were evaluated every two weeks, up to 90 days after transplanting (DAT). At 90 DAT, dry weight of shoots and roots, total dry mass and Dickson Quality Index were evaluated. In the second experiment, seedlings of 'Capdeboscq' were grafted with 'Chimarrita' scion. The growth of the scions and the percentage of living grafts were evaluated. At 146 DAT, the stem diameter of the scions, the SPAD index, the chlorophyll and nitrogen balance index were evaluated. DISCUSSION: The greatest mean values for the stem diameter of seedlings of the cv. Capdeboscq were obtained with the substrates T4 (5.53 mm); T2 (5.47 mm) and T1 (5.23 mm) with addition of nutrient solution, with seedlings reaching the plant standards according to the ordinance number 173 of May 27th of 1984, which recommends that rootstocks have to have a minimum stem diameter of 5.0 mm. Thus, the substrates which received the addition of nutrient solution, except the soil substrate, were adequate considering the rules that governing the peach tree production in Brazilian Nurserioes. CONCLUSION: The nutrient solution already avaliblabe for Recent patents is highly indicated to obtain seedlings of 'Capbdboscq' rootstocks with high mophophysiological quality in less time during nursery cycle of plant production. The largest stem diameter for 'Capdeboscq' was obtained with substrate 35% sand + 15% soil + 50% bovine manure (5.53 mm); 75% sand + 25% soil (5.47 mm) and 100% sand (5.23 mm) with addition of nutrient solution. The best morphophysiological characteristics of 'Chimarrita' plants grafted on 'Capdeboscq' seedlings was obtained with the use of substrates 75% sand + 25% soil and 35% sand + 15% soil + 50% bovine manure, whose plants reached a morphological standard for sale, in just four and a half months DAT, that is 56 days after grafting.
Subject(s)
Patents as Topic , Prunus persica/physiology , Seedlings/physiology , Agriculture , Fertilizers , Plant RootsABSTRACT
In this research, quasi-spherical-shaped zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) were synthesized by a simple cost-competitive aqueous precipitation method. The engineered NPs were characterized using several validation methodologies: UV–Vis spectroscopy, diffuse reflection UV–Vis, spectrofluorometry, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), nanoparticle tracking analysis (NTA), and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy with attenuated total reflection (ATR). A procedure was established to coat a landrace of red maize using gelatinized maize starch. Each maize seed was treated with 0.16 mg ZnO NPs (~7.7 × 108 particles). The standard germination (SG) and accelerated aging (AA) tests indicated that ZnO NP-treated maize seeds presented better physiological quality (higher percentage of normal seedlings) and sanitary quality (lower percentage of seeds contaminated by microorganisms) as compared to controls. The application of ZnO NPs also improved seedling vigor, correlated to shoot length, shoot diameter, root length, and number of secondary roots. Furthermore, shoots and roots of the ZnO NP-treated maize seeds showed a marked increment in the main active FTIR band areas, most notably for the vibrations associated with peptide-protein, lipid, lignin, polysaccharide, hemicellulose, cellulose, and carbohydrate. From these results, it is concluded that ZnO NPs have potential for applications in peasant agriculture to improve the quality of small-scale farmers’ seeds and, as a result, preserve germplasm resources.
ABSTRACT
Refrigerantes são bebidas não alcoólicas, consumidas mundialmente por milhões de pessoas, produzidas com água, açúcar, suco natural ou extrato vegetal, corante, acidulante, antioxidante, aromatizante, conservador e gás carbônico. Os refrigerantes são passíveis de contaminação por fungos e bactérias do grupo coliformes. O objetivo desse estudo foi pesquisar coliformes totais nos refrigerantes industrializados acondicionados e comercializados em diversos tipos de embalagens na cidade de Maceió/AL. Participaram desta pesquisa treze marcas comerciais encontradas no comercio varejista. De acordo com a disponibilidade de cada marca, foram coletadas 51 amostras, sendo uma de cada tipo de embalagem: lata (350 mL), garrafa de vidro (290 mL e 1 Litro) e garrafa PET (1 e 2 Litros). Das marcas A, D, E, F e H foram coletadas cinco amostras; B e C quatro; G, I, J, K, L e M três, sendo transportadas na embalagem original em temperatura ambiente até o laboratório para a realização das análises. Os coliformes totais foram pesquisados pela técnica do Número Mais Provável. Todas as amostras apresentaram 0,03 NMP/50mL evidenciando ausência destes micro-organismos, enquadrando-se nos padrões estabelecidos pela legislação. Diante dos resultados pode-se constatar que, independente do sabor, do tipo de indústria e embalagem, todas as marcas comerciais foram aprovadas, evidenciando, portanto, que as Boas Práticas de Fabricação foram aplicadas corretamente em todos os níveis de procedimentos operacionais desta bebida não alcoólica.(AU)
Soft drinks are non-alcoholic beverages, consumed worldwide by millions of people, produced with water; sugar, natural juice or vegetable dye extract, acidulant, antioxidant, flavoring, conservative and carbonic gas. Sodas are prone to contamination by fungi and bacteria of the coliform group. The aim of this study was to find total coliforms in soft drinks packaged and marketed in several industrial types of packaging in the city of Maceió/AL. Participated in this research thirteen trademarks found in retail trade. According to the availability of each mark 51 samples were collected, one for each type of packaging: Tin (350 mL) glass bottle (290 mL and 1 liter) and PET bottle (1 and 2 litres). Of tine A, D, E, F and H were collected five samples; (B) and (C) four; G, I, J, K, L and M three, being transported in its original packaging at room temperature until the lab for analysis. The total coliforms were searched by the most probable number technique. All samples showed 0.03 NMP/50 ml evidencing, the absence of these microorganisms, framing on the standards set by the law. On the results you can see that, no matter what the flavor, the type of industry and packaging, all the trademarks were adopted, demonstrating that good manufacturing practices were applied properly, at all levels oi proceedings This operating non-alcoholic beverage.(AU)
Subject(s)
Carbonated Beverages , Food Microbiology , Date of Validity of Products , Good Distribution Practices , Sanitary Profiles , Products Commerce , ColiformsABSTRACT
Los bovinos son el principal reservorio de Escherichia coli productor de toxina Shiga (STEC); las estrategias para evitar su transmisión se concentran en la planta de faena. El objetivo de este trabajo fue evaluar la calidad higiénico-sanitaria y la frecuencia de detección de STEC en medias reses bovinas de frigoríficos de tránsito provincial. Se procesaron 274 esponjados de media res; en 9 (3,3%) el recuento de E. coli genérico fue marginal, en 4 (1,4%) se aisló E. coli O157, de los cuales 2 fueron caracterizados como stx2c(vh-a)/eae/ehxA, y los otros 2 como no toxigénicos. A partir de una (0,4%) muestra se aisló E. coli no-O157 ONT:H49, stx2a/ehxA/saa. En este trabajo la calidad del producto analizado indica que en la provincia de Tucumán se cumplen las buenas prácticas de manufactura en la faena de bovinos.
Cattle are the main reservoir of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC), and the strategies to prevent the transmission of these microorganisms are concentrated in the slaughtering plant. The aim of this study was to evaluate the hygienic-sanitary quality and the frequency of detection of STEC in beef carcasses in abattoirs from Tucuman province. Two hundred and seventy four beef carcass sponges were processed; the count of generic E. coli was marginal in 9 (3,3%) of them. Escherichia coli O157 was isolated in 4 (1,4%) samples; 2 of which were characterized as stx2c(vh-a)/eae/ehxA whereas the other 2 were non-toxigenic strains. Non-O157 E. coli ONT:H49, stx2a/ehxA/saa was isolated from 1 sample (0,4%). In this work the quality of the analyzed product indicates that the good practices of manufacture are fulfilled in slaughtering facilities in Tucumán province.
Subject(s)
Animals , Cattle , Abattoirs , Shiga-Toxigenic Escherichia coli , Meat , Argentina , Escherichia coli O157 , Escherichia coli Proteins/analysis , Escherichia coli Infections , Shiga-Toxigenic Escherichia coli/isolation & purification , Meat/microbiologyABSTRACT
Cattle are the main reservoir of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC), and the strategies to prevent the transmission of these microorganisms are concentrated in the slaughtering plant. The aim of this study was to evaluate the hygienic-sanitary quality and the frequency of detection of STEC in beef carcasses in abattoirs from Tucuman province. Two hundred and seventy four beef carcass sponges were processed; the count of generic E. coli was marginal in 9 (3,3%) of them. Escherichia coli O157 was isolated in 4 (1,4%) samples; 2 of which were characterized as stx2c(vh-a)/eae/ehxA whereas the other 2 were non-toxigenic strains. Non-O157 E. coli ONT:H49, stx2a/ehxA/saa was isolated from 1 sample (0,4%). In this work the quality of the analyzed product indicates that the good practices of manufacture are fulfilled in slaughtering facilities in Tucumán province.
Subject(s)
Abattoirs , Meat , Shiga-Toxigenic Escherichia coli , Animals , Argentina , Cattle , Escherichia coli Infections , Escherichia coli O157 , Escherichia coli Proteins/analysis , Meat/microbiology , Shiga-Toxigenic Escherichia coli/isolation & purificationABSTRACT
Oysters can accumulate potentially pathogenic water bacteria. The objective of this study was to compare two procedures to quantify Vibrio species present in oysters to determine the most sensitive method. We analyzed oyster samples from the Gulf of Mexico, commercialized in Mexico City. The samples were inoculated in tubes with alkaline peptone water (APW), based on three tubes and four dilutions (10-1 to 10-4). From these tubes, the first quantification of Vibrio species was performed (most probable number (MPN) from tubes) and bacteria were inoculated by streaking on thiosulfate-citrate-bile salts-sucrose (TCBS) petri dishes. Colonies were isolated for a second quantification (MPN from dishes). Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was used to determine species with specific primers: ompW for Vibrio cholerae, tlh for Vibrio parahaemolyticus, and VvhA for Vibrio vulnificus. Simultaneously, the sanitary quality of oysters was determined. The quantification of V. parahaemolyticus was significantly higher in APW tubes than in TCBS dishes. Regarding V. vulnificus counts, the differences among both approaches were not significant. In contrast, the MPNs of V. cholerae obtained from dishes were higher than from tubes. The quantification of MPNs through PCR of V. parahaemolyticus and V. vulnificus obtained from APW was sensitive and recommendable for the detection of both species. In contrast, to quantify V. cholerae, it was necessary to isolate colonies on TCBS prior PCR. Culturing in APW at 42 °C could be an alternative to avoid colony isolation. The MPNs of V. cholerae from dishes was associated with the bad sanitary quality of the samples.
Subject(s)
Environmental Monitoring/methods , Ostreidae/microbiology , Shellfish/microbiology , Vibrio cholerae/isolation & purification , Vibrio parahaemolyticus/isolation & purification , Vibrio vulnificus/isolation & purification , Animals , Gulf of Mexico , Mexico , Polymerase Chain Reaction/veterinary , Shellfish/standards , Vibrio cholerae/genetics , Vibrio parahaemolyticus/genetics , Vibrio vulnificus/geneticsABSTRACT
O objetivo do presente trabalho foi quantificar e identificar a ocorrência dos principais gêneros de fungos, no solo, material vegetal morto, raiz e parte aérea no capim Tifton 85, adubado com biofertilizante suíno, 7 dias após o início da rebrota. As avaliações foram realizadas, durante seu desenvolvimento (15; 22; 29 e 36 dias após o início da rebrota), no momento do enfardamento e no feno, com 30 dias de armazenamento. O delineamento experimental foi em blocos casualizados com parcelas subdivididas no tempo, com quatro locais de coleta no campo de produção de feno (solo, parte aérea da planta, raiz e material vegetal morto), e 6 tempos de avaliação para parte aérea da planta (15; 22; 29; e 36 dias início da rebrota, no momento do enfardamento e com 30 dias de armazenamento) e quatro tempos de avaliação para solo, raiz e material vegetal morto (15; 22; 29; e 36 dias após início da rebrota). Na contagem e identificação dos gêneros dos fungos referentes a cada parte da planta e solo, foram calculadas as médias e essas submetidas à análise descritiva. Uma maior população fúngica foi observada no material vegetal morto e solo, predominando o gênero Penicillium em todas as partes da planta estudadas.(AU)
The objective of this study was to quantify and identify the occurrence of the main genres of fungi soil, dead plant material, roots and shoots in Tifton 85 fertilized with swine biofertilizer, 7 days after start of regrowth. The evaluation were carried out during development (15, 22, 29 and 36 days of age) at the time of baling, hay and 30 days of storage. The experimental design was randomized blocks with split plots in time sub with 4 sampling sites (soil, plant tops, roots and dead plant material), and 6 times of evaluation for aerial part of the plant (15, 22, 29 and 36 days of regrowth, at the time of baling and 30 days of storage) and 4-cycle assessment for soil, roots and dead plant material (15, 22, 29 and 36 days of regrowth). In the counting and identification of genera of fungi belonging to each part of the plant and soil were averaged and those submitted to descriptive analysis. Greater fungal population was observed in soil and dead plant material, predominantly Penicillium in all parts of the plant studied.(AU)
Subject(s)
Fungi , Cynodon , Soil Analysis , ManureABSTRACT
RESUMO: O objetivo do presente trabalho foi quantificar e identificar a ocorrência dos principais gêneros de fungos, no solo, material vegetal morto, raiz e parte aérea no capim Tifton 85, adubado com biofertilizante suíno, 7 dias após o início da rebrota. As avaliações foram realizadas, durante seu desenvolvimento (15; 22; 29 e 36 dias após o início da rebrota), no momento do enfardamento e no feno, com 30 dias de armazenamento. O delineamento experimental foi em blocos casualizados com parcelas subdivididas no tempo, com quatro locais de coleta no campo de produção de feno (solo, parte aérea da planta, raiz e material vegetal morto), e 6 tempos de avaliação para parte aérea da planta (15; 22; 29; e 36 dias início da rebrota, no momento do enfardamento e com 30 dias de armazenamento) e quatro tempos de avaliação para solo, raiz e material vegetal morto (15; 22; 29; e 36 dias após início da rebrota). Na contagem e identificação dos gêneros dos fungos referentes a cada parte da planta e solo, foram calculadas as médias e essas submetidas à análise descritiva. Uma maior população fúngica foi observada no material vegetal morto e solo, predominando o gênero Penicillium em todas as partes da planta estudadas.
ABSTRACT: The objective of this study was to quantify and identify the occurrence of the main genres of fungi soil, dead plant material, roots and shoots in Tifton 85 fertilized with swine biofertilizer, 7 days after start of regrowth. The evaluation were carried out during development (15, 22, 29 and 36 days of age) at the time of baling, hay and 30 days of storage. The experimental design was randomized blocks with split plots in time sub with 4 sampling sites (soil, plant tops, roots and dead plant material), and 6 times of evaluation for aerial part of the plant (15, 22, 29 and 36 days of regrowth, at the time of baling and 30 days of storage) and 4-cycle assessment for soil, roots and dead plant material (15, 22, 29 and 36 days of regrowth). In the counting and identification of genera of fungi belonging to each part of the plant and soil were averaged and those submitted to descriptive analysis. Greater fungal population was observed in soil and dead plant material, predominantly Penicillium in all parts of the plant studied.
ABSTRACT
The milk has an excellent nutritional value, but under poor hygienic conditions can be a disseminator of pathogens such as Staphylococcus aureus. This study aimed to quantify S. aureus in informally marketed milk in Bom Jesus, Piaui. Were acquired 25 samples at different points of sale, which were sent to the Food Microbiology Laboratory of UFPI in Bom Jesus-PI. Aliquots (1mL) were inoculated from 10-1 to 10-3 dilutions in Petrifilm Staph Express plates (3M Brazil Ltda.). The violet red colonies were subjected to application of Petrifilm Staph Express Disks for confirmation. They observed colonies of Staphylococcus aureus in all samples. The average score was 4.8 x 105 CFU / mL. It is concluded that the informally marketed milk has microbial contamination and consumption in raw form is risk to public health, the possible transmission of pathogens, requiring the adoption of corrective measures.(AU)
Subject(s)
Milk/microbiology , Staphylococcus aureus/pathogenicity , CommerceABSTRACT
The milk has an excellent nutritional value, but under poor hygienic conditions can be a disseminator of pathogens such as Staphylococcus aureus. This study aimed to quantify S. aureus in informally marketed milk in Bom Jesus, Piaui. Were acquired 25 samples at different points of sale, which were sent to the Food Microbiology Laboratory of UFPI in Bom Jesus-PI. Aliquots (1mL) were inoculated from 10-1 to 10-3 dilutions in Petrifilm Staph Express plates (3M Brazil Ltda.). The violet red colonies were subjected to application of Petrifilm Staph Express Disks for confirmation. They observed colonies of Staphylococcus aureus in all samples. The average score was 4.8 x 105 CFU / mL. It is concluded that the informally marketed milk has microbial contamination and consumption in raw form is risk to public health, the possible transmission of pathogens, requiring the adoption of corrective measures.
Subject(s)
Milk/microbiology , Staphylococcus aureus/pathogenicity , CommerceABSTRACT
The microrganisms present in the fishing area and in the food chain entail risk of disease transmission and the transfer of antimicrobial resistance genes among bacteria. The objective of this study was to characterize the antimicrobial resistance of 79 strains of Escherichia coli isolated from 12 marine fish samples, namely (6) snapper Lutjanus purpureus and (6) cavala Scomberomorus cavala), sold at the fair of Mucuripe, in the city of Fortaleza, CE. Strains of E. coli were analyzed for susceptibility (20 antimicrobials) and the plasmid cure was performed. The results suggest that the species mackerel and snapper sold in street markets of the Mucuripe in city of Fortaleza can act as reservoirs of E. coli resistant to penicillins and tetracyclines. The species showed strain of E. coli with multidrug resistance profiles, indicating that the mackerel samples exhibit bacteria resistant to quinolones and fluochinolones (32.8%) while the others indicate high resistance to chloramphenicol (19.0%) and the sulphunamids (23.0%). There was resistance to inhibitors of beta-lactamases used, except for amoxicillin/clavulanic acid. Furthermore, there was prevalence of potentially multiple chromosomal resistance in the majority of tested antibiotics. The fish species studied can be disseminators of that enterobacteria, and it is important therefore continuous monitoring of fish sold at the fair of Mucuripe (Fortaleza).
Os micro-organismos presentes nos ambientes de captura de pescados e na cadeia produtiva de alimentos acarretam risco de transmissão de doenças e transferência de genes de resistência a antimicrobianos entre as bactérias. O objetivo deste trabalho foi caracterizar a resistência antimicrobiana de 79 cepas de Escherichia coli isoladas de 12 amostras de pescado marinho, sendo (6) de pargo Lutjanus purpureus e (6) de cavala Scomberomorus cavala, comercializados na feira livre do Mucuripe, na cidade de Fortaleza, CE. As cepas de E. coli foram analisadas quanto à suscetibilidade (20 antimicrobianos) e foi feita a cura plasmidial. Os resultados sugerem que as espécies de cavala e pargo comercializadas em feiras livres da cidade de Fortaleza podem atuar como reservatórios de E. coli resistentes às penicilinas e tetraciclinas. As espécies estudadas apresentaram cepas de E. coli com perfis de multirresistência, indicando que amostras de cavala apresentam bactérias resistentes a quinolonas e fluoquinolonas (32,8%) enquanto as demais indicaram resistência elevada ao cloranfenicol (19.0%) e a sulfunamidas (23.0%). Houve resistência para os inibidores de betalactamases empregados, exceto para amoxicilina/ácido clavulânico. Além disso, foi constatada a predominância de múltipla resistência potencialmente cromossomial na maioria dos antimicrobianos testados. As espécies de peixe estudadas podem ser disseminadoras dessa mesma enterobactéria, sendo importante, portanto, que ocorra vigilância contínua dos pescados comercializados na feira livre do Mucuripe (Fortaleza).
Subject(s)
Animals , Escherichia coli , beta-Lactamase Inhibitors , Perciformes/parasitology , Brazil , Drug Resistance, Microbial , Market SanitationABSTRACT
The microrganisms present in the fishing area and in the food chain entail risk of disease transmission and the transfer of antimicrobial resistance genes among bacteria. The objective of this study was to characterize the antimicrobial resistance of 79 strains of Escherichia coli isolated from 12 marine fish samples, namely (6) snapper Lutjanus purpureus and (6) cavala Scomberomorus cavala), sold at the fair of Mucuripe, in the city of Fortaleza, CE. Strains of E. coli were analyzed for susceptibility (20 antimicrobials) and the plasmid cure was performed. The results suggest that the species mackerel and snapper sold in street markets of the Mucuripe in city of Fortaleza can act as reservoirs of E. coli resistant to penicillins and tetracyclines. The species showed strain of E. coli with multidrug resistance profiles, indicating that the mackerel samples exhibit bacteria resistant to quinolones and fluochinolones (32.8%) while the others indicate high resistance to chloramphenicol (19.0%) and the sulphunamids (23.0%). There was resistance to inhibitors of beta-lactamases used, except for amoxicillin/clavulanic acid. Furthermore, there was prevalence of potentially multiple chromosomal resistance in the majority of tested antibiotics. The fish species studied can be disseminators of that enterobacteria, and it is important therefore continuous monitoring of fish sold at the fair of Mucuripe (Fortaleza).(AU)
Os micro-organismos presentes nos ambientes de captura de pescados e na cadeia produtiva de alimentos acarretam risco de transmissão de doenças e transferência de genes de resistência a antimicrobianos entre as bactérias. O objetivo deste trabalho foi caracterizar a resistência antimicrobiana de 79 cepas de Escherichia coli isoladas de 12 amostras de pescado marinho, sendo (6) de pargo Lutjanus purpureus e (6) de cavala Scomberomorus cavala, comercializados na feira livre do Mucuripe, na cidade de Fortaleza, CE. As cepas de E. coli foram analisadas quanto à suscetibilidade (20 antimicrobianos) e foi feita a cura plasmidial. Os resultados sugerem que as espécies de cavala e pargo comercializadas em feiras livres da cidade de Fortaleza podem atuar como reservatórios de E. coli resistentes às penicilinas e tetraciclinas. As espécies estudadas apresentaram cepas de E. coli com perfis de multirresistência, indicando que amostras de cavala apresentam bactérias resistentes a quinolonas e fluoquinolonas (32,8%) enquanto as demais indicaram resistência elevada ao cloranfenicol (19.0%) e a sulfunamidas (23.0%). Houve resistência para os inibidores de betalactamases empregados, exceto para amoxicilina/ácido clavulânico. Além disso, foi constatada a predominância de múltipla resistência potencialmente cromossomial na maioria dos antimicrobianos testados. As espécies de peixe estudadas podem ser disseminadoras dessa mesma enterobactéria, sendo importante, portanto, que ocorra vigilância contínua dos pescados comercializados na feira livre do Mucuripe (Fortaleza). (AU)
Subject(s)
Animals , Escherichia coli , Perciformes/parasitology , beta-Lactamase Inhibitors , Drug Resistance, Microbial , Market Sanitation , BrazilABSTRACT
A alimentação deve atender seus atributos de qualidade e ser inócua aos indivíduos que dela vão usufruir. Contudo, partindo da premissa de que os alimentos podem ser veículos de transmissão de micro-organismos e metabólitos microbianos, as unidades hospitalares responsáveis pela produção de alimentos merecem especial atenção. A implementação de programas de qualidade, tais como as Boas Práticas, são fundamentais para garantia de um alimento seguro para saúde. Entretanto, estes programas para obterem êxito no seu propósito, devem adotar ferramentas para avaliar sua eficácia. A auditoria interna é considerada um instrumento de apoio, pois através dela é possível detectar problemas e adotar medidas preventivas e corretivas. Com isto, este estudo teve como objetivo planejar ações corretivas a partir de não conformidades identificadas pelas auditorias interna em uma UAN hospitalar localizado no município de Maceió, AL. O estudo teve caráter retrospectivo, onde foram avaliadas 12 auditorias internas realizadas durante os meses de outubro/2011 a março/2012, avaliando-se os seguintes critérios: higiene pessoal, armazenamento de gêneros, higiene de alimentos, higiene de utensílios, equipamentos e ambiente. Baseando-se nos critérios pré-estabelecidos nas auditorias externas, foram estabelecidos como ponto de corte para implantação da ação corretiva, os pontos em que o percentual foi abaixo de 80%, visto que é objetivo da empresa manter a classificação superior a este percentual. Os resultados indicaram que os itens de higiene de equipamentos, ambiente e pessoal estiveram abaixo da porcentagem de 80% de conformidades. Dentre as não conformidades recorrentes nas auditorias destacam-se deficiência na higienização de equipamentos, frequência da higienização das mãos inadequadas e desorganização do ambiente de trabalho. As capacitações foram desenvolvidas focando nestas deficiências. Durante as atividades foi possível perceber uma integração entre os participantes...(AU)
Nourishment must meet their quality attributes and be innocuous to individuals who will make use of it. However, on the premise that food can be vehicles of transmission oi microorganisms and microbial metabolites, the hospital units responsible for producing food deserve special attention. The implementation of quality programs, as well as the Good Practices are primordial to ensure safe food for health. Meantime, for these programs to be successful in their purpose, evaluating measures must adopted to assess ther effectiveness. The internal audit is considered supporting tool, through it you can detect problems and take preventive and corrective measures. Thus, this work aimed to plan corrective actions to variances identified by internal audits in a hospital in Maceió city, AL (UAN). The work had a retrospective feature in which 12 internal audits were appraised from October/2011 to March/2012. The evaluated criteria was: personal hygiene, genres storage, food hygiene, cleanliness of utensils, equipment and environment. Based on predetermined criteria in external audits, the cutoff point for implantation of corrective action was established when the score was below 80%, since the company' s goal is to maintain a rating higher than this percentage. The results indicated that items of equipment hygiene, personal and environment hygiene were below the percentage of 80% compliance. Among the recurrent variances in audits, equipment hygiene deficiency, frequent inadequate cleanliness of hands and workplace disorganization are the most common. The trainings were developed focusing on these deficiencies. During activities the participants' integration and motivation to applicability of the transferred information were clearly noticeable. However, it is necessary constant supervision of the activities conducted by employees in that UAN as well as permanent training.(AU)
Subject(s)
Management Audit/methods , Food Quality , Health Human Resource Training , Food Service, Hospital/standards , Good Manipulation Practices , BrazilABSTRACT
A alimentação deve atender seus atributos de qualidade e ser inócua aos indivíduos que dela vão usufruir. Contudo, partindo da premissa de que os alimentos podem ser veículos de transmissão de micro-organismos e metabólitos microbianos, as unidades hospitalares responsáveis pela produção de alimentos merecem especial atenção. A implementação de programas de qualidade, tais como as Boas Práticas, são fundamentais para garantia de um alimento seguro para saúde. Entretanto, estes programas para obterem êxito no seu propósito, devem adotar ferramentas para avaliar sua eficácia. A auditoria interna é considerada um instrumento de apoio, pois através dela é possível detectar problemas e adotar medidas preventivas e corretivas. Com isto, este estudo teve como objetivo planejar ações corretivas a partir de não conformidades identificadas pelas auditorias interna em uma UAN hospitalar localizado no município de Maceió, AL. O estudo teve caráter retrospectivo, onde foram avaliadas 12 auditorias internas realizadas durante os meses de outubro/2011 a março/2012, avaliando-se os seguintes critérios: higiene pessoal, armazenamento de gêneros, higiene de alimentos, higiene de utensílios, equipamentos e ambiente. Baseando-se nos critérios pré-estabelecidos nas auditorias externas, foram estabelecidos como ponto de corte para implantação da ação corretiva, os pontos em que o percentual foi abaixo de 80%, visto que é objetivo da empresa manter a classificação superior a este percentual. Os resultados indicaram que os itens de higiene de equipamentos, ambiente e pessoal estiveram abaixo da porcentagem de 80% de conformidades. Dentre as não conformidades recorrentes nas auditorias destacam-se deficiência na higienização de equipamentos, frequência da higienização das mãos inadequadas e desorganização do ambiente de trabalho. As capacitações foram desenvolvidas focando nestas deficiências. Durante as atividades foi possível perceber uma integração entre os participantes...
Nourishment must meet their quality attributes and be innocuous to individuals who will make use of it. However, on the premise that food can be vehicles of transmission oi microorganisms and microbial metabolites, the hospital units responsible for producing food deserve special attention. The implementation of quality programs, as well as the Good Practices are primordial to ensure safe food for health. Meantime, for these programs to be successful in their purpose, evaluating measures must adopted to assess ther effectiveness. The internal audit is considered supporting tool, through it you can detect problems and take preventive and corrective measures. Thus, this work aimed to plan corrective actions to variances identified by internal audits in a hospital in Maceió city, AL (UAN). The work had a retrospective feature in which 12 internal audits were appraised from October/2011 to March/2012. The evaluated criteria was: personal hygiene, genres storage, food hygiene, cleanliness of utensils, equipment and environment. Based on predetermined criteria in external audits, the cutoff point for implantation of corrective action was established when the score was below 80%, since the company' s goal is to maintain a rating higher than this percentage. The results indicated that items of equipment hygiene, personal and environment hygiene were below the percentage of 80% compliance. Among the recurrent variances in audits, equipment hygiene deficiency, frequent inadequate cleanliness of hands and workplace disorganization are the most common. The trainings were developed focusing on these deficiencies. During activities the participants' integration and motivation to applicability of the transferred information were clearly noticeable. However, it is necessary constant supervision of the activities conducted by employees in that UAN as well as permanent training.
Subject(s)
Management Audit/methods , Health Human Resource Training , Food Quality , Food Service, Hospital/standards , Good Manipulation Practices , BrazilABSTRACT
Este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar a composição mineral de diferentes tipos de cascas de ovo, bem como a segurança microbiológica de amostras submetidas a diferentes métodos de higienização. Para a obtenção do pó de casca de ovo, as cascas foram lavadas, higienizadas, secas em estufa e trituradas em moinho. Cascas de ovo de granja (criação confinada), de coloração branca e vermelha, e cascas de ovo coloniais (caipira), provenientes da região central do Rio Grande do Sul, foram comparadas quanto a sua composição mineral. O Ca, mineral predominante na casca de ovo, se manteve em concentrações semelhantes nas diferentes amostras (cerca de 365mg g-1). As cascas de ovo de granja apresentaram maior concentração de Mg e menor concentração de Sr que as cascas de ovo coloniais. Não foram encontradas quantidades significativas de Fe, Cr, Mn, Mo, Ni, Se, Al, Cd e Pb nas amostras analisadas. Adicionalmente, tanto amostras higienizadas com imersão em hipoclorito e posterior fervura em água, quanto amostras nas quais a imersão em hipoclorito foi suprimida, não apresentaram contaminação por coliformes, estafilococos ou salmonela. Os resultados indicam que a casca de ovo pode ser utilizada na nutrição humana, já que é rica em Ca, não apresenta contaminação por metais tóxicos e, se processada de forma adequada, apresenta boa qualidade higiênico-sanitária.
This study aimed to evaluate the mineral composition of different kinds of eggshell, as well as the microbiological safety of samples submitted to different sanitization procedures. To obtain the eggshell powder, the shells were washed, sanitized, oven dried and grinded in a mill. White- and brown-colored eggshells from confined laying hens and eggshells from free-ranged laying hens from the central region of Rio Grande do Sul were compared for their mineral composition. Ca, the predominant mineral in eggshells, remained at similar concentrations in the different samples (approximately 365mg g-1). Eggshells from confined laying hens had higher Mg concentration and lower Sr concentration than the shells from free-ranged laying hens. No significant amounts of Fe, Cr, Mn, Mo, Ni, Se, Al, Cd or Pb were found in the samples. Additionally, both samples that were sanitized by immersion in hypochlorite and subsequently boiled in water as well as samples in which hypochlorite immersion was suppressed did not show coliform, staphylococcus or salmonella contamination. The results indicate that eggshell can be used in human nutrition since it is rich Ca source, shows no contamination by toxic metals and has good sanitary quality when properly processed.
ABSTRACT
Sanitary conditions are essential for the production of meals and control of the presence of pathogensis important to guarantee the health of customers. The aim of this study was to evaluate the sanitary quality of food services by checking the presence of thermotolerant coliforms, Staphylococcus sp. and evaluate the toxigenic potential from the latter. The analysis was performed on water, surfaces, equipment, ready-to-eat foods, hands and nasal cavity of handlers in seven food services. The water used in food services proved to be suitable for the production of meals. Most food, equipment and surfaces showed poor sanitary conditions due to the presence of thermotolerant coliforms (60.6%). Twenty-six Staphylococcus species were identified from the 121 Staphylococcus isolates tested. Staphylococci coagulase-negative species were predominant in the foods, equipment and surfaces. In food handlers and foods, the predominant species was Staphylococcus epidermidis. Twelve different genotypes were found after PCR for the classical enterotoxin genes. The seb gene (19.8%) was the most prevalent among all Staphylococcus sp. Both coagulase-positive and coagulase-negative Staphylococci showed some of the genes of the enterotoxins tested. We conclude that there are hygienic and sanitary deficiencies in the food services analyzed. Although coagulase-positive Staphylococci have not been present in foods there is a wide dispersion of enterotoxigenic coagulase-negative Staphylococci in the environment and in the foods analyzed, indicating a risk to consumer health.