Remoción de semillas por Dorymyrmex insanus (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) en una reserva ecológica en la Ciudad de México, México / Seed removal by Dorymyrmex insanus (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) in an ecological reserve in Mexico City, Mexico

Abstract Introduction: Seed removal by ants is an interaction that may greatly affect the dynamic and structure of the vegetation. This aspect is well known for granivorous ants; however, there is little information on the effect of omnivorous ants. Objective: To assess the potential impact of the omnivorous ant Dorymyrmex insanus on vegetation. Methods: In the Pedregal Reserve, Mexico City, we identified the items in the refuse piles of ten ant colonies, for one year, covering the rainy and dry seasons. For each season we calculated seed diversity and analyzed the possible relationship between seed size and their abundance in the refuse piles, with regression models. We also did germination tests with seeds of Tagetes micrantha, comparing seeds from piles and from plants. Results: D. insanus removed seeds of 19 plant species as well as plant remains (such as leaves, twigs, roots), and remains of insects. Seed diversity was higher in the rainy season but the greatest abundance was in the dry season. When analyzing the relationship between seed length and abundance in the refuse piles, we found that the ants preferred seeds of around 10 mm. We also found that more seeds of T. micrantha germinated when they were previously handled by ants. Conclusions: The ant D. insanus actively participates in the removal of seeds from several species, favoring germination, and seasonality affects the selectivity of resources.

Resumen Introducción: La remoción de semillas por parte de las hormigas es una interacción que puede afectar en gran medida la dinámica y estructura de la vegetación. Este aspecto es bien conocido para las hormigas granívoras; sin embargo, hay poca información sobre el efecto de las omnívoras. Objetivo: Evaluar el impacto potencial de la hormiga omnívora Dorymyrmex insanus sobre la vegetación. Métodos: En la Reserva Pedregal, Ciudad de México, se identificaron los ítems en el área del basurero para diez colonias de hormigas, durante un año, cubriendo la época de lluvia y sequía. Para cada temporada calculamos la diversidad de semillas y analizamos la posible relación entre el tamaño de las semillas y su abundancia en los basureros, con modelos de regresión. También hicimos pruebas de germinación con semillas de Tagetes micrantha, comparando las encontradas en los basureros con las provenientes de las plantas. Resultados: D. insanus eliminó semillas de 19 especies de plantas, así como restos de plantas (hojas, ramitas, raíces) y restos de insectos. La diversidad de semillas fue mayor en la estación lluviosa pero la mayor abundancia lo fue en la estación seca. Al analizar la relación entre la longitud de las semillas y la abundancia en el área del basurero, encontramos que las hormigas preferían semillas de alrededor de 10 mm. También encontramos que germinaron más semillas de T. micrantha cuando fueron manipuladas previamente por hormigas. Conclusiones: La hormiga D. insanus participa activamente en la remoción de semillas de varias especies, favoreciendo la germinación, y la estacionalidad afecta la selectividad de recursos.

Highly invasive tree species are more dependent on mutualisms.

Why some species become invasive while others do not remains an elusive question. It has been proposed that invasive species should depend less on mutualisms, because their spread would then be less constrained by the availability of mutualistic partners. We tested this idea with the genus Pinus, whose degree of invasiveness is known at the species level (being highly and negatively correlated with seed size), and which forms obligate mutualistic associations with ectomycorrhizal fungi (EMF). Mycorrhizal dependence is defined as the degree to which a plant needs the mycorrhizal fungi to show the maximum growth. In this regard, we use plant growth response to mycorrhizal fungi as a proxy for mycorrhizal dependence. We assessed the responsiveness of Pinus species to EMF using 1,206 contrasts published on 34 species, and matched these data with data on Pinus species invasiveness. Surprisingly, we found that species that are more invasive depend more on mutualisms (EMF). Seedling growth of species with smaller seeds benefited more from mutualisms, indicating a higher dependence. A higher reliance on EMF could be part of a strategy in which small-seeded species produce more seeds that can disperse further, and these species are likely to establish only if facilitated by mycorrhizal fungi. On the contrary, big-seeded species showed a lower dependence on EMF, which may be explained by their tolerance to stressful conditions during establishment. However, the limited dispersal of larger seeds may limit the spread of these species. We present strong evidence against a venerable belief in ecology that species that rely more on mutualisms are less prone to invade, and suggest that in certain circumstances greater reliance on mutualists can increase spread capacity.

Seed mass equalises the strength of positive and negative plant-plant interactions in a semi-arid grassland.

The interplay and balance between positive and negative interactions are important and recurrent topics in plant ecology. If facilitation occurs because benefactors ameliorate stress, such balance may be driven by seed mass because stress tolerance and competitive ability of plants, particularly seedlings, are positively correlated with seed mass. Thus, small-seeded, stress-intolerant species may require facilitation, but not large-seeded ones. This would equalise the magnitudes of opposite-signed interactions because in small-seeded species, positive effects of facilitators and negative effects of competitors should be strong, while both effects should be weak in large-seeded species. To test this idea, we assessed the effects of interactions with four associated species on different components of the performance of ten focal species. As expected, the largest facilitative and competitive effects were recorded in small-seeded species, and positive interactions had similar magnitudes to negative ones for any given seed mass, especially when performance was integrated into lifelong fitness. Furthermore, the fact that small-seeded species seem to be strongly facilitated may explain why they are not outcompeted by large-seeded species. This is an alternative to other hypotheses explaining the coexistence of plants with different-sized seeds. The close balance between opposite-signed interactions in the presence of stress may also explain why interactions have strong effects on individuals (that interact with only a few species), but seemingly weaker effects on populations, where interactions between many species would cancel out.

Sensitivity cycling in physically dormant seeds of the Neotropical tree Senna multijuga (Fabaceae).

Cycling of sensitivity to physical dormancy (PY) break has been documented in herbaceous species. However, it has not been reported in tree seeds, nor has the effect of seed size on sensitivity to PY-breaking been evaluated in any species. Thus, the aims of this study were to investigate how PY is broken in seeds of the tropical legume tree Senna multijuga, if seeds exhibit sensitivity cycling and if seed size affects induction into sensitivity. Dormancy and germination were evaluated in intact and scarified seeds from two collections of S. multijuga. The effects of temperature, moisture and seed size on induction of sensitivity to dormancy-breaking were assessed, and seasonal changes in germination and persistence of buried seeds were determined. Reversal of sensitivity was also investigated. Fresh seeds were insensitive to dormancy break at wet-high temperatures, and an increase in sensitivity occurred in buried seeds after they experienced low temperatures during winter (dry season). Temperatures ≤20 °C increased sensitivity, whereas temperatures ≥30 °C decreased it regardless of moisture conditions. Dormancy was broken in sensitive seeds by incubating them at 35 °C. Sensitivity could be reversed, and large seeds were more sensitive than small seeds to sensitivity induction. Seeds of S. multijuga exhibit sensitivity cycling to PY-breaking. Seeds become sensitive during winter and can germinate with the onset of the spring-summer rainy season in Brazil. Small seeds are slower to become sensitive than large ones, and this may be a mechanism by which germination is spread over time. Sensitive seeds that fail to germinate become insensitive during exposure to drought during summer. This is the first report of sensitivity cycling in a tree species.

Demographic drivers of functional composition dynamics.

Mechanisms of community assembly and ecosystem function are often analyzed using community-weighted mean trait values (CWMs). We present a novel conceptual framework to quantify the contribution of demographic processes (i.e., growth, recruitment, and mortality) to temporal changes in CWMs. We used this framework to analyze mechanisms of secondary succession in wet tropical forests in Mexico. Seed size increased over time, reflecting a trade-off between colonization by small seeds early in succession, to establishment by large seeds later in succession. Specific leaf area (SLA) and leaf phosphorus content decreased over time, reflecting a trade-off between fast growth early in succession vs. high survival late in succession. On average, CWM shifts were driven mainly (70%) by growth of surviving trees that comprise the bulk of standing biomass, then mortality (25%), and weakly by recruitment (5%). Trait shifts of growing and recruiting trees mirrored the CWM trait shifts, and traits of dying trees did not change during succession, indicating that these traits are important for recruitment and growth, but not for mortality, during the first 30 yr of succession. Identifying the demographic drivers of functional composition change links population dynamics to community change, and enhances insights into mechanisms of succession.

Competition does not come at the expense of colonization in seed morphs with increased size and dispersal.

PREMISE OF THE STUDY: Seed-level trade-offs of heterocarpic species remain poorly understood. We propose that seedlings emerging from seeds with a permanent pappus (dispersing seeds) are stronger competitors than those emerging from seeds without a pappus (nondispersing seeds) because dispersing seeds are larger and germinate faster than nondispersing seeds in Centaurea solstitialis. METHODS: We conducted a competition experiment with both seed morphs, in which we recorded emergence rate and proportion, estimated seed dispersal by wind (anemochory) and by mammals (exozoochory), and measured size and abundance of seed morphs. KEY RESULTS: We found that seedlings from pappus seeds had greater competitive abilities than those from non-pappus seeds. Similarly, pappus seedlings emerged at much faster rates and larger proportions than non-pappus seedlings. Pappus seeds were larger, were more numerous, and displayed improved exozoochory compared to non-pappus seeds. Anemochory was poor for both seed morphs. CONCLUSIONS: We found support for our hypothesis, raising in turn the possibility that competition and colonization are positively associated in seed morphs of heterocarpic species with enhanced exozoochory of larger seeds. These findings are not consistent with those from heterocarpic species with enhanced anemochory of smaller seeds or slower-germinating seeds. Our results additionally suggest that pappus and non-pappus seeds of C. solstitialis display a task-division strategy in which pappus morphs colonize and preempt unoccupied sites through improved dispersal and fast and large emergence of seedlings with increased competitive abilities, whereas non-pappus morphs promote site persistence through delayed germination and dormancy. This strategy may contribute to the success of C. solstitialis in highly variable environments.

Species with greater seed mass are more tolerant of conspecific neighbours: a key driver of early survival and future abundances in a tropical forest.

Multiple niche-based processes including conspecific negative density dependence (CNDD) determine plant regeneration and community structure. We ask how interspecific and intraspecific density-dependent interactions relate to plant life histories and associated functional traits. Using hierarchical models, we analysed how such interactions affected first-year survival of seedling recruits of 175 species in a tropical forest, and how species abundances and functional traits are related to interspecific variation in density-dependent effects. Conspecific seedling neighbour effects prevailed over the effects of larger conspecific and all heterospecific neighbours. Tolerance of seedling CNDD enhanced recruit survival and subsequent abundance, all of which were greater among larger seeded, slow-growing and well-defended species. Niche differentiation along the growth-survival trade-off and tolerance of seedling CNDD strongly correlated with regeneration success, with manifest consequences for community structure. The ability of larger seeded species to better tolerate CNDD suggests a novel mechanism for CNDD to contribute to seed-size variation and promote species coexistence through a tolerance-fecundity trade-off.

Germinação de sementes e emergência de plântulas de jutaí (Hymenaea parvifolia Huber. ) / Seed germination and emergence of jutai (Hymenaea parvifolia Huber. ) seedlings

RESUMO O objetivo do presente trabalho foi avaliar a influencia do tamanho e da temperatura na germinação das sementes, assim como, da posição de escarificação do tegumento e a profundidade de semeadura na emergência de plântulas de jutaí. As sementes foram separadas em três grupos: sementes pequenas, médias e grandes. A germinação das sementes foram realizadas nas temperaturas de 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40 e 45 °C e com fotoperíodo de 12 horas. As sementes escarificadas foram colocadas para germinar em 0, 2, 4 e 6 cm de profundidade de semeadura. As sementes médias e grandes apresentaram maiores porcentagens e índices de velocidade de germinação. A faixa de temperatura ótima de germinação está entre 25 e 35°C. A escarificação no hilo da semente ou não é adequada para quebra de dormência de sementes de jutaí. Profundidades de semeadura iguais ou superiores a 4 cm são inadequadas para a emergência de plântulas de jutaí.

ABSTRACT The objective of this study was to evaluate the influence of seed size and temperature on seed germination, as well as the scarification position of the tegument and sowing depth on the emergence of jutai seedlings. The seeds were separated into three groups: large, medium and small. The temperatures to which the seeds were subjected for germination were 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, and 45°C under a photoperiod of 12 hours. The scarified seeds were placed to germinate at depths of 0, 2, 4, and 6 cm. Seed germination was affected by seed size (large and medium seeds). The optimum temperature range was found to be between 25 and 35°C. The scarification in the hilum or the tegument was enough to break the dormancy of the jutai seeds. Sowing depths equal to or deeper than 4 cm were found to be inadequate for the emergence of jutai seedlings.

Association between biometric characteristics of tomato seeds and seedling growth and development

Background The size and weight of tomato seeds depend on genetics and can be modified by environment and management. In some species, a strong relation has been described between physical aspects of the seeds and the quality of the corresponding seedlings, but this cannot be considered a general rule. The objective of this research was to identify any association between the biometric characteristics of tomato seeds and the growth and development of their seedlings. Results A total of 18 lots of hybrid tomato seeds were used (from indeterminate plants with round fruits), belonging to six varieties from two reproduction seasons. Each lot was evaluated for seed size and weight, and seed quality, in terms of the germination test (5 and 14 d after sowing). The number of normal roots emerged with a length above 2 mm was also evaluated at d 3, 4 and 5 after sowing. The length of the seedlings and their total and partial dry weight were measured 5 d after sowing. The results indicate that there was no association between seed size and weight and subsequent seedling emergence, and only weak correlations were found between the dry weight of the radicle and cotyledon and seed size. Conclusion There is little association between the physical characteristics of the seeds and the subsequent seedlings, making it impossible to propose the use of seed weight or size as a compliment to quality evaluation tests.

Seed source, seed traits, and frugivore habits: Implications for dispersal quality of two sympatric primates.

• Premise of the study: Frugivore selection of fruits and treatment of seeds together with seed deposition site are crucial for the population dynamics of vertebrate-dispersed plants. However, frugivore species may influence dispersal quality differently even when feeding on the same fruit species and, while animals disperse some seeds, others simply fall beneath the parent plant.• Methods: In southern Mexico, we investigated to see if within-species seed traits (i.e., length, width, weight, and volume) and germination success differed according to seed source. For five tropical tree species we obtained ingested seeds from two sources, howler monkey (Alouatta pigra) and spider monkey (Ateles geoffroyi) feces; and noningested seeds from two sources, the ground and tree crowns (with predispersed seeds used as control).• Key results: A principal components' analysis showed that traits of seeds ingested by howler monkeys differed from other sources while seeds ingested by spider monkeys were similar to noningested seeds. Howlers consumed on average the larger seeds in Ampelocera hottlei, Brosimum lactescens, and Dialium guianense. Both primate species consumed the smaller seeds in Spondias mombin, while no seed trait differences among seed sources were found in Spondias radlkoferi. For all five tree species, germination rate was greatest for seeds ingested by howler monkeys.• Conclusions: For the studied plant species, seed ingestion by howler monkeys confers higher dispersal quality than ingestion by spider monkeys or nondispersal. Dispersal services of both primate species, however, are not redundant and may contribute to germination heterogeneity within plant populations in tropical forests.

Seed size-number trade-off in Euterpe edulis in plant communities of the Atlantic Forest

Investigations of seed size and number differences among plant populations growing in contrasting habitats can provide relevant information about ecological strategies that optimize reproductive effort. This may imply important consequences for biodiversity conservation and restoration. Therefore, we sought to investigate seed size-number trade-off in Euterpe edulis populations growing in plant communities in the Brazilian Atlantic Forest. Seed dry mass and seed number per bunch were evaluated in 2008 and 2009 in large remnants of the Seasonally Dry Forest, Restinga Forest and Atlantic Rainforest in southeastern Brazil, in 20 individuals per site and year. Seed size and seed number varied among forest types, but a seed size-number trade-off was neither observed within nor among populations. Positive association between seed size and number was found in the Atlantic Rainforest, and reduced seed crop was not accompanied by heavier seeds in the Restinga Forest. Seed dry mass declined in 2009 in all three forest types. Compared to seed number in 2008, palms of both the Restinga Forest and the Atlantic Rainforest produced in 2009 higher yields of smaller seeds - evidence of between years seed size-number trade-off -, while the Seasonally Dry Forest population produced a reduced number of smaller seeds. Such a flexible reproductive strategy, involving neutral, positive, and negative associations between seed size and number could enhance the ecological amplitude of this species and their potential to adapt to different environment conditions.(AU)

Seed size-number trade-off in Euterpe edulis in plant communities of the Atlantic Forest

Investigations of seed size and number differences among plant populations growing in contrasting habitats can provide relevant information about ecological strategies that optimize reproductive effort. This may imply important consequences for biodiversity conservation and restoration. Therefore, we sought to investigate seed size-number trade-off in Euterpe edulis populations growing in plant communities in the Brazilian Atlantic Forest. Seed dry mass and seed number per bunch were evaluated in 2008 and 2009 in large remnants of the Seasonally Dry Forest, Restinga Forest and Atlantic Rainforest in southeastern Brazil, in 20 individuals per site and year. Seed size and seed number varied among forest types, but a seed size-number trade-off was neither observed within nor among populations. Positive association between seed size and number was found in the Atlantic Rainforest, and reduced seed crop was not accompanied by heavier seeds in the Restinga Forest. Seed dry mass declined in 2009 in all three forest types. Compared to seed number in 2008, palms of both the Restinga Forest and the Atlantic Rainforest produced in 2009 higher yields of smaller seeds - evidence of between years seed size-number trade-off -, while the Seasonally Dry Forest population produced a reduced number of smaller seeds. Such a flexible reproductive strategy, involving neutral, positive, and negative associations between seed size and number could enhance the ecological amplitude of this species and their potential to adapt to different environment conditions.

Differences in seed rain composition in small and large fragments in the northeast Brazilian Atlantic Forest.

Tropical forests are seriously threatened by fragmentation and habitat loss. The impact of fragment size and forest configuration on the composition of seed rain is insufficiently studied. For the present study, seed rain composition of small and large forest fragments (8-388 ha) was assessed in order to identify variations in seed abundance, species richness, seed size and dispersal mode. Seed rain was documented during a 1-year period in three large and four small Atlantic Forest fragments that are isolated by a sugarcane matrix. Total seed rain included 20,518 seeds of 149 species of trees, shrubs, palms, lianas and herbs. Most species and seeds were animal-dispersed. A significant difference in the proportion of seeds and species within different categories of seed size was found between small and large fragments. Small fragments received significantly more very small-sized seeds (<0.3 cm) and less large-seeded species (>1.5 cm) that were generally very rare, with only one species in small and eight in large fragments. We found a negative correlation between the inflow of small-sized seeds and the percentage of forest cover. Species richness was lower in small than in large fragments, but the difference was not very pronounced. Given our results, we propose changing plant species pools through logging, tree mortality and a high inflow of pioneer species and lianas, especially in small forest fragments and areas with low forest cover. Connecting forest fragments through corridors and reforestation with local large-seeded tree species may facilitate the maintenance of species diversity.

Massa das sementes de Tecoma stans L. Juss. ex Kunth (Bignoniaceae): efeitos na emergência e desenvolvimento de suas plântulas no sol e na sombra / Seed mass of Tecoma stans L. Juss. ex Kunth (Bignoniaceae): effects on emergence and seedling development under full sun and shade

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of Tecoma stans L. Juss. ex Kunth seeds mass on initial emergence, growth and, seedling development under different light conditions. The seeds were separated in four mass classes and sowed in four replicates of 24 seeds for each class, under full sun and canopy shade. Under sun environment was observed a greater percentage of emergence. Heavy seeds presented the greater percentage of emergence under both environments, but a greater rate was observed under canopy shade. One month after the start of experiments, the seedlings at the shade environment presented 100 percent of mortality. The growth and development seedlings under full sun were noticed for five months. In this period, only in the first three months was possible to observe the effects of Tecoma stans seeds mass on capacity of seedlings to acquire dry mass. The seedlings biomass partitions were similar among the tested mass class. The seedlings of smaller mass tended to a high specific leaf area in relation to the seedlings from large seeds, mainly in the first three months, resulting in a great acquisition of dry mass by these seedlings. In the fourth month, the specific leaf area did not present any tendency. Because the biggest seeds to give rise seedlings with best initial development than smallest seeds can be considered as species reproductive strategy. To produce seeds of different sizes also can be considered as way of species to spread in many microhabitats.

Este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar o efeito da massa das sementes de Tecoma stans L. Juss. ex Kunth na emergência, no crescimento e no desenvolvimento inicial de suas plântulas sob diferentes condições de luminosidade. As sementes foram separadas em quatro classes de massa e semeadas em quatro réplicas de 24 sementes para cada classe, no sol e na sombra. No ambiente de sol ocorreu a maior porcentagem de emergência. Dentre as classes de massa, sementes maiores apresentaram maior porcentagem de emergência em ambos os ambientes, porém a maior velocidade foi observada na sombra. Após um mês do início do experimento as plântulas da sombra apresentaram 100 por cento de mortalidade. O crescimento e desenvolvimento das plântulas no sol foram acompanhados mensalmente por um período de cinco meses. Neste período, foi possível observar os efeitos da massa das sementes de Tecoma stans no ganho de massa seca das plântulas nos três primeiros meses; a partir deste, a massa das sementes não teve efeito no ganho de matéria seca pelas plântulas. A partição da biomassa das plântulas não diferiu entre as classes de massa testadas. As plântulas de menor massa apresentaram uma tendência a uma maior área foliar específica em relação às plântulas originárias de sementes mais pesadas, principalmente nos três primeiros meses, resultando em um ganho maior de matéria seca das plântulas de menor classe de massa. Já no quarto mês, a área foliar específica não apresentou qualquer tendência. O fato de sementes maiores originarem plântulas com melhor desenvolvimento inicial quando comparadas com as sementes menores pode ser considerada como estratégia reprodutiva da espécie, assim como produzir sementes de diversos tamanhos pode ser considerado como uma maneira da espécie dispersar-se e colonizar um maior número de microambientes.

Seed weight variation of wyoming sagebrush in Northern Nevada

Seed size is a crucial plant trait that may potentially affect not only immediate seedling success but also the subsequent generation. We examined variation in seed weight of Wyoming sagebrush (Artemisia tridentata ssp. wyomingensis Beetle and Young), an excellent candidate species for rangeland restoration. The working hypothesis was that a major fraction of spatial and temporal variability in seed size (weight) of Wyoming sagebrush could be explained by variations in mean monthly temperatures and precipitation. Seed collection was conducted at Battle Mountain and Eden Valley sites in northern Nevada, USA, during November of 2002 and 2003. Frequency distributions of seed weight varied from leptokurtic to platykurtic, and from symmetry to skewness to the right for both sites and years. Mean seed weight varied by a factor of 1.4 between locations and years. Mean seed weight was greater (P<0.05) in 2003 than in 2002 at both sites. This can partially be attributed to 55% greater precipitation in 2003 than 2002, since mean monthly temperatures were similar (P>0.05) in all study situations. Simple linear regression showed that monthly precipitation (March to November) explained 85% of the total variation in mean seed weight ( P=0.079). Since the relationship between mean monthly temperature (June-November) and mean seed weight was not significant (r²=0.00, P=0.431), this emphasizes the importance of precipitation as an important determinant of mean seed weight. Our results suggest that the precipitation regime to which the mother plant is exposed can have a significant effect on sizes of seeds produced. Hence, seasonal changes in water availability would tend to alter size distributions of produced offspring.

Qualidade fisiológica de sementes de milho em função da forma e do tratamento químico das sementes

The corn seeds present form and size in the spike. In the processing, the seeds are separate in function of these characteristics, and these determine regulates adjustments, they affect the type and the amount of mechanical damages, and the chemical treatment. The objective of this work was to study the effects of seed shape and chemical treatment on physiological seed quality of the hybrid corn seed "PIONEER - 32R21" produced in 1997/1998. As to obtain seeds of round and of plane shapes, seeds were separated by round screens of 8.75mm and 7.93mm respectively and then by an oblong screen of 5.1mm x 20mm. 50% of the separated seeds were treated with a mixture of Captam (75%) using a dose of 1.0g/kg seed, Deltamethrina (2.5%) 0.08ml/kg seed and Pirimiphos metil (50%) 0.03ml/kg seed, resulting in: treated round seeds, untreated round seeds, plane treated seeds and plane untreated seeds. Germination and vigor were evaluated, using electric conductivity, cold test and artificial aging. The experiment design was completely randomized with four replications (2x2 factorial) each treatment. The results showed that plane seeds of PIONEER-32R21, have better physiological quality than round seeds. Plane seeds reacted significantly better on the chemical treatment than round seeds as determined by cold test. Chemical treatment, in general, favors corn seed germination.

As sementes de milho apresentam forma e tamanho diferenciados na espiga. No beneficiamento, as sementes são separadas em função dessas características, sendo que elas determinam as regulagens de semeadoras, afetam o tipo e a quantidade de danos mecânicos e o tratamento químico das sementes. Este trabalho teve por objetivo estudar os efeitos da forma e do tratamento químico, na qualidade fisiológica de sementes do milho híbrido, super precoce PIONEER-32R21, produzidas na safra 1997/98. As sementes foram separadas em peneiras de crivos circulares, de 8,73mm e 7,93mm de diâmetro. Sementes retidas na segunda peneira sofreram uma nova classificação na peneira de crivos oblongos de 5,1mm x 20mm. Dessa maneira, obtiveram-se sementes selecionadas quanto à forma, em sementes esféricas e achatadas. Metade das sementes receberam tratamento químico com a mistura dos seguintes produtos na suas formas comerciais: Captam 75%, Deltamethrina 2.5% e Pirimiphos metil 50%, na dose de 1,0g, 0,08ml e 0,03ml por kg de semente, respectivamente, constituindo assim os seguintes lotes: sementes esféricas tratadas, sementes esféricas não tratadas, sementes achatadas tratadas e sementes achatadas não tratadas. Os lotes foram avaliados pelo teste padrão de germinação e pelos seguintes testes de vigor: teste de envelhecimento acelerado, teste de frio e teste de condutividade elétrica. O delineamento utilizado foi inteiramente casualizado com arranjo bifatorial 2x2, com duas formas das sementes e sementes com e sem tratamento químico, com quatro repetições. Os resultados indicaram que as sementes achatadas apresentam maior qualidade fisiológica do que as sementes esféricas, e que as sementes achatadas tratadas tem melhor desempenho no teste de frio, do que as sementes esféricas tratadas. O tratamento químico permite a obtenção de maior percentagem de germinação de sementes de milho.

Absorção de água e potencial fisiológico em sementes de soja de diferentes tamanhos

Water uptake of soybean seeds, depending on seed size, occur at different intensities and can be related to the physiological potential. With the purpose of determining the pattern of water uptake of soybean seeds and its relationship to their physiological potential, one soybean seed lot, cv. BRS-155, was separated into different sizes (6.75; 6.35; 5.95; 5.55; 5.15; 4.75 e 4.35 x 19 mm). Seed sizes 6.35; 5.55 and 4.75 mm were submited to a slow hydration (pré-conditioning) and dried to the original water content. Water uptake was evaluatad at 20ºC in samples of 130 seeds distributed on a suspended wire-mesh screen inside a plastic box, with the addition of 20 ml of water. Initial water content was evaluated through drying, and the imbibition rate through weighting the seeds after 3, 6, 9, 12, 15, 18, 21 e 24 hours, in 5 replications. Physiological quality was evaluated through standard germination, accelerated aging and electrical conductivity tests, before and after water uptake. Among the different sizes, smaller seeds had lower physiological quality in the treatment without conditioning and, except for the accelerated aging without conditioning, medium seed size had the best performance. Water uptake was more intense in smaller seeds. In general, the smallest or largest seeds were of lower quality than those of medium size.

A absorção de água por sementes de soja, em função do tamanho, ocorre em diferentes intensidades podendo ter relação com seu potencial fisiológico. A marcha de absorção de água em sementes de soja e sua relação com o potencial fisiológico foram avaliados no presente trabalho. Sementes do cultivar BRS-155 foram classificadas, com base na espessura, em peneiras de crivos oblongos (6,75; 6,35; 5,95; 5,55; 5,15; 4,75 e 4,35 x 19 mm). As retidas nas peneiras 6,35; 5,55 e 4,75 x 19 mm foram submetidas à hidratação controlada (pré-condicionamento) com posterior secagem até atingirem o grau de umidade inicial. A evolução da hidratação foi avaliada por meio da pesagem das sementes de três em três horas, em oito períodos e 5 repetições, e, o potencial fisiológico, pelos testes de germinação, envelhecimento acelerado e condutividade elétrica, antes e após a hidratação. As sementes submetidas à hidratação apresentaram diferenças de qualidade, em relação às não hidratadas, exclusivamente no teste de condutividade elétrica. Entre os diferentes tamanhos, as sementes retidas na peneira 4,75 mostraram qualidade inferior às demais no tratamento sem hidratação, em todos os testes e, com exceção do envelhecimento acelerado sem hidratação, as retidas na peneira 5,55 mm apresentaram potencial fisiológico superior às dos demais tamanhos. A absorção de água é mais intensa em sementes menores e, de modo geral, as sementes de tamanho menor ou maior em 0,79 mm em relação às de tamanho médio, são de qualidade inferior.

Absorção de água e potencial fisiológico em sementes de soja de diferentes tamanhos

Water uptake of soybean seeds, depending on seed size, occur at different intensities and can be related to the physiological potential. With the purpose of determining the pattern of water uptake of soybean seeds and its relationship to their physiological potential, one soybean seed lot, cv. BRS-155, was separated into different sizes (6.75; 6.35; 5.95; 5.55; 5.15; 4.75 e 4.35 x 19 mm). Seed sizes 6.35; 5.55 and 4.75 mm were submited to a slow hydration (pré-conditioning) and dried to the original water content. Water uptake was evaluatad at 20ºC in samples of 130 seeds distributed on a suspended wire-mesh screen inside a plastic box, with the addition of 20 ml of water. Initial water content was evaluated through drying, and the imbibition rate through weighting the seeds after 3, 6, 9, 12, 15, 18, 21 e 24 hours, in 5 replications. Physiological quality was evaluated through standard germination, accelerated aging and electrical conductivity tests, before and after water uptake. Among the different sizes, smaller seeds had lower physiological quality in the treatment without conditioning and, except for the accelerated aging without conditioning, medium seed size had the best performance. Water uptake was more intense in smaller seeds. In general, the smallest or largest seeds were of lower quality than those of medium size.

A absorção de água por sementes de soja, em função do tamanho, ocorre em diferentes intensidades podendo ter relação com seu potencial fisiológico. A marcha de absorção de água em sementes de soja e sua relação com o potencial fisiológico foram avaliados no presente trabalho. Sementes do cultivar BRS-155 foram classificadas, com base na espessura, em peneiras de crivos oblongos (6,75; 6,35; 5,95; 5,55; 5,15; 4,75 e 4,35 x 19 mm). As retidas nas peneiras 6,35; 5,55 e 4,75 x 19 mm foram submetidas à hidratação controlada (pré-condicionamento) com posterior secagem até atingirem o grau de umidade inicial. A evolução da hidratação foi avaliada por meio da pesagem das sementes de três em três horas, em oito períodos e 5 repetições, e, o potencial fisiológico, pelos testes de germinação, envelhecimento acelerado e condutividade elétrica, antes e após a hidratação. As sementes submetidas à hidratação apresentaram diferenças de qualidade, em relação às não hidratadas, exclusivamente no teste de condutividade elétrica. Entre os diferentes tamanhos, as sementes retidas na peneira 4,75 mostraram qualidade inferior às demais no tratamento sem hidratação, em todos os testes e, com exceção do envelhecimento acelerado sem hidratação, as retidas na peneira 5,55 mm apresentaram potencial fisiológico superior às dos demais tamanhos. A absorção de água é mais intensa em sementes menores e, de modo geral, as sementes de tamanho menor ou maior em 0,79 mm em relação às de tamanho médio, são de qualidade inferior.

Qualidade fisiológica de sementes de milho em função da forma e do tratamento químico das sementes

The corn seeds present form and size in the spike. In the processing, the seeds are separate in function of these characteristics, and these determine regulates adjustments, they affect the type and the amount of mechanical damages, and the chemical treatment. The objective of this work was to study the effects of seed shape and chemical treatment on physiological seed quality of the hybrid corn seed "PIONEER - 32R21" produced in 1997/1998. As to obtain seeds of round and of plane shapes, seeds were separated by round screens of 8.75mm and 7.93mm respectively and then by an oblong screen of 5.1mm x 20mm. 50% of the separated seeds were treated with a mixture of Captam (75%) using a dose of 1.0g/kg seed, Deltamethrina (2.5%) 0.08ml/kg seed and Pirimiphos metil (50%) 0.03ml/kg seed, resulting in: treated round seeds, untreated round seeds, plane treated seeds and plane untreated seeds. Germination and vigor were evaluated, using electric conductivity, cold test and artificial aging. The experiment design was completely randomized with four replications (2x2 factorial) each treatment. The results showed that plane seeds of PIONEER-32R21, have better physiological quality than round seeds. Plane seeds reacted significantly better on the chemical treatment than round seeds as determined by cold test. Chemical treatment, in general, favors corn seed germination.

As sementes de milho apresentam forma e tamanho diferenciados na espiga. No beneficiamento, as sementes são separadas em função dessas características, sendo que elas determinam as regulagens de semeadoras, afetam o tipo e a quantidade de danos mecânicos e o tratamento químico das sementes. Este trabalho teve por objetivo estudar os efeitos da forma e do tratamento químico, na qualidade fisiológica de sementes do milho híbrido, super precoce PIONEER-32R21, produzidas na safra 1997/98. As sementes foram separadas em peneiras de crivos circulares, de 8,73mm e 7,93mm de diâmetro. Sementes retidas na segunda peneira sofreram uma nova classificação na peneira de crivos oblongos de 5,1mm x 20mm. Dessa maneira, obtiveram-se sementes selecionadas quanto à forma, em sementes esféricas e achatadas. Metade das sementes receberam tratamento químico com a mistura dos seguintes produtos na suas formas comerciais: Captam 75%, Deltamethrina 2.5% e Pirimiphos metil 50%, na dose de 1,0g, 0,08ml e 0,03ml por kg de semente, respectivamente, constituindo assim os seguintes lotes: sementes esféricas tratadas, sementes esféricas não tratadas, sementes achatadas tratadas e sementes achatadas não tratadas. Os lotes foram avaliados pelo teste padrão de germinação e pelos seguintes testes de vigor: teste de envelhecimento acelerado, teste de frio e teste de condutividade elétrica. O delineamento utilizado foi inteiramente casualizado com arranjo bifatorial 2x2, com duas formas das sementes e sementes com e sem tratamento químico, com quatro repetições. Os resultados indicaram que as sementes achatadas apresentam maior qualidade fisiológica do que as sementes esféricas, e que as sementes achatadas tratadas tem melhor desempenho no teste de frio, do que as sementes esféricas tratadas. O tratamento químico permite a obtenção de maior percentagem de germinação de sementes de milho.

Comprimento e índice de expansão radial do hipocótilo de cultivares de soja

The soybean seedling emergence is a function of the hypocotyl, responsible for the cotyledon elevation above the soil surface. The greater the hypocotyl length and diameter, the greater the seeddlings’ capacity to emerge and overcome the resistence do to the soil surface crusting. The purpose of this work was to evaluate the hypocotyl length and swelling index (HSI) of soybean cultivars in different seed size. The experiment was performed at the Faculdade de Agronomia da Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (FA/UFRGS). The hypocotyl length and HSI was determined in seventeen cultivars in three seed sizes (> 6.3mm; between 5.6 and 6.3mm and between 4.75 and 5.6mm in diameter). The cultivars had an average hypocotyl length between 8 and 11cm. The larger seeds produced seedlings with shorter hypocotyls, compared to medium-sized or small seeds, which produced longer ones. The hypocotyl HSI increased with the increase in seed size.

A emergência da plântula de soja é função do hipocótilo, responsável pela elevação dos cotilédones acima da superfície do solo. Quanto maior o comprimento e diâmetro do hipocótilo, maior é a capacidade da plântula para emergir e superar a resistência provocada pela profundidade de semeadura e/ou encrostamento do solo. O presente experimento foi conduzido com o objetivo de avaliar o comprimento e o índice de expansão radial (IER) do hipocótilo de cultivares de soja, em diferentes tamanhos de sementes. O trabalho foi realizado na Faculdade de Agronomia da Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (FA/UFRGS). Foi quantificado o comprimento e IER do hipocótilo das plântulas de 17 cultivares em três tamanhos de sementes (> 6,3mm; entre 5,6 e 6,3mm e entre 4,75 e 5,6mm de diâmetro). Os cultivares tiveram médias entre 8 e 11cm de comprimento do hipocótilo. As sementes de maior tamanho originaram plântulas com hipocótilo mais curto do que as sementes de tamanho intermediário e pequeno. Os IERs do hipocótilo dos cultivares foram diferentes e variaram de acordo com o tamanho de sementes. Houve respostas crescentes de IER do hipocótilo com o acréscimo no tamanho das sementes.